The Nation 1901 : Vol 73

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For Reference Not to be taken from this room /"'

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21 iiv The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1879. THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. HOW CHINA AND THE ALLIES By A. HENHY SAVAGE LANDOR. is received in England : The Athenaeum: — "The most complete history of the recent crisis in China." Saturday Review: — "Undeniably interesting ... a full chronicle of events that were preg- nant with dramatic interest as well as political import." Literature. — "The most readable book that has been written on the strange events of last sum- mer. . . . The work of a man who says what he thinks. . . . It is long; it covers all the ground; it is richly illustrated; it is entertaining." IT IS SELLING 2 volumes IT WILL REPAY EXAMINATION 269 illustrations AND MAY BE SEEN AT ANY BOOKSELLER'S $7.50 net FOP*- tOA'RM WEATHEP^ ^READIJWG CRUCIAL INSTANCES. By Edith Wharton "To-day the most promising figure we have." THE WAYS OF THE SERVICE. By Frederick Palmer " The stories for which we have all been waiting." GODS PUPPETS. By Imogen Cl^rk "The touch of human nature in all its fulness." THE ABANDONED FARMER. By Sydney Herman Preston «« Will this prove another Rudder Grange?" THE WHITE COTTAGE. By Zack "A positive revelation of the genius of its author." ALL ■BOOKSELLE'RSr. O'R CHARLES SCRJBNER'S SONS

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11 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1879 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 18G5. [Entered at the New York City Post- office as second- class mail-matter,'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 1 Editorial Articles: "At the Bar of History" 4 The Ohio Republicans 4 Europe and the "American Peril" 5 A Deplorable Strike 6 Special Correspondence: Mafia: Observations by a Non-Member.— I T The Ninth Jubilee of the University of Glas- gow 8 Notes 10 Book Beviews: Blashfleld's Italian Cities 13 More Novels 14 The Land of the Moors 15 Orestes A. Brownson's Latter Life 16 Mosquitoes 17 The Old New York Frontier ..'..'.". 17 The Reformation 18 Nursing Ethics ig The Mediterranean Race 19 PhonMique et Etude dcs Formes Giecque's et Latlnes .... 20 Books of the Week 20 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to anyparlofthe United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. 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July 4, 1901] The Nation «> 111 TEXT-BOOKS ON HISTORY. Montgomery's English History. "The Leading Facts of History" Series. Illustrated. For introduction, $1.12. The edition of 1901 is printed from new plates, and brings the history down to the present time. It includes a number of full-page illustrations of great historical value, taken from originals of undoubted authenticity. There are also some valuable "Suggestions to Teachers," which indicate a line of question- ing for pupils applicable to any historical topic. The number of cross references has been increased, and there is a running chronology at the top of the page. For a brief course touching the leading facts in the history of England there is no book so satisfactory. Myers' Rome: Its Rise and Pall $1.25 Myers' General History 1.50 Myers' History of Greece 1.25 Myers' Mediaeval and Modern History 1.50 Mace's Method in History 1 .00 Channing & Hart's Guide to the Study of American History 2.00 Montgomery's Leading Facts of American History $1.00 Montgomery's Leading Facts of French History 1.12 Montgomery's Student's American History 1.40 Emerton's Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages 1. 12 Emerton's Mediaeval Europe 1.50 GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Columbus London TWENTIETH THOUSAND. HEROD A Tragedy in Three Acts. By STEPHEN PHILLIPS. Author of " Pftola and Francesca." Crown 8vo. Cloth. Price, $1.50. London Times: "Here Is a notable work of dra- matic Imagination; dealing greatly with great pas- sions; multi-colored and exquisitely musical. POEMS. By Stephen Phillips. $1.50. PAULA and FRANCESCA. By Stephen Phillips. $1.25. MARPESSA. By Stephen Phillips. 50 cents. Lea- ther, 75 cents. 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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 200,000 COPIES ALREADY PUBLISHED 200,000 COPIES ALREADY PUBLISHED An American flo>Vel generously received in England THE CRISIS By Mr. WINSTON CHURCHILL Nothing was more natural than that the American public and the American reviews should speak well of, even praise to the point of extravagance, Mr. Churchill's new novel, "THE CRISIS." That was to be expected. The story is most interesting, the love tale fascinat- ing, and as a picture of the Civil War and its heroes the book has never been equalled, even approached. But with the cooler criticism of the English papers comes, we are glad to say, the best praise of the work. The "London Academy" says in regard to "The Crisis" that Mr. Winston Churchill has not gone hack. He will not be among those authors who achieve fame in a month only to lose it again in a few years. He will always be a dignified and impressive figure in American letters, and his books will always have an im- mense sale. The "London Spectator" again praises the book highly and says: " We do not grudge Mr. Churchill his popularity, but rather welcome it as an excellent sign of the times. For he has given us an exceedingly spirited, interesting and right-minded romance of the Civil War, in which, while generously appreciative of the chivalry, the heroism and the charm of the Southerners, always from the dramatic and literary point of view far more picturesque and engaging sub- jects than the Yankees, he never falters a moment in his enthusiasm for the North. The true hero is Lincoln, and we have to thank Mr. Churchill for a very honest portrait of that great man, and a most graphic account of the manner in which he conquered the admiration of the fastidious." In addition to these words of praise from our English friends, we cannot refrain from quoting from a review from nearer home, which has just reached us: Mr. Hamilton W. Mabie in "The Outlook" says of it, "The most important of all is Mr. Winston Churchill's 'The Crisis,' which must rank among the foremost books of the year. No more interesting and sympathetic study of Mr. Lin- coln has been made than that which is presented in this book, and the figure grows upon the reader as he passes from character to character. The interest in Mr. Lincoln's rare personality steadily deepens, and one perceives underneath his homeliness the elements of power and the nobility in his character. No finer interpretation of Mr. Lincoln's spirit has ever been made than that which Mr. Churchill makes in the few words which he puts in Lincoln's mouth in his interview with Virginia Carvel. It has the elements of originality and power, and is above all proficiently interesting. It possesses the great quality of interpreting American life from an intelligent American point of view. A process very much rarer than most people think." Mr. Winston Churchill's New Novel THE CRISIS Published one month ago. JVotv in its 200th thousand. The book has eight charming illustrations by HOWARD CHANDLER CHRISTY. In size and style it is uniform with "Richard Carvel," being a 12mo, cloth, gilt top. Price $1.50. THE MACMILUN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JOLT 4, 1901. The Week. Commissioner Evans has for once de- parted from his custom of ignoring the attacks made upon his administration of the Pension Office. He has made a statement which is as nearly crushing as possible, to all who have criticised him, and especially to Gen. Sickles, whose re- cent attack has been widely published. As to the latter, Mr. Evans produces a letter written by Gen. Sickles two years ago, declaring his (Evans's) administra- tion "worthy of the highest commenda- tion, and above all from the veteran soldiers." A little later, Gen. Sickles wrote an earnest letter to the President expressing the utmost confidence in the Commissioner, and "the same measure of contempt for your [his] critics." Now, unless Gen. Sickles can show that there has been a change in Mr. Evans's me- thods and spirit since those letters were written, he (Sickles) may be con- sidered silenced. It appears, however, that one member of the Republican Na- tional Committee (Mr. Scott of West Virginia) did write a letter to Sickles during the last Presidential campaign, which the latter construed as a promise that Evans should be removed from office at the beginning of Mr. McKin- ley's second term, in consideration of the votes and influence of the insatiable pension-hunters. This bargain seems to be now fully established so far as Sickles and Scott are concerned, but of course it did not commit the President in any way. Nobody pretends that he knew anything about it at any time he- fore the election. Now that it has been brought to his knowledge and to that of the whole people, he will undoubtedly sustain Commissioner Evans more strongly th?n ever, though it must be said that he has at no time been lack- ing in firmucss in that particular. We look upon Mr. Evans as now secure in his place so long as Mr. McKinley re- mains in his. Addicks, the true and the bold, has given us another glimpse of the moral heights which he occupies. He has done it by means of a public rebuke of Presi- dent McKinley. In control of Delaware Republicanism as Addicks is, through the prowess of that good right arm of his with which he draws checks, he has "named" a Collector of the Port at Wilmington, but Mr. McKinley weakly shrinks from the merely clerical func- tion of endorsing Addicks's selection. The reason is, says Addicks, as much in sorrow as in anger, "he is afraid of the newspapers." This is a form of cowardice unknown to the new breed of political buccaneers. Mayor Ashbridge of Philadelphia is far superior to it. Croker scorns such rabbit-like timidity. Addicks does not know what this fear means. Afraid of having your evil deeds made public? Dreading an exposure by a newspaper that does not own a single delegate or control a solitary vote in the Legislature? This is too good. The boss who has his machine well in hand, the politico-commercial promoter who has his street-railway "goods" already delivered, the man who has made his peace with Hanna in his attempts to burglarize his way into the Senate — why should they be anything but bold as lions in the face of purely moral perils? If some one were threatening to hang them to the nearest lamp-post, that would be different; but a mere organ of public opinion, a simple echo of what everybody is saying — namely, that hanging would be too good for them — why, Ashbridge and Addicks snap their fingers at such a contemptible opponent as loftily as Dick Croker himself. The Times publishes an interview with President Schurman, in which he gives a definite and clear-cut expression of his views as to the future of the Philippines, in the first place, he is opposed to their admission to the Union at any time. He thinks that the American Union should be restricted to the American continent. He thinks, moreover, that the Filipinos are not capable of self-government. Then he adds: "Personally, I favor a continuation of American sovereignty for, say, two genera- tions, and then allowing the people them- selves to decide whether they wish to con tinue under our sovereignty or to maintain an independent government. We shall treat them fairly, develop their industries and re- sources, and I should not be surprised to have them express a desire to remain with us. In the interim I favor a government much like that now existing in Porto Rico — an American Governor, perhaps, with a legislative Council a portion of whose mem- bers shall be chosen by the people and the remainder appointed by the President." This plan, if carried out, would fix the destiny, not only of the Philippines but of the United States, for two genera- tions, presumably sixty years. It would make of the former a subject race, and of the latter a colonial empire, for so long a period that nobody of middle age would see the end of it. The conditions under which the two countries will ex- ist will have an influence upon both far beyond the precepts of the most powerful educator of the present or of any other day. It may make us a grasping colo- nial empire. It may change the Filipinos from a brave to a cringing people. In fact, we do not know what may happen, except that President Schurman and his contemporaries now in middle life will not see the end of the experiment. And how does Mr. Schurman know that "we shall treat them fairly"? Are we likely to do better for them than we do for our- selves? Are we likely to give to Luzon a better government than Pennsylvania has at this present moment? Can we guarantee to Manila fairer treatment than Philadelphia receives at the hands of Mayor Ashbridge and his pals? The outrages inflicted on the people of Philadelphia by their rulers have at last proved too much for the patience of that long-suffering community. At a very large meeting on Thursday eve- ning resolutions denouncing the corrupt ring in the severest manner were adopt- ed, and the present District Attorney, who is out of favor with the machine be- cause he refuses to obey its orders, was nominated as an independent candidate. So great was the interest taken in this meeting that, in spite of the heat, nearly 5,000 people crowded into a hall that could seat only 3,000, and 5,000 more are supposed to have stood outside. These numbers are more significant than the speeches and resolutions. The political machine in Pennsylvania has prospered on denunciation, and thriven even on criminal charges and indictments. The only menace to its success is votes, and so long as the mass of the people con- tentedly vote for whomsoever the ma- chine pleases to nominate, the protests and outcries of reformers are laughed at. As "T. B. S.," a citizen of Philadelphia, pointed out in a letter to the Evening Post, the people of that city are proba- bly rather above the average in private morality, but their "political density" i» extreme. When men will say, as a prom- inent business man did say, that they would vote for the devil if nominated by the Republicans, rather than for the an- gel Gabriel if nominated by the Demo- crats, they are likely to have rulers suit- able to their servility. Monday was the time for the change by which the important position of coun- sel of the Treasury Department before the Board of General Appraisers was transferred from an able and experienced incumbent, who had served six years with great credit, to a new man, who had no other claims than that he want- ed the job. Senator Hoar's support of his colleague Lodge, in the latter's suc- cessful attempt to secure this position for a protege, was a disagreeable sur- prise to the country. Mr. Lodge had al- ready shown that there was no sincerity in his professions of devotion to civil- service reform, and he had an obvi- ous motive for acting out his charac- ter in this case, because he wanted the

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2 Tlie USTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 $3,500 place in New York for his for- mer private secretary in Boston. Mr. Hoar, however, did not appear to have any reason for demanding the removal of a faithful and experienced official, while he has never become known as a spoilsman. But it appears that Mr. Hoar was as deep in the mud as Mr. Lodge in the mire. The senior Senator wanted for a clerk of his committee the place in the Federal service at Boston which has iicen held by the junior Sen- ator's ex-secretary who sought the New York appraiscrship, and when Mr. Lodge "landed" his man here, Mr. Hoar "land- ed" his in the Boston office. In short, dishonors are easy between them. Ex-Secretary Herbert, in his address before the Alabama Bar Association on Friday, made a frank and crushing re- ply to the Republicans who cry out about negro disfranchisement in the South. The Ohio Republican platform adopted the other day, for example, worked up a high degree of moral in- dignation over the crime of depriving the negro of his right of suffrage. Why do you complain? asks Mr. Herbert. The South always contended that the Dec- laration of Independence does not apply to inferior races, and the Republican policy of to day completely accepts that view. Why, then, all this heat about the Constitutional Convention of the South going to work to eliminate the negro vote? They are but doing, said the ex-Secretary, "precisely what the country is doing in its new island pos- sessions— asserting the right of the su- perior race to govern savage tribes and mixed races.' Really, we do not see that there is any answer to this except to call Mr. Herbert an ex-rebel. But we suppose that he would simply go on asserting that the Southerners were al- ways the true Expansionists and Impe- rialists, and would contend that the North, having now gone over to their view, ought at least to leave off abusing them. The question of lynching is troubling the Alabama Constitutional Convention, the members of which are suggesting various remedies for this particular form of lawlessness. The whole debate is another indication of the present ten- dency to embody in State Constitutions numerous laws and regulations which are in reality proper subjects for legislative enactment. It is hard to see how a Con- stitutional provision can accomplish more than an ordinary law in putting an end to lynching. The difficulty South and North— for lynching is not confined to any one section of the country — is not so much lack of proper laws as lack of proper public sentiment. If a mob will defy the Legislature, it will defy a Con- stitutional Convention. Doubtless the discussion of the subject now going on in Alabama will help create a wholesome public sentiment, and is in that respect of value. Otherwise it would seem that the delegates had better spend their time and energy in other ways. A step for which the Alabama Convention deserves credit is the refusal to consider the plan of dividing the school fund between the whites and the negroes in the proportion in which each race contributes to it. This proposal has had the support, not only of the more prejudiced and noisy advo- cates of white domination, but even of men reputed to be temperate and judicial. The Convention is, therefore, to be con- gratulated on having resisted a certain amount of popular clamor, and on having responded to the eloquent appeals of Booker T. Washington and others, who feel that the welfare of whites and blacks would be imperilled by a curtail- ment of the negro's opportunities for education. Such fair treatment of one phase of the difficult race problem is certain to strengthen the feeling that the South must be left to settle the negro question for itself. A recent decision by the Supreme Court of the United States concerning prefer- ences in bankruptcy is causing something very like consternation among mer- chants. The Bankruptcy Act for- bids preferences to creditors, re- quiring any creditor who has been preferred to surrender what he has received if he proposes to prove any claims or receive any dividends. By the recent decision it is established that the receipt of money by a creditor within four months of the time when a petition in bankruptcy is filed by or against the person making the payment, constitutes a preference. Thus, if A sells to B a bill of goods amounting to $2,000, and is paid in cash, and thereupon sells him another bill of goods for $4,000 on ninety days' credit, within which time B goes into bankruptcy, A becomes a preferred creditor. If he proposes to claim his $4,- 000, he must give up his $2,000. If he wants to keep his $2,000, he must give up his $4,000. The fact that he had no intention of obtaining a preference, or that his debtor had no intention of giv- ing him one, is immaterial; the law pre- sumes the intention from the mere fact or payment. Business men should bestir themselves to have Congress amend the law so as to lessen, if not completely do away with, the severity of this provision. We confess our inability to discover a reasonable excuse for the red tape surrounding the redemption of unused revenue stamps. No doubt it will be argued that the Government is not re- sponsible for the purchase of more stamps by the citizen than he needed for immediate use. If he bought a supply for the next month or the next six months, and the tax was revoked before I he could use his stamps, the risk was his. He might have avoided it by buy- ing stamps only as he needed them. This is a pretty enough theory, but every one knows that business could not be con- ducted on such a system. If users of stamps did not buy in quantity for fu- ture needs, the Government would have to double its selling agencies. But the merits of the case are quite independent even of this consideration. Stamps bought and paid for are, in our judg- ment, a legitimate claim on the Gov- ernment, after the tax has been revok- ed. There is no more danger of counterfeits in these than there is in postage-stamps or Government currency. The whole provision for a series of af- fidavits by revenue officers, "first pur- chasers," and so on, impresses us as solemn nonsense; and the refusal to re- deem in lots of less than $2 as a rather outrageous discrimination. It seems to us that a "business management" of the Treasury ought to have done better than this. Indictments against a high Tammany official for neglect of duty and conspir- acy afford ample ground for congratula- tions to the District Attorney on the part of all good citizens. Fire Commissioner Scannell is charged not only with neg- lect of duty, but also with evasion of the law and perpetration of fraud upon the city, each of which is accounted a mis- demeanor and is punishable by a fine of $1,000 or a year's imprisonment, or both, while to be found guilty on either of the last two scores involves removal from office and renders a man incapable of ever holding office in the city again. The charges of conspiracy cover the re- lations between Commissioner Scannell and William L. Marks, the go-between who has had to be employed by people who wanted to sell supplies to the Fire Department. The methods pursued were set forth in great detail by Mr. Frank- lin Matthews in an article published by the Evening Post a few weeks ago, and the statements therein made were sub- stantiated by the testimony before the grand jury of nearly all the manufac- turers of hose and fire apparatus in the city, who showed that it was impossi- ble for them to do business with the department unless they gave Marks a "rake-off" by raising the prices of their supplies above the market rate. District Attorney Philbin has been subjected to severe criticism for weeks past by people who complained that he "wasn't doing anything." The District Attorney's of- fice is one which cannot be efficiently conducted by outsiders, who are not fa- miliar with the facts at the command of the incumbent; and a man of high character and lofty standards is entitled to the presumption that his course is in the public interest, even if he is not "playing to the galleries." Mr. Philbin had a right to expect better treatment

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July 4, 1901] The Nation. than he has received. Fortunately, he is philosophical by nature, and was con- tent to wait for time to furnish such vin- dication of his hard work and good sense as is afforded by these indictments. Wayne MacVeagh never delivers an ad- dress without saying something worth hearing, and he was at his best in his Phi Beta Kappa oration at Cambridge on Thursday on "The Value of Ideals in American Politics." It is certainly true, as he remarked at the outset, that "there is no better work to be done at present by an American university than to again unseal those fountains of idealism where the human spirit has so often refreshed itself when weary of a too material age, to reawaken that enthusiasm for the moral law which we have all somehow lost, and to impress upon a people es- sentially noble, but now too deeply ab- sorbed in the pursuit of wealth for wealth's sake, the advantages which the cherishing of ethical ideals may bring to all of us, even to those who pride themselves above all things upon being practical." Recognizing that the spirit of the age is commercial, Mr. Mac- Veagh set out to prove "the commercial value of ethical ideals," as constituting the safest source of the political aspira- tions of the majority of our people and the most conservative influence in our national life. He proceeded to enforce the dangers to "the members of the con- tented class" which are involved in their tolerant attitude towards the cor- rupt use of money in our elections and in our representative bodies; in their in- difference regarding the unjust treatment 01" the negro population in this country ; in their readiness to accept standards for our conduct abroad which are inconsis- tent with our traditions, and which make "many Protestant clergymen mistakenly suppose that they can safely substitute at this day in our country the teaching of Mohammed for the teaching of Christ." The final enactment of the French Associations Bill, directed primarily against Catholic religious orders, is something more than a political tri- umph for M. Waldeck-Rousseau. His skill in piloting the law through both Chamber and Senate is undeniable, and he seems to have strengthened his hold on office, already so unprecedented in the recent political annals of France. But the deftest management could not have succeeded so remarkably unless a strong popular feeling had been behind the measure. The truth is that a sort of reaction against Catholicism, on its political side, is astir throughout all Continental Europe. We see it in the disturbances in Spain. It was the great issue in the elections in Belgium, ten days ago, when the Catholics Increased their Parliamentary strength and upset the Ministry. In Germany the renewed expression of South-German jealousy of Prussia is thought to be, in part, of Catholic inspiration. Thus it appears that the anti-Catholic legislation in France is only a symptom of an unrest and dissatisfaction which are general. Lord Salisbury quite outdid the tra- ditional reproaches of the wolf ad- dressed to the lamb, when he said last week that what the English were doing in South Africa was simply defending their own colonies against an "invasion by neighbors" who were "actuated by the greed of territory." It was for Eng- lishmen to "defend the sanctity of their frontier." But they ought also to de- fend the sanctity of common sense; and every man possessed of a particle of it knows that Salisbury's description of the Boer war is grotesque. There is, in such matters, an intelligent opinion of contemporary foreigners which is the verdict of posterity; and that opinion will be left aghast and amazed at the British Premier's language. It seems to betoken a disturbance of his customary cynical serenity. The cause is obvious. Though politically secure, as the latest bye-election at Stratford shows again, the Salisbury Government is not satis- fying even to its own followers. The Prime Minister complained that Con- servative members would not attend the House, thus leaving Mr. Balfour again and again with humiliatingly small ma- jorities. It is clear that the South Afri- can war has ceased to be popular. It seems to be endless, and to be calling endlessly for men and money. That naturally produces depression of party spirits, but we do not see how they can be elevated by such absurd attempts as Lord Salisbury's to cheer on his sup- porters. The preliminary tables of the English census taken last April are already is- sued, and, judging from experience, they may be regarded as practically final. In 1891 the difference between the prelim- inary and final reports amounted to no more than 1,507 persons out of a total population of 29,002,525. The popula- tion is now 32,526,375, the figures in both cases being for England and Wales. The decennial increase is 12.17 per cent, while in the previous decade it was 11.65 per cent. The rate of increase is lower than in any other decade of the century, except in those terminating in 1861 and 1891, but the absolute increase is the greatest yet recorded. When we examine the "natural" increase — that is, the excess of births over deaths — it ap- pears that in the decennial ending 1891 not only was the percentage of increase higher than in the last ten years, but the absolute increase was greater, be- ing 3,629,474, as compared with 3,593,- F53. Had the same rate of increase con- tinued, the increase in the last decade would have been 4,052,596, the falling off in the natural ratio of increase be- ing 459,043. The discrepancy is due to the lessening flow of emigration. Had the loss by excess of emigration over immigration borne the same proportion to the population in the last ten years as In the preceding period, it would have amounted to 671,502, whereas It was actually but 70,000. Had It not been for the war in South Africa, it seems probable that for the first time immi- gration would have exceeded emigra- tion. The population of Ireland has de- creased, and is nearly 250,000 less than ten years ago, but the ratio of decrease is only about half of that prevailing then. The total emigration during the last decade has been less than half a million, far less than in the middle of the century. For the first time Scot- land is more prosperous than Ireland. One missionary to China, the Rev. Gil- bert Reid, frankly defends in the Forum the looting practised by the foreign troops and foreign civilians in Tientsin and Pekin. His article is called "The Ethics of Loot," but it turns out on read- ing to be much loot and no ethics. He speaks of "the romantic system of loot- ing," and says that "the matter of loot ia only one of high ethics," and, anyhow, quite "a minor consideration," being, in his mind, only a poetic way of punish- ing the Chinese for having "dared to de- fy the world and insult mankind." The attitude of this herald of the gospel of forgiveness is revealed in his calm state- ment: "Personally, I regret that the guilty suffered so little at my hands" (suffered, i. e., by being looted). Clear- ly, there is no great amount of ethics, high or low, about this, but Mr. Reid seems to be laboring under the singular delusion that the laws of war counte- nance such looting as he sympathetically describes. Loot, he says, means only tne lawful spoils of war. "If there has been no war, looting may be set down as wrong." But does not Mr. Reid know that looting is forbidden by the modern rules of war? Has he nev^er heard of the principle laid down by international law that "the property, movable as well as immovable, of private persons in an in- vaded country is to remain uninjured"? Even what the army requires for its own subsistence can be taken only by "au- thorized persons at a fair value." But the indiscriminate plundering which Mr. Reid tells about with so much gusto, and which recalls the ravaging of the Palat- inate, has not been heard of in civilized warfare since the time of the first Na- poleon. Missionaries are, of course, en- titled to set all the world right in mat- ters of theology, but when they begin to talk about the laws of war, it would be well for them first to ascertain what these are.

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The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 "AT THE BAR OF HISTORY." After keeping us for more than three years in the dark, the Administration has at last deigned to publish the diplo- matic correspondence leading up to the war with Spam. This was at first prom- ised in connection with the President's war message of April 11, 1898; but, on second thought, it was stated, Mr. Mc- Kinley determined that it would not be "prudent" to give out the documents at that time. As we read them now, it is easy to agree that it would have been a piece of terrible imprudence to give them to the world then, since they prove that the war was needless. This tardy publication of the dispatches makes it impossible to deny what, in fact, Minister Woodford and Sen- ator Hoar and Congressman Boutelle openly asserted in 1898, that there would have been no war but for the violence of Congress and the weakness of the President. From the official correspon- dence we learn the truth of the state- ment made by Mr. Boutelle in explana- tion of his vote against the war— name- ly, that "Spain had conceded nearly every one of our demands, and seemed plainly disposed to meet them all," so that, but for the insane fury of Con- gress, before which Mr. McKinley fell terrorized, we, should, as Minister Wood- ford said publicly in Boston in October, 1898, have seen the Spanish flag leave Cuba "without the firing of a shot or the loss of a life." The proof is very simple. It lies on the face of the dispatches. Passing by all preliminaries, we find Secretary Day on March 27, 1898, telegraphing instruc- tions to Minister Woodford to make three demands: "First, Armistice until October 1. Nego- tiations meantime looking for peace between Spain and insurgents through friendly of- fices of President United States. "Second. Immediate revocation of recon- centrado order. "Add, if possible, "Third. If terms of peace not satisfactori- ly settled by October 1, President of the United States to be final arbiter between Spain and insurgents." Now what followed? On March 31 the reconcentrado order was revoked, and a special credit of 3,000,000 pesetas put at the disposal of Governor-General Blanco to care for the homeless Cubans. There was our demand number two promptly complied with. The offer to concede de- mand number one was cabled by Min- ister Woodford on April 5. It is the critical dispatch of the whole volume, and its suppression until now certainly shows an extraordinary degree of "pru- dence," and possibly something else, in the President. We publish it in full, and we ask for it the careful attention of those clergymen and church people who were driving Congress on to war: "Should the Queen proclaim the following before twelve o'clock noon of Wednesday, April 6, will you sustain the Queen, and can you prevent hostile action by Congress? "At the request of the Holy Father, in this Passion Week and in the name of Christ, I proclaim immediate and unconditional sus- pension of hostilities in the Island of Cuba. "This suspension is to become immediate- ly effective so soon as accepted by the in- surgents in that island, and is to continue for the space of six months, to the 5th day of October, eighteen ninety-eight. "I do this to give time for passions to cease, and in the sincere hope and belief that, during this suspension, permanent and honorable peace may be obtained between the insular Government of Cuba and those of my subjects in that island who are now in rebellion against the authority of Spain. "I pray the blessing of Heaven upon this Truce of God, which I now declare in His name, and with the sanction of the Holy Father of all Christendom. "April 5, 1898. "Please read this in the light of all my previous telegrams and letters. I believe that this means peace, which the sober judgment of our people will approve long before next November, and which must be approved at the bar of final history. "I permit the papal nuncio to read this telegram, upon my own responsibility, and without committing you in any manner. I dare not reject this last chance for peace. I will show your reply to the Queen in per- son, and I believe that you will approve this last conscientious effort for peace." What could be more moving, more pa- thetic, more like an unexpected messen- ger of peace to be greeted with devout thankfulness by all Christian hearts? But how did President McKinley greet it? Why, he telegraphed Minister Woodford that he "highly appreciated the Queen's desire for peace," but that he could not "assume to influence the action of the American Congress." Yet if an armis- tice were offered, he would "communi- cate that fact to Congress." Yes, but how did he communicate it? Did he cite a syllable of the pious and exalted lan- guage of the Queen? Did he explain how the venerable head of the Catholic Church had exerted himself to prevent a wicked war? No, he simply added a couple of vague and cold paragraphs at the very end of his message. Read the passionate, eager words of the Queen of Spain, read the solemn exhortations of Minister Woodford, and then read how President McKinley presented the matter to Congress: "Yesterday, and since the preparation of the foregoing message, official information was received by me that the latest decree of the Queen Regent of Spain directs Gen. Blanco, in order to prepare and facilitate peace, to proclaim a suspension of hostili- ties, the duration and details of which have not yet been communicated to me. "This fact, with every other pertinent consideration, will, I am sure, have your just and careful attention in the solemn deliberations upon which you are about to enter. If this measure attains a successful result, then our aspirations as a Christian, peace-loving people will be realized. If it fails, it will be only another justification for our contemplated action." Congress, of course, paid not the slight- est attention to this perfunctory tail-end of a message, all the previous trend and argument of which made for war. What the President should have done was to throw away the message which he had prepared, face the altered situation with an altered policy, and go boldly to Con- gress and the country with Woodford's dispatch, including the Queen's elevated proclamation. He could have truly hail- ed it as a great triumph of American diplomacy. Our two categorical demands were both granted, and the third condi- tional one would easily follow. The President could have appealed irresisti- bly to the sober sentiment of the country. He could have especially appealed to our Catholic population, on the strength of the Queen's references to religious mo- tives and the sanction of the Pope. He could have made peace certain. But, alas, the "stop-watch" of Congress was held on him, he had promised his alarm- ed and excited fellow-partisans to send in a war message and not let the Demo- crats win an advantage, and so "this last conscientious effort for peace," as Minister Woodford called it, this grand- est opportunity that ever came to a Christian President, was miserably neg- lected, and the war ensued. Gen. Woodford urged President Mc- Kinley to think not only of "November" (that is, the election which the Republi- cans feared the Democrats would win if a war was not forced), but of "the bar of final history." It is to that tribunal, of course, that the cause must now go. Af- ter all the shouting and the flattery have died away, the historian will settle down to the documentary evidence concerning the Spanish war. and impartially and fearlessly assign praise or blame. We know, for example, what the historians now say of Polk and the Mexican war. Will not their verdict on McKinley and the war with Spain be fully as unpleasant reading for Americans fifty years from now? We fear so. Partisan newspapers to-day will not even print the evidence. A busy and careless people will not read it. But history will do its whole duty, will let nothing escape it, will weigh mo- tive and opportunity and responsibility, and will fix the stigma of cowardice, the shame of weak yielding to clamor, where it belongs; and will do it with the se- renity and the certainty of all-judging Jove. THE OHIO REPUBLICANS. When a State election is vehemently asserted to be of vast national impor- tance, it is a safe guess that the party sc declaring is troubled about local is- sues. Such is clearly the case with the Republicans in Ohio. They loudly af- firm that the continuance of prosperity, with the dignity and almost the exis- tence of the country, depend upon the result of the polling in Ohio next No- vember. Senator Hanna says that if the Democrats should succeed, it would be such a blow to "confidence" that he,

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July 4, 1901] Th.e Nation for his part, could not undertake any longer to guarantee a chicken in the pot to every workingman. Hearing these cries of alarm, the experienced observer at once asks, "What is it that makes Hanna so afraid he will lose the State this fall?" First, the temperance issue. There is an Anti-Saloon League in Ohio, 60,000 voters strong, and they have been wor- rying the Republican machine in the customary inconsiderate manner of their kind. They actually demand that the party of moral ideas keep its pledges, and pass, instead of throttling, a local-option law. They made a dead set particularly at the Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, whom they denounced as an at- torney for the saloons. In fact, they rais- ed such a clamor that Hanna conclud- ed to sacrifice the man, and he was ac- cordingly denied a renomination. But this "displeased the liquor interests." So, to placate their wrath, Hanna named a "liberal" Republican from Cin- cinnati, one Nippert, in place of the re- jected Caldwell. But see how unreason- able men are! This offended the Anti- Saloon League afresh. Its representa- tives left Columbus expressing "dis- pleasure," and on the next train the li- quor men departed "very much dis- pleased." Such are the difficulties of an Ohio statesman when a miserable State issue interferes with his heroic support of the Administration in the Philippines. The louder he shouts about national issues, the more likely is it that the temperance issue will cut a large figure. The Pro- hibition vote in Ohio is apt to be great- est in an off year like this; and Senator Hanna's attempt to say "Good Lord" to the anti-saloon people in the same breath with "Good Devil" to the liquor vote, is not likely to deceive anybody. This is what he calls refusing to "interfere with the traditions of the Republican party upon moral questions." As he was re- ferring to the temperance question, it is clear that he conceives the traditional attitude of the Republicans to be "on the fence." People talk about appealing from Philip drunk to Philip sober; but it is evidently true of the Ohio Repub- licans, as the English Liberal said of the weakness of the Tory Government for the brewers, that the last man they want to meet is "Philip sober." The Democrats naturally stand to gain in Ohio by this rather conspicuous fall- ing of their opponents between the anti- saloon and the saloon stools; but it is on another issue that they are most confident and the Republicans most concerned. This is the question of tax- ation—especially the taxation of cor- porations. It must be remembered that the Ohio Democrats have already thrust this burning question to the front, and have scored heavily on it in municipal elections. In Cleveland, in Columbus, in Toledo, they elected Mayors by unex- pected and unprecedented majorities, and did it largely on a platform calling for a readjustment of the taxes on cor- porations. It is evident that they mean to make their State campaign mainly on this issue. Hence the troubled dreams of Hanna. His platform betrays his trepidation on this subject, and at the same time plays into the hands of the enemy. The Republicans say they favor a "revision of the tax laws" so as to "require all classes of property to bear their equal and just share of taxation." Here is a practical confession of the Democratic charge that the existing tax laws are unequal and unjust. One can imagine how Mayor Tom Johnson and Mayor "Golden-Rule" Jones will ring the changes on this, and will ask the Re- publicans) why, having had full power in the State for so many years, they have done nothing to fulfil their re- peated pledges of tax reform. A similar joint in the Republican harness reveals itself in what the platform says about Trusts. It calls for "effective legisla- tion" against them, "vigorously enforc- ed." Yet will it be believed that the same party in the same State plumed itself in 1899 on having passed a "strin- gent law" against Trusts, of which it promised the "rigid enforcement"? Something must be wrong, the wicked Democrats will say, with either the law or the enforcement, if the work is still all to do. We have pointed out the State issues which ought to be dominant in Ohio this year. But it is doubtful if they will be allowed to be. The Republicans will strain every nerve to make national questions paramount, and the Demo- crats are only too likely to help them do it. In the first place, they will, it is expected, put forward John McLean for United States Senator, and thus thrust a national and at the same time weak candidate into the State canvass. Then they will be just foolish enough, in all probability, to endorse Bryan and Bryanism again, even if gingerly, and thus retire to the background the two issues on which, if they would shrewdly conduct their campaign, they might have good hopes of carrying Ohio. EUROPE AND THE "AMERICAN PERIL." Perhaps the most striking thing about the much-disoussed plan for a European "trade combination against America" is the fact that nobody takes it seriously. At intervals of about a fortnight, some French or German or Austrian legislator rises from his seat to warn his coun- trymen against the "American peril." Nothing, he tells the public, will save the trade of Europe short of "union against America." We have not observ- ed in these speeches, however, any very intelligible programme for such "union." In fact, the one person who has it in his power to do something practical in the matter— we mean the European consumer— appears to be wholly un- moved. If the monthly foreign trade statistics aro to be credited, he goes on buying American goods with the stolid indifference displayed by our own citi- zens a dozon years ago, when they would poll their vote on Tuesday for 'protection against European manufac- tures," and insist on Wednesday that the cutlery sold to them in the hard- ware store should be "real Sheffield." And if the attitude of the foreign peo- ples is that of bland indifference, it must be admitted rhat the American frame of mind is one of calmness not unmixed with pride. To hear half a dozen foreign politicians demanding that something be done to stop the Americans from beat- ing Europe in the open market, awakens sentiments in the average man not wholly unpleasant. In all this chorus of protest against the American "trade invasion," we have seen little effort to analyze the situation. A few intelligent English students of the question have pointed out the fact that our manufacturing Trusts are sell- ing cheaply abroad because they can keep prices up at home. From this they have argued that this sort of export trade may perhaps be restrained by re- duction of American tariffs, with the resultant lowering of domestic prices. But even the trade observers who are shrewd enough to detect this point of weakness are aware that it does not tell the whole story. The United States has had its protective tariff for a genera- tion, yet it is less than five years since we began to threaten competitive export markets. Not only so, but in years when most of the tariff schedules were even higher than to-day's, American market- places were full of simultaneous lament- ing over the inroads of English and Con- tinental manufactures, and our own in- ability to get a foothold in neutral mar- kets. Something quite unconnected with the tariff must have happened between 1891 and 19.4, and we should say that the first effort of an intelligent foreign critic ought to be to find what that something is. For ourselves, we do not think the answer difficult. We cannot appeal to other periods, because the combi- nation of circumstances now exist- ing is unique. Quite without exception, our previous epochs of sudden increase in agricultural exports have been charac- terized by decrease in export of manu- factures. Thus, in the period of 1877- 1880, when annual shipments of agricul- ture rose by $226,000,000, the annual out- go of manufactured goods contracted by $33,000,000. The fiscal year 1892 wit- nessed a gain of $157,000,000 in agricul- tural exports, but we sent out ten mil- lions less of manufactures. Yet the phenomenal rise of our cotton and cereal

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6 lshe Nation. [Vol 73, No. 1879 exports in the last four years has been steadily accompanied by expanding man- ufactured exports. The explanation, as we take it, lies in the very peculiar conditions of the last five years. They have been, as every one now knows, a period of sudden and world-wide increase in demand from the consumer. This was as true in Europe as in America. Demand not only depleted stocks of goods on hand, but strained existing facilities of production. No- thing is plainer than the fact that Eng- lish producers were not prepared for it. When they began to make preparations, they were confronted, first with a strike which for months tied up almost the entire machinists' trade, and second with a protracted foreign war which drew off by tens of thousands the coun- try's laboring population. France made little or no effort to regain ascendancy. Germany alone of European States seem- ed able to meet the situation, yet, with the Russian railway orders on the books of its manufacturers, it was unable to compete with America in time deliveries elsewhere. This unusual foreign situation hap- pened to coincide with three striking phenomena in America — a wholesale readjustment of prices, as a result of four disappointing business years; an immense increase of available capital, as a result of our lucky harvests; and the introduction of working economies into manufacture, on an unprecedented scale. The outcome of such union of forces was inevitable. During at least two years, American makers filled up foreign orders where there was no one else able to do so. Then, when the for- eign manufacturers caught up with their order-books again, they found an alert competitor in possession of the field, which it was not disposed to relinquish. The real question then remains, how permanent can this movement be, and how will it be affected as conditions change? That they are changing, is al- ready manifest. To-day the foreign de- mand for manufactured goods has con- tracted visibly, and foreign manufactur- ers are seeking a market for their sur- plus. Our total export of manufactures, in the first five months of 1901, has al- ready decreased nine million dollars in value from last year, and very substan- tially in quantity. The huge supply of American capital remains, and inflation of prices has been checked; so much is in our favor. But competition in neu- tral fields is no longer one-sided, and the contest comes squarely down to a ques- tion of relative facilities. If our manu- facturers have introduced such improve- ments in methods of production and dis- tribution as will enable them to under- sell European makers, and if they are willing to keep down prices, they will hold the markets. When this doubt has been fairly solved, the position will be plainer. We should suppose that, under such circumstances, a wide-awake for- eign manufacturer would watch for the chance of regaining what he could of his lost field of export trade, and not limit himself to vague appeals for "union against America." A DEPLORABLE STRIKE. The affairs of the National Cash Reg- ister Company, whose works are at Day- ton, Ohio, are of more than local in- terest. Probably nowhere in the world have the managers of a corporation shown a more intelligent interest in the welfare of their workmen. The greatest attention has been paid to hygienic and even to aesthetic conditions, not only in and around the factory buildings, but also in the houses and grounds rented to employees. To enumerate the various improvements and conveniences intro- duced by the company requires a num- ber of pages in Mr. Shuey's recent book on 'Factory People and their Employ- ers.' The experiment has attracted the attention of observers in all parts of the civilized world, and the works at Dayton have been inspected by hosts of visitors, whose testimony has been en- thusiastically favorable. The particulars in which a thoughtful regard for the interests of workmen has been manifested are altogether too numerous Lo mention; but the solici- tude displayed for the welfare of the female employees deserves especial com- mendation. They enjoy the common benefits of libraries, schools, lectures, etc., and they have a numoer of spe- cial advantages. They begin work at eight o'clock, they have a recess of ten minutes in the morning, an hour for luncheon, another recess of ten minutes, and they cease working at twenty min- utes past five. The luncheon is served at a charge of five cents, in a bright, decorated room, furnished with easy- chairs, with a piano, with books and magazines. Access to this room is by an elevator operated exclusively for the women. Elaborately furnished dress- ing-rooms, with combs, brushes, and even curling-irons with the necessary heating apparatus, are provided. Well- appointed bath-rooms are attached, and there are "rest-rooms," each with five cots, under the care of a matron. Every one is given an apron and a pair of sleeves for the protection of the street dress, the laundry work being done by the company. On Saturday there is a half-holiday and a full day's wages. By arrangement with a street railway, cars are in waiting at the close of the day, so that every one has a seat; and the women are dismissed in time to get away before the men pour forth. The provisions for the men are equally en- lightened, If less elaborate. Until very recently it was supposed that this policy had been highly success- ful, and that the employees appreciated the efforts of their employers to make their toil not only wholesome, but also agreeable. The community was thought to be exceptionally favored and happy, and the "labor problem" appeared to be solved. Suddenly, more than two months ago, for reasons that have not yet been made clear to the public, the workmen went on strike. The original source of trouble was the washing of the towels, which the company furnished free, by washerwomen who did not be- long to a trade-union. A committee of workmen informed the company that the work must be taken from these women and given to a union laundry. Rather than do this, the company gave up furnishing the towels. The next episode was a demand that the com- pressed-air springs on the doors should be removed, because they had been man- ufactured by a concern that employed non-union labor. To this demand the company, rather weakly, it would seem, yielded. Presently the demand was made that the company should discharge a man simply because he did not belong to a union, and again the company yielded. It went so far as to pay $15 a week for three months to each of two men dis- charged for lying and drinking and neg- lecting their work, rather than have trouble. But when there came a demand that it should reinstate five men dis- missed because there was nothing for them to do, the company, after its offer to submit the question to arbitration had been declined, refused to yield fur- ther. The members of the two trade- unions interested struck, and the oper- ation of the works necessarily ceased. It is hard to believe that the for- mation of trade-unions has in this case benefited their members. A year and a half ago there were no unions, and the relations between employers and work- men were apparently ideal. Since the unions became aggressive, these relations have been strained, and the condition of the workmen has in several respects be- come worse. The company appears to have been conciliatory in the extreme; but it is, of course, absolutely impossible for it to consent to retain in its employ- ment men whose services are unsatis- factory. Its products would very soon be- come unsalable if it was obliged to em- ploy inferior workmen. So far as we can ascertain the facts, this was the issue which brought on the strike and which has thus kept 2,300 working people idle from the end of April to the beginning of last week. And now the workmen have con- cluded to "return to work as they left it." We very much fear that cannot be. They can, after a year or two, save the $200,000 or $300,000 which they have lost in wages; but they can hardly restore the good feeling and mutual respect that once prevailed. Doubtless the managers will continue to take thought for the welfare of their workmen; but they can-

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July 4, 1901] The ISTation. 7 not feel their former hopeful enthusiasm. They may comply with the demands of duty; but they cannot take their former pleasure in their plans. Nor can the workmen, after so humiliating a defeat, be in the mood to accept aught of favor or to respond to benevolent advances. The loss is not confined to the parties to this controversy; it extends through- out the industrial world. Many people had regarded the conditions at Dayton as ideal, and every one interested in the progress of the working classes will feel discouragement at the situation. We should almost be pleased to learn that the strike was the fault of the employ- ers, for their deliquency, however de- plorable, would not impair the merits of their former policy. But we fear that the blame lies with the employees, and that they have done much to becloud the future relations of labor and capital. MAFIA: OBSERVATIONS BY A NON- MEMBER— I. The foreign visitor to Sicily generally knows the word Mafia, and has often enough made up his mind as to its connotation be- fore visiting the island; but if, during his tour, he interrogates men, as well as looks at things, he is certain to find his notions ot Mafia changed, and very probably con- fused. There seems to be a tolerably reg- ular course of mental procedure in this transformation of opinion. On landing at Palermo or Messina (the most frequent ports of entry from the north), the stranger finds the glittering streets, electric lights, move- ment, show, and external splendor that go to make up the life of any rattling modern town, and very promptly concludes that the Sicilian Mafia of fiction — as described by Mr Crawford in 'Corleone,' for instance — is as much of a figment as, according to his- torians, the Vehmgericht in 'Anne of Geier- stein.' Let us suppose that a good letter of introduction procures him the somewhat rare favor of a dinner, or an evening en- tertainment, at a Sicilian house, where some talkative fellow-guest appears willing to be interviewed. "Ma, caro Signorino! the Ma- fia, it is an invention of the politicians and the journalists! They all impose on the forestierc, and give our poor Sicily a bad name. I have lived here all my life, and I give you my word that I know as little about it as you do. Please, for our sake, do not go away with the idea that it plays any real part in our political, social, or pri- vate life." All Sicilians talk like this— at first. And if the reader will but examine the sentences carefully, he will see that they contain no direct word of untruth. It is quite possible for the traveller so enlighten- ed, or rather put off the scent, to complete a several weeks' tour of Sicily without per- ceiving a definite sign of the Mafia, still less of the brigandage of tradition; and yet both exist, though so disguised, so subtly elusive of detection, that, with the most favorable opportunities, the stranger can but hazard a conjecture as to the real nature and minute ramifications of a condition which appears to be rooted deep down in the psychology of the Sicilian people. It Is only little by little that inklings come to him, discreetly suggested by foreign residents, interpreted by himself from scan- ty indications here and there, whispered by a native who chafes under wrongs, but best 01 all overheard by a pair of sharp ears in the murmur of a cafe or a wineshop of doubtful repute. Under this weight of a slowly growing conviction, one becomes aware of the principal cause of that singu- lar sense of constraint from which Sicilian life, even in large towns, seems to suffer so constantly, leading one to draw a breath of relief on quitting the island. There is an oppressiveness in the social atmosphere, in the elaborate punctilio of common ad- dress, in the suspicious attitude towards the stranger, in the gloomy looks on so large a proportion of faces; none of which are overcome by the rare outbursts of noisy gayety. For all these facts, explanations are only too ready. Sicily, we are told, has suffered for centuries under a system of private property-holding so onerous that life has become intolerable for the masses, who, In spite of the extraordinary fertility of the soil, are always on the verge of starvation. Immense latifundia, or tracts of country, are in the hands of great lords of the soil, often absentees; and between them and their peasant-farmers (whom they seldom see) come series of factors or agents, with power to collect rents at all costs and haz- ards. "We are not," said one of the peas- ants, "quite as badly off as our poor broth- ers in Calabria, who in the winter time may have to kill the house dog or cat to keep from dying of hunger; our land is rich. But, Signorino, do you know that, in this coun- try of wine, I and my family look on it as a rare luxury, and it is now nearly a year since I tasted meat of any kind?" In many parts of the country, such destitution is undoubtedly increased by the amazing pro- gression of the birth-rate. Girgenti, for in- stance, and the district round about are noted for the productivity of the women, who become mothers at a very early age, and frequently bear eight or ten children — sometimes more. A little reasonable appli- cation of Malthusianism in the right sense would do something towards relieving the pressure of population on food; but the Sicilian climate and the temperament of the people put this beyond all hope. And one might very well urge that, as in India, any vast sensible improvement in the well-being of the people would promptly be followed by further increase, so that the second state would be no better than the first. At the present time, according to all trustworthy accounts, the clergy have lost so much hold over the people that the multiplication is not, as in French Canada, to be ascribed to ecclesiastical influence; it comes rather from that apparently incurable spirit of im- providence which attends human life in warm countries, doubtless fostered by the jux- taposition of crowded domestic habits and quarters. Outside conditions, too, have added to the widespread penury. An Intelligent and talkative Messina lawyer, met by the pres- ent writer in a railway carriage, was most communicative on this point: "Not long ago," said he, "we used to ex- port quantities of sound red wine to France, where it was largely used for mixing pur- poses; since the new duties, that trade has fallen off more than 50 per cent. The phylloxera has ravaged our vineyards, and we cannot afford expensive foreign grafts. Our oranges and lemons cannot compete on the American market against Florida and California, also protected by duties. The only thing left to us was olive oil, and to that, serious damage has been done by cot- tonseed oil and other bogus products. I know all this," he added, "for I cannot now sell anything off my own small estate, out- side of the island. A few years ago I could add a few hundred francs a year to my in- come. You can judge how it affects the poor who have no other resources than the land, which, by the by, they do not own." He might likewise have mentioned that the great sulphur-mining industry of Sicily has of late years suffered severely from com- petition with other sources of supply, either nearer the markets of the world or more readily accessible. And as the mining popu- lation was notoriously in bad straits before, we can easily imagine how little they can bear further reduction. In every branch of her Industry Sicily appears to have been smitten. One of the most commonly talked-of griev- ances, however, is the administration. It is not the purpose of this paper to enter into a general arraignment of the wastefulness of public expenditure in Italy, of which the signs are evident enough to any one who keeps his eyes open. In Sicily, as well as on the Continentc, the stranger cannot fail to be struck with the extraordinary numbers of uniformed officials, ill-paid, it is true, but nevertheless from their very plethora a con- stant drain on the resources of the country. This form of exhaustion is commonly over- looked by those who ascribe the impover- ishment of the country to military expendi- ture alone. One notes, too, that public works on an enormous scale, and at cor- responding cost, appear from time to time to be undertaken in places where they are superfluous. For instance, behind the sea- port of Trapani rises the rocky mass of Monte San Gluliano (the ancient Eryx), crowned by the little town, or village rather, of the same name. Now, this little settle- ment is, according to all accounts, slowly and steadily losing its population through emi- gration to the valleys. There is, indeed, no good reason why any one should continue to live there, for the summit is a bare rock, ab- solutely unproductive and frequently wrap- ped in chilling mists. And yet this barren crest is reached by means of a brand-new high road, winding in serpentine fashion like the best Alpine ways, and obviously con- structed at immense expense, in all proba- bility as the outcome of political manipula- tion. It implies, also, postal and diligence service, both of them sources of further ex- pense. Local administration comes in for its share of abuse. Some years ago, in a little village between Siena and Florence, the writer had the privilege of hearing the account given by a Tuscan artillery officer of his two years' residence in the smaller garrison towns of Sicily. He was fresh from the scene, and consequently eloquent. According to him, the crowding or herding together of families in single rooms arose from the ut- ter impossibility of paying the local taxes on roomier quarters. In one village, he said, the local authorities, headed by the sindaco (mayor), had successfully resisted the wish- es of the population for water-works, the reason being that the sindaco himself owned the village well and charged one sou on every bucket of water drawn from it. Such accounts one hears on all sides. As a well-known economist wrote some

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The TSTatioli, [Vol. 73, No. 1879 time ago in the Nuova Antblogia* : "In Italia paga di piu chi possiede meno ... II povero paga il 50 per cento del carico tribu- tario" (In Italy the poorer the man is, the more he has to pay . . . The poor man pays fifty per cent, of the revenue from tax- ation). A land-owner from the neighbor- hood of Ancona informed the writer that all the taxes on his property swallowed up forty-eight per cent, of its returns, and this in the relatively prosperous district of the Adriatic Marches. One can judge what it must be in poor Sicily. When we bear in mind, further, that objects of luxury are often quite unburdened, we wonder at the strange principle that seems to regulate such taxation. There is no tax on a saddle- horse, for that is no source of profit; but every goat on the Sicilian hillside gives its little quota to the Exchequer. A few months ago the municipal authorities of Palermo, being in want of money, suddenly proposed to raise the dazlo, or octroi duty, on every chicken entering the gates to ten cents (50 centimes) ; they were stopped in time by ominous threats of a general uprising. Ten cents may appear small enough in New York; in Palermo, it is the price of a cab drive within the city limits. As a further proof of the cheapness of things, which may give the reader some notion of the enormity of the proposed tax, a restaurant-bill is sub- joined of a dinner for two at the Cucina Trapani in Palermo, a place of excellent middle-class resort: Broad 4 cents Wine 10 cents Vegetables ..14 cents Steak(for one)12 cents Ve:il (for one) 12 cents Fruit 5 cents 57 cents (or 2 francs 85) May 31, 1900. Both diners were satisfied with food and charges. The waiter considered himself well paid with a tip of six cents. It is, of course, no easy matter for the tourist to gauge with any minute accuracy the state of feeling produced by this con- dition of affairs; nevertheless, there are plenty of Indications that a submissive frame of mind is the exception rather than the rule. Getting out at the little station of Calatafimi, from which one drives to the ruins of Segesta, the writer was surprised to see that a Sicilian fellow-traveller, dressed as a sporting country gentleman, with shooting- coat and leggins, was met here by a pair of retainers, each armed with a Winchester rifle; and as they took their places in the open carriage which was waiting, one man- at-arms sat in front, the other behind, with guns in readiness. Every landed proprietor or agent visiting an estate is obliged, in cer- tain parts of the island, to take these pre- cautions for his own safety. There is not In Palermo to-day a single man of known wealth who would, without prior arrange- ments for the privilege with secret unof- ficial authority, walk alone and unarmed from the city gate to the suburb of Bagheria after nightfall, or extend his daily ride through the orange-groves of the Conca d'Oro. Such facts as these are very likely to be denied by Sicilians, who are naturally jealous cf the good name of their country, and ex- tremely restive under anything like criti- cism from outsiders, although they are them- selves perfectly ready to pass judgment on others. They will point to such and such a nobleman who visits his estates without •October and November, 1899. escort; but they omit to mention that he drives a pair or a four-in-hand of fast thor- oughbreds, and covers the few miles between the railway station and his country-house at racing pace; also, that the country-house in question is well supplied with firearms and always ready to repel assailants. Some of the leading scientific men of the country are accompanied on their expeditions by a servant, who carries a gun along with the scientific apparatus. Nonsense, it is replied; that is for sporting purposes. But the gun is a Winchester, and what part of Sicily nowadays contains big game? To' any one accustomed to other conditions of existence, it is simply appalling to note that nearly every peasant on his way to of from mar- ket, in such districts as Selinunte, or the neighborhood of Sciacca, carries a rifle slung in front of him on the saddle, and ready for immediate use. In the fields and vineyards, the same weapon is constantly observed, apparently laid carelessly on a heap of stones, but always within easy reach. It is not entirely reassuring to be told that the stranger is safe, though this is in one sense quite true. No danger at- tends the tourist on the beaten tracks (the only ones worth following for sight-see- ing), and very little in the untrodden in- terior; for the simple reason that he is not known. The few hundred or thousand francs that he carries about his person can- not make it worth a brigand's while to run, for their sake, the risk of a close ac- quaintance with the dreaded carabinieri. But a man who can be held for ransom, while his captor is all the time making arrange- ments to emigrate the moment the money is paid, stands in a very different position, indeed. Such brigandage is to-day admittedly nil that exists. The bands of robbers are com- posed of outlaws who, after escaping the talons of justice, have taken refuge in the remoter and less accessible parts of the country, where they lie in wait, or whence they make excursions if any prey worth their while appears on the horizon. During weeks of chomage, they necessarily live from hand to mouth, and would doubtless die of hunger were it not for the moral and other support of those who can still move freely and open- ly in nominally respectable society. But such associations are now extremely rare and weak; the admirable organization of the carabinieri, as well as the daring of the men who compose the corps, could not fail to render the bandit's life less and less prac- ticable. It is a genuine pleasure to hear outside and unbiassed testimony to the self- respect, the sense of duty, and the genial bo7ihomie of as fine a military constabulary as the world at present knows. Their work, however, is not made easier by the peasant- ry. Were it not for the secret connivance of the country-folk, it would be impossible for the latitanti to remain in hiding. A sound public feeling would lead man, woman, or child to reveal what the whole country- side knows. It is true that the criminals can and do use terrorism; but they are not by any means invariably the best shots in a country where practically every one ot adult years (who can afford it) goes about armed. No; the real reason of the difficulty of crushing once and for all this lawless re- sistance is that it is not held to be disgraceful in se. Authority and its exercise have become so inseparably linked with the facts of oppression and misrule that the ignorant, yes, and even many of the educated, have come to look upon the law- breaker^— robber and assassin though he be — with caressing admiration. This feeling, which is, of course, not openly confessed to a foreigner, is very fortunately not universal, any more than among school- boys the admiration for the pirate or our own Western highwaymen in their cowardly "holding-up" of trains. The Sicilian con- gener of these shows little more of real daring, except when cornered by the cara- binieri; in which case a free shot with the chance of death is better than the prospect of Italian penal servitude on Ustica or the Ponza Islands. But, without the tacit sym- pathy of thousands, how could it be pos- sible for him to live at all in an island with a population of not more than three and a half millions, fairly dispersed? Other facts come in here to support this conviction. Not many years ago, the most notorious of these bravoes actually printed "Capo Brigante" under his nom de guerre of Leone, on his visiting-card. Week after week, this ruffian would swagger openly through the Quattro Cantoni at Palermo, even appearing at the- atre or opera, where, though his person and crimes were perfectly well known, there were found none to hiss or cry Fuori! Why, even to-day it still remains possible to hear re- spectable people, incapable of his crimes, speak of his courage and gallantry. He was a galantuomo, you will hear, because, al- though for weeks he held a gentleman for ransom, he yet saw that his prisoner was daily supplied with nice black coffee in the morning, and, when circumstances permitted, with a morning paper, still in, its wrapper. Moral perversion of judgment, or obliqui- ty of vision, of this character is not un- common as a social, even an ethnical, phe- nomenon. We all know races among which in their day the cattle-thief, the smuggler, or the landlord-shooter has been the hero of the people. In every one of these cases, as, indeed, in Sicily, it is easy to point to the external causes that further the growth of the feeling. Intolerable poverty, suffering, and privation in their acuter forms are enough to engender hatred of anything connected with power and law. Only a very shallow psychology, however, stops at that. Sentiments of this kind never take root in a soil not already pre- pared to receive them; and if to-day the masses who toil without enjoying would but show, singly and collectively, that they are disposed to respect regulation or ordinance, the task of philanthropist and legislator would be simplified. THE NINTH JUBILEE OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF GLASGOW. Edinburgh, June 17, 1901. The University of Glasgow celebrated the 450th anniversary of its foundation on June 12, 13 and 14. The festival may rank with the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the University of Heidelberg In 1886 and the 1,000th anniversary of the University ot Bologna a year later, and with the similar functions at Dublin, Halle, St. Petersburg — not to speak of Harvard's 250th anniversary in 1886, of Columbia's centennial in 1887, and of Princeton's more recent sesquicentennial. Yale's bicentennial, the reader will remem- ber, is close at hand. In the fifteenth century three of the four Scottish universities and at least a score at

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July 4, 1901] The ISTation Continental universities were founded. That at St. Andrews, 1411. was the earliest in Scotland, following hard upon that of Leip- zig, which' was founded in 1409. The Uni- versity of Glasgow, second in Scotland, was established in 1451, by a bull of Pope Nicho- las V., at the solicitation of James II., who in turn was urged by William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow. In order to "ensure that the classes should begin with some degree of celebrity," the Pope "granted a universal indulgence to all faithful Christians who should visit the Cathedral of Glasgow in 1451." The town then had fewer than three thousand inhabitants, but was chosen as a place of note, with a moderate climate and abundanoe of provisions. The Pope provided for a Studium Generate, not only in Theology and in Canon and Civil Law, but also in Arts, with all privileges, honors, and immu- nities that had been granted to the Univer- sity of Bologna, which thus became in a sense the model of the new institution in Scotland. The scarlet color of the hoods of the graduates and of the gowns of the under- graduates, which was adopted soon after the establishment of the University, is said to be connected with the papal order. The students of the University are still divided into four "nations," which vote separately in the choice of the Lord Rector, although the nations are not such in the strict sense of the term, as in old times. at Paris, but are simply different parts of Scotland. The University of Glasgow was established, then, a year or two after the invention of the art of printing, and a couple of years before the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, In a century of great mental activity. It was not at once provided with an endow- ment. As one of the historians has said, "it came into the world as naked as any individ- ual," but speedily students were gathered, and within three or four years arrangements had to be made for their housing. Naturally most of the teachers were connected closely with the Church of Rome, and after the Reformation the remnant of the University is said to have consisted of a principal, three regents (or tutors), four students, an ascono- mus (or steward), a cook, and a janitor, with a yearly income of £25. But in 1573 the Town Council transferred to the University certain endowments which had been put in their care by Queen Mary; the well-known and influential Andrew Melville, who had al- ready lectured in Paris, was called from Geneva to be Principal in 1574; and in 1577 a new charter (Nova Erectio) was obtained, with new privileges. Money came in slowly, however, and in 1686 a regent of Humanity (t. e., tutor of Latin) was allowed to depart with his salary of £20 for five years in ar- rear, because the entire college revenue was "super-expendit," although that was not far from the time when no student was allowed to Introduce Into the college even a relative or a servant who did not understand the scholastic Latin in which all their conversa- tion was to be held, and we may suppose a "regent of Humanity" to have been sadly needed. Of the earliest University buildings lit- tle seems to be known. In 1631 the col- lege buildings in High Street, which are now the college station of the underground railway, were begun. In the sixteenth cen- tury, students of sufficient means were ex- pected to live in the college building, to dine at the Regents' table, and. to be under strict discipline. One of the regents made a round, morning and evening, to see that all was in order. But Boyd, who was called as Principal in 1615, made one of the con- ditions of his acceptance that he should not be bound to live with the students and to administer to theta corporal punishment. About Melville's time an effort was made to change the system of "regenting," by which a class was assigned to a single in- structor, who should teach them in all branches of learning; but tie conservatives did not yield readily, and this system con- tinued in Scotland until 1727, as it did in American colleges exactly one hundred years longer. That the instruction was not very advanced is indicated by the story that in 1704 the trial of the attainments of a candidate for a professorship of Greek was the analysis of ten previously prescribed verses of Homer's Iliad. The chief growth of the University has been in the nineteenth century, although Adam Smith, Adam Reid, and William Hun- ter brought fame to it in the previous cen- tury. In 1800 the students numbered about 600; now they number 2,033—1,692 being men and 341 women. Of the men, 662 are in Arts, 600 in Medicine, 196 in Law, 161 in Science, 41 in Theology. Of the women, in Queen Margaret College, 271 are in Arts, 62 in Medicine, 6 in Science, 2 in Arts and Medi- cine. In the year 1899-1900, 395 degrees were conferred, of which 116 were M.A., 101 M.B., 93 Ch.B., 19 M.D., 18 B.D. the University has 31 professors, 35 lecturers, and 40 assistants and demonstrators. Wom- en were first admitted to study for degrees in Scottish universities in 1892. Almost im- mediately the buildings, grounds, and en- dowments of Queen Margaret College, which had been established in 1883 for the higher education of women, were offered to the University; and while the college is dis- solved, the name survives as designating the part of the University buildings and grounds which is devoted to the education of women. The Woman'is Medical School is entirely conducted in Queen Margaret College. Some in- structors meet only the women of the undergraduates, but in other classes the two sexes are together. In 1868 the present King Edward VII. laid the foundations of the new University buildings on Gilmore Hill, which was not then included within the limits of the city of Glasgow, and these were erected at a cost of about $2,500,000, of which private munificence furnished more than half. The Marquis of Bute provided for the erection of the University chapel, which is called, after him, Bute Hall, and where most of the functions of the jubilee were held. The entrance archway and part of the fronts of the old college building erect- ed in 1631 were brought to the new site, and, with some modifications, were reelect- ed as a lodge. For the celebration of the ninth jubilee of the University of Glasgow, scholars gathered from every land. Two hundred institutions of learning were represented by nearly three hundred delegates, while other men of distinction came as specially invited guests. A list would be tedious, but it would Include the names of Lord Kelvin, Lord Lister, Lord Dufferin, Lord Balfour, Sir Richard Jebb, Sir Henry Roscoe, Sir Joseph Hooker, Sir Norman Lockyer, Sir John Evans, Baron, Reay, Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Hunter, Sir Archibald Geikie, Henry Jack- son and Swete of Cambridge, Mahaffy and Bury of Dublin, the President of the Insti- tute of France, Andrew Carnegie, and others whose names are almost or quite as well known. Of all foreign countries, the United States was most largely represented, twen- ty-eight institutions having delegates. Not many German scholars were present, since the festival fell in the middle of the academ- ic semester, but France sent an imposing delegation. All wore official robes, in the midst of which the black academic gowns of the Americans seemed rather sombre. Lord Kelvin was clearly the one whom all most delighted to honor. Not to speak of his position in the world of science, his relation to the University of Glasgow is unparallel- ed; he was admitted to the University in 1834, when he was only in the eleventh year of his age, he served as professor from 1846 to 1899, and now is enrolled as a Research Fellow of the University. He represented the Royal Society and several foreign socie- ties, he made an address on James Watt before the graduation exercises, and pro- posed the toast of Other Universities at the Corporation banquet which concluded the formal exercises. The festival opened with a brief but im- pressive commemoration service in the cathedral on Wednesday morning, when the minister of the cathedral preached an ap- propriate sermon. That afternoon was de- voted to the reception of addresses in Bute Hall. The delegates were carefully marshalled in an adjoining room, and were welcomed by Principal Story, the Vice- Chancellor of the University, in a tactful address, in which he referred to the rela- tions and ties which had existed between the other institutions and countries and his own. Turning to our countrymen, he said: "When the Pilgrim Fathers crossed the Atlantic they carried with them not only as concentrated an essence of Protestant re- ligion and political liberalism as could In those, or indeed in any, days be carried in one vessel across perilous seas, but also that sturdy respect for knowledge and learn- ing which leavened the austerity of the aus- tere Puritans' views of life, and kept their minds free from the stagnation of mere sec- tarianism. By and by it embodied itself in Harvard, in Yale, in Princeton; and, ex- panding with the expansion of the great American States since their independence was achieved, has planted over the length and breadth of that huge country institu- tions which, in their thorough organization and their opulence of resource, attest at once the educational science and the gener- ous liberality of its citizens." This function of presentation of addresses occupied three hours, although the delegates were not expected to speak, but only to of- fer their written greetings. The addresses were prevailingly in Latin, although some were in English, and others in Sanskrit or in Japanese. A chorus of students sang the old "Gaudeamus" as the procession entered the hall, and a verse of the appropriate na- tional hymn or song as each group of dele- gates was led up to be presented. The dele- gates were introduced by the Clerk of the Senate, Dr. Stewart, whose voice remained strong and clear to the close of the function. On Wednesday evening an "At Home" was given at Queen Margaret College, and a "gaudeamus" or smoking-concert was held by the students at their Union, where In- formal speeches were made by Lord Bal- four, the Bishop of Ripon, and others. On Thursday morning, after addresses by Lord Kelvin on James Watt and by Professor

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io The Nation, [Vol. 73, No. 1879 Smart on Adam Smith, the Vice-Chancellor proceeded to the conferring of honorary degrees, twenty-two D.D.'s and one hun- dred and nine LL.D.'s. The graduates were arranged alphabetically in the two classes, and were conducted by stewards (or ushers) before the Vice-Chancellor. The Clerk of the Senate called each in a loud voice, and the Vice-Chancellor placed a cap upon and murmured a brief formula over the head of the recipient of the degree as he knelt before him. Then the receiver of the de- gree had a hood i>ut about his neck, and signed his name in the book of the Univer- sity. That each should be so clearly intro- duced was well, for all present were in- terested to identify men of distinction whom they had not known. A specially hearty wel- come was given to the Bishop of Ripon, to Lord Dufferin, to Lord Balfour, to An- drew Carnegie (who was presented as one "whose name would descend to all genera- tions of Scottish students as the most munifi- cent benefactor of the universities of his native country"), to Lieut-Gen. Hunter, and to three ladies who received degrees — Miss Emily Davies, the founder of Girton Col- lege, Mrs. Campbell, the originator of the movement for the higher education of wo- men in Glasgow, and Miss Weston, whose labors have been devoted to the good of sailors. Almost exactly one-tenth of the honorary degrees fell to scholars of the United States. Professor Briggs and Pro- fessor Francis Brown of Union Theological Seminary were among the twenty-two who received the degree of D.D., and the de- gree of LL.D. was conferred on Farlow of Harvard, Seymour of Yale, Baldwin of Princeton, White of Cornell, Wenley of Michigan, C. K. Adams of Wisconsin, Gay- ley of California, Meyer of Clark, Dr. Bar- kan of Cooper Medical College of San Fran- cisco, and the Hon. Charlemagne Tower, United States Ambassador to Russia. Clear- ly in most cases the degree was determin- ed by the institution which was represent- ed, though the average distinction of the re- cipient is high. On Thursday afternoon the new Botan- ical Building was opened with an address by Sir Joseph Hooker, whom Lord Lister, in moving a vote of thanks, called "the prin- cipal pillar and ornament of botanical science in the world." Sir Joseph began by referring to his recollections of the study of botany in the first Quarter of the last century! A Conversazione was held in Bute Hall on Thursday evening, at which more than two thousand people were present in gorgeous array. On Friday morning an ad- dress by Professor Young on William Hun- ter was read by Professor Bower, and was followed by an organ recital. That after- noon the guests of the University were in- vited to a reception at the Art Galleries, within the grounds of the International Ex- hibition, which lies at the foot of the hill on which the University stands. On Friday evening the Corporation of the city of Glasgow gave a banquet in the great hall of the municipal buildings, in which nearly five hundred took part. The speaking after dinner was good. The Provost, who presid- ed, is a natural orator, and all were glad to hear Lord Dufferin, Lord Kelvin, and the others who spoke. The great speech of the evening, however, was made by Sir Rich- ard Jebb, who said, among other things: "The universities of our country are feel- ing more or less the pressure of the demand which is sometimes vaguely called utili- tarian. We are told from many quarters and in many tones that the subjects and methods of university study must be brought into more direct and immediate relations with the pursuits of professional careers, This is a demand which the universities can- not resist, and is founded largely in reason. It is a demand which many of our univer- sities and colleges are doing their best to meet, but it also imposes on them a clear duty. Their duty as universities and as seats of the highest education is not merely to yield to that demand; their duty is to guide and instruct it. One function of the university is to safeguard the intellectual standard of the nation— to take heed, when the demand for useful knowledge is made in relation to higher education, that the term shall not be misinterpreted or degrad- ed. It is the function of the university to explain what is utility in regard to the higher education. The truly useful studies of the higher education are those which develop the faculties of the mind and dis- cipline the intelligence." On the same evening as the Corporation banquet, the students of the University gave a ball which was largely attended even by those guests who first went to the banquet. In the whole festival the students had an interesting but not very large part. The necessary limitations of space prevented their free admission to the functions. But since the festival fell in the time of the summer session, comparatively few under- graduates were in town, and one hundred tickets to each function were given to them to be distributed by lot; sixty more under- graduates were present as members of the choir, and others still as ushers. At the graduation exercises they were not to be re- strained entirely, but no one could com- plain of their singing "Soldiers of the Queen" when Lieut. -Gen. Hunter was pre- sented for a degree, or "For he's a jolly good fellow" on the introduction of the Bishop of Ripon, who had won their hearts at their "gaudeamus." On Tuesday evening, before the formal exercises of the week, the stu- dents had a torchlight procession, most of them carried in open wagons or brakes, In motley array, representing men and women of all nations and times. The "gaudeamus" or "smoking concert" on Wednesday evening was also in the students' charge and for them, and a large number of them accom- panied the guests and authorities of the University on an all-day excursion down the Clyde and through the Kyles of Bute on Saturday. Seventy-four student delegates were present also from other universities. This expedition on the Clyde afforded an op- portunity for familiar, leisurely intercourse such as could have been found in no better way. Those who had been quartered In dif- ferent parts of the city met conveniently. The day was beautiful, and in general the festival was "very favored" in its weather, in spite of a few showers. The hospitality of the University authori- ties was lavish, and seemed extended with particularly generous hand to the Ameri- cans. The complicated arrangements for the festival were so perfected that every func- tion moved smoothly and without haste. At first, for a few hours, some of the delegates desired more exact information as to their duties and privileges, but this information came before it was needed. No one in the gathering of distinguished men could have presided with greater calm dignity than the Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Story, whose imposing figure, strong face, and deep voice gave weight to all that he did and said. One of the few regrets which one may feel with regard to the festival is that none of the foreign delegates could be heard, with the exception of the Count d'Alviella of Brussels and the President of the Institute of France. Of course, however, only a few could be heard, at most, and the choice may have seemed difficult. If the whole body of hosts and guests could have been seen together in the open air, the sight would have been im- pressive, and would have seemed to bring the function into closer relations with the people of the city, especially if a procession had been possible to the commemoration service in the Cathedral. The only proces- sion was the simple passing from one room to another. But such slight regrets are hidden by the appreciative enjoyment of a gathering and exercises which have formed and strengthened ties between scholars and institutions. 5. Notes. Mr. Sidney S. Rider announces, In his Prov- idence Book Notes, that he has completed vol- ume one of a history of the Dorr war, or rather "a history of the efforts in this State to form a Constitutional Government," cul- minating in the Dorr war. Hence the first period treated lies some centuriesback — 1636- 1664; the second will embrace 1665-1790; the third 1790-1843. The exact title is 'The De- velopment of Constitutional Government in Rhode Island,' with a final chapter on Con- stitutional events from 1843 to 1901. Mr, Rider's first-hand sources on the Dorr war are unsurpassed in Importance and extent. Subscriptions are solicited. Odd for a bookseller's subscription offer is that of Mr. Elliot Stock, 62 Paternoster Row, London, E. C, for facsimiles of the famous Alfred Jewel "In three metals — cop- per gilt, silver gilt, and gold," at prices ranging from thirteen guineas to one. Out of the way, too, is Mr. R. H. Russell's portfolio of pictures by F. T. Richards, "The Royal Game of Golf," hand-colored prints of single figures in old-time costume, design- ed primarily for framing. The thin volume entitled 'A Century of Caste,' and edited by Judge A. N. Waterman (Chicago: M. A. Donahue & Co.), appears to be a faithful transcript of the reminiscences of an ex-slave who still lingers, near the century mark, to make comparison of the cruelties of slavery In her girlhood and wo- manhood with those of caste at the South at the present time. Judge Waterman has add- ed the statutes of South Carolina of 1834 penalizing the instruction of slaves, with similar provisions In other States, and (more shameful) the Black Code of Illinois In force "for many years prior thereto and at the beginning of the Civil War," the code under which Lincoln was reared, and from which he never fully revolted. In 1862 a majority of 175,000 voters were in favor of incorporat- ing this code in the State Constitution. In- diana had a similar code up to the close of the rebellion. In 'Blue Shirt and Khaki,' by James F. J. Archibald (Silver, Burdett & Co.), will be found an Interesting and pleasing series of comparative studies of the types of British and American soldiers as the author saw them in Cuba and South Africa. Incidental- ly the later pages are given to personal ex- periences in the war with the Boers, but the more important part of the book con- sists of observations of men of the two

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July 4, 1901] The ISTatloil. 11 armies under similar conditions of field ser- vice, with a sympathetic wish to give to the English soldier his entire dues of efficiency as a fighting force. The British army com- pares unfavorably with that of the United States in the moral and physical character of its material, and in the ability of the rank and file to carry on belligerent operations by themselves. When the British officer is gone, under the disabilities of battle, the private Is helpless and easily persuaded to surrender to an inferior enemy. The English equip- ments are cumbrous and Ill-suited to the comfort and health of the men; but the British supply organization is better than ours. The conservatism which compels the soldier to campaign without shelter-tent or poncho in a country like South Africa, where drenching storms are frequent and protract- ed, is justly condemned; but the English- man keeps himself in more presentable form under such disadvantages than do our troops. It is agreeable to read the author's praises of the new luxurious Government transport ships, such as the Sumner, in which the author travelled to Port Said; yet, while eulogizing this new order of affairs In the Quartermaster's Department, he seizes an excellent opportunity to urge the wisdom of enlarging transportation facilities for sudden emergencies by granting naturalization to foreign-built ships bought by Americans. We have, from Edward Arnold of London, Major-Gen. Sir H. E. Colvile's account of the operations, in the western portion of the field of the Boer-British war, in the spring of 1900, of the Ninth Division of Field-Mar- shal Roberts's army, formed when Roberts reorganized the army for the relief of Kim- berly; Gen. Colvile having previously com- manded the Guard Brigade. This military arrangement was of short duration, from February to June, and the brevity of Gen. Colvile's command was ascribed by popular sentiment in London, and perhaps in the army, to the dissatisfaction of the General- in-chief with the spirit shown by Colvile to- wards certain minor cooperative movements, two of which especially resulted disastrous- ly to the British forces. These were an ambuscade at Sanna's Post, on the 31st of March, where Gen. Broadwood lost 330 men, seven guns, and a hundred wagons, and a similar misadventure to Col. Spragge's 500 yeomanry who surrendered to De Wet on the 28th of May. Students of our American civil war will recall some notable illustrations of apparent injustice done to highly efficient of- ficers by their superiors in the midst of active campaigns where swift judgments must be made by the responsible commander (the case of Warren removed at Five Vorks by Sheridan is a distinguished instance) ; and that of Gen. Colvile may come in this category, although he was not relieved from his command in an abrupt and offensive manner. Gen. Colvile tells of the achieve- ments of his men during this short campaign, with a moderate and restrained temper, the evident object of publication being to enable the writer to set forth his view of the facts, and thus to appeal to the enlightened judg- ment of his countrymen when a military court of inquiry was undesirable. 'Poole's Historical Atlas of Modern Eu- rope' (H. Frowde) has reached part xxvil., the later numbers appearing with provok- ing slowness as the end approaches. The maps contained In the present part are: Eu- rope at the Accession of the Emperor Charles V., 1519, by Mr. C. W. C. Oman; England and Wales, showing the Parliamen- tary Representation of England and Wales according to the Reform Act of 1832, by the editor; and Italy c. 1060-1167, by Miss Una Eckenstein. Of these the second is the only unique map. The letterpress accompany- ing it contains not only an account of the changes in representation effected by the act of 1832, but also a brief summary of later alterations, the whole forming a most useful piece of -work. It is unfortunate that an insufficient color "explanation" accom- panies the otherwise satisfactory map of Italy, and none the map of Europe temp. Charles V. The underlying thought In the boy's ques- tion. Which was the largest Island before Australia was discovered? might apply to ap- pendicitis. That particular affection doubt- less has always held the same relation to human health that it does now, notwith- standing it has so recently been inscribed upon the nosological atlas. Those who make light of the modern surgeon because he so frequently finds this newly-named disease and eradicates it, are apt to confuse its discovery with its existence. They forget that, simultaneously with its recognition In our homes, has been the disappearance of the older and grave inflammation of the bowels, which, when sufficiently advanced to be identified, was nearly always fatal. They overlook the accuracy of diagnosis which permits this identification, and espe- cially neglect the wonderful extent to which asepsis makes practicable the im- possibilities of the last generation. Dr. C. B. Lockwood's 'Appendicitis, its Pathol- ogy and Surgery' (Macmillan), might almost be designated "The Philosophy of Appendicitis." It is comprehensive but not diffuse, technical but not abstruse, as be- comes a thoughtful book which at every step represents experience and reflection. The difficulties and possible errors in diagnosis are well illustrated, for often it is quite as important to know what to avoid as what to do. The last line of p. 195 contains a most amusing typographical error in "gurg- ling and bauba rigma." "Bauba rigma" may well seem a recondite expression, intelligi- ble only to the inner circle, until one Imag- ines that the author dictated to a stenog- rapher, who reproduced the approximate sound of the unaccustomed syllables which compose "borborygmi." The host of seekers after the missing genealogical link between the mother coun- try and the United States should keep an eye on Mr. J. Henry Lea's "Genealogical Gleanings from the English Archives" in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register (Boston). The instalment in the current July issue opens up the promis- ing Bristol archives — completely, so far as record of apprentices to New England goes, for volumes 6-11. Among these are two apprentices in 1670 to John Alden, and it Is suggested that this most prolific of the May- flower ancestors may be found to have orig- inated in the west of England. Other in- teresting trails are struck in the case of his- toric names. La Revue criticises the New York Bookman for its "amusing lapse" in attributing to Jean Coquelin the authorship of the play of "Quo Vadis?" But in its own notice of this magazine it is guilty of an equal blunder, when describing a certain article as dealing with Charlotte Yonge, "the author of 'John Halifax.' " Mr. Samuel Butler's fantastic work on 'The Authoress of the Odyssey' (London, 1897) serves the veteran philologist, Dr. A. Baumeister, as a starting-point for two ar- ticles on the Homeric poems In Nos. 109 and 110 of Beilage zur Allgememen Zeitung. It may be imagined that Dr. Baumeister does not share the eccentric English scholar's be- lief in Nausicaa's authorship of the Odyssey; he is nevertheless seriously interested in many of Butler's observations. What ren- ders the articles of especial interest to stu- dents of Homer, however, is the theory, ad- vanced by the writer, that the elaboration of the romantic scene in the land of the Phaeacians is to be ascribed to a poet whose home was in the Ionian city of Phocaea. The discoveries of the last century have shown that there was a basis in fact for some of the most remarkable African mar- vels related by Homer and Herodotus. A Berlin philologist, Dr. Th. Zell, has just enun- ciated the theory that the Polyphemus of the Odyssey is to be identified with the gorilla, whose strength and size are in harmony with the Homeric description. He interprets the name as indicating the terrible cries uttered by this animal, and lays even greater stress upon the use of the word Cyclops, inasmuch as roundness of the eyes is the physical trait which especially distinguishes the ape from the man. Dr. Zell supports his contention by a quotation from the 'Periplus Hannonis,' showing that Hanno met near Sierra Leone some gorillas which he describes as "sav- age men." Petermann's Mitteilungen, No. 5, contains a summary of the researches of Dr. J. Hiort in respect to the edible fishes of the North Sea. He treats especially of their migrations, and his observations lead him to the conclusion that they are practically in- exhaustible. The geological results, mainly, of a journey in the Kirghiz Steppe on the northern shore of the Caspian, are given by A. F. Stahl. In the latest issue of the Archaeologischcs Jahrbuch, the brothers, Alfred and Justus Koerte, publish a preliminary report of their archaeological finds last season in the ruins of the city Gordieion in northern Phrygia. A leading object was to discover the shrine where Alexander the Great cut the Gordian Knot, and the archaeologists are convinced that they have found this in a small temple, 20 metres long and 11 metres wide, of which, however, little but the foundations and roof- tiles have been preserved, these evidently belonging to the Eastern Greek style of structure of the sixth century. No sculp- ture of any kind was found except a torso of a Siren, in archaic Greek style. Nothing of the old city walls was discovered. The most important find was a series of five burial chambers, about 14 metres in height, which contained an abundance of tile uten- sils, and some in bronze and iron. The greatest curiosity among these is a sort of kettle with a sieve, which the brothers Koerte consider to have been used as beer vessels. These utensils range from the eighth and seventh century to the later Greek period. The particulars of the work done in Gordieion will be given in a special volume soon to be published. The Parliamentary paper on Slavery in Zanzibar is an answer to the charges fre- quently made that the emancipation decree is practically a dead letter through the lukewarmness of the British officials. By this decree, issued April 6, 1897, the legal status of slavery was abolished, and any slave could obtain his freedom on applica-

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±2 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 tion. In the first twenty months some six thousand out of a slave population of 100,- 000, availed themselves of the privilege, but in the last two years only 3,757 and 1,685, respectively- — making In all about twelve thousand freedmen. It should be said that the recent epidemic of smallpox, in which twenty thousand perished, has seriously checked the progress of emancipation. This slow working of the decree is accounted for by the unwillingness of the slaves to ex- change the comforts and freedom from re- sponsibility of a condition of servitude for the risks and hardships, and especially the social ostracism, to which the freedman is inevitably exposed. The picture drawn of slave life, in which only fifteen hours a week of work is required for the possession of a house and land and care in sickness, reminds one of the pro-slavery arguments urged in this country a half-century ago. It is doubtless a true picture, now in Zan- zibar and Pemba as then in South Carolina, of the condition of slaves who are so for- tunate as to have good masters, but its dark side is not shown. The assertion is made that the decree has been beneficial in elevating the character of the slaves through the knowledge of their right to be free, and in encouraging a spirit of enter- prise among the Arab planters, who now take a close personal interest in their plantations instead of leaving all to their overseers. The Government is also giving efficient aid to the emancipation movement by educating the freed population in indus- trial schools. An interesting summary of the report of the customs committee of the lower house on the proposed tariff on corn in France is given in the Consular Reports for June. It contains a resume of the arguments for an increase by the agricultural societies, the distillers of beet-root, etc., and those against by the representatives of the in- dustries using corn, transportation com- panies, and seventeen chambers of com- merce. There is also an account of the agricultural societies or farmers' syndicates whose object is the promotion of agriculture by giving instruction through lectures and libraries, buying and renting the best im- plements, and securing markets for the sale of products. The societies number 2,067, with a membership of half a million, in- cluding all classes, from the nobles and wealthy land-owners to the farm-laborers. It is believed that their influence will be felt in checking the growth of socialism, and in fixing the rural population to the soil by dignifying farm labor and increasing its profits. —The multiplication of cyclopaedias and compendiums of home biography must be ac- counted for by diverse tastes and viewpoints among those who read, and by the impor- tance attached to books of reference by those who purchase, whether they read or not. 'Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States' (Boston: James H. Lamb Co.) nearly reaches the middle of H in its third volume, and thus bids fair to be completed In three, or at most four, more large vol- umes. Its appearance is good and even impressive; the writing is correct and busi- nesslike, the proof-reading careful, the il- lustrations numerous; precedents have been followed, but not slavishly. A work of these pretensions of course challenges comparK son with 'Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography," which has long been standard in this field. Lamb's volumes (at least in the "University Edition") are somewhat bigger and heavier; the type is larger and less closely set, the margins are wider; but the size of column is about the same, and the number of pages and of lines to the page somewhat less. As to the matter, Lamb makes a nearer approach to democratic equality; Presidents and the like are han- dled less extensively, men and women of minor fame more liberally; very brief no- tices are few. Families are not grouped as in Appleton, though sometimes a son or other relative, not deemed equal to a separate title, gets a few lines under the paternal caption. As to number of names, take "Adams" as a test case: each book has forty-two of these, but only thirty-one are the same in both; according to Lamb, eleven former worthies have lapsed from national remembrance, and as many new ones risen to take their places. Judging by this, the number of persons here celebrated must be nearly the same as in Appletons' original six volumes, but almost a quarter of them have come to the front within the last fifteen years. The Cana- dians. Mexicans, South Americans, etc., who made a percentage of Appletons' subjects are here disregarded, and with them go a good many ex-celebrities of our own land whose fame may be supposed to be shelf- worn. Parents and ancestors are named as far as may be. — The publishers, or their editor, Mr. John Howard Brown, profess a definite plan, and they seem to have carried it out. A casual survey detects no painful marks of haste, looseness, or incongruity. True, the minor notices of doubtful survivals are not al- ways accurate; but that is the rule, not the exception. In such matters one book of ref- erence usually copies from another — not the words, if its editor's eyes are rpeu, but the alleged facts. What if a man was born or died in February, and the types say the previous December? The chances are that few will know and nobody will care. Even when an exceptionally strenuous conscience goes to the sources of information, it often turns out that doctors differ and certainty is unattainable. What if a man scored with one novel and failed with others? Say that all his books were very popular; it is kinder. What if he won a single battle, and was drunk and incapable at the next? De mortuis; if he was not too publicly exposed, let the charitable tradition stand that he was uni- formly vigilant and heroic. Herein this Dic- tionary may be better than its predecessors, being young and yet to bear the test of time and use. But these large works are the joint product of many workmen, not always highly selected or highly paid; to detect every error, the editor should be omniscient; and it is well when the dryasdust critic, moping over some unimportant notice put in for form's sake, does not convict its weary writer of dozing at his work and repeating what he had said ten lines above. But Mr. Brown and his contributors seem to have kept awake: they admit little for form's sake, and aim to deal solely with living reputations and largely with living persons. Their business is with facts, not with opinions; and if the salt of criticism be lacking, there is at least plain and free speech, as when we are told that Bret Harte's first story was denounced by the Overland printer as "irreligious and im- proper," that Julian Hawthorne at Harvard "was better known in athletics than in the classroom," and that his father's writings for some time "kept the wolf from the door, but gave no feasts." If one could sometimes wish for more of these enlivening person- alities and less of leisurely and trivial de- tail, it is yet probably true that most people read a book of reference for facts, and not to see how well the writers can write. Those who like to get at the soul of men and things can find this done — on some European subjects — in Chambers and the Britannica; and such as prefer everyday facts "plain" and unclogged by explana- tions, will be disturbed by no vain philoso- phizing here. — Volume iii. of the 'Letters to Washing- ton' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) continues the series from 1758 to 1770. At the opening, Washington is serving with Bouquet in the slow advance upon Fort Du Quesne, an ad- vance due more to the remembrance of Braddock's mishap than to the real diffi- culties of taking the fort. The Virginian, whose advice as to road had been set aside, chafed under the delay, and called out from his correspondents echoes of his own freely expressed dissatisfaction. It was on the whole a dreary record of camp minutiae, of contests with the wagoners, and differences with the commissaries. Even Bouquet wrote, after receiving some cattle for the army: "They are extremely bad, and I hope we shall have no more such cattle from the contractors." The Virginia Assembly, in a spasm of economy, voted to recall the regi- ment commanded by Washington — a mea- sure which would have prevented it from sharing in the honor of taking Fort Du Quesne. Fortunately, the Governor persuad- ed the Assembly to suspend the resolution, and the occupation of the fort made further action unnecessary. Washington now de- termined to withdraw from the army, and tasted the sweets of deserved praise. "The fear of losing you," wrote Stewart, "has struck a general Grief and Dejection in both officers and Soldiers." An "humble address" from the officers of the Virginia regiment is full proof of the high estimation in which he was held, and is something more than a formal utterance of laudation. It has the note of sincerity to the full. — His marriage followed, and he at once went to Mount Vernon, where he led the life of a planter until the first Continental Congress was called. As a member of the House of Burgesses, he was naturally made the spokesman for the colonial regiments still in service, and their wants were first laid before him to enlist his activity in be- half of favorable action. At the same time he became interested in the Western lands offered as a reward for colonial service — an interest which endured to the end of his life. His ward, young Custis, also required some attention, and was put in the charge of Jonathan Boucher. With these many cares and occupations he was much en- grossed, and the entries from his ledger which Mr. Hamilton gives are evidence of his minute attention to all concerns. We wish it were possible to find some improve- ment in the editing of the letters. The editor still permits himself to strain after- inexplicable effects. Robert Stewart was not an illiterate man, and could not be placed in the same class with the overseer Hardwick. No less than forty-two letters from Stewart are contained in this volume, offering a ready test of his ability to spell,

Page 22

July 4, 1901] The Kation. 13 Why he should be made to write "cas" and "purchass" is not easily understood. A hasty ending of a word is capable of a proper in- terpretation. So Hardwick, who is certain- ly an extraordinary writer, is made to say "mulch" where "mutch" is clearly intended, and "very elley spare," an unintelligible phrase until the long form of s is recalled, when a variant of easily suggests itself. The "4 Oyrs" on p. 170 surely should be "4 Offrs." Errors like these cast much doubt on the accuracy of the text. — Margaretha von Poschinger's three-vol- ume biography of 'Kaiser Friedrich,' pub- lished in 1898-1900, is condensed by Sidney Whitman into a single English volume, 'Life of the Emperor Frederick' (Harper & Brothers). The work is based on the sources and is refreshingly free from sensationalism. It ignores or destroys all the unhistorical legends that have grown up about the hero's person. No attempt is made to arrogate to him the credit of establishing the German Empire. Nothing is left of the alleged criti- cal differences of opinion between him and his Chancellor during his brief reign, nor of the rumors of intrigues concerning the treatment of his last illness. There was no plot between the German physicians and the Conservatives to exclude the dying Frederick from the throne; there was no determina- tion on the part of his wife to seat him on the throne, even at the cost of his life, by securing a false diagnosis from an English expert. For Frederick nothing more is claim- ed than is fairly his— a life of dignity and mainly subordinate usefulness, with an occa- sional intervention of prime importance, as when he supported the policy of granting moderate terms to Austria and the South German States, in 1866 (pp. 280, 281), and when he agitated for the imperial title in 1870 (pp. 339-341). As regards the recon- ciliation between the Crown and the Prus- sian Liberals in 1866, it has long been known that his role was a passive one (pp. 281, 282), and that Bismarck carried his point against the Prussian Conservatives and ob- tained the King's authority to ask for a bill of indemnity simply by utilizing Frederick's known tendencies (pp. 298, 299). Finally, Frederick's support of the alliance with Austria in 1879, which has been described as decisive in securing his father's reluctant assent, is now stated (p. 418) to have been without influence. William ratified the treaty only because Bismarck threatened to resign if his policy were not accepted, and because the old Emperor "was averse to ministerial changes." Mr. Whitman tells us, in his introduction, that it has been his aim to select, from the Ger- man biography, "such portions as seem- ed most likely to interest English read- ers." "English" is here used in a national rather than a linguistic sense, as is shown by the disproportionate space which Mr. Whitman allots to Frederick's British court- ship and marriage, and to the relations be- tween Frederick's household and the Brit- ish Court. In other respects, the condensa- tion will be found acceptable to American readers; and the translation is exceptionally good. The index should be fuller; for pur- poses of reference it is far from sufficient. — "The Political Obstacles to Missionary Success in China," is the title of a lecture delivered in Hong Kong by Mr. Alexander Michie on April 16, 1901, and now reprinted in a pamphlet of twenty-five pages. The author has lived more than thirty years in China, and written two well-known books. Small as It is, the lecture Is a real con- tribution to our knowledge of the underly- ing causes of the chronic troubles in China which may be rightly credited to mission- ary activity. With calm mastery of the whole subject, Mr. Michie shows that "what the Chinese object to in foreign missions and will resist to the death is their political pre- tensions," which includes the sphere of so- cial relations. In China, the most impor- tant politics are those of the family and the village. If missionaries can live on good terms with the local communes and keep clear of the tribal feuds, the higher Chinese authorities will be only too glad to leave them unmolested. Notorious as is the open defiance of the Roman Catholic missionaries, who claim official rank and in- terfere directly in the administration of justice, the Protestant missionary, with more subtle but equally real opposition to Chinese judicial methods, is often unwarily led to compromise himself in disreputable transactions. The Chinaman who to native cunning adds the benefit of foreign instruc- tion, "is several degrees 'cuter than his hea- then brother." When it is considered that the whole system of inland missions for the last forty years has been carried on under the aegis of a clause smuggled into the Chinese text of the French treaty, in 1860, at a time when China dared not face another war with Great Britain and France, one not only can see the essential dishonesty of the whole proceeding, but need not won- der at the constant missionary troubles, with their attendant crimes and outrages, during the past thirty-five years. In a word, Great Britain and the United States opened the door to their countrymen to overrun China, without taking adequate steps to control their operations. When, in 1871, an attempt was made by the Chinese Government to supply the want of a missionary concordat, not final, but inviting discussion, the Gov- ernments of Great Britain and the United States declined to notice the proposal, on the pretext that it referred to the Roman Catho- lic propaganda, because, forsooth, it had been first addressed to the French Government. Thus placing themselves in the wrong, these Protestant Powers incurred much of the re- sponsibility for the outbreaks of the past thirty years. The author undoubtedly ex- presses the sentiment of the thoughtful, not only in China but at home, in urging that the two great non-aggressive nations us- ing the same language should put a bridle on missionaries, and prohibit them from meddling in Chinese politics in any manner whatsoever. BLASHFIELD'S ITALIAN CITIES. Italian Cities. By Edwin Howland Blash- field and Evangeline Wilbour Blashfield. 2 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1900. Books about Italy are like books on re- ligious subjects, in that success is made easy for them; they often have a longevity and give a pecuniary return quite out of pro- portion to their merits. The bookshops of the Via Tornabuoni and of the Piazza di Spagna present the same familiar titles year after year, good, bad, and indifferent together, and generations of eager tourists carry them away to refresh their memories of the en- chanted land in their distant homes. The spell is an enduring one. A quarter of a century ago, young ladies used to buy Haw- thorne's 'Marble Faun' in Rome (and heaven knows what likeness there is between that and the Rome that they saw), and, having carefully interleaved it with as many illus- trative photographs as they could find, have it bound as a future aid to memory. In Florence they used 'Romola' In the same way. And these volumes are to-day still precious to their owners. The volumes before us would furnish an even better occasion for interleaving. 'Ro- mola' can, after all, dispense with it; the stimulated imagination may reproduce its scenes better than does the Alinari picture. But our present authors treat critically of works of art, of line, grouping, perspective, chiaroscuro, and the like, and often the photograph is necessary if we would appre- ciate the exact value of what they are say- ing. And such a collection as they would require! The mosaics of Ravennai, with something of its antique sculpture, the Pinturicchios and Sodomas of Siena, of the Borgia rooms in the Vatican, of Monte Oliveto, the Correggios of Parma, the Peru- ginos, the Porta Augusta, the general pic- turesqueness of Perugia, the Giottos and Cimabues of Assisi, the frescoes of Raphael at Rome, the Mantegnas at Mantua, with many of those that have been carried from there elsewhere — these are but a part of what the collection would comprise. We hasten to add that the authors' commentary would quite compensate the collector for, all his trouble. They would illustrate his il- lustrations. This is as much as to say that 'Italian Cities' must be counted among the better books of its class. We hesitate to use superlatives, and none the less, running over in our mind recent books about Italy, we can recall none so good. Although it treats of a relatively small number of cities, it may be warmly recommended to theHrav- eller who carries his Burckhardt with him and carefully reads his Symonds and Beren- son. Open the volumes anywhere and begin reading; you at once "catch on," and are carried easily along. Our authors have a pleasant way of putting things. We just now mentioned Symonds, whose name is more than once found in these pages. Prob- ably it is on account of a similar width of culture combined with a certain kinship of temperament, rather than as a result of im- itation, that the style reminds one frequent- ly of the historian of the Renaissance. Some- times, though rarely, in the cadence of the sentences, in the imagery and choice of words, it recalls Symonds in his gorgeous- ness, but in general it is the Italian 'Sketch- es' with a new value. The judgments of art, to our mind, are superior to those of Sy- monds, who, with all his knowledge, talks of painting as a literary man and makes the artist chafe; while Mr. Blashfield himself wields the brush, and, whether you agree with him or not, not only has a right to his say, but commands a respectful hearing. Cer- tain turns of expression with a distinctly antique flavor puzzled us until we recalled that our authors have also published a trans- lation of Giorgio Vasari. Familiarity with Vasari crops out frequently in their pages, chiefly in rectification of mistakes he has made with regard to the artists under treat, ment. In matter as in manner these vol- umes have profited by him, but with dis, cretion and never unduly. It must be owned that the chapters are of

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14= The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 unequal value. One, that recounting a visit to Cortona, does not rise above the level of an agreeable magazine article, which, per- haps, it originally was. The same may be reluctantly said of all the papers relating to Florence, though they are on a higher plane and contain much that one Is glad to read. But all that about the preparation and versatility of the Florentine artist has been told us over and over again by a hundred writers from Ruskin and Taine onward, though none, It may be, has done it more pleasantly. Even in the chapters devoted to Siena, there are two, those consecrated to Pinturicchio and to Sodoma, which are head and shoulders above the rest. In the de- scription of the town and in the passages from its history— all delightful reading and often vivid and forcible — it is chiefly the manner that is new. In the account of the two artists named, the matter also is fresh and of first-hand value. The same may be said of the chapters about Oorreggio, Peru- gino, Giotto, Raphael, Mantegna, and the mosaics of Ravenna. In all these the au- thors are not merely clever, cultivated, and agreeable writers, but are critics of art who are of its guild, and who have qualities that are very rare among their companions uniting these two attributes. They do not indulge in vague general statements, they are not always quite one side from the in- telligence of the lay reader, but they give whys and wherefores, they go into detail, and are full, clear, forcible, and convincing. Their style even is at its best in those chap- ters where they are writing of what is near- est to their hearts and daily interests. And in the midst of their warmest praise there are little flashes of impartiality that are delightful, at times even diverting. As a sample, the final sentences about the gallery of Perugia, where its wearisomeness is handsomely recognized, or the ups and downs of the balance in weighing the merits of Perugino himself, with the final result, however, that both his character as a man and his rank as a painter are established upon a better and firmer basis than much of recent criticism has granted to either. To our mind, one of the great qualities of this work is its absence of parti pris and faddism. It speaks quite as simply and honestly of what one doesn't admire in Botticelli as of what one does, and jus- tice to the primitives does not make it un- just even to Giulio Romano. This will not seem small praise when one recalls how much inquisitorial zeal, the zeal that burns and bans, has gone to contemporary admi- ration for the quattrocento; in fact, we own that it is because we ourselves have to cry peccavi that we recognize how high a virtue is our authors' even-handedness. They show, too, how some of the characteristics of Giotto, which Ruskin and others most laud as consummate art, were really limita- tions, and yet that these very limitations are part of the reason why his decorations of the lower church at Assisi are among the most admirable that Europe has to show. Rectification of Ruskin and his followers is not exactly new, but it is not yet banal; and the temperate, comprehensive criticism that assigns to Giotto what we believe to be his true place In art, and seeks conscien- tiously to do this with every painter treated, must always be a rare thing. In the chapter about Parma, the judgments of both Burck- hardt and Symonds relative to Correggio are cited, and we were curious enough to read the passages indicated of those authors, with the resulting conviction that the Blashfleld judgment is worth more to the traveller of to-day than either of the others. An un- usual breadth of sympathy, an unusual free- dom from bias, an unusual sense of justice, are indeed an admirable equipment for a critic, if in addition he be well furnished with modern knowledge, and have opportu- nity to see and patience to investigate. We are sure that an intelligent tourist visiting Ravenna, Siena, Parma, Perugia, Assisi, Rome, or Mantua, cannot have a pleasanter or more trustworthy artistic companion than these two volumes will furnish. We heartily wish they may have their place in those shops of the Via Tornabuoni and the Piazza di Spagna already mentioned, whence they will find their way into the hands of the judicious for many a long year to come. It is to be regretted that the proofreading has been so imperfectly done. Each of these handsome volumes is disfigured by a slip of errata that might easily have been increased. Just for the sake of example. Niccola Pisano (p. 134), Filippi Strozzl (p. 226), Guibbileo (p. 240), might be added to that of the first volume. We mention but one in the second because tubes for cubes (p. 135) might prove puzzling. Then there are actual sins of com- mission. The authors perhaps follow lights of their own when they write (p. 261, vol. ii., and elsewhere) Santa Maria alle Grazie, instead of delle Grazie, as the rest of the world uses; but what can they mean when they talk of "the Gonzaghe," "the Monte- feltri," "the Farnesi," "Giotti," "Ghirlan- daji," and so on? In one place is written Giottos, in accordance with the ordinary English mode of making a plural to Conti- nental names. It may be that to escape such dissonances as "Farneses" they have applied to proper names the plural forms of Italian common nouns; but as Italians never do that, we have here plurals that are neither English nor Italian. Still, all these are but "beauty spots." We will bear with them and yet others, if our authors will give us another series of 'Italian Cities.' We will even venture to recommend for their treat- ment Padua, Vicenza, "Verona, Brescia, Ber- gamo, Pavia, and whatever aspects may be to them sympathetic of Venice and Milan, in default of a whole volume for each. By way of postscript: We had nearly for- gotten to call attention to one of the rarest qualities of this work as criticism of art, and that is its perfect urbanity. There is not a shadow of contempt for those who are not blessed with the light that illumines its authors. This praise is so singular that we leave it without further comment. MORE NOVELS. The Supreme Crime. By Dorothea Gerard. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. 1901. Trewern: A Tale of the Thirties. By R. M. Thomas. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Mononia: A Love Story of "48. By Justin McCarthy. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. Valencia's Garden. By Mrs. Schuyler Orowninshield. McClure. Phillips & Co. The God of his Fathers, and Other Stories. By Jack London. McClure. Phillips & Co. Madame de Longgarde (Dorothea Gerard) has chosen an unusual theme and setting for her fine romance. The Ruthenian Slavs of Eastern Austria have in their dialect, man- ner of life, and religious observances, so many points of difference from the Rus- sians that her volume cannot be class- ed among the "Russian" books of which the press is so prolific at the present time. Potapenko has described, in one of the best among his well-known stories of life among the priestly caste in Little Russia (next-door neighbors to Mme. de Longgarde's Ruthenians), how the ardent young priest, inflamed with divine enthu- siasm for his holy calling, wrecks his own domestic happiness and drives from him his young wife and his child. Throughout, the sympathies of the reader are enlisted on his side, because his efforts are so obviously directed to the annihilation of the crying abuses, bad old customs, and mercenary cal- culations which rule the priests and their lives in country parts. But the case is, though parallel, entirely different with Fa- ther Gregor, the hero of "The Supreme Crime.' He, too. is fired with the desire to be a more worthy priest than the eccle- siastics whom he sees about him; but our sympathies are with his unfortunate wife rather than with him. Yet so artistically is the plot managed that the reverse is the case until the end approaches. By delicate revealing touches, his character is vividly portrayed — the character of an unconscious yet pitiless worshipper of his own spiritual perfection over other men's imperfec- tions. Faith and hope he has; the greatest of all — charity — he lacks, and that towards his own noble, devoted wife unjustly sus- pected of murder, and too proudly innocent to justify herself (even were that possible) even to him until fairly forced to do so. The Epilogue sets forth how this over- righteous yet thoroughly well-meaning priest was brought to a consciousness of his own crime after he had brought his wife to despair. With exquisite simplicity, realism, and clearness, the writer sets the whole picture before our eyes; and it is difficult to say which side of the whole merits the most praise, the descriptions of landscape, customs, personal appearance, or character, so perfect is every detail. On one point the reader requires a little warning. The writer briefly explains that the church of which Father Gregor is a priest belongs to the branch of the Eastern Rite which acknowledges allegiance to the Pope of Rome, yet one who is not somewhat well acquainted with that "Uniate" Church Is likely to infer that the ways and customs de- scribed are identical with those which pre- vail in the genuine Russian Church. But, during the three hundred years of this mon- grel church's existence (it is called "Greek- Catholic" by its members, who emigrate in thousands to New York and Pennsylvania, and are now returning by the thousand to their original allegiance), it has undergone great changes. Although the untrammelled exercise of their orthodox ritual, vernacu- lar, and beliefs was guaranteed to the peo- ple who accepted this compromise (in the alleged cause of unity), and to their descen- dants, pressure has gradually been brought to bear upon the "Uniates," until their cus- toms (with the exception of the married priesthood) and their creed are practically identical with those of Rome at the present day — even to the extent of accepting the papal dogmas of yesterday touching the Im- maculate Conception and the Infallibility of the Pope. Therefore, let this fine story be read for pleasure, and for its remarkable workmanship; but let no student of Russian

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July 4, i9OIl The Nation. 15 affairs draw any conclusions whatever as to the Russian Church — with the sole ex- ception that, in that case as in this, priests must be married before ordination, and can- not remarry; with the added clause for the Russian Church, that a parish priest has no option whatever in the matter, and is com- pelled to marry. The motto of Mr. Thomas's book may be said to be the party cry, "Gallant little Wales!" While the hero is escorting the heroine, whom he meets for the first time on a dark night riding a lame horse and many miles from home, he improves the occasion by eulogizing the Welsh character. The various incidents — a duel, a day's shooting, a hunt, a parliamentary election, perils by sea and perils by land — puzzle the reader by their lack of coherence and of connection with the plot, until they are understood to be merely variations on one main theme, the beauty of Welsh scenery. In short, the plot is both subsidiary and inferior to the descriptions, and the charac- ters have little originality. The lively grass widow with a good heart is no new type, and the muscular hero might have come straight from Kingsley's novels. As to local color of the period, there Is prac- tically none after the first chapter, and the dialogues are strangely unlike those given in better-known pictures of the "Thir- ties." Allusions to "new gas lanterns" and disquisitions on the Reform Bill do not of themselves carry us back Into the past, and if the incidents related could have happened at all, which may perhaps be doubted, they could just as well have happened in the nineties. If local color Is lacking in 'Trewern,* in 'Mononia' there Is enough, and, from the point of view of the ordinary novel reader, to spare. Regarded purely as a "love story" it will never rank very high. As a picture of stirring past times, drawn by the practised hand of a historian and of a patriotic con- temporary, who began his journalistic career by reporting the Clonmel trial of the "Young Ireland" conspirators, it cannot fail to be deeply interesting. The vivid pages of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy may help the non- Hibernian reader to enjoy this book, for the hero is clearly suggested by Thomas Francis Meagher, with perhaps a dash of John Mitchel; and Mr. Desmond, the father of the heroine, seems to be a travesty of WII- '.iam Smith O'Brien. We may possibly skip the love scenes, with their somewhat stilted prolixity, but we shall read with care every word about "Young Ireland" and the politics of the day. To describe an election seems a great temptation to novelists. Since the Im- mortal scene in Pickwick, we have had the subject recently handled by Mrs. Ward, An- thony Hope, George Meredith, and now by one who has been both novelist and historian. Even the stiffness of the lovemaking is convincingly old-fashioned, and the author's polished sentences of description, narrative, or quiet satire seem in perfect harmony with the days of elaborate courtesy which he describes. When Mr. Desmond, an admira- ble type of a self-important spendthrift, posing even to himself, dies to the sound of a dog's wailing, and takes it for a Banshee, what could be neater than the phrase which tells of his "smile of grateful acknowledg- ment for the recognition given to the an- cestral claims of the House of Desmond"? Altogether, there is an unusual and very pleasing flavor about the book, all the more because it deals, as the author remarks, with a class hitherto ignored in Irish fiction, "middle-class personages belonging general- ly to the professional orders." It is devoid alike of the rollicking fun of Lever and the pathos of Miss Lawless and Jane Barlow; and the impression it leaves Is distinctly in- dividual. In a more general way, it may also excite in the reader's mind the wonder whe- ther, with all our boasted modern culture, the old days when men of all ages quoted Horace and Homer and spoke in debating societies, were not after all more polished and, even in their political upheavals, more decorous than our own. In 'Valencia's Garden' we have an old- fashioned melodrama. We find all the regu- lar stock characters. The almost painfully ingenuous heroine, this time with uneven teeth and a cast in her eye; her old and un- appreciative husband; the high-minded hero, who virtuously restrains her bursts of ex- pansiveness towards himself; the deep-eyed villain with his plots and his drugs; the elderly adventuress, who goes beyond even the villain in her impotent malice and final- ly murders the wrong person; the ancient family retainer; and the enfant terrible. What more could be wished, even in a dime novel? The brewer's son behaves in an unseemly manner, directly traceable to his father's profession, and is told by the hero that it will take his family "ten genera- tions" to attain gentlemanlike feelings. The heroine talks with surprising frankness of and to her "husband's loveress," and the husband is portrayed as a fit object of pity, enslaved as he is to these two women at once. It cannot be said that the characters are very lifelike, but then neither are the dialogues, which are French literally trans- lated. The sentence "My heart! the sugar; that makes the fat," occurs on page 3, and is typical of the whole book. Probably the reader's first feeling of affection for any character will be called forth by the kind deus ex machina of the last chapter, the magpie who has stolen the heroine's neck- lace, but has had the thoughtfulness, on ehanging his abode, to leave it behind for discovery. The friends of Scruff Mackenzie and of Malemute Kid will welcome 'The God of his Fathers.' Probably all writers of the short story laid in distant lands fervently wish that Kipling had not, as was said of Shak- spere, "had the idea first." It is inevitable that the 'Plain Tales' should unconsciously exist in our minds as a bed of Procrustes on which to measure all similar attempts; and this is obviously unfair. Jack London has, however, unusually little to fear from the comparison. His eleven stories in this vol- ume are vivid, concise, and dramatic. If they are sometimes coarse, generally dis* agreeable, and always cynical and reckless, this is nothing peculiar to him. The only missionary brought on the scene is — unlike Father Roubeau. in "The Son of the Wolf" — a coward and a renegade; but is not the poor missionary always fair game? The un- sophisticated reader may wince at the calm- ness with which the institution of "North- land wives" is treated, but at least it is no worse than a "Burmese marriage." Jack London has one great advantage over his Anglo-Indian prototype: in describing his favorite Yukon country, he deals with a state of things less known to the civilized world. If Kipling has made us feel the hor- rors of heat, this writer fully impresses up- on us the cruelty of cold. Whether the sto- ries are humorous, blood-curdling, or pa- thetic—and it may be noted that the best in the book, "Grit of Women," belongs to the third class— they have a wild, elemental savagery which is positively thrilling. A certain amount of tall talk, especially "spread - eagleism," might profitably be omitted, and the tone of the whole will jar on many readers. But if any one wants to be interested, amused, and thoroughly stir- red, he cannot do better than read this vol- ume. THE LAND OF THE MOORS. The Land of the Moors: A Comprehensive Description. By Budgett Meakin. With 83 illustrations and a map. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: Macmll- lan. 1901. Pp. xxxii, 464. It must be confessed that this second vol- ume of Mr. Meakin's Mauretanian thesaurus is a disappointment. The weaknesses of the first volume recur more emphatically, and their nakedness is not covered out of sight by the same veiling excellences. The wild system of transliteration to which, with slight modification, Mr. Meakin still clings, continues to add a terror to reading. It Is often impossible to tell in what degree the vagaries of form here given are due to a mis- print, to simple error, or to the perversity of this unhappy system. The basis of all the confusion is that he does not distinguish between written and colloquial Arabic, which, in vocalization especially, often stand miles apart. Thus, he considers that "Arabic is written phonetically," a statement which is closer to the truth than it would be if said of English, but not nearly so true as of French. The fact is, that the writer on the East must follow strictly one of two courses; he must either take the written form and reproduce its signs exactly according to a conventional system based on the Latin al- phabet, or he must listen to the word as spoken by natives, and then represent its sounds in a fixed phonetic alphabet. It may be doubted whether* Mr. Meakin's ear is suf- ficiently acute for him to pursue this latter course. At any rate, he has fallen between the two methods, and the reader is often left in doubt as to what precisely is the form intended. Thus, for one or two ex- amples only, MahurSk, on page 247, may be Mahruk or Muhurrak ; on the same page mudiln for mudun is strange enough to call for a note of explanation. We have also Muwdhhacli for Muwahhid (muwahhadh could mean only 'one who stands in some relation to another of whom unity is asserted'); and Murdbti for Murabit. These are both well- known historical names, and if present-day Morocco has so distorted them, we should be told it distinctly. Nor does Mr. Meakin seem to be a safer guide in things grammatical. The remark, on page xxiv, that "the final h in feminine proper names becomes t for euphony when the following word begins with a vowel" throws a flood of light on his methods. His scholarship, in the exact sense, is thus evi- dently slight. Further, he does not seem to have prepared himself for his task by any considerable reading in Arabic or acquain- tance with Muslim literature. He relies up- on his own knowledge of the country and upon his own Inquiries, Joined to a wide study of European books on Morocco. Thus, he has paid comparatively little attention to the Arabic travellers and geographers, ex-

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16 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 cept when they met him directly, in Euro- pean translations. Ibn Batuta be kuows only in the translation by Samuel Lee of the ab- stract, and he has not, apparently, heard of the fuller text and translation of Defremery and Sanguinetti. Of Yaqut he makes no use, nor of the geographers of the Biblio- theca. There are one or two references to al-Bakrl, but of so blind a nature that it is impossible to tell in what form he has been consulted. They may easily be second- hand. Mr. Meakin, throughout, is somewhat too fond of the blind reference, On page 164, for example, we read, "See Mela, Pliny, Polybius, etc." These authors, apart from the "etc.," will certainly stand being looked into a good deal. In many other ways, a curious ignorance, or at best carelessness, in regard to Muslim law and literature is displayed. For exam- ple, on page 244, we are told about the lithographic establishment in connection with the Qarawinln mosque. A fuller account of it and a list of the books pub- lished there would have been, of high interest and value. A European Arabist counts it a prize when he has added one of those lithographs to his library. But all Mr. Meakin does is to add in a footnote that the establishment was taken over by Mulay el-Hasan "to have a work printed called 'Es-Sheikh Mortada.' " This is a strange way of referring to the famous edition of the Ithaf ats-Sdda, the commen- tary by the Sayyid Murtada on the Ihya of al-Ghazzali. Still stranger is the remark which follows, that of the works issued from this press, "those which are unique are of little value." Again, on page 253, we are told of "the preference for white female slaves, which tempts people to sell their children by light-colored slave mothers." Usage in Muslim countries has gone very far in the way of overriding canon law, but it has gone much further in Morocco than elsewhere if the acknowledged child of a free man by a slave can be a slave. Such a child, according to law, and to usage elsewhere, is freeborn. It would be of in- terest to know how the matter is arranged in Morocco. Mr. Meakin seems not to recognize the difficulty involved. Again, on page 266, there is a description of the tomb of Idris II. in his mosque at Fez, with its gold-embroidered cloth cover and its gold or gilded censers. On that is a note that "Rohlfs speaks of this display as contrary to the teachings of the Kor'an." Mr. Meakin does not hazard any comment, but we are left with the impression that he accepts the dictum as of authority. Apparently, he has not read the Qur'an, for it would be hard to find anything in it to this purpose. When the Wahhabites levelled all the tombs they could reach, it was in obedience to certain traditions from Muhammad, but to those tra- ditions the rest of Islam has paid scant at- tention. Similarly, the law forbidding the use of gold for ornaments and utensils has no basis in the Qur'an, but only in tradi- tion. Rohlfs, in this case, is a broken reed. But we pass from such details, signifi- cant as they are, to a description of the book. It divides into three parts. The first, of 84 pages, is an account, good but too brief, of the natural features and products of the country. The second, exceeding 320 pages, is called "political," and is practically a guide-book to the separate towns and dis- tricts, under the rubrics Open Ports, Clos- ed Ports, Imperial Cities, Sacred Towns, Minor Towns, Spanish Possessions, and Mo- rocco beyond the Atlas. A general criticism must be that Baedeker would have done it better, and that it would have been well if Mr. Meakin could have approximated to Baedeker's concise, impersonal style. Through it, generally, is the trail of the amateur. One example will be sufficient. One of the two great mosques in Fez is described, and rightly, as the "mosque of the Qarawinln" (Mr. Meakin's form is Karueei'n, one of the most mysterious products of his system), and we are told further that it is so called because the inhabitants of its district were "of Eastern extraction." The connection is not exactly clear, and their extraction becomes evident only when we derive the name from the town Qayrawan. Further, the encyclopaedias unanimously name this mosque "of the Karubin," what- ever may be their authority. This, also, is the name which Rohlfs gives, who got it on the spot and whom Mr. Meakin elsewhere uses as an authority. An explanation is plainly called for, but none is given here. The facts in the case are as follows. The certainly historical name of the mosque, as given in the Arabic geographers, is "of the Qarawinln," i. e., of the people of Qay- rawan. To all appearance, a name given to it at the present day is "of the Karublyin," i. e., of the Cherubim. Now one of the principal ornaments of the mosque is an old European bell, four feet in height and twelve in circumference at the rim. It was evidently loot from some Christian church and is used as a kind of chandelier, exactly as were the bells of Compostela in the mosque at Cordova. On it are four de- vices in bas-relief, an eagle, a lion, a bull, and an obscure figure. Mr. Meakin, page 270, conjectures it is of a man, and is re- minded of the emblems of the four evange- lists. Did the devices suggest lu the Mus- lims the four Cherubim who are the bearers of the throne of God, and to whom they, following Ezekiel, apparently, give these forms? Did the mosque thence gain its pop- ular name? The conjecture is possible; but the describer of this, the most sacred mosque in Morocco, and the principal building in one of its principal cities, should not have left us to hunt explanations in the dark. The third part, of 42 pages, describes trav- elling in Morocco, and, especially, the ex- periments and experiences of the author in his vv-anderings. The book as a whole leaves a confused impression upon the mind. It is undoubtedly our fullest account of Morocco, and is crammed with information, much of it, however, of a dubious kind. If Mr. Meakin pays any attention to his critics — he does not seem to have done so with our review of his first volume — we would entreat him most vehemently, for the sake of his third (on the manners and customs of the Moors), to put himself to school with the 'TJlama of Fez, or of any other Muslim university — that of Fez has an excellent reputation — to ac- quire some outline, at least, of Muslim the- ology and jurisprudence, and then to take Lane's 'Modern Egyptians' for his model in writing. Let him remember that the root of Lane's success lay not simply in his forte of description, but in the severe studies which he put himself through at Cairo. The describer of Cairene life was accepted by the 'Ulama there as their fellow. Was- salam. Orestes A. Brownson's Latter Life, from 1856 to 1876. By Henry F. Brownson. Detroit, Mich.: The Author. 1900. A loosely printed volume of 629 pages brings to a close Mr. Brownson's filial labors in behalf of his father's memory and fame. It is quite as interesting as either of the two preceding volumes, the second at which recited the elder Brownson's experi- ence during the first dozen years of his connection with the Roman Catholic Church. Nothing if not controversial, it was only a question upon what persons and opinions he should wreak his controversial zeal. In his ante-Catholic period the or- thodox and their opinions gave him his op- portunity; in its later phases the liberals and other Protestants from whom he was gradually receding. Having become a Ro- manist, without losing the old objects of at- tack, he found that others were immediately developed. The Catholics were not Catholic enough for him — that is to say, un- Catholic. They were not severe enough in the con- struction of their own doctrines and prin- ciples. His conversion was nearly simul- taneous with Newman's, whose 'Develop- ment of Christianity' was the bridge by which he carried himself over from the Anglican to 'the Roman side. A most unsafe bridge, thought Brownson. It would never do to confess that there was any development of the true faith. The early Church must have had the plenum of all truth, and that explicitly. In 1855 Brownson removed to New York, and his removal coincided with a remark- able change in his habit of thought and the direction of his controversial activities. In Boston he was at first content to defend "Catholicity" by external authority, believ- ing with Manning that " a man who attempts to find reasons for his faith is on the high road to infidelity." But the fact is, the stuff for a good Romanist was not in him. He was born to be a free lance, and was unhappy when obliged to hold his lance at rest. In New York he found himself in growing sympathy with the Paulist Fathers, especially with Fathers Hewit and Hecker, while his relations with Archbishop Hughes were often strained, with now and then a rupture of the most serious kind. Twice, at least, Hughes publicly berated him, once when he had given an oration at Fordham; and all the Jesuits and other clericals fol- lowed the Archbishop to the banquet hall, leaving poor Brownson, solitary and dinner- less, to wait for the train that would take him back to the city. About as much "in- definite heterogeneity" is revealed in Ameri- can Catholicism as in English by Mr. Pur- cell's life of Cardinal Manning. Hughes is impeached of various indirections and un- truths. To alleviate the stress of his op- position, Brownson betook himself to Eliza- beth, N. J., where a more friendly bishop had jurisdiction over him. But change of residence brought only partial relief. Com- plaints were made of him at Rome, but he had friends as well as enemies, and he escaped the heavy hand of ecclesiastical con- demnation. He was always ready to make amends for his intellectual aberrations. "It will cost me nothing," he WTote, "to retract any error authority may point out in my writings." "If the Holy See finds aught in what I have written to mark with a note of censure, or that she requires me to re- tract, I do not think it will cost me a mo- ment's struggle to obey her, and to accept

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July 4, 19°!] The Nation. 17 her decision ex animo." But he would straightway have offended again. He thought himself a submissive servant of authority, and he was an irrepressible individualist — nothing being changeless in his opinions but their perpetual change. There is little emphasis upon his relation to the dogma of infallibility, but it is cer- tain that he inclined to Newman's minimiz- ing interpretation of the dogma rather than to the maximizing interpretation of Man- ning and W. G. Ward. He was no stickler for the temporal power of the papacy, be- lieving that in that respect the Pope would do well to pass a self-denying ordinance. He anticipated those American construc- tions of Catholicism which the present Pope has condemned in Archbishop Ireland's ut- terances and in the writings of Father Hecker, though, while softening his reproval of Newman's 'Developmentism,' he did not go so far as Hecker on this line. He was an ardent politician, and as indi- vidualist here as in his theological opinions. From hating not only the abolitionists, but all anti-slavery men, and voting for Bu- chanan, he veered round to the Republican side, voted for Lincoln in 1860, and found him in 1863 "the present encumbrance," en- gaging with Sumner in sympathetic corre- spondence on this head. He accepted Sum- ner's doctrine of "State-suicide," and was for making Fremont President in 1864. Afflicted with Whewell's foible, he criticised the con- duct of generals and plans of campaign as knowingly as if they were "the deep thingsof God." He wrote with terrible and discon- certing frankness of the disloyalty of the Catholic clergy to the Union cause. He favored the emancipation of the slaves, not as an end but as a means. Serfdom should have succeeded slavery as the freedman's best defence. "Our boasted Anglo-Saxon race has no conscience towards inferior and colored races." Here was "the trumpet of a prophecy." Forced to give up Brownson's Review in 1864, he became a frequent contributor to the Catholic World, the organ of the Paulist Fathers and their doctrine of American Catholicism. But Brownson soon found that he had reached his liberal aphelion, and that it was time for him to be getting back to closer quarters with the higher powers. He quarrelled with Hewit and Hecker, as with many others, and in 1873 resumed the publi- cation of his own review without ecclesias- tical consent. It had been gall and worm- wood for him to submit his articles to ec- clesiastical supervision, and whether this was kept up under the new regime we are not told; but the new regime was not continued long. His strength suddenly gave way, and he died in April, 1876, being then seventy- three years old. With great intellectual ability, there was some defect that prevented his being one of the factors in American life that we must seriously reckon with. Ap- parently there was too little character in proportion to the talent for the making of a profoundly influential man. Mosquitoes: How they live; how they car- ry disease; how they are classified; how they may be destroyed. By L. O. Howard, Ph.D., Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C. New York: Mc- Olure, Phillips & Co. 1901. Pages 241, 60 fig. The mosquito question in one form or another is an old one, and those living in localities where the insects abound have in time come to consider them as among the inevitables, like death and taxes, which must be borne with such philosophy as is avail- able. But it was not until It became quite certain that there was an intimate relation between "malaria" — that blessed refuge to which the doctors referred all puzzling symptoms — and mosquitoes, that the public became at all interested in the study of these tiny pests. Of course many did not credit the relation said to exist between the disease and the insect — indeed, it is not even yet admitted that the disease cannot be transferred in any other way; but the popular interest was at all events aroused. When it became yet further probable that that dread scourge, yellow fever, was also dependent upon a species of mosquito for its transmission, the matter became a vitally important one, concerning which all sorts of questions were asked and all sorts of mis- information were set abroad. To answer these questions, and to set out in a clear, succinct manner the relations between mos- quitoes and the diseases above mentioned, is the object of Dr. Howard's excellent little book. Its appearance is timely, and no one was more competent than its author to write it. First of all, we have a general account of mosquitoes as a whole, and of their habits and life history; from which it ap- pears that there is yet very much to be learned concerning them. Indeed, the im- pression left when the book is laid down is that the subject is incomplete, and that, concerning the most common and obtru- sive little insects about us, we have only a very imperfect knowledge. Dr. Howard has added much to our stock of information through his own researches, and has now collated all that was previous- ly recorded, giving a good basis for future research. In the chapter on malaria and mosquitoes, there is a clear account of the life cycle of the proto- zoan parasite causing the disease, and of the part that the insect plays in its econo- my. It seems fairly proved that, while with- in the body of a malarial patient, this proto- zoan can multiply indefinitely if not checked by remedies, yet its sexed forms are pro- duced only in the digestive system of the Anopheles mosquitoes, where they conjugate and produce bodies that work their way into the salivary glands, and are thus Intro- duced through the beak into a new victim when the mosquito again bites. As to yel- low fever, the proof is less clear, but con- vincing so far as it goes. There is a full account of the experiments that have been made, and one thing at least seems estab- lished— there is no danger of inoculation through contact with a diseased person or his belongings. There need be no more fumi- gation of clothing, of cargoes, or of mails, and no unreasonable dread of infection through individuals from a yellow-fever dis- trict. All that is necessary now is to keep the suspect in quarantine during the period of incubation, in a mosquito-free building. But is there any possible mitigation of this pest in districts where they abound? Dr. Howard says there is, and describes a num- ber of methods by which partial or even complete relief may be obtained. Inci- dentally, he accuses railroads of distrib- uting mosquitoes from the seacoast to inland points which formerly were free from them, and in this he Is no doubt correct. The illustrations are fifty in number, and are, almost without exception, good. Those illustrating the insects and structural de- tails are scientifically accurate, most if not all of them having been drawn under the author's own supervision by the trained artists at the United States Department of Agriculture. Some of them, indeed, were first published in Bulletin No. 25 of the Division of Entomology of that department. The book is well printed; but there are a few annoying typographical errors which should be corrected in a future edition. The Old New York Frontier. By Francis Whiting Halsey. Scribners. 1901. This is a history of northern and central New York during the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries— of its people, its settle- ment, and its wars. Fragments of the story of the New York border have been recorded by Campbell and the two Stones, as well as in many local histories; the struggles of France to gain a footing on its soil have been pictured by the genius of Parkman; Cooper and Frederick have told portions of the story in the guise of fiction; but here, for the first time, is a complete and consecutive history of the lands and waters where the fate of the continent has been twice decided. Much material that is new to print, and more that until very lately has been all but inaccessi- ble, is in this book opened to the general reader, while the author's candid and at- tractive style, along with the importance and interest of the subject, gives the work a value as literature as well as history. Earlier writers have led us to think that the New York frontier faced north and ex- tended from Oswego to Tioonderoga, but, in our author's view, it faces west, and he who would hear the story must walk with the au- thor by Otsego Lake and those pleasant riv- ers, Unadilla and Susquehanna. The land of this book is the land of Wyoming and Cherry Valley, of Cooper's 'Deerslayer,' 'Pioneers,' and 'Wyandotte.' Events beyond these val- leys get brief hearing, except only the great day of Oriskany, when shots were fired that were heard round the world and even at Unadilla. With this single limitation, the story of the New York border — of the Iro- quois power, the French wars, the coloniza- tion, and the Revolution — is carefully and completely told with remarkably good per- spective (for an observer at Unadilla). Among the subjects presented more adequately than before are Brant's conference with Herkimer in June, 1777, the value of Tryon County as the granary of the American armies, and the fact, of more than local significance, that but few of the men who held the border during the Revolution, and guarded the centre of the extended American line, were men of English blood. Palatines, Scotch-Irish, and Dutchmen fought Oriskany and defended Fort Schuyler. As this work will become the standard for the times and places of which it treats, a few errors should be noted. There are not 30,000 Iroquois in Canada (p. 320), but only 9,879. Nor did the Iroquois In the height of their power number 25,000 (p. 16). It is probably the erroneous estimate in Mor- gan's 'League of the Iroquois' that has mis- led the author — an estimate which Dr. Mor- gan afterwards reduced to 17,000. There may be 17,000 or 18,000 Iroquois alive to-day.

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18 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 Certainly, there are more now living than ever before. Nor is it quite accurate to say (p. 12) that this interesting people dwelt in a state of idyllic peace "overthrown by the white man when he arrived." If peace with their neighbors is meant, it did not exist; if peace among the tribes of the league, it was not overthrown. The pali- saded town which Champlain and the Hu- rons attacked in 1615 (not 1616, p. 186) did not stand on Onondaga Lake (p. 12). By a fine piece of archaeological work Gen. John S. Clark has established its location on Nichols Pond in the town of Fenner. If this demonstration needed further author- ity to support it, its acceptance by Park- man, Morgan, Winsor, and Beauchamp would close the discussion. Nor did Champlain land at Oswego (p. 186). He left his ca- noes at Salmon River, many miles to the east. Frontenac did come by way of Os- wego, but in 1696, not, as the compositor alleges (p. 1S6), in 1792. It has hitherto been supposed that the first European to descend the Susquehanna was Champlain's interpreter, Utienne Brule, whom Chami- plain had sent to arouse the Conestogas against the Iroquois, and there has always been some mystery as to the origin of Brule's name — whether it belonged to him from youth, or was bestowed in commemo- ration of the scorchings the Iroquois gave him; although there has never been any difference as to the spelling of it. Mr. Halsey tells us, however (p. 33), "A visit to the headwaters of the Susquehanna was made in 1616 by Stephen Bruehle, whose purpose was part of a larger purpose en- tertained by the Dutch at that time to se- cure Indian warriors to aid them in a con- flict with the French, who were then press- ing down from Canada." Thus the mys- tery deepens. Other proper names that suffer are Van Curler, who (p. 45) becomes Corlear (it is true the Mohawks called him Corlaer), Bruyas (called Bruyar p. 43), and Auriesville (Auriersville, p. 45). It is not definitely stated (p. 43) that Le Jeune and Br6beuf were ever in New York, but the uninformed reader would in- fer it. In 1758 a small fort called Fort Schuyler was built on the site of Utica, under agreement with the Iroquois that it should be destroyed at the close of the war with the French. This promise was kept, although the site was still known by the name. Thereafter it was no more a de- fence to the Mohawk Valley than is Fort Lee to the city of New York at this writ- ing; but on page 117 the Utica Fort Schuy- ler is mentioned as an existing defence in the year 1779, while Fort Plain is not men- tioned by either its present name or its alternative name of Fort Plank. Col. Willett was excusable in February, 1783 (p. 309), for not having heard that the treaty had been signed, since the signing did not take place (p. 339) until September 3, 1783. Of course the reference on page 309 is to the preliminaries signed January 20. Mr. Hal- sey believes, as we should all like to be- lieve, that Frederick the Great sent a sword to Washington. At the close of the book we have, by way of dessert, some interesting, not to say gos- sipy, chapters on the early settlers and their ways. Here we learn, among other things, that the Rev. Mr. Grant of the 'Pio- neers' was an actual parson all but his name, and that Monsieur Le Quoi was an actual Frenchman, name and all. Inter- esting is the account of the sudden growth and prosperity that came to Otsego Coun- ty in the great days of the Catskill turn- pike, only to wither and disappear when the Erie Canal and the railroads passed it by on the other side. Otsego's population and activity, it seems, reached their high- est point in 1832. The history of a country, as our author suggests in his introduction, is in a great measure a history of its high- ways. Otsego is here presented as a peaceful rural hostelry, roused to stir and bustle by the arrival of the stage-coach, and resuming its placid contentment when the uproar has ceased and the wheels have disappeared down the road. In an appendix is a valuable list of books consulted, which furnishes a fairly com- plete bibliography of the subject. The Reformation. By Williston Walker. (Ten Epochs of Church History.) Charles Scribner's Sons. The measurement of books by the space they occupy may seem to some a base and mechanical way of approaching them, but there are several classes of literature, in- cluding manuals and general surveys, which must always be considered with reference to their bulk. According to our arithmetic, Mr. Walker's book on the Reformation con- tains 120,000 words — a very moderate length, in view of the author's elastic definition of his period. He anticipates the Lutheran movement by giving an account of mediaeval sects and of the European situation at the end of the Middle Ages. He does not stop at the Council of Trent, but extends his limits to the end of the Thirty Years' War. Within such a field the opportunities for writing a diffuse essay or sketch are bound- less. Mr. Walker is fortunately able K keep his narrative compact without making it bald. A somewhat closer analysis shows that while the chronological extremes are wide apart, the scale of treatment is by no means uniform throughout. What comes before the appearance of Luther is an introduction, and what follows the death of Calvin is an epilogue. The main action falls within the years 1517-1564, a period marked by the rise of several great theological systems and meriting the relative prominence which Mr. Walker gives it. Even within such restric- tions, one observes the tendency to dis- miss lightly several matters of extreme im- portance. Thus, if we may select an isolated but typical incident, the Regensburg Con- ference of 1541 (the most serious attempt at reconciliation with Rome) receives only a few lines. Similarly, the Council of Trent is dismissed with a conspicuously limited notice. Mr. Walker prefers to look at the events of the sixteenth century from the Protestant standpoint, not because he is a champion, but because he would keep in the foreground the new and positive ideas which Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, and the Radicals introduced. We see in this con- ception a valid reason for keeping the Catholic revival in the background. There is a chapter on the "Counter Reformation" — a term unpopular with Romanists — but, apart from its account of the Jesuits, it seems a little exiguous. Mr. Walker presents a large amount of information, and enters at times into cir- cumstantial detail. Yet he is fond of theorizing and of illuminating his pages by well-considered general statements. We have said that he tends to magnify the con- structive rather than the resisting forces of the Reformation age. On the other hand, an example of his fairness towards the Ro- manists and their use of coercive measures may be taken from his chapter on the "Spanish Awakening." While less enthusi- astic about this episode than Hefele is in his life of Ximenes, he gives it much more credit than it usually gets at the hands of Protestant historians. Even when we come to the test case of the Holy Office, Mr. Walker makes the most generous conces- sions: "There is some reason to believe that the methods of the Inquisition, cruel as they seem from a modern standpoint, were milder than those of contemporary civil law." Without implying, then, that the book is controversial, we would point out that its tone is extremely candid when a contro- versial point is touched. However, if we may judge from the views of Mr. W. S. Lilly, a good many Romanists would take ex- ception to the following well-meant sen- tence: "The true Catholic, while denying the worth of much that the Protestant calls good and deploring the loss to Roman obedience of a large portion of Christendom, can, nevertheless, rejoice in the moral and spir- itual regeneration which the Reformation wrought in the Roman communion." With regard to the central portion of the work, in which Mr. Walker examines the development and spread of doctrinal sys- tems, the reader need not look for many new facts or strange opinions about the German, Swiss, and French reformers. The round has been so repeatedly gone over, and the issues so exhaustively debated, that fresh views could not fitly be advanced in a short treatise. The chief theologies — Luther's, Zwingli's, and Calvin's — are neatly defined, without a trace of party spirit, and discussed with great intelligence. Mr. Walker, like several recent writers, shows a considerable interest in the Anabaptists and other Radi- cals, to whose opinions he pays the tribute of a just and temperate examination. One topic which is often neglected in short his- tories of the Reformation, finds its proper place here. We refer to the effect which Melanchthon's action at the time of the Leipzig interim had upon the subsequent development of Lutheranism. The battle of Johann Agricola, Conrad Cordatus, and Amsdorf against Philip and the Philippists is outlined with a clear sense of the vital issue. Like Charles Beard, Mr. Walker has been impressed by those sad words of the mild but forspent reformer: "No wonder that, as the much harassed Melanchthon neared his end, he gave as one reason why he wished to lay down an earthly career that had been so full of conflict and criticism, that he might escape the 'rage of the theo- logians.' " Mr. Walker's scholarship is exact and varied. Despite the large number of minute facts which he gives, we have seen little to cavil at. A statement is made (pp. 230-231) that when Farel settled at Aigle in 1526, "French-speaking Vaud" was part of the territories of Berne. He indeed went to Aigle at the instance of Berne, but the northeast shore of Lake Leman, with the lower Rhone valley, was not seized by Berne till 1536. Again (p. 268), Mr. Walker says of Calvin: "He believed Servetus a most dangerous heretic, the representative of that Italian anti-Trinitarianism which he regard-

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July 4, 1901] The Nation. 19 ed as one of the great perils of the Reforma- tion." Fausto Sozzini was then a boy of fourteen, and any anti-Trinitarian beliefs his uncle may have held were unknown to Calvin. As for Blandrata, Gentile, and Gri- baldi, they became conspicuous for their de- nial of the Trinity only in the course of the next five years or so. It seems impossible that Calvin could have reached a fixed con- viction of the danger which the Reformation ran before the execution of Servetus. But Mr. Walker has a sound grasp of the subject, and hardly ever exposes himself to a charge of inaccuracy. His style is clear, though tending at times to an excess of ponderous words. As a sketch of the aggressive forces which were at work in the "Western Church dur- ing the early age of the Reformation, Mr. Walker's book is both thorough and able. Nursing Ethics. By Isabel Hampton Robb. Cleveland: J. B. Savage. To develop a raw country girl or a young woman of refinement into a competent care- taker for the sick-room is a real transfor- mation, and the one thus taught who com- pares her condition as a wage-earner with her previous value as a producer, is apt to look upon herself as a superior being. She is. But she is not a pure delight to those who have her to deal with, nor Is the class of trained nurses an undiluted joy to the world. When mechanical dexterity Is acquired, the judgment cultivated suffi- ciently to avoid interference, and disci- pline preserved, a modern hospital owes much of its efficiency to these women. In fact, some hospitals could not be maintain- ed without them. But the number of prac- tices which Mrs. Robb properly condemns as not convenient to be indulged in — ranging as they do from gossip and untidiness to the drug habit and insubordination— opens a vista of possibilities, and clearly shows that even constant work under a common head leaves loopholes for mischief-making. As freer and more independent agents in private homes nurses often are welcomed, sometimes dreaded. They themselves cannot know the distressing debate — where anxiety for the 111 maintains the affirmative and the whole interior economy of a not wealthy house- hold supports the negative — over the ques- tion, Shall we employ a trained nurse? But some must be ingenuous and wholly self- effacing, else why should so many acquire husbands among doctors and patients? From time immemorial, old men have married to secure a nurse; it surely cannot be that modern nurses have developed a complemen- tal deficiency. There runs through this volume of funda- mental manners a double strain of stimulus and of repression. The incidentals of hair and teeth and perspiration, of nails and per- fumes, of baths and foot-gear, receive an attention that is eminently proper and excel- lently expressed. The recruits for whom this elementary instruction is supposed to be necessary are adult women whose personal habits represent those of their breeding. But besides this incitement to a higher and gentler physical plane, we find these cau- tions: "The question whether she agrees perfectly with [the physician's] recommen- dations, or believes that her own methods are better, has no bearing upon the case," and "Nurses have been known to expostulate with the physician and to suggest that the treatment ordered was not best for the pa- tient" (pp. 250-1). It may be hoped that neophytes and graduates alike will profit by the reprobation expressed with such charm- ing innocency. There is a most naive in- junction for two nurses with a private case that "nothing in the way of bad feeling, re- sentment, or heated discussion should ever be dreamed of" (p. 261). At p. 262, the advantage of legislation for the sisterhood is touched on, though with wise warning that it could not be "a pana- cea for the present unsatisfactory condition of affairs." Associated women do not re- quire urging to invoke the law, rather than to persuade and argue, in favor of transfor- mations which may or may not be improve- ments. Competent judges pronounce against their latest achievements, viz., the abolition of the canteen, and the introduction of fe- male nurses into the permanent military economy. The first was due to the zeal of a certain Union and the moral overawing of Congress. The second was an adroit seizure of popular military enthusiasm as an opportunity to give an official status to nurses asi representatives, and depended for its success upon the pressure of various Daughters, the cooperation of influential nurses individually or through their alumna organizations, and a weak acquiescence at the War Department. In both cases igno- rance of the real conditions on the part of the aggressors effected a junction with the inefficiency of the defenders, and carried the day. As Miss Hampton, this author prepared from the fulness of personal knowledge an excellent work for students of the art on 'Nursing,' but in the present the seamy side of the finished product shows too many ir- regularities to be picturesque or altogether attractive. We should rather entitle the book 'What Nurses Ought and Ought Not to Do.' The Mediterranean Race: A Study in the Origin of European Peoples. By G. Sergl, Professor of Anthropology in the Univer- sity of Rome. London: Walter Scott; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. 8vo, pp. 320; 93 illustrations. The term Mediterranean Is here made to stand for a most ancient stock, composed of many consanguineous peoples, that lived all about this inland sea, proceeding from a common centre of dispersion. The Med- iterranean family of races includes Iberians, Ligurians, Pelasgians, Khatti (Hethei, Chit- tim, or Hittite), and Libyans. It is to be understood that, probably in Quaternary times, the ancestors of all these peoples came from northern Africa, as our own Brinton and Keane of England contended. In 1893 Sergi published 'Le Varieta Umane: Principe e Metodo di Classificazione.' A translation forms Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 969, and a new Italian edi- tion appeared in 1900. During the last twen- ty years this indefatigable investigator, re- garding all classifications of mankind bas- ed on cranial indexes as absurd, has de- voted himself to the development of a ne w binomial schemeof cranial nomenclature. It can be only mentioned here. There are six- teen varietal names of crania, as follows: (1) Ellipsoides; (2) Pentagonoides; (3) Rhom- boides; (4) Ovoides; (5) Beloides; (6) Sphe- roides; (7) Birsoides; (8) Parallelepipe- doides; (9) Cylindroides; (10) Cuboides; (11) Trapezoides; (12) Acmonoides; (13) Lophocephalus; (14) Chomatocephalus; (15) Platycephalus; (16) Skopeloides. You may join to these summa genera other modify- ing terms, either for prefixes, as dolichellip- soidrs or brachycllipsoides ; or subvarietal designations may be added, giving any num- ber of binomials, such as Trapezoides sardiniensis, Cuboides parvus, and so on. If it be objected that these designations are long and cumbersome, it Is very easy for Dr. Sergi to say that no insuperable obstacle is found In Pithecanthropos erec- tus; and, indeed, there are some of God's creatures so much smaller than their Graeco- Roman titles that a million of them could dance thereon. This Eurafric species, or Mediterranean family of races, left a profound impression upon history. The Egyptians were a de- tached branch of the primitive Libyans. The Pelasgians were a great division of an im- mense family spread from Italy to Asia Minor— the Etruscans are western Pelas- gians. The oldest Italian stock, the Ligurian, had a community of origin with those of other Mediterranean regions. The early peo- ples of the Iberian peninsula show a Pelasgic form of skull belonging to the east and north of Africa, from Somaliland and Egypt to the Canaries. The Eurafric species, extending beyond the Pyrenees, invaded France and then Britain, constructing tumuli for the dead wherever it took possession. Pentago- noids, Egyptian rhomboids, ellipsoids, and ovoids, all common in the Mediterranean population, are found among the ancient crania of Switzerland. The so-called Reihen- graber types are not Germanic Aryans, but belong to the same pre-Aryan population, and the primitive Neolithic population of Bohemia is the same. Not only early but also the present Scandinavians show rela- tionship with the African stock. The first colonists of southern Russia came from the Mediterranean along the Propontis, the Black Sea, and by the Chersonese. The truly brachycephalic types of Italy, Spain, and France are of Asiatic origin. The anthropo- logical unity of Europe existing from late Quaternary was broken by these eastern im- migrants, called by Sergi the Eurasiatic spe- cies, which includes Kelts, Germans, and Slavs. "These invaders were savages, infe- rior to the Neolithic Europeans, whose civ- ilization they in large part destroyed, re- plunging Europe into barbarism, also intro- ducing the new mortuary custom of crema- tion, . . . and transforming the existing languages into their own." In reading Sergi's book one is conscious always of a sense of doubt as to the founda- tions of ethnology. A hundred or more emi- nent scholars are quoted, and nearly in every case to disagree with them. Most of them are now living, and doubtless will be heard from in self-defence. Now, this would be well enough in a journal of ethnology, but the "Contemporary Science Series," designed to put intelligent readers in touch with the latest and best results, is not an arena. Sergi ought to have told us more about his own processes and conclusions. Again, there is an aggravating intrusion of I and we. The au- thor does not know how to conceal himself. With all these defects of style, the book is the work of one of the most industrious original, and fearless of European ethnolo- gists.

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20 Tlie Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1879 Phonitique et Muds des Formes Grecquea et Latines. Par Othon RIemann et Henri Goelzer. Pp. 540. Paris: Armand Colin & Cie. Under the general title of "Grammaire Comparee du Grec et du Latin" this work forms a companion volume to the previous- ly published 'Syntaxe,' by the same authors. Like the latter, it is based upon the manu- script notes left by the late M. Riemann, revised and augumented by M. Goelzer. Neither author has been a productive schol- ar along the lines of phonology or morphol- ogy, and in the present volume specialists will find no notable contribution to the solu- tion of outstanding problems. The work is a compilation — but a good one, showing a reasonably thorough acquaintance with the literature of the subject, discrimination in the choice between conflicting opinions, and clearness of presentation. It ought to serve well its purpose of acquainting French classical students with the results of the comparative study of Greek and Latin. Its greater fulness of references to current lit- erature gives It a certain advantage over the well-known 'Precis' of Victor Henry, which has met with such deserved success. A serious fault, inexcusable in a linguistic treatise, is the inconsistent practice in the marking of vowel-quantities both in Latin words and in words quoted from Sanskrit and other languages. In discussing the different names given to our family of languages, the authors are guilty of a curious error in attributing the varying usage, as between the terms Indo- European and Indo-Germanic, to a dif- ference of opinion as to the interre- lations of the members of the family. "The partisans of the term Indo-Eu- ropean languages," they say, "divide these languages into two groups, the Orien- tal languages and the European languages. Those who prefer the term Indo-Germanic languages adopt the division into languages of the North and languages of the South." Reference is made here to the two most widely current of the many Stammbaum schemes once in vogue, but preference for one or the other of these schemes never had any influence on the choice of a name for the whole linguistic family. Both terms, Indo-European and Indo-Germanic, as well as others, came into use in the early part bf the nineteenth century (Indo-Germanic has been traced back to 1823). Bopp used Indo-European, but later German scholars preferred Indo-Germanic, until this has be- come the established usage In German. French scholars have always used Indo-Eu- ropean, likewise American scholars, without exception, from Whitney to the present time. In England, since the passing of "Aryan," which, however, Is still widely used In an- thropological works and in popular essays the world over, both Indo-European and In- do-Germanic are used. The latter became familiar in English through Its use, under the specific instructions of the author, in the translation of Brugmann's 'Grundriss,' and this perhaps accounts for its adoption in such works as Giles's 'Manual of Compara- tive Philology' and Lindsay's 'Latin Lan- guage.' But no one doubts that Indo-Euro- pean is at least as good a name as Indo- Germanic, and there is no sufficient reason for abandoning it after it has been estab- lished in English usage. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Arnold, Emma J. Stories of Ancient Peoples. American Book Company. 50 cents. Arnold, J. A. Guide for Business Corporations in the State of New York. Baker, Voorhis & Co. $1.50. Barnes. James. The Great War Trek. D. Apple- ton & Co. Bell, Lillian. Sir John and the American Girl. Harpers. $1.15. Borders, J. H. The Queen of Appalachia. Abbey Press. $1. Buiichier, John, Lord Berners. The Chronicle of Fmissart, Vol. II. London: David Nutt. Brandes, George. Main Currents In Nineteenth Cen- tury Literature. 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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 21 Editorial Articles: "Our New Possessions" and the Future 24 The Race Census at the South 24 The Rogers Bequest to the Metropolitan Mu- seum 25 The Hotel Problem 26 John Fiske, Popularlzer 26 Special Correspondence: Mafia: Observations by a Non-Member. — II . . . 27 The Amherst Eclipse Expedition.— IV 29 The Military Chiefs of the Commune 31 Correspondence: The Universal Classics MSS 32 Bismarck Mistranslated 32 Notes 32 Book Reviews: Another Life of Meade 35 The Baroness de Bode 37 Talk on Civics 38 Domestic Service 39 Remembrances of Emerson 39 Varieties and Synonymes of Surnames and Christian Names in Ireland 40 Books of the Week 40 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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In each of its several branches, the pupil acquires the requisite competency for holding high State Offices (Diplomacy, Council of State, Court of Accounts, Inspection of Finances, Inspection of Colonies), in getting thoroughly prepared for the examinations and competitions which they call for, and is also trained for leading posts in all great private enterprises. The pupils are admitted without examination, with the approbation of the Director and School Board ; no university degrees are necessary. Tuition comprises 2 years' course, which may be extended to 3 years. On completing his studies, every pupil who has successfully passed his examination receives his diploma. SCHOLAR YEAR, 1901-1002.— The Scholar Year commences on 11th November, 1901, and closes on 7th June, 1902 Applications are received at the Secretary's Office from 5th November, 1901. Applica- tion for the whole course gives right to all the regular and complementary Courses and Conferences, and also access to the Library (about 25,000 Volumes and 160 French and Foreign Reviews and Newspa- pers). Per annum, $60. A Special Pamphlet giving detailed information on the organization of the School and respecting the Professions for which the Pupil receives sp"cial training can be had by addressing to L'ECOLE, 27 Rue Salnt-Guillaume, Paris. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin street. HTHE MISSES HEBB'S J. Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 1 24 W. Franklin St. J^DGEWORTH BOARDING and DA Y JL^ School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvbe, } „,,„„,„„,„ Miss E. D. Huntley, ( Principals. Maryland, Baltimore, 915 N. Charles Street. (SOUTHERN HOME SCHOOI FOR O Girls. Miss Duff, Miss Pendleton, successors to Mrs.W.M. Cary and Miss Cary. Oct. 1,1001. 60th year. Massachusetts, Boston. DOSTON UNIVERSITY law School. J—* Address the Dean, Samuel C, Bennett. Massachusetts. Easthampton. J/f/ILLISTON SEMINAR Y.— Prepares V V boys for any college or scientific school. Library, Physical, chemical, biological laboratories : gymnasium, etc.- New athletic field with Ji-mlle track. Opens Sep- tember. 1901. Joseph H. Sawyer, M.A., Principal. Michigan, Detroit, 73 Stlmson Place. r\ETROIT HOME and DA Y SCHOOL, ir ™tn ye.&T\, Prepares for all colleges open to wo- men. 20 received In the school family. The Misses Liggett, Principals. 5 Oregon, Portland, Park and St. Clair Streets T. HELEN'S HALL. A School for Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts, Ph D., Prln. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. A/fRS. LUCIA POLK CHAPMAN and ■L y± MISS JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GTS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Gibls. For clrcnlars address Miss C. S. Jones. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Germantown, 59 High St. TVY HOUSE. 1 Preparatory to Bryn Mawr and other colleges . Address Miss Mary E. Stevens. Virginia, Lexington. 'ASHING TON and LEE UNIVER- sity. Academic, Engineering, Law Session opens Thursday, September 12. For catalogue, etc., address Geo. H. Denny, Acting President. IV- A/flSS RE YNOLDS' School, 66 W. 4<rth „,„ ,St- New York.— Special students admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received into the family. The Gilman School T Or GirlS <Ihe Cambridge School Pleasant home life, trained teachers, small classes, varied courses, complete laboratories, healthful sur- roundings, ample playgrounds, highest ideals. The Manual describes the sohool. Introduction required. Arthur Gilman, A. M., Director, Cambridge, (Mass. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGlll University. For conditions of entranoe, scho- larships, courses. degreeB. terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN!, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Massachusetts, Concord. MIDDLESEX SCHOOL. A new hoarding school for boys. Opens October 3d, 1901. Seven classes. Boys received into the four lower classes only. TRUSTEES : Charles J. Paine, President. Henry L. Hlgglnson, Robert Winsor, LeBaron R. Brlggs, W. Cameron Forbes. FREDERICK WINSOR, Head Master, Concord, Mas*. OIRLS' CLASSICAL SCHOOL, INDIANAPOLIS, 1ND. 20th year opens Sept. 18th. Best equipment for College Preparatory and full Academic work. Fine, separate buildings for school and residence. Twenty-two In- structors. Catalogue on request. Theodore L. Sew- all, Founder, May Wright Sewall, Principal, Fre- donia Allen, Assistant Principal. Clinton Preparatory School CLINTON, N.Y. (5 miietfrom Vtlca). 13 Boys. • Teachers. Prepares for any College. Boysl0tol4 at time of entrance preferred. References:— Bishop Huntington, Bishop Whitehead, foub College Presidents. J. B.Wheeler, A.M„Prin.

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July i t, 1901] The Nation. 111 Editcational. National T Cathedral School FOR GIRLS. The Rt. Rev. HENRV VATES SATTERLEE, D.D., LL.D. President of the Board of Trustees. Fireproof building, the gift of Mrs. Hearst. Park of 80 acres, overlooking the National Capitol. Preparation for College. Unrivalled advan- tages in Music. Individual teaching in every grade. Instructors College Graduates. Modern Gymnasium. Tennis, Basket-ball and Golf. Miss BANGS and Miss WHITON, Principals. Mount St. Alban, Washington, D. C. ' Cornell's Largest Fitting School ITHACA. N. Y., HIGH SCHOOL. Gets Us students from England, Russia, Italy, Ire- land, Brazil, Cuba, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico, thirty-one (31) States, and from twenty-four (24) counties In N. T. State. Has won 61 State and 12 University scholarships In 7 years. Sends 40 to 60 students annually to Cornell. Tuition, 975 for 40 weeks. Free text-books. Gymnasium. 7-acre ath- letic field. Both sexes. Registration 670. Fall term begins Sept. 9. For oatalog, address F. D. BOYNTON, M.A., Principal. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A HOMH for a few young girls wishing to study in or near Cambridge will reopen Sept. 24, 1901. Application may be made in writing to Miss Sarah W. F08DIOK, 138 Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass. Particulars furnished at once upon application. GEORGE SCHOOL. Under care of Friends. Thorough Equipment. Ample Grounds. 227 Acres. JOS. S. WALTON, Prln., George School, Bucks Co., Pa. THE HIGHLAND MILITARY ACADEMY, Worcester. Mass. 46th session begins Sept. 11th. Training for University, Scientific School, Business Life. The Rt. Rev. William Lawrence, D. D., Visitor. Joseph Alden Shaw, A. M., Head Master. The Browne and Nichols School Cambridge. Mass. 19th year. Course, 8 years. Clause limited to 15. No subordinate teachers; pupils continuously under head teacher In each department. Exceptional facilities for fitting for Harvard. Illus- trated catalogue Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to Smith, Vas- sar, Wellesley, and Wells. Four acres for out- door sports. Golf, Basket Ball, Tennis. Address Mrs E. P. UNDERBILL. M.A., Prln., Lowell, Mass. School Agencies. 'THE FLSK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ash burton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave .Washington 156 Fifth Ave., New Tork; 414 Cent. Bid., Minneapolis 588 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Bldg , Oskaloosa 303 Mich. Blvd., Chicago; 525 Stlms'n Bk.. Los Angeles 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, Xl. 81 Chanel St., Albany, N. T. — Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. (TCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency, ij Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Hdtssoon & Rockwell, Mgrs., 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. An AllAnPlf '9 valuable in proportion to Its lnflu- *•■■ nyciibj ence u lt merely near8 of vacancies and tells you f ka| Is something, but If lt Is asked to about them *■■«■» recommend a teacher and recom- mends you. that Is more. OurS llnri Jim.lL-L.ljli. C W. BARDEEN, Syracuse, N. Y."ecom,nena* A Teachers, etc. YOUNG MAN WITH $10,000 capital Is offered a splendid opportunity to acoulre an Interest In the publishing and llnr book business with a well-known and long-established book bouse In New York City. The offer Is an exceptional one in every way. Full particulars wll be given to any one Interested. Box D. the Nation. N. Y. ^TU TO RING IN MATHEMATICS, 1 Astronomy, and Physics. Address F. H. Safpord, Ph.D (Harv.). Box 543. Andover. Mass. Travel. GOING ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for "Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." I EVI AWn I IMC Every Wednesday, LElLAnll LIL>C Boston to Liverpool. First Cabin, $40-$45 upwards after July 10, d spending on steamer. Splendid steamers "Devo nian" (new), 11,000 tons, July 10; " Cestrian," 9,000 tons, July 17; " Winifredian " (new), 10,500 tons, July SM. S S. " Caledonian," to London July 13; " Iberian." to London July 25. P. O. HOUGHTON & CO., Gen'l Agents, ■ ■5 State Street, Boston. LANGUAGES -1 Self-Stndy, Cortina's Method (complete). French, Spanish, etc.. in -Hi Lessons, $1.50 Awarded Firnt Prize Columbian Exposition. French Sample. 8 lessons, 80c. PHONOGRAPH}^ Record*, any language, $10 Circulars, etc., on nuplicntion. Cat. of other text and Imported Spanish Books. R. D. Corllna Academy ol Languages, 44 W. 3-ith St., N.Y. RARE OLD VIOLINS Remarkable values in fine solo instruments from $50 to $10,000. Largest and finest collection in the world. Send for new catalogue containing Biographies ; fac-simile labels ; &c. Easy terms. LYON & HEALY, 16 Adams St., Chicago. R EMINGTON Standard Typewriter 827 BROADWAY, MEW YORK 5 END FOR OUR ILLUSTRATED Catalogue, DANA ESTES & CO., Publishers, Boston, Mass. Music Lovers' Books. Get our Catalogue. L. C. PAGE & CO.. Boston, Mass. AN EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY I. — The NATION stands alone in its field. It has the largest cir- culation of any literary and political journal published in this country, going to all the principal libraries and reading-rooms, and into thousands of families. II. — The circulation is chiefly among the thinking and well-to-do classes — lawyers, physicians, bankers, and other professional men — and in the homes of cultivated people, where the edu- cation of children is a matter of careful consideration. III. — The School List in the Nation has been a representative one for many years. It includes cards of most of the promi- nent educational institutions everywhere, during the season of school advertising, and a considerable number are inserted in the paper throughout the year. IV. — The rate is reasonable, and discounts are made on continuous insertions, of which most of the school advertisers avail them- selves. School advertisements are printed in a uniform typography, with the address in the first line, classification being made by States, alpha- betically, unless especially ordered displayed. Advertising rates, 15 cents an agate line each insertion, with the following discounts: 5 per cent, on 4 insertions, 10 per cent, on 8 in- sertions, i2>4 per cent, on 13 insertions, 15 per cent, on 26 insertions, 20 per cent, on 39 insertions, 25 per cent, on 52 insertions. The Nation is sent free while advertisement continues. Orders may be forwarded through any responsible advertising agency, or directly to The Nation, 206 to 210 Broadway, N. Y.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 Just Tublished A Summer Hymnal 8th Thousand. In Search of Mademoiselle By GEORGE GIBBS. The New York Pi-ess says: "It is a gem. It outranks ' Richard Carvel.' It dims the lustre of 'Janice Meredith.' Mr. Gibbs's style is unapproachable." 6th Uhousand Jower of ^ Wye By WILLIAM HENRY BABCOCK. Illustrated by GEORGE GIBBS. "The narrative is thrilling and enthrall- ing."— N. Y. World. "The story fascinates from beginning to end." — Current Literature, N. Y. " Well done and delightfully told. The story is one of interest and power." — Louisville Times. A R-omzwnce of Tennessee BY John Troiwood Moore " Whole hearted and infectiously delightful." — N. Y. Herald. "Few who read the book will be satisfied with one reading. ' ' — The Telegraph. HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. LONGMANS, QREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS A Diary of the Siege of the Legations in Peking DURING THE SUMMER OF 1900. By NIGEL OLIPHANT. With Preface by Andrew Lang, and Map and several Plans. Crown 8vo. \ Immediately. *** Mr. Oliphant was a volunteer who took an active part in the fighting, and was for some time in charge of a section of the defence. Magic and Religion. By Andrew Lang. 8vo. [Immediately. *** This volume contains a series of criticisms of recent speculations about early Religion, especially as regards Mr. Frazer's theories in " The Golden Bough." Other essays deal with the latest results of Anthropologi- cal research in the religious field and in that of Magic. Oliver Cromwell. By Samuel Rawson Gardiner, M.A., Hon.D.C.L. Oxford, Litt.D. Cambridge, etc. With photogravure frontispiece. Crown 8vo, $1.50 net. By mail, $1.62. [Just ready. *** This work gives within a short compass a history of Oliver Cromwell from a biographical point of view. The text has been revised by the author, but otherwise is the same in a cheaper form as that which was published by Messrs. Goupil with illustrations in their Illustrated Series of Historical Volumes. New Popular Fiction. OF DORSET. Blundell). With 8 Illustrations by PASTORALS By M. E. Francis (Mrs. Francis Claude Du Pre Cooper. Crown 8vo, $1.50. "So truly fragrant is It of the country, so truly accurate In its picture of rural life and rural humanity, that it might well be described as worthy of Thomas Hardy at his best period."— Morning Leader. MY LADY OF ORANGE: A Romance of the Netherlands in the Days of Alva. By H. C. Bailey. With 8 illustrations by G. P. Jacomb-Hood. Crown 8vo, $1.25. "There Is not a line of padding In the story. It moves swiftly and steadily from start to finish. Incident follows incident In vivid succession, but the narrative, while rapid, Is never complex or Incoherent. The hero Is a soldier of sturdy pattern ; and My Lady of Orange Is a woman worthy of the hairbreadth' 'scapes endured for her safety and happiness. The pictures by Mr. Jacomb-Hood are superb."— Beacon, Boston. LYSBETH : A Tale of the Dutch. By H. Rider Haggard, author of "She," "King Solomon's Mines," etc., etc. With 26 full-page Illustrations. Crown 8vo, $1.50. "Mr. Rider Haggard at his very best. It Is almost superfluous to add another word. You cannot compare Mr. Rider Haggard at his best with any other writer; he is unique ; and to give an adequate Idea of the story of ' Lysbeth ' we should require many columns for the simple catalogue of the adventures and perils and fights and escapes which make up one of the most vigorous and exciting tales ever written."— The Bookman, London. THE VICAR OF ST. LUKE'S. By Sybil Creed. Crown 8vo, $1.50. *** This story is the account of a critical passage in the life of an Angli- can clergyman, holding the most advanced mined to reduce them to practice High Church views, and deter- THE MAN IN BLACK. By Stanley J. Weyman, Author of "A Gentleman of France," "Sophia," "The Castle Inn," etc., etc. With Illustrations. New Edition. Crown 8vo, $1.00. LONGMANS, QREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York.

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JULY 11, 1901. The Week. The leading Imperialist or Expansion- ist newspapers of this city have been for more than a week withholding from their readers highly important news. "We refer to the diplomatic dispatches lead- ing up to our war with Spain. Announce- ment of their publication was made near- ly three weeks ago, and their full text was obtainable in this city a fortnight since. But while these newspapers have printed learned articles on the origin of the Boer war, and would, were there any new information about the Ems dispatch and the responsibility for the Franco- German war, eagerly reproduce it and discuss it, and would feel ashamed to omit newly discovered knowledge about any war in history, from the capture of Baby- lon down, these documents, throwing so much new light on the causes and out- break of our own war of only three years ago, they suppress. They not only re- fuse to print them; they will not even refer to them. The importance of the dispatches cannot be denied. They are "news" in the highest sense of the word. Many of them have never before been printed, even in part. They are a per- fect mine of information, much of it now first accessible, regarding the diplomatic exchanges between Spain and the United States, which had been so sedulously kept secret for three years. What are able editors thinking of who do not seize upon the earliest occasion to print such "mighty interesting reading"? Our imperialistic press began the plan of unblushing suppression with the Treaty of Paris correspondence. In that it appeared that Mr. McKinley had warn- ed his Commissioners that to annex the Philippines would be "an adventurous departure on untried paths"; and that ex-Secretary Day, the President's right- hand man, telegraphed from Paris a sol- emn protest against Philippine annexa- tion. But did the Imperialist newspapers print any of this? Not they. We suppose it is true that nine-tenths of American newspaper readers do not know to this day that anything of the sort happened. This is a measure of the political ser- vice which a party organ can render by keeping mum. All its vociferous articles lumped in one are not worth as much to an Administration embarrassed by the facts, as is its dense and discreet silence about the facts. This policy is evidently to be followed, if possible, in connection with the Spanish-war dispatches. It is, indeed, a little hard to find that the war which you have been describing for three years as "inevitable," was really among the most avoidable of human occur- rences; that the casus belli did not exist; that Spain had, in fact, granted our de- mands, as Chili did in 1892, and that war with the former was no more necessary than with the latter. But facts are facts. There has been great curiosity about these dispatches. They were asked for in Congress, but refused. They were too delicate a matter, contained too many state secrets, to be divulged. But when they are at last published, when the whole tale is finally told, the leaders of the American press calmly suppress them! and independent spirit than did his predecessor, Gen. Otis. It is a pity that so good a man should have had to be the instrument of so bad a cause. The action taken at Manila on the Fourth of July looking towards the sub- stitution of civil for military rule in the Philippines is to be welcomed as a step in the right direction. The difficulties in the way of a harmonious policy are evi- dently great when the new Civil Govern- or admits that the insurrection still ex- ists in five of the twenty-seven provinces organized, and requires the continuance of military rule in them, to say nothing of the fact that, from the very nature of the case, the authority of the Military Governor must be supreme in case of an exigency anywhere else. Nevertheless, our people are so prejudiced against mil- itary rule on general principles that they will rejoice at its amelioration in the Philippines. Gen. MacArthur has not hitherto made his mark either as orator or writ- er, but he certainly earned the thanks of posterity in his Fourth of July speech on handing over the command of the Philippine Islands to Gen. Chaffee. "I bequeath to you all my troubles" were the only and the cogent words which the historical student of the future will find to commemorate this interesting event. We have no hesitation in saying that they will prove far more suggestive fifty years from now than Gov. Taft's address, in spite of his recommendation that the Philippine adults should educate themselves "by observing American methods." Notwithstanding the pessi- mistic cast of his words, Gen. MacArthur may on the whole feel well satisfied with the results of his three years' stay in the Philippines. He went out a lieutenant- colonel of regulars and a brigadier- general of volunteers. He returns a major-general of regulars, after having commanded the most important army since the civil war, except one, and the largest number of troops given to any one officer since 1866. As a commander of troops in the face of the enemy, he has earned high praise for his strategy and ability, as well as for the high char- acter of his staff. As Governor-General, he displayed a far more straightforward I The controversy between Gen. Sickles and Pension Commissioner Evans has led to some objurgation against Mr. Cleve- land's pension vetoes. But, really, no- body who favors the policy of "going blind" in the matter of pensions (and this is what all the assailants of Commis- sioner Evans want) ought to invite an examination of Mr. Cleveland's veto mes- sages. Of those vetoed bills, 271 in num- ber, Congress passed only one over the veto, and that was for a pension to a man who had never enlisted in the army at all, although he had participated in one fight "on his own hook." Taking down the list of Mr. Cleveland's private- pension vetoes and opening at random, we note one, dated February 23, 1895, as a specimen. It is a bill "granting a pen- sion to Hiram R. Rhea, and repealing an act approved March 3, 1871." The act here repealed was one granting a pension to this same Hiram R. Rhea, under which the said Rhea had been drawing a pension for nearly twenty-two years. At the end of that time it was ascertained that Rhea had been a disreputable mem- ber of a band of armed rebels, and was wounded by Union soldiers in action. These facts were reported by the Com- missioner of Pensions to Congress, which body, with tardy zeal, passed a bill to re- peal the pension which it had previously granted, but in the very same bill incor- porated a section directing the Secretary of the Interior to put this same man, Rhea, on the pension list. This bill ran the gauntlet of the two Committees on Pensions, and of both branches of Con- gress, and was stopped by the President's veto. Ab uno disce omnes — i. e., Presi- dent Cleveland's vetoes of private-pen- sion bills. Not all the bills vetoed were quite as absurd as this one, but their generally reckless and irresponsible character may be truthfully inferred from this one. Both of the leading army and navy newspapers, the Register and the Jour- nal, represent the views of a good many veterans of the civil war, and both have come out squarely against Gen. Sickles's views of the Pension Office and of its chief, Commissioner Evans. The Journal, itself edited by a veteran of the civil war, who has performed more than one public service in this city, char- acterizes Geu. Sickles's attitude as "an insult to the Grand Army of the Repub- lic." It bitterly resents his informing the President that the price of contin- ued loyalty of Republican veterans "is

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22 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 the removal of the Commissioner, who carries in his pocket Gen. Sickles's cer- tificate to his high character and his fit- ness for the office he fills." It further de- clares that "The true old-soldier sentiment of this country favors an administration of our pen- sion laws so honest and exact that it will make it as difficult as possihle to secure pensions for bummers and dead-beats, the bounty jumpers and the coffee-coolers of the civil war. They believe that our pension laws have been, if anything, too liberal, and they have some measure of sympathy for the taxpayers who are patiently bearing their burden of a pension list approaching one hundred and fifty millions of dollars a year." The Register believes that to the casual observer our pension laws must seem remarkably liberal, and that Mr. Evans's administration is not marked by any wrongs such as would excuse Gen. Sickles's outburst against the liberty of the press and his threats of mob vio- lence against newspapers like the Even- ing Post and the New York Times, which decline to sit by and see the Treasury robbed without a protest. Gen. Sickles will iind it hard to answer these editors, who know how the soldier of 1801 feels, as well as the views of the soldiers of 1S61. Secretary Wilson of the Department of Agriculture could not plead Fourth of July enthusiasm as an excuse for the interview which he gave to the special correspondent of the Tribune on Tues- day week. He declared that within a year the United States and its new pos- sessions would be producing practically everything we use, and he added: "There is no doubt that this country within a few months will be in a position to ignore every other nation on the globe in the matter of food products. We shall produce within our own domain everything that goes upon our table and upon our backs. We shall then be, commercially and industrially, almost independent of the other nations of the world. Hence any trade combination which may be effected against us will count for nothing. Whenever we get ready we can come pretty near starving any other nation. Therefore an effective combination against us will be an impossi- bility." Here is the "home market" idea car- ried to the bitter end. The interesting question for our farmers and others who wish to export is, How are we go- ing to carry on a foreign trade in our own products if we will take nothing from other nations? Only a few weeks ago President McKinley himself, the greatest living Protectionist, began to talk about plans for getting our prod- ucts into the markets of the world. Why, then, does a mere Secretary of Agriculture fly in the face of Destiny and Duty? Congressman Dalzell is a very Sir Oracle of protection, and his remarks on the "serious question" which will confront Congress when it comes to take up reciprocity and tariff concessions to the Cubans, show that the vein of protectionist humor is by no means ex- hausted. His heart beats warmly for reciprocity, but only when it does not conflict with "the principle" of the pro- tective tariff. Ask what that principle is, and you learn that it is the "folly" of reducing our tariff in order to get other countries to reduce theirs. This seems to make of reciprocity purely a pious opinion, something reserved for use in political platforms only. Dalzell, however, is heartily in favor of it, pro- vided you do not insist upon his defin- ing it. That he will sternly refuse to do. Any specific measure he is prepared to oppose. Even the promised favors to Cuban products he foresees there will be great difficulty in inducing Congress to grant. There are "our own inter- ests" always to be considered, and many of the most powerful are against do- ing anything for the Cubans. Still, if the matter be only treated "broadly," all will be well, thinks the Pennsylvania Congressman. But the breadth of his own views is obviously nothing but the old narrowness of protectionist greed and selfishness. A morning paper has an interview with Senator Hoar on the two subjects of protection and bimetallism. Accord- ing to this interview, Mr. Hoar gained his opinions on both these questions from Alexander Hamilton. We pointed out recently that it was Hamilton's idea that protection might be desirable for a very few years, merely for the purpose of getting certain industries started. His report on manufactures was written in 1790. We doubt whether Mr. Hoar has read it lately. If he has, he must have wondered why it is necessary to maintain diuies of 50 per cent, on arti- cles that Hamilton proposed to admit at 7 to 10 ner cent, one hundred and eleven years ago. Mr. Hoar's views on reciprocity are as incongruous and as much out of date as those on Hamilton's scheme of protection. He says that "we shall accomplish in some way a reason- able reciprocity by admitting from other countries what they can produce and we cannot produce, and sending to other countries what we produce and they cannot." This points to a coming dis- agreement between the Senator and President McKinley which must be ex tremely painful to the former. The latter's ideas of reciprocity have been formulated in a concrete way in cer- tain treaties negotiated by the Depart- ment of State and duly communicated to the Senate, and especially in a treaty with France, which was not acted upon by the Senate at its last session. There were two items in this treaty which were obnoxious to certain persons in Massachusetts — one relating to imita- tion jewelry and the other relating to knit goods. The Home Market Club denounced these clauses of the treaty and the whole treaty vigorously, and the Senators from Massachusetts of course took their cue from their con- stituents. The particular kind of reciprocity that Mr. Hoar favors would admit free of duty coffee from Brazil, Venezuela, and Java, asbestos from Canada, cinchona bark from India, bristles from Russia, coral (unmanufactured) from Italy, furs from Canada, spices from the East In- dies, manila grass from the Philippines, India rubber, indigo, ivory, and lemons from various countries, tin ore and block tin from the Straits, tea from eastern Asia, sulphur from Sicily, etc. Unfortu- nately, all these articles are in the free list of the Dingley tariff. It would be difficult to say what articles not already free of duty could be admitted under Mr. Hoar's scheme of reciprocity. That Dingley himself contemplated a differ- ent kind of reciprocity from that pro- posed by Mr. Hoar is apparent from the fourth section of his bill, which pro- vides for a reduction not exceeding 20 per cent, of the rates now levied on dutiable articles imported from coun- tries which s;hall make similar or satis- factory reductions on articles exported from the United States. The fact is, that reciprocity on Mr. Hoar's plan is impossible. There is no material out of which such treaties can be made. The plan is put forward as a device for de- feating reciprocity altogether. It is a form of words designed to bring about the rejection of all the treaties now pending, and especially the treaty with France. The dividends declared last week on the shares of the United States Steel Cor- poration, popularly known as the Steel Trust, attract attention for several rea- sons. They undoubtedly testify, in the first place, to the immense prosperity of the American steel trade. When the c <nstitucnt companies of the Steel Cor- poration were organized — mostly in 1898 and 1899 — their capital was as a rule divided equally into preferred and com- mon stock. It was well understood in the trade, and frankly avowed, that the preferred shares of these companies fair- ly represented the intrinsic value of the properties at the time of combination, while the common shares were virtually distributed as a "bonus" to owners of purchased mills, to promoters, to bank- ing syndicates which floated the stock, and so forth. Last March, the "billion- dollar combination" was organized, and, in exchange for the common stock of most of these companies, it offered more than an equal amount in its own com- mon shares. Thus, for every $100 in Na- tional Steel and National Tube common stock, the United States Corporation ex- changed $125 in common shares of its own. Something like twenty-five million

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July 1 1, 1901] The Nation. 23 dollars was added to the joint capital of the enterprises by this process alone, quite aside from the still more con able increase through "bonus" in new preferred shares. Yet, in the very first quarter of the huge Steel Trust's exist- ence, its directors declare the maximum dividend prescribed for the new \ red stock, and add a quarterly 1 pel on the new common. In view of the novelty of the whole ex- periment, an ti of the immense investment funds involved, comment on all such fis- cal moves is perfectly in order. But this particular action is not easy to criticise. one way or the other, for the reason that only the most inadequate statements of earnings are made public. Four months ago, the bankers who floated the com- bination issued a public statement that last year's earnings, by the properties now consolidated in the Trust, were suffi- cient to pay dividends on both classes of new stock, and still have plenty over for repairs, renewals, and insurance against depreciation. As to how much has been left this quarter for such purposes, no- thing is said. Whether it would be suffi- cient, in the light of trade experience, no one outside the council of directors has any means of knowing. If the bankers' statement regarding the 1900 surplus is taken without question, enough must cer- tainly have been earned in the past three months to pay dividends on all the Trust's securities. The iron trade has been immensely prosperous, and its profits have by all reports exceeded last r's. But who is to judge whether or not enough is really being appropriated for the depreciation items? The bankers say the allowance is ample, and their authority is very high. But opinions on such estimates differ, even in the inmost circles of trade. What the Carnegie Works deemed a proper appropriation for improvement of the property, either the Illinois or the Maryland Steel Works would have regarded as monstrous ex- travagance. A common estimate of the "depreciation charge" has been 3 per cent, on capital, but the Evening Post'* Pittsburgh correspondent on Saturday showed how the ultra-conservative steel- maker may justify 15 per cent, with- drawn for the same purpose. We hope to hear more on this point, for the whole question of the future of industrial in- vestments is wrapped up in it. Mr. Charles G. Dawes, Comptroller of the Currency for the past four years, some time ago began working to se- cure the United States Senatorship which will be disposed of by the Illinois Legislature a year from next winter. It has been charged, and is commonly be- lieved, that he has used the appoint- ments under him to promote his own political advancement. We freely ad- mit, for our own part, that Mr. Dawes's management of the bank examiners in this section, and particularly his plan of shifting examiners at intervals from ( ity to city, instead of leaving them per- manently in the same location, has de- cidedly improved the service. Neverthe- less, continuance in the Comptrollership under his present political circum- stances threatened a serious political scandal. Mr. Dawes himself has come to realize this, and has resigned his po- sition. This is only what any man hold- ing one Federal office ought to do when he goes to work to get another, but it is a rare enough occurrence to excite remark. Mr. Chamberlain was well within the facts when he said to the Canadians in London the other day that the possibility of the annexation of Canada to the Unit- ed States is much slighter now than thir- ty years ago. The sentiment is different, not only on both sides of the boundary, but also in Great Britain. Disraeli, whom the English Imperialists now think of as a kind of patron saint, especially on Primrose Day, long held very low views of the colonies, which he once spoke of as so many millstones hung to the neck of England, and which she ought to get rid of if she could. He was probably right, yet the South African war was the occasion, more than the cause, of a re- markable display, before the eyes of the world, of the loyalty of the colonies to the Crown, and of the significance of the term, the British Empire. It is another matter, however, to account for the slackening and almost entire disappear- ance of the annexation movement in both Canada and the United States. Trade hostilities and tariff reprisals have un- doubtedly had something to do with it. Some of our Washington wiseacres have thought that, if we only taxed Canadian products smartly enough, we should see Canada on her knees begging to be an- nexed. The result has proved to be quite the contrary. Canadian statesmen have sought closer economic relations with England, at the same time that they have set about developing their own vast domain in the Northwest. On our side of the line, it is undeniable that the annexa- tions into which we blundered as a re- sult of the Spanish war have diverted the thoughts of our always small group of Canadian annexationists. And across the border, if we may believe Mr. Gold- win Smith, the spectacle of the United States going in for tropical islands and subject races has greatly cooled the ar- dor of those Canadians who, like him, had advocated union with their neighbor on the south. When Mr. Brodrick announced in the House of Commons on Thursday that all negotiations with the Boers were at an end, and that the burghers had deter- mined to continue the fight for absolute independence, he found it necessary to add that the Government's resolution to see the war through was unshaken. The statement shows in itself how nervous the Treasury Bench has become over the military situation and the steady at- tacks of the Opposition, divided as the latter now is. The Liberal leaders have no lack of material for their on- slaughts. The failure of all the military plans for a prompt subjugation of the two republics, the concentration camp horrors, and the continued inability of the Government to find terms accept- able to the Boers — these furnish the Liberals with so much ammunition that the absence of strong and united leaders alone prevents their becoming extremely dangerous to the Salisbury Government. A hundred years ago Burke and Fox demonstrated that two men can create an Opposition, and speak the truth in a way to compel the respectful attention of the Government and the country, even when siding with "rebels and traitors" of the same blood and ancestry. Like the American Imperialist, the English Jingo finds it necessary to call names and charge lack of patriotism when things do not come his way. Who would know that Thursday's debate in London was not at Washington if Filipino were substituted for Boer, Lodge for Brodrick, and Bev- eridge for Balfour? At Chamberlain's door, and at his alone, must be laid the responsibility of the repeated failure to find terms ac- ceptable and honorable to both parties. Lord Kitchener found them, although he is considered a mere machine, without the bowels of mercy — just as sol- diers who have learned to respect a brave and honorable enemy have so often dis- covered the middle way which led to a grounding of arms. But Chamberlain at home would have none of it — no one knows why, unless it be the Cabinet; and so the weary round of guerrilla war- fare, of death by disease and bullet and concentration, is to go on indefinitely, even though the British public is plain- ly sickening of the casualties which are the feature of every issue of an English daily. Face to face with a steadily dwindling army in South Africa, with renewed demands for mounted troops, with a trying reorganization of War Of- fice and army under way, with increasing difficulty in getting recruits now that the popular enthusiasm for the war is sub- siding, as well as with steadily increas- ing hostilities on the Continent, the po- sition of the Salisbury Government can hardly be said to be enviable. Were the truth but known, the Ministers them- selves would probably be found to be as much in the dark as to what is to be ex- pected in South Africa as any puzzled newspaper reader of the scant official dis- patches on this or the other side of the Atlantic.

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24= The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 "OUR NEW POSSESSIONS" AND THE FUTURE. The various Anti-Imperialist Leagues in different parts of the country im- proved the national anniversary by the issue of an address to the American peo- ple. It was a happy thought to enforce sound ideas as to the administration of our Government on the occasion which revives memories of the struggle for its establishment. The address sets forth the situation regarding both Cuba and "our new possessions," as affected by the course of our Government and the recent decision of the Supreme Court, and Jays stress upon the dangers of the arbitrary rule which is now ex- ercised by the President in Cuba, and which may be indefinitely continued in the Philippines under the ruling of our highest judicial tribunal. It closes with an appeal for organized effort to arouse and educate public sentiment, to the end that the ne::t Congress may be induced to do its duty, and refrain from endors- ing "the policy of incorporating the island peoples into our system without rights." This is a platform upon which all may stand who wish to see the republic main- tain its traditions and discharge its duties, whatever their attitude towards the Expansion policy has been in the past. There has never been a time when patriotic Americans have been more puzzled as to the political course which they ought to pursue than during the past three years. A national campaign should be a test of public sentiment on the great question of Federal policy which is uppermost at the time, but the utter demoralization of the Opposition in 1900, and its continued surrender to a leadership which was profoundly dis- trusted by independent voters, rendered such a division impossible. Many ear- nest and influential Anti-Imperialists re- luctantly supported the reelection of President McKinley, on the two-fold ground that no dependence could be placed upon a man with Bryan's shifty record on the Expansion issue, leading a party the dominant wing of which in the South rejected "the consent of the governed" theory; and that there were i< signs of dissent in the Republican party from the permanent support of an Imperialistic policy as justified the hope -that a wise solution might yet be reach- ed if it should be continued in power. The address condemns the decision re- cently rendered by the Supreme Court, and endorses the dissenting views ex- pressed by Justice Harlan, especially his declaration that "the idea that this country may acquire territories any- where upon the earth, by conquest or treaty, and hold them as mere colonies or provinces, and the people inhabiting them to enjoy only such rights as Con- gress chooses to accord them, is wholly inconsistent with the spirit and genius, as well as with the words, of the Con- stitution." But the decision having been rendered and Congress having been vest- ed with the possession of such powers, the thing now to do is to labor for the development of a public sentiment that will, at the earliest possible day, secure the adoptioa of a policy under which there will be no occasion or excuse for the employment of arbitrary authority over remote islands by the Government at Washington. There is one fortunate feature of the Supreme Court's decision. It explicitly renders possible the grant of indepen- dence to the Philippines— or, for that matter, to the Porto Ricans. It was held by many able Constitutional law- yers that, if the contrary principle had been asserted, and these islands had been pronounced as much parts of the United States as New York or Texas, there would have been no more possibility of ever getting them out of our possession than there is in the case of New York or Texas. However that may be, it is conceded by all that, as the Constitu- tion is interpreted by a majority of the Supreme Court, the United States may dispose of its new islands in any way that it chooses, and so, of course, may grant them full independence. This is the goal to be aimed at. There is no reason why it should not ultimately be reached. Such a result would evidently be welcome to a large and growing element in the Republican party. There have been all along Re- publican Senators and Representatives who opposed the policy of Imperialism, and who stood out against its applica- tion in the case of the Porto Rican tariff last year. There are others, of high standing and great influence in the party, who have supported the Adminis- tration, but who have not thereby ac- cepted a colonial policy as permanently -ary or tolerable. Senator Spoon- er of Wisconsin, who has expressly men- tioned the "independence" of the Phil- ippines as a possible and desirable is- sue, is the most conspicuous representa- tive of this class. Leading independent journals which have supported the action of the Government, now advocate such a solution of the problem, the Indianapolis News being the most prominent of this class. There are many Republican edi- tors whose attitude clearly shows that they will be glad to support a movement looking in this direction. Altogether the prospect is not discour- aging for those who would see the na- tion escape honorably from its present complications. Nobody can find anywhere the slightest evidence that our people have become enamored of the idea of owning "possessions" in remote parts of the earth. On the contrary, there are abundant signs that they will welcome the adoption of a policy by which we may help the establishment of indepen- dent republics, as we have always wel- comed the development of such repub- lics in the past. The aim now should be to make Congress responsive to such sentiments. THE RACE CENSUS AT THE SOUTH. During the last ten years the negro population of the Black Belt of Ala- bama has increased much more rapidly than the white. There are twelve con- tiguous counties in that State in each of which the whites constitute less than one-third of the inhabitants. Their com- bined area is 9,367 square miles, or something more than that of Massa- chusetts and Rhode Island taken to- gether. In 1890 these counties had an aggregate white population of 79,291. They have now 87,202. In the same period the negroes increased from 299,- 681 to 350,93S. As against an absolute white increase of 7,911 is to be set a negro gain of 51,257. Relatively, the difference between the respective rates of growth of the two races has not been so great, but it has for all that been quite marked. There are now less than 10 per cent, more white people in the region under consideration than there were in 1890, while there are upwards of 17 per cent, more negroes. For at least twenty years the negroes have been gaining on the whites. In 1880, out of every 1,000 inhabitants of these counties, 218 were white, now only 199. Two decades ago the negroes outnum- bered the whites by 210,907— to-day by 263,736. Bordering on these overwhelmingly black counties are nine others in each oi which there is a negro majority, but in each of which the whites constitute more than one-third of the entire popu- lation. In these nine counties, consid- ered as a whole, the negroes have, dur- ing the last ten years, increased more rapidly than the whites. In 1890 they had 116,575 negro and 89,790 white in- habitants. Ihey have now a black pop- ulation of 136,415 and a white of 100,- 787. There has been, therefore, in the decade an increase of 19,840 blacks and cf 10,997 whites. The respective rates of increase were 17.02 and 12.26 per cent. Twenty years ago, out of every 1,000 of their residents, 442 were white; now only 425 are. In 1891 attention was called in these columns to the possibility that the con- ditions under which the census of 1890 was taken might have resulted in an imperfect count in the black belts of the South. The figures for 1900 now made public by the Census Office seem to show that, in the negro counties of Alabama at least, there was in 1890 an under-enumeration of the inhabitants. Between 1880 and 1890 the apparent in- crease in the population of these coun- ties was at the rate of less than 2 per cent., as against more than 15 per cent, for the decade from 1890 to 1900. Fail-

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July 1 1, 1901] The Kation. £5 ure to enumerate in 1890 all the ne- groes of Alabama is probably the rea- son why the rate of negro increase for the last ten years appears to be great- er than the white. Between 1880 and 1890 the census purports to show that the white population increased at the rate of 25.90 per cent., and between 1890 and 1900 at the rate of 20.08 per cent. During the earlier decade the percen- tage of negro increase is said to have been 13.05, and during the later 21.94. Had the relative rates of growth for the two races indicated by the census of 1890 been genuine, and had they con- tinued for a lew decades, the race prob- lem would in Alabama have ceased to be serious. As it is, a comparison of the figures of the census for 1860 with those of 1900 shows that forty years of revo- lutionary changes have had no appre- ciable effect in disturbing the relative numbers of the two races. Since 18G0 the State has gone through a terrible war. Slavery in it has been abolished. Its negroes were enfranchised, and subsequently have teen, in fact if not in law, again dis- franchised, in a community which be- fore the war was purely agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries have sprung up and have flourished. Yet in 1860, out of every 10,000 inhabi- tants of Alabama, 4,540 were negroes, and in 1900 4,524 were still of the weak- er race. The Constitutional Convention of the State now in session will have need of the wisdom of its wisest. The revelations of the census emphasize the importance of the work which Mr. Booker T. Washington and his asso- ciates are doing. Tuskegee is in the midst of this Alabama Black Belt, in which, as we have seen, there are more than four negroes to every white. Of the Caucasians one-fifth (a dispropor- tionately large part) dwell in the cities and towns of which they constitute nearly half the inhabitants. In the purely rural regions the negro's nu- merical preponderance is already over- whelming and is steadily increasing. The territory included in these coun- ties is among the most fertile of the South. It is capable of supporting a large population. That population for an indefinite time to come will be negro. Will it also be prosperous, civ- ilized, and moral? Tuskegee is striv- ing to have the question answered in the affirmative. The only other Southern State for which the race figures have been made public, is Arkansas. In that State dur- ing the last decade the negroes have increased more rapidly than the whites, as they have done in every census period but one for the last eighty years. Out of every 10,000 inhabitants, 2,797 were in 1900 negroes. They are, however, in a majority in six counties only. In five of these their preponderance is very great, and seems to be increasing. In no one of the five do the whites con- stitute one-fourth of the population, and in one they barely number one-eighth of the whole. THE ROGERS BEQUEST TO THE METROPOLITAN MUSEU The acquisition of the great endow- ment fund bequeathed by the late Jacob S. Rogers — presuming that the attempt to break the will fails, as the best judges expect — should mark the turn- ing-point in the fortunes and policy of the Metropolitan Museum. Heretofore the Museum has had no adequate funds for the acquisition of objects of art, no sufficient staff to arrange and catalogue properly such exhibits as it had, no established policy of enlargement. In short, those acquainted with the man- agement of the great European mu- seums would have made the comment frequently applied to the British line officers — "amateurs all." That, in spite of disadvantages which would have probably prevented the growth of a European museum, the Metropolitan Museum has grown marvellously, is most creditable to all concerned in its conduct, and there is a certain pride in noting that volunteer effort will at need so nearly replace professional skill and an established policy. But with ihe acquisition of an addi- tional income of some $200,000 the era of amateurism in the Metropolitan Mu- seum must pass. The things that were inevitable when the good will of the Trustees and the generosity of private individuals had to repair deficiencies in staff and endowment, would no longer be tolerable. That Gen. di Cesnola fully realizes the situation is shown in inter- views recently given by him to the press. Most people will learn with something like amazement that for the entire col- lections there were only three curators, and all will feel with the Director that the staff should be enlarged. In the character of these new curators lies the immediate future of the Museum, and the Trustees will fall far short of the general expectation if they appoint any short of the best. It should be frankly admitted that there is to-day in immediate charge of the Museum collec- tions no specialist of the first class. The Director's position requires a general knowledge of the whole field of art rath- er than that minute knowledge of any special branch which Gen. di Cesnola would be the first to disclaim. Neither of his colleagues, faithful and accom- plished administrators that they are, has the standing among archseologists that Mr. Edward Robinson, for exam- ple, and Mr. Morse of the Boston Art Museum enjoy. At the time when they were appointed, the Metropolitan Mu- seum was almost a private collection, and art connoisseurship was in its in- fancy in this country. It may be as- sumed that these gentlemen, whose long devotion and tact have made their ser- vices quite indispensable, will welcome as assistants and colleagues the archae- ologists and connoisseurs of more re- cent training whom the Trustees will now be able to appoint. So much may be gathered from Gen. di Cesnola's pub lished interviews. Numerous reforms, some of them ;il ready indicated by the Director, will fol- low this rejuvenation of the Museum staff. A matter which, perhaps, affects the general public little, but which touch- es the pride of the art lover, is the un- satisfactory character of the Museum catalogues. It is a weakness from which no museum is wholly free, to take an in- dulgent view of its own collections, bui among connoisseurs it hurts a museum to carry some half-dozen Raphael draw- ings on its catalogue when it has only one, to parade five pictures by Velasquez when it has at best only two which are authentic, to hold before the public that priceless thing a Lionardo when it has in fact only a pretty ideal head by a well-known imitator of the master. Such slips, which are drawn almost at random from the Museum catalogue, will be rem- edied when the collections are for the first time thoroughly sifted and inven- toried by specialists. Far more important than the remedy- ing of minor defects and deficiencies in the present organization is the ability to increase the collection systematical- ly under the direction of the Museum authorities. Such a fund and such a consistent administration of it are the conditions of normal growth. We should be the last to deprecate gifts of works of art to the Museum, but it is seldom that gifts are such an unqualified bless- ing as was that of the Marquand collec- tion of old masters. No museum can al- ways have such good fortune as to find a benefactor and a connoisseur in the same person. It is doubtful, for example, if any but a poorly stored gallery would have been justified in accepting the Wolfe pictures en bloc without the accompany- ing solatium of a two-hundred-thousand- dollar bequest. When the Rogers gift is finally trans- ferred to the Museum, the curators will have the annual spending of some hun- dreds of thousands of dollars— more, we believe, than any foreign museum has regularly at its disposal for acquisitions. The apportionment of this income to the different departments is a matter which should be easily adjusted, and we would only suggest that generous appropriations be made for classical antiquities of the best periods, and for early painting, par- ticularly of the Italian school. For mod- ern art the Museum, while taking pains to fill gaps, may still safely trust to the generosity of its patrons. The spending of this large income in the separate de- partments is, on the contrary, a matter requiring the highest professional skill.

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£6 Tlie Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 The curator must be an infallible judge of the objects he purchases. He should also have an exhaustive knowledge of the contents of private collections; in short, he should know the location, so far as possible, of every object of art in his especial field, and the chances of its successful capture. He must have the ex- pert technical knowledge of the matter in hand which a great dealer has, and know absolutely commercial values, while remaining sensitive to permanent artistic quality. If the trustees of the Metropolitan Museum will find two or three such curators and trust them, the Museum will, even in our time, take rank with the great collections of Europe. This great benefaction carries with it a great responsibility, which we are sure the Museum will meet in the spirit of en- lightened liberality that has character- ized all its history. THE HOTEL PROBLEM. Our country might be defined as the land of great hotels, for it is doubtful if anywhere else there has been such lav- ish expenditure of money and such al- most heroic endeavor to minister to the comfort, luxury, or even whim, of the passing guest. This movement towards luxury has been attended with a cor- responding increase in comfort. In most of the greater inns one may have all the quiet that is consistent with resi- dence in a caravansary, and find a table served as well as that of a good restau- rant or a well-ordered home. Only a few years ago the single "order" on a huge tray, and the multitudinous "veg- etable dishes," still made a hotel dinner a matter of long and unhappy remem- brance. To-day all that is changed, and it we only pay enough for it, we may all have our ease in our inn. But the ideal inn is, after all, the small one. Not because it is inexpen- sive, though this is a quality not to be despised, but because it admits of cer- tain perfections of attendance and cuisine from which the great hotel, through very multiplication of machin- ery, is precluded. No one who remem- bers some of the modest inns of Italy or Switzerland, where the fare is of the simplest, but exquisitely prepared and served, and a handful of servants seek to learn and humor the personal idiosyn- crasies of Monsieur or Madame, can fail to regret the rarity of such inns in this country. For there are many who are never, at heart, quite reconciled to the large hotel, with its inevitable noise and confusion. There are many, too, whose affection for the small inn is more than sentimental and platonic. With them it is a question of getting reasonable accommodations without be- ing at large expense. And indeed there is something amiss in a system under which people of gentle habits and re- quirements must pay in the cities up- wards of four dollars a day for suitable accommodation, and in the smaller towns and in the country half as much. There is a kind of absurdity in the fact Lhat a European trip should be far less costly, and, for equal expenditure, far more comfortable than a trip in our own country. Here and there one finds excellent inns of the second class, to use the Baedeker phrase; but generally, when one leaves the cities and great resorts, there are only second-class hotels, which vary in badness from the halting imi- tation of a great hotel to the overgrown boarding-house, in which the maid seats you "where the Teaching's good, sir." Why a nation of travellers, not de- ficient in any other form of enterprise, should make so poor a fist at inn-keep- ing, is not at first blush easy to see. It seems to come, at least in part, from the fallacy of bigness, expressing itself in the present instance in the attempt to make the small inn as much as possi- ble like the great hotel. The mistake of such an idea need hardly be dwelt upon. It is not in a gorgeous office, in spacious public rooms, nor in compli- cated system of call bells, formidable bills-of-fare, and superfluous servants that the real comfort of a good hotel resides. It is rather in quiet and re- spectful service, in fare perfect of its kind, however simple. There could be no worse model for the keeper of an inn than the great hotel, and yet, when he admits any authority save his own inner leading, this is the model he sets before himself. He seeks salvation in the Persian apparatus of upholsterer and cabinet-maker, neglecting the weightier matters of good food and good service. His true course would be to ac- cept the limitations of his position, and take as his model the well-conducted boarding-house. From this point of view Canadian hotels are frequently superior to our own. The chief obstacle to reform is the apparent inability of the average hotel- keeper to find out what his guest really wants, and a tendency to consider it unreasonable for the guest to want any- thing that ihe hotel has not usually supplied. Imagine the feeling of a clerk when a guest prefers the privacy and convenience of a portable tub in his room to passing through the corridors to a public bathroom: the guest is lucky if he is not judged to be in con- tempt of the hotel plumbing. Or again, a guest may desire to see his tea made, or to mix his own coffee and milk, only to find that these things are beyond the ken of his host. To be sure, the guest is partly to blame. We Americans are an uncom- plaining lot. We are too amiable to find fault, and too busy or indifferent to argue out our point with host or waiter. Hence we are badly served on all hands, and, if it were not for the gen- eral increase of wealth and the influx of foreign servants, we should still, so far as hotel life is concerned, be as Mar- tin Chuzzlewit saw us. Fortunately there are influences at work which make for the innkeeper's education. The bicycle now reaches the remotest cor- ners of the land, and the automobile is to be seen on rural roads, bringing to the smaller inns a class of customers who are reasonably insistent in express- ing their wants. Already the effect of this movement is noticeable along the main travelled roads, and we may ex- pect further improvement in this direc- tion. Perhaps we shall not have small hotels of the European standard until there is in this country a more uniform standard of living, in which matter "Abroad" is really more democratic than we are. So long as we are not. generally agreed as to the kind of food to be eaten and the way to eat it, so long as many guests really do not care whether the dinner coffee is first, last, or all along, the native American hotel- keeper will cherish his delusion that, if there is "plenty of everything," it mat- ters little what there is plenty of. While hoping for the conversion of our present innkeepers, we wish that some enlight- ened capitalist would see the opportu- nity for starting a system of city hotels, at a two-dollar or a two-dollar-and-a- half rate, in which the ideal should be re- fined simplicity of entertainment. Such hotels would meet a real need, and their founder would hardly fail of his reward. JOHN F1HKE, POPULARIZER. The work of the brilliant man whose life was cut short on Thursday, is doubt- less best described as that of a purveyor of knowledge to the commonalty. John Fiske's mind was powerful, but not orig- inating. He knew what true learning was, and where it was; and it was his delight and highest function to go into the workshops of the great laborers in philosophy and in history, and come out to tell the world what they were doing. He was essentially a lecturer. "Child of :m age that lectures, not creates," said Lowell of himself, ruefully. But lecturing may be made so much of a fine art that it may almost be said to be itself creative. It was so in Fiske's hands. For mastery of his subject with- out dulness, for lucidity and charm and fresh enthusiasm, we probably have never had iiis like — at least, in the ab- struser philosophical and historical sub- jects which it was his joy to expound and illuminate. His chosen and successful role was thus that of a popularize!- of useful knowledge. His early writings in elucidation of Herbert Spencer, for ex- ample, probably had ten readers in this country where the original works of the evolutionary philosopher had one. The

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July ii, 1901] The Nation reason was that Fiske had the gift of exposition, and was able, by his style, as no man ever accused Spencer of be- ing, to make philosophy as musical as is Apollo's lute. If Huxley was, as he boasted, the 'bull-dog" of Darwin, Fiske was the mocking-bird of Spencer. And to him, above all lecturers and interpret- ers, may rightly be applied Coleridge's famous distinction between "popularize" and "plebiflcate." John Fiske was no smatterer. Jf it is true that other men labored and he entered into their la- bors, it was by no royal road. He went to the sources as well as they; he was able to check off their work, and so to escape the danger of their leading him around by che nose. His own industry was enormous, his reading of a tremen- dous sweep, his passion for investiga- tion like a living fountain within him, and his curiosity ever unsated. So it was the real thing he gave out to the public— genuine scholarship, first-hand information, and not the mere echo of his authorities. His fruitful labors in American his- tory will be his best bid for remem- brance. The fashion of philosophy changeth, and his writings on specula- tive evolution are already left behind. Yet it was the evolutionary principle applied to history which, with his un- flagging inquiry and ransacking of the sources, made Fiske's books on our own history the fresh and effective contri- butions they are. He looked everywhere for historical continuity, for orderly development, for inheritance of political institutions as well as of blood, and for their natural variation under a changed environment. We presume that no other man did so much to correct the old popu- lar notions about the philosophy of the American Revolution. To Fiske, as to the clearest-headed English writers, as to Lecky, Sir George Trevelyan, and John Morley, the Revolution of the American colonies was simply an epi- sode in the historic English struggle for liberty. No doubt it was the concep- tion of evolution, firmly fixed in Fiske's mind by the studies of his young man- hood, which enabled him afterwards to throw such illumination upon the be- ginnings of our national life. For such a work as he wrought, two conditions are necessary. First, you must have a kind of incurable boyish- ness in your great popularizer. He must take a simple delight in his own discov- eries and acquisitions. He must be as naif as a child in bringing forward his treasures for the public to inspect. With this must go an unfailing spring of ac- tivity, a hunger for work, and a kind of glad irresponsibility for everything ex- cept the peculiar labors he delights in. This was confessedly Fiske's tempera- ment; and to supplement it there existed just what he needed, and without which his career would have been impossible— namely, his predestined audience. He 27 had, in other words, a vast and growing reading and listening public, imperfectly instructed, but eager to learn. It was aware, in a vague way, that new thoughts were astir in the world, that science had made vast strides, and that history was being rewritten; but it had no man, till John Fiske came along, to act as a trusty intermediary between sound learning and popular misappre- hension. It was, therefore, a beautiful instance of adaptation to environment which John Fiske presented. He knew the best that was thought and written; he had a preeminent faculty for setting forth what he knew; and more and more thousands of people looked up to him to be fed. Unquestionably he reached and influenced greater numbers than could have been touched by his personality if he had chosen to be a regularly at- tached professor in the University. His forte was, as we have said, lecturing. After hearing him you would not say, as Lowell said was your Impression after hearing Emerson lecture, that "some- thing beautiful had passed that way"; but you would say that such, an exposi- tory gift, such lucidity combined with such learning, marked their possessor out as a prince of his art. MAFIA: OBSERVATIONS BY A NON- MEMBER— II. The real trouble lies in the spirit of de- fiance carried into the tiny details of life. Not to speak of the turbulence of the stu- dents at Sicilian universities, more ripe for political contests than for the studies which they should be made to attend to, one finds this disposition to fly in the face of simple and reasonable rule at every turn. As a surface illustration, let any foreign visitor to a Palermo theatre but watch the effect of the sign E uietato fv/mai e (No Smoking), conspicuously posted all over the lower part of the house. He, in his innocence, respects it; but wrhat about his neighbors? As soon as the curtain drops for the interminable entr'acte, the air at once becomes blue with the fumes of a thousand bad cigarettes; and none so daring, or so foolish, as to object. The correspond- ing regulation in railway carriages is as little observed. A singular illustration of this constant fretting under constraint, fol- lowed by attempts to rush through it, was observable at a race meeting in the Favori- ta race-course, near Palermo, a year ago. For a local and comparatively unimportant affair, the preparations were in one respect on a surprising scale; to judge from the number of soldiers on guard, one might have supposed the whole populace to be on the verge of insurrection. In spite of such elaborate precautions, it was absolutely im- possible for these guardians of the course to keep the crowd from constantly stepping over the ropes and upon the track. A whole regiment could hardly deal successfully with so unruly a mob. From exactly the same cause, landing at Palermo is made about as unpleasant as it can be to a stranger, even though he may have had a prior breaking-in at Naples. Still, at the latter place it has in the last few years become possible to < get ashore in a tender: and under suih conditions disembarking is no great dis- comfort. At the Sicilian seaport the or- ganization of boatmen and fan/inn is so powerful that, even the strong hand of a steamship monopoly is quite unable to pro- tect its travellers against insolence, im- portunity, and extortion. To match the scene of wrangling and confusion thai takes place every morning on the arrival of pretty steamer from Naples, one has to go to Constantinople, or some other Eastern port, where English administration has not yet made itself felt. From the yelling horde in the landing-boats, small det;. ments of rough porters swarm up the com- panion-way, jostle passengers, and forcibly take possession of every article of baggage, unless the passenger himself stoutly resists. One cannot but pity foreign ladies arriv- ing here alone. There is no one to appeal to; the ship's officers look on with in- difference; and the only attempt at disci- pline comes from an overdressed buck, who disposes of the boats, receives the fares, and orders travellers about like so many prisoners. Palermo is one of the few places where the custom-house officer, be- cause of his businesslike ways, comes in as a relief from the lawlessness and turbu- lence one has just passed through. Wherever one meets with a similar organi- zation in the island, it is precisely the same story. The strongest authority can be set at defiance where there is a silent universal determination not to accept it on some par- ticular point, and when all concerned in the opposition are joined by an entente cordiale that requires neither meetings nor rules. "I know what is the freemasonry of the poor," says Barry Lyndon. So strong is this spirit that in the country districts owners of or- ange or lemon groves and vineyards are compelled to select the guardians of their property from among those designated by this hidden authority. Neglect of this pre- caution would immediately be followed by a cutting down of all the trees and vines in the night-time. Among the sulphur-miners a corresponding understanding exists which, without completely controlling the employer or managers, nevertheless checks the inde- pendence of their actions in matters of which ignorant petty leaders can have no ad- equate comprehension. A similar unreasoning hostility to outside influences (called intrusion) sometimes spreads upwards to circles in which more enlightenment might be expected; and, as a consequence, much of the capital which might flow to the island from outside sources remains extremely shy. In one particular case, a young Genoese merchant was heard to say that for two years he had been in steady correspondence with Sicilian firms, during all which time it had been quite be- yond his power to obtain a single useful hint or encouragement, although the transac- tions proposed promised fair returns to both sides concerned. As he put it, even after a personal visit of some weeks there was still so much latent vis inertiw of positive unwillingness to deal with, that his princi- pals had just telegraphed to close all nego- tiations and carry their offers to some coun- try where modern business ideas have some chance to flourish. After hearing a few s of stories in this vein, one can hardly dispel the impression of a gigantic Albergo della Conspirazione Permanente, as in Of- fenbach's comic opera — an impression which,

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28 Tlie IN atioru [Vol. 73, No. 1 880 It is almost needless to say, is entirely exag- gerated. Were one to believe everything, the case would indeed be hopeless. If a plausible explanation of this system of silently organized opposition can be found in the case of the poor peasants and the va- rious guilds of the laboring classes, who adopt this primitive plan for expressing the sense of their wrongs and their desire to defend themselves, no such plea can reason- ably be advanced for similar feelings and conduct in those who dwell in cities and thus have a relatively fair field for the ex- ercise of their energies. Here the conditions are changed. Over the townsman there are no owners of latifundia, no agents. And yet it is in the cities that the Mafia has its most dangerous sway; here it finds its local heads, unknown except to the initiated. Like our own walking-delegates and labor lead- ers, these men thrive best in crowded cen- tres, and, whether by superior address or by intimidation, contrive to keep over the ig- norant the power which they secretly apply chiefly to their own ends. For in all such associations, if the poor dupes did but know it, there will always exist a few who live at the expense of the many; as the befooled socialist operatives of Albi discovered when their fund was gone — "II y a toujours la bande." One of the chief causes (in a foreigner's eyes the least defensible) tending to foster the spirit of unruliness consists in the ease with which permits are obtainable for carry- ing dangerous weapons. An ordinary stout garden clasp-knife is prohibited, except when one is at work with it. And the fol- lowing item from the Qiornale di Sicilia (June, 1900) proves clearly that some of our own fellow-citizens had best empty their pockets before strolling about Palermo: "Last night B. G., a seventeen-year-old cob- bler, was arrested in the Piazza Casa Pro- fessa, for having a razor in his pocket." Nevertheless, for the trifling sum of twelve francs a year, almost any one may obtain the revolver-license. Here is a list of permits covering all ordinary weapons: Revolver: yellow paper; obtained from the prefect of police. Swordstick: green paper; obtained from the prefect of police. Shotgun: white paper; obtained from the quest ore. The immediate result of such regulations is that several times a week the newspapers contain brief accounts of rivolverate (shoot- ings), with the accompanying casualties. Statistics of the annual numbers of shoot- ing-affrays with more or less damage on both sides amount to a surprising average per diem for the whole island. The armor- ers' shops in Palermo, Messina, and Catania are not only numerous, but splendidly sup- plied with the very latest American makes; and in front of these windows one always finds a group eagerly discussing en con- naissanoe de cause, or in outspoken approval of some new design. Naturally, unarmed persons are the exception rather than the rule. One hears curious tales of young aris- tocrats who carry their revolvers to balls, but have the grace to give them up at the door, where a valet is in charge to prevent unwished-for exchanges on coming out. From the same motive, the nobles at their various Casini invariably lay down their six-shooters on the small table in the ves- tibule, for no gentleman may be shot, or shot at, in his club by another gentleman. "Cre- dat Juda&us." Another odd, but disconcert- ing, feature of Sicilian town-life is observ- able in the universal custom of calling for the police and giving the alarm of fire by means of revolver-shots, with ball-cartridge, fired in the air. The same newspaper as above, within a few days, furnished the fol- lowing item: "Last night in the Corso Scina fifty shots were fired from several balconies; a veritable fuoco di fila! This, because it was feared that thieves had got into a house. None were found." No pre- caution is ever taken to avoid the possibility of the bullet's meeting a human target; a young girl quietly seated on a balcony was shot dead in this way last year. As the writer was walking about the lovely Villa Bellini at Catania, and enjoying the superb view of Etna, several revolver-shots went off in a neighboring street, but, save by the immediate bystanders, no notice whatever was taken of the startling incident among the promenaders. To all this, it may be argued that the pcrmessi are the same for Sicily as for the rest of the kingdom, a fact of which the writer is abundantly aware, for it was communicated to him by a merchant of Alta Italia, who showed his permit and told its price. "But," added the informant, "in my own part of the country, I use it merely as a passport or means of identification for registered letters and so forth; here it serves the purpose for which it was given." A permission to carry dangerous weapons, which, though objectionable on general grounds in any civilized country, may be fraught with a minimum of social risk in so extremely peaceful a district as Tuscany, works out in'.o consequences of a most se- rious kind in a region where tempers run quick and high, and where centuries of mal- administration have instilled the disposi- tion in every one to be a law unto him- self. But it unfortunately happens not only that the revenue from permits is ex- tremely large, but that the damage to the trade by rescinding permissions or greatly raising the price of licenses might, from one week to another, involve serious political disturbance from coalition among sellers and buyers. The purpose of this article, however, being rather to record impressions and inferences derived from fact than to suggest remedial legislation, this subject will not be pursued further. He would be a bold, perhaps short-lived. Deputy who should propose to disarm the Sicilian. To conclude, from what has been rapidly stated or sketched in the foregoing, that an adequate explanation has therein been suggested of a social condition of af- fairs unparalleled in any other country in Europe, would, according to the present writer's own habits of thought, imply the acceptance of one-sided social theories. Without attempting to revive the weary discussion as to the relative parts played in the formation of national life and thought by character and circumstance respectively, one may at least emphasize a fact which Sicilians acknowledge but reluctantly, and rarely have the courage to declare to their compatriots even under the cover of anony- mity. It has been pronounced, on the high- est authority, impracticable to frame an indictment against a whole nation; but there is yet a certain soundness in the con- tention of modern Volkerpsychologie, that general traits of character do in the long run determine the good or the bad fortune of peoples and social organizations. On such points as these it becomes necessary to consult men who, from long residence in the country or from exceptionally favorable sources of information, can vouch for the statements they make. Much has been writ- ten about the Sicilian character in its re- lation to the Mafia, too often in gingerly, half-apologetic vein, the writers showing apparently more eagerness to trace the his- torical growth of feelings and habits of conduct than to judge according to stan- dards of social ordinance. Of what possi- ble use can it be to attempt historical proof that the sentiments which render the Mafia possible are a form of "mediaeval survival" ? What is wanted is not an explanation of the origin of feelings, but a plain state- ment of their actual condition; how they stand in relation to law and order, and in how far their modification or mitigation is practicable in the event of their growing into dangerous proportions. Here the writer must let others speak. From among the masses of documents con- sulted in various forms (of which but few supported their generalizations with con- crete and verifiable facts), the conclusion slowly grew that the maladministration so often held responsible for the actual welter forms but a secondary element in its pro- duction. It does not enter into the design of this paper to give historical retrospects; but what conclusions might not be drawn from the theory of persistent racial traits in a country where "Sicilian Vespers" were once possible? The vengeance of the of- fended Mafia works out just as securely and secretly to-day. To-day, likewise, the in- tended victim is given no chance of a fair fight with a worthy foe; he is stabbed in the back, shot from behind a wall, or (rarely) poisoned. By every writer the decisions of this formidable organization are said to be inexorable, implacable; sometimes a word of warning may be given to the man marked for removal, but in the vast majority of cases, when his actions or his presence have been found by the great Capi-Mafia to threaten the easy working of the secret ma- chine, he disappears with no more noise than the rifle-shot of his hidden executioner, while all endeavors to trace the deed of blood are absolutely vain. The construction and functioning of this machine have been so admirably set forth for English readers in Mr. F. Marion Crawford's 'The Rulers of the South' as to render all further de- scription for the present quite needless. Among the psychological causes that go to explain the problem, one may well place the radical suspiciousness, secretiveness, and self-sufficient independence of individ- ual Sicilian character. These traits, to which reference has already been made, soon become obvious to one who strolls about a country-side and without indiscre- tion chats, as he might in Tuscany or Lom- bardy, with the peasants at rest or the fre- quenters of village taverns. Let any visitor to Sicily try this at a country fair or festa, and compare the result with what he has found anywhere between, let us suppose, Orvieto and Parma. The writer on one oc- casion, quite without guile, asked his vctturmo in western Sicily whether many people went from that part of the country to America. With a look of profound dis- approval the man at once replied, "No, Signore, we are all honest people here." As to the independence of character and chafing under formal control, one may consult any officer who has had experience with Sicilian

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July 1 1, 1901] The Katioii. Q9 conscripts in time of peace: failing that in- formation, any Continental schoolmaster or professor appointed to an educational post in Sicily. It is in the light of this disposition that a now famous leader in the Giornale di Sicilio (December 10-11, 1899) described the Mafia in the following terms: "La mafia e infatti, sopratutto lutta estralegale per l'esistenza, parossismo di amor proprio, eser- cizio arbitrario e violento delle proprie ra- gioni" (The Mafia is, in fact, and above all, an extra-legal struggle for existence; a paroxysm of self-esteem, an arbitrary and violent application of individual reason). To this must also be added a trait of char- acter for which the English dictionary has no equivalent word, the much-talked-of omerta. Omerta is much the strongest strand in the bond that holds the Mafiosi together. It stands for the unwritten code of which the first article may be said to run; "Thou shalt not bear witness against thv neighbor." One to whom this interpre- tation was suggested, dryly remarked that It differs from the Mosaic commandment in only one trifling word. Doubtless there are many who obey from fear of consequences; but is it not much more likely that the spirit of concealment, of resistance to legal in- quiry that secures impunity to the offender, is fostered by parental teaching in the young until it becomes rooted in the very inner- most nature? This alone is sufficient to ac- count for the vitality of that imperium in imperio which goes by the name of the Mafia. To men brought up under such a spell, the very fact of concealment is fas- cinating; just as to the schoolboy it seems "so deuced clever" to outwit the authorities. There is something so primitive in this sen- timent that one cannot but feel pity for the ignorant contadini hardly reached by the schoolmaster, and thus left to the pervert- ed teachings of a local capo, himself under the influence of higher directors with every- thing to gain, commercially or politically, by keeping ideas of constitutional govern- ment and the wisdom of legality from the struggling, starving masses. Attempts at explanation touch more dan- gerously delicate ground when one passes from country to town; but nothing can be gained by shirking even so serious an issue as this. The point has not, so far as the writer knows, been frankly raised by well- known writers on Sicily. If there is one impression more firmly fixed in the casual traveller's mind from even a brief visit to the large towns of Palermo, Catania, and Messina, it is the unusual amount of exter- nal show in dress and equipage combined with the altogether disproportionate num- ber of apparent idlers in the streets; and this at every hour of the day. Those who know, maintain that the Neapolitan phrase "Tutto per l'apparenza" holds good in other domains of the ancient kingdom of the Two Sicilies; or, as a dapper fisherman of Sor- rento once replied to a compliment on his Sunday outfit, "Bisogna castigare il man- giato" (Cut down on the provender). Even with this restriction, one is driven to won- der at the possibility of so much display while every one complains that the island is all but ruined. Still more surprising is the unfailing concourse of gossiping, well- groomed young men standing all day long doing nothing, chiefly about the Quattro Can- toni at Palermo, or at various favorable points in the long Via Stesicoro-Etnea at Catania. How is it possible for so many to trifle away the working hours, day in and day out, all through the year? An explana- tion was offered by one who, in virtue of his position, came into frequent and regular contact with Sicilian town youth of all class- es. In his judgment, the very worst thing that can happen to these young men is to become possessed of the merest independent pittance, or to obtain a trifling appointment under Government. Bare living costs little in Sicily; but young men in all countries clamor for something more in the form of luxuries, procurable in various ways by such as are unprejudiced in the matter of em- ploying idle hours by day or night. It is in this respect that the Mafia of the country districts differs so fundamentally from its urban manifestations. Among the peasants the secret power is employed almost ex- clusively for the protection of individuals and the order or class to which they belong; while in the towns it becomes the power- ful and apparently inexhaustible resource of a class occupying the social terrain vague between unmistakably respectable people and recognized criminals in or out of jail. The very secrecy attending every kind of transaction favors the existence and growth of this equivocal social class. Mr. Crawford, in agreement with other au- thorities, points out that the origin of the Mafia in town or country is in no way akin to the infamous Neapolitan Camorra or Rogues' League; but the social consequences of the two organizations may, under the conditions specified above, nevertheless work out in much the same way. In the fact of a growing disapproval of the Mafia, in regard to the principles involved as well as to their application, lies the firmest hope for better things among those who have not yet lost their faith in the fu- ture of Italian unity, in the ideals fought for and won by a generation of men of whom Sicilians, like other Italians, have every right to be proud. Despite the insular chau- vinism of part of the Sicilian press, it is not difficult to detect signs that during the last few years the tone of public feeling in re- gard to these matters has undergone some change. All over the country to-day are to be found numbers of the intelligent mid- dle class who openly admit, in private, that to belong to a coherent and active nation implies some personal sacrifice on the part of every citizen; that attempts at constitu- tional self-government are infinitely prefer- able to private, red-handed justice; and that, above all, no country is civilized in which the King's writ does not run. Under these conditions the traveller in Sicily may freely move about among the lovely scenes which she offers in such pro- fusion. As Alberto Sclpioni said to Sir Henry Wotton, "/ pensicri stretti cd il viso sciolto will go safely over the whole world." If, from time to time, his heart is wrung with pity for a noble people, he can still find a momentary relief in gazing out- wards, away from unrest, under the protect- ing slopes of Etna, where ". . . L'azzuro Jonio sospira Con suo ritmo pensoso vei'so gll arancl in flore." THE AMHERST ECLIPSE EXPEDITION. —IV. Singkep, May 18, 1901. The longest eclipse ever observed was not observed at Singkep. The tale of disaster is harrowing; but what shall It profit a man to become an astronomer if he be not already a philosopher? The two must ever march hand in hand, like Malay strollers in the streets of Singapore. With sunshine and shadow so intermin- gled, and clouds generally of such small area, that, while one island of this lovely archipelago was dark and stormy, others would be seen in brightest light, one course for success on eclipse day seemed plainly indicated, and, accordingly. Professor Todd established supplementary observing sta- tions in many different localities. By the courtesy of H. M. the Sultan of Lingga, in sending for our use his own personal yacht Dalel, this has been not only feasible but easy of accomplishment; and many are the telescopes and observers she has con- veyed to one point and another among the islands, anticipating to-day's great event. Pulo Lalang, a small island at the centre of the eclipse track, about fourteen miles south of Singkep, over which a large area of blue sky has hovered persistently, be- came an auxiliary station to the Amherst Expedition, and here Mr. Burgess, Govern- ment Analyst at Singapore, kindly took charge of a lens of 3Y2 inches, made by Goerz of Berlin, and prepared to expose thirty-six plates to coronal rays. With him, Mr. Sol was to make drawings and observa- tions of shadow-bands. Mr. Symonds Fry of the British Marine Department was also enrolled in the Expedition ranks, having re- ceived sanction from the Colonial Secretary to leave Singapore for the purpose, and, by the kindness of Capt. Boldero, R.N., to bring a pair of excellent chronometers and a transit instrument belonging to his de- partment. He was conveyed to Pulo Saya, a tiny island twenty miles east of Singkep, and with him a six-inch silvered glass re- flector for making thirteen exposures in an automatic camera, giving an image of the sun half an inch in diameter. While Pulo Lalang has a few Malay inhabitants in a typical kampong under the cocoanuts, Pulo Saya boasts only rocks and palms. At Lingga with its fine peaks four or five thousand feet high, where blue skies so often alternate with the conditions at other islands, a Ross lens of \y2 inches di- ameter was sent, with thirty-six plates, for use by the Assistant Resident at Tandjong Boeton, Baron van Boetzelaer. Observa- tions of shadow-bands were to be made by the Baroness, and drawings and snap-shots by the various assistants. On the island of Singkep itself many sup- plementary stations were located. To Riya, on the northwest coast, we sent a two-inch lens by Rotter of Dresden, which gives an image of the sun three-eighths of an inch In diameter. This glass, mounted in a tempo- rary frame, was picturesquely shouldered by coolies, who carried it miles through the jungle, to be used by Mr. Kagei of the Tin Company in making eight exposures during totality. Another, similarly set, was dis- patched five miles to Ayerpoettie, where Mr. van Harrevelt would use the four-Inch Bausch & Lomb lens in making thirty- two photographs of the corona. Nearer Dabok several centres of obser- vation were established. At the Sultan's summer palace on a hill, the path to which leads one through tropical masses of foliage and ferns and orchids incredibly luxuriant, a disk was set upon the flagstaff, behind

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30 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 which the innermost corona would be hid- den, giving the eye a better opportunity to trace the delicate streamers in their long outer extension, if, indeed, this year's coro- na should exhibit them at all. A most in- teresting question was to be answered by the corona, of 1901 — whether or not the long streamers of last year's sunspot minimum have endured until now, past the beginning of a period of spot activity. Mr. van Gigch, commanding the military force of Riouw, prepared to draw behind this disk; while, on the broad terrace of masonry at the base of the flagpole, Mr. Bergsma, attor- ney at Riouw, watched for shadow-bands. On the pier-head, Mr. Rybering, of the Tin Company, was alert for the corona, with a fine two-inch Clement & Gilmer (Paris) tel- ,ephoto lens, and thirty-six plates. 4x5, which would give an image of the sun an inch in diameter. Nearer the company's offices an- other disk was elevated upon a tall cocoa- nut, where Mr. Elbers, second officer of the Government steamer Flamingo (sent here by the courtesy of the Dutch authorities to convey our telegram of eclipse results as speedily as possible to the nearest cable office, Singapore), was also to draw coronal streamers. Mr. Loriaux and Mr. Krull, gen- eral and local managers of the Tin Company; Mr. Ezerman, official "protector of the Chi- nese" in the Dutch islands; the Japanese doctor, and every individual on the island except the wondering Malays and the stolid Chinese coolies — all were impressed into the service of the Expedition for observa- tion of some sort; and all were in plate, pencil and paper or camera in hand, watch- ing for the cloud-openings to come between us and the rapidly narrowing crescent of the sun. The centre of all activities, however, the headquarters of the Expedition, is, by the courtesy of Dutch officials, the Government House, recently completed for the use of the Resident when he shall visit Singkep, and now converted for the time into workshop, dark-room, and observing quarters. The automatic commutator for exposing a large number of plates mechanically, devised by Professor Todd in Japan for the eclipse of 1887, and used by him with modifications since in West Africa in 1889, in Japan in 1896, and with signal success at Tripoli in May of last year, was entirely rebuilt for Singkep. Owing to the fickle skies known to prevail in this part of the world, it had not been intended to bring a large amount of complicated apparatus; but, upon arriving, and having the resources of the Tin Company so generously tendered us, both in material and in the labor of workmen, Professor Todd had the apparatus rudely but accurately con- structed upon the spot, largely from the waste scrap-iron of the company's junk heap. With plenty of fine lenses, and a massive pendulum and "snapper," which is followed by a coolie in revolving the drums, this hastily constructed mechanical device has all the precision of a delicate astronomical in- strument. For this commutator did not run by a Bond spring governor, or pneumatic or electric or gravity control, but Malay coolie power. To this were connected several cam- eras, among them the double polariscope lent and prepared especially for this eclipse by Dr. Wright of Yale University. It was planned for six exposures, three of one min- ute and three of forty seconds each. A large telephoto lens is also carried by the commutator, and a camera for exposure dur- ing the entire totality, for getting the outer extension of rays. An automatic camera was arranged for taking nearly 400 coronal pho- tographs on plates 2x2%, which, although not a continuous film, would give almost a kinetoscope effect. But the chief instrument at Government House is the twelve-inch Lyman reflector from the Amherst College Observatory, re- figured by Brashear of Allegheny for this Expedition, with a focal length of 15 feet, which gives an image of the sun nearly two inches in diameter, and making 50 photo- graphs. As before, the glycerine clock con- trolled its motion with absolute accuracy. The iron for its radial arm, twenty feet long, is of material formerly a part of the first horse railway built in Asia. Laid in Singapore, the rails were speedily torn up by Chinese, because of its expected competition with jinrikishas. Rolling-stock and equipment were bought by the Singkep Tin Company, portions of which are now used in ways un- anticipated by its original projectors. Here the chief of the Expedition held scientific court, and an army of workmen kept stead- ily at the preparations, their tropical sloth continually spurred by energetic northern example. On eclipse morning all things were in complete readiness, Mr. Agassiz, our fine photographer from Singapore, putting a few last touches in the dark-room; Mr. Wilson, sent by the New York Botanical Museum to collect plants and seeds with the Expedition, presiding over the glycerine clock, and Mr. Van Dyk keeping guard over the coolie motive-power, lest it should be- come alarmed at a critical moment and flee for safety back to the kampong. It had been planned that the bugler, whose "colors" and "taps" form a pleasant daily feature of life on this far-away island, should announce by a simple succession of notes the progress of totality every fifteen sec- onds, from the tonic to the octave above, giving upon the latter one note at the end of the first minute, two after the second, and so on. But it was discovered in time that his Malay nerves could not stand the strain of an eclipse, his dread being so great that, instead of the "eclipse melody" at exact intervals, he would be quite as liable to play nothing at all— or, perhaps, an un- timely call "to arms." So a bell was at- tached to the commutator, and gave, by an ingenious device of the astronomer, precise warning of the passing of totality's precious moments. Although off the cable and tele- graph lines here, our dispatch being con- veyed at once to Singapore only by courtesy of the Government, Professor Todd was in- terested in telegraphing ahead of the moon's shadow no less than last year. By ar- ranging with Mr. W. G. Taylor, General Manager at Singapore of the Eastern Exten- sion Telegraph and Cable Company, it was agreed that a dispatch from Mr. Maunder at Mauritius should be at once sent, after the eclipse there, to the observers at and near Padang, reaching them an hour or more ahead of the Sumatra darkening. This re- quired concessions from many companies, and holding important lines for the instant transit of the eclipse message. The Eastern and South African Cables, the Eastern Cables, the Government of India Land Lines, the Eastern Exten- sion Cables, and the Netherland-India Land Lines agreed to Professor Todd's request through Mr. Taylor, links in the chain being gradually added until we were able to write the observers that it had all been accomplished, and that they would hear from Mr. Maunder of what he had seen and done at the Mauritius end of the shad- ow-path before they were themselves en- gulfed. Thus everything was in complete and hopeful readiness, and it only remained for the sky to be clear to insure brilliant success. The morning dawned brightly clear and sunny, a slight wind blew softly from the west, while a few cumulus clouds lurked deeoratively along the horizon, their tops almost golden as the sunrise light flooded their creamy recesses and billowy crests. As the forenoon wore on, a dark bank seem- ed to collect, without perceptible movement, in the south. Over the sea it rose, until the horizon grew ominous and the water turned gray green. The dry rustle of sago palms gave a counterfeit presentment of falling rain, as their long leaflets swayed against one another in the changing wind. But the dazzling sunlight, so hot that it actually burned one's skin, remained un- stained, and gradually the clouds retreated. The day grew brighter and more promising. At quarter to eleven another bank, this time black and threatening, came up quick- ly over the northwestern hills, and shroud- ed the sun almost before we were aware. One touch of the southeast monsoon, and its advance would have been checked. Day after day we had seen it conquer. But the wind died out, a few fitful gusts coming from the approaching shower. By eleven it was raining briskly, then fiercely, and al- though the first contact, about a quarter after, would be lost, we were rather glad to have the rain set in, for showers are seldom of long duration in Singkep, and the smarter the rainfall the more quickly past. The sea horizon grew clearer and more sharply defined as the mountains retreated in moisture, and large areas of blue sky persisted in south and east. By half after twelve the rain was dimin- ishing, but the clouds had begun to break only in the far southwest, over Pulo La- lang, and so slowly that a sense of Im- pending disaster spread through the wait- ing company, American, Dutch, English; even the Malay workmen began to look questioningly at the sky, and then about them at the fine lenses they had helped to mount, and the mechanical apparatus at which they had toiled, admiringly if un- comprehendingly. So large an area of clear sky still lay above the sea that the astron- omer suggested my going out to the Gov- ernment steamer, which lay in harbor per- haps a mile from the eclipse station, on the chance that she might be at the edge of the cloud. In a few moments the Cap- tain welcomed me on board, with the happy announcement that he thought the clouds would still break in time for totality. So, ensconced on the bridge, I waited with pencil and paper, while the slender crescent of the sun looked out through rifts in the strangely drifting cloud, of which two strata moved in opposite directions. The sky in its blue spaces turned to livid cobalt and black, and the light grew cold and ashen. Along the shore, coolies, at work for tin in the shallow water, hastily left their floats and dredges and made all speed to shore. A few tom-toms began. The beach glowed singularly white, with an almost phospho- rescent lustre; the heavy palms stood dark against the mountains, the mountains deep

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July t i, 1901] The Nation. 31 purple against a beryl-blue sky. Suddenly the water changed to portentous green, pale but sinister. Then, all in a moment, what little normal light had remained, went out; the peaks leaped into deeper purple relief against a yellow sky, clear, peaceful, life- less. The southwest horizon took on a dull orange glow, the gleaming beaches disap- peared—sudden, windless silence fell. Even the quiet ripples against the sides of the Flamingo ceased their lap in the waiting hush. The sharp peak of Lingga, more and more unshrouded, pointed a purple finger at the clear sky above. Beyond, a bank of cumulus lay, like drifting, golden smoke; and remnants of shower clouds lurked low among the Singkep hills, bringing out un- suspected ranges, in line after line of sin- gular perspective, as if ghostly fires were smouldering away and away to spectral ashes. At first the light seemed comparable to early evening, perhaps an hour later than sunset, when the afterglow has still pre- served gorgeous reminiscences of a yet more splendid pageant; but it does not ex- press the mental effect. That was more as if one might have died; and while the soul lay in quiet surprise, unmixed with emo- tion or memory or even hope, in the midst of surroundings not yet fully apprehended, the dawn of a new life crept up from some unseen source, with light only strong enough not to dazzle the opening eyes. In that strangely quiet borderland one might dream the possibility of wings, but not yet the full capacity for flight. The outlines of the mountains were the same, yet it was not Singkep which lay in panorama before me, but a far land where the sun was not, un- comprehended, leagues away, on some other world than this. One or two stars appeared, but the coro- na never once gleamed through, and the disappointment seemed remote and of small consideration during that amazing six min- utes and its outlying seconds, when all the stress and rush of life was quieted as by some mighty hand — when Nirvana seemed already to have begun, in eternal silence. And then, somewhere behind the overhead canopy, the light of this world slipped back. The widening sun-crescent soon appeared, and the last contact was clearly observed. From Riya and Ayerpoettie rain is re- ported, and at Pulo Lalang during totality, though it was clear on the little island much longer than at Dabok. Dr. Abbott, an American naturalist cruising among the islands, reports the corona seen through cloud-rifts on the northern coast of Singkep, and as distinctly pentagonal in shape; he also saw the impressive rush of the moon's shadow before totality, as well as its re- cession in mighty flight. Word comes that it has been clear at Lingga, and that Baron von Boetzelaer has succeeded in getting thirty-six coronal photographs; so one of our auxiliary stations was not established in vain. No word as yet from Pulo Saya. Mabel, Loomis Todd. THE MILITARY CHIEFS OF THE COM- MUNE. Paris, June 20, 1901. Will the history of the Commune of Paris, in 1871, ever be written? It is not a tempt- ing subject, that accumulation of horrors, thai armed revolt against the Confltituenl Assembly elected freely by the COtintrj an unfortunate war; a sort of spontaneous anarchy, to use a word of Tainc's. The move- ment of the Commune was led by obscure leaders, by the sort of men of whom our great Corneille says in "China," "Un tas d'hommes perdue de dettes el de crimes"; the same class of men of whom Tacilus said, "sere alieno et vitiis onustos." Will history remember their names, which had only a day of calamitous notoriety? Many are al- ready dead, many forgotten; if we searched carefully, we might find some of them in high offices under the Republic. The thesis of those who dare even now to defend the Commune is this: The Commune fought for the establishment of the Republic, which was threatened by the Assembly at Versailles. The answer is easy enough: This Assembly at Versailles did not estab- lish the monarchy by force; it respected the will of the country; it did not accept the "non possumus" of the Comte de Charn- bord. when he refused to adopt the tricolor flag; it framed the Constitution which is still the law of the Republic; it made, in fact, the Republic. In reality, the Commune was the explosion of the worst passions which ilways exist in a great capital, and which were no longer curbed by an estab- lished organization of force and of police. When the terms of the capitulation of Paris were signed, Bismarck proposed to Jules Favre the disarmament of the National Guard of Paris, but Favre insisted on leaving I he citizens of Paris their arms. The two regular regiments of the army which had done most of the real fighting during the siege had to deliver their arms to the Ger- mans; as for the National Guard, they kept their guns and created the Commune, thus giving the enemies of France the spectacle of a civil war. Maxime Du Camp's 'Les Convulsions de Paris' will always remain a standard docu- ment for this deplorable period. I noticed lately another very valuable document, a study of Gen. Bourelly on the Ministry of War of the Commune, and its three suc- cessive Ministers — Cluseret, Rossel, and Delescluze; for the Commune had no less than three Ministers during its short period of ascendancy in Paris. Cluseret, who died not long ago, almost an octogenarian, as a Deputy from one of the departments of the South, published Memoirs in 1888, in three volumes. In the two first he defended the insurrection of the Commune, while at the same time criticising very severely many of the members of the Council of the Commune; in the third volume, entitled 'The End of the Empire,' he justified certain acts of his military and his political career, and ended his apology by a regular lec- ture on the "guerre des rues" — a sort of epitome for future insurrections. Cluseret was born in Paris in 1823. He en- tered the military school of Saint-Cyr in 1841, and in 1843 joined the Fifty-fifth Reg- iment of the line, of which his father was colonel. After the Revolution of 1848, he was for a time put on half pay for his participation in the Socialist propaganda. He took active service again in Algeria and in the Crimea; he was wounded in an assault before Sebastopol; in July, 1848, he resigned, and became the agent of a great proprietor in the department of the Gironde. He was evidently fond of an adventurous life, for we see him in 18C0 in the little of Garibaldi, during the campaign of the Two Sicilies; he was slightly wounded at the siege of Capua. In 1861 he goes to America and offers his services to the North. He had real military capacity, and he ob- tained a general's commission. You know more in America than we do In France of his relations to the war of secession, in 18G7 he took part, under a false name, in the Fenian agitation In Ireland. He was condemned in contumacy, since he had taken refuge in France. There he became a journalist, entered Into relations with certain members of the International Bool ty, and was so compromised that he had to flee again to America. On the news of the war between France and Germany, he left America and returned to France. He at once secured a place on one of the committees formed in the twenty wards of Paris by a self-elected committee which called itself the Central Committee, and which became the soul of the Communis- tic movement. He did not remain in Paris during the siege, but became the promoter of a League of the South, organized in Marseilles. After the capitulation of Paris, he returned to the capital, and, when the Commune organized its committees, he was assigned to the Military Committee; he was soon afterwards appointed "delegate to the war." From the day of his arrival at the Ministry of War date the first systematic efforts for the organization of the fighting battalions of the National Guard. This or- ganization, which was the subject of numer- ous instructions from Cluseret, reveals his technical knowledge and his practical spirit. He was all the time beset by great difficul- ties— the total want of discipline among the National Guards and their heaven-born of- ficers, the rivalry of the Central Commit- tee of the Commune and its Executive Com- mittee, the jealousies of Eudes and Bergeret, who had by a few days preceded him in command; the cowardice of many legions. Personally, Cluseret showed the courage of a soldier — he reoccupied in person the fort of Issy, which had been abandoned by the Communists; but he was almost immediate- ly afterwards imprisoned by order of the Commune. Some said that he had tried to deliver the Archbishop of Paris, some that he had led Communists to fight with- out cartridges, some that he had received a large sum of money from M. Thiers, or from the Germans. Cluseret was denounced as a traitor. His sudden downfall was probably caused in reality by his dictatorial ways and his contempt, which he did not much conceal, for the members of the Commune. The Commune made Col. Rossel his successor. After the defeat of the Commune, Cluseret fled to England, and afterwards went to Switzerland. He came back to Paris after the amnesty of 1880, and was elected Deputy from the Department of Var, in 1888; he remained in the Chamber until his death, on the 22d of August, 1900. The "delegate to the war" appointed in place of Cluseret was an officer of the regu- lar army. Rossel was born at Saint-Brieuc in 1844. He was educated at the military school of La Fleche, entered in 1862 the Polytechnic School, and in 1864 the School of Engineers at Metz. He was appointed lieutenant of engineers in 1866 at Met/., and captain at Bourges in 1869. In 1870 he was at Metz with the staff. At the end of the siege he was among the discontented of- ficers who would not entertain the idea of

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S3 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 a capitulation, and who Judged severely the Inaction of Marshal Bazaine. Rossel after- wards published a pamphlet under the title 'The Military Situation in Metz on the 26th of September, 1870.' In November, 1S70, he was at Brussels, for he had succeeded in escaping on the 28th of October, after the capitulation. He sent to a Belgian paper, the Belgian Indipcndancc, two articles which were reprinted in pamphlet form under the title of 'The Last Days of Metz.' He offered his services to the Government of Tours, and was sent to the camp of Nevers, with the title of Colonel of Engineers. He left Nevers for Paris on the 19th of March, the day after the outbreak of the Commune, and sent to Gen. Le Flo, Minister of War, a let- ter in which he said: "Informed by a dis- patch from Versailles, made public to-day, that there are two conflicting parties in the country, I do not hesitate to take my place with the party which does not embrace gen- erals guilty of capitulation." On the 22d of March he was named chief of a legion by Cluseret; on April 2 he was arrested, from some motive which was not even mentioned, was released the next day, and made chief of staff to Cluseret. He entered on his duties with his military exactitude. The relations of Cluseret and Rossel, which were good at first, became difficult when Cluseret found that his lieutenant might be a possi- ble rival. Rossel was extremely active; he had much to do with Generals Dombrowski and Wro- blewskl (is it not curious to find these for- eigners among the men who had the effronte- ry to dispose of the fate of France?). Among the documents which well exhibit his fanati- cal character, we may cite this letter written in answer to Colonel Laperche, who had, In the name of Marshal MacMahon. sent a summons to surrender to the insurgents who were holding the fort of Issy: "My dear comrade, the next time you allow yourself to send us so insolent a summons as your autograph letter of yesterday, I will order your envoy to be shot, according to the rules of war. Your devoted comrade, Rossel." Rossel directed all the measures for the erection of a triple line of barricades in Paris, in case the troops from Versailles should enter the capital. We find, among the papers which he submitted to the Council of the Commune, the list of the troops of the Commune. The infantry numbered 96,325 National Guards in the bataillons de marche (that is to say, the battalions which were sent from place to place), and 94,100 in the sedentary battalions. From these numbers must be deducted 27,774 absentees in the bataillons de marche and 11,339 absentees in the sedentary battalions. In reality, if all these men drew their pay, there were never more than about 25,000 fighting men. The artillery counted 5,445 artillerymen and an immense number of guns. There were 3,461 freeshooters and only 779 cavalrymen. After the capture of the fort of Issy, which was evacuated by the Communists in the greatest disorder, Rossel felt that all his ef- forts were vain, and resigned. Delescluze, an old republican journalist, was appointed in his stead. Rossel hid himself for some time after Paris was taken. He was arrested on the 7th of June, and was shot on the 28th of November, 1871, at Satory, with a sergeant of the army who had served the Commune, and Ferre, the cruel instigator of the mas- sacre of the hostages and of the Archbishop of Paris. Delescluze, the successor of Rossel, was shot on a barricade when the troops from Versailles reentered Paris. Correspondence. THE UNIVERSAL CLASSICS MSS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I observe in your issue of June 13, 1901, a note of warning in regard to the "Universal Classics Manuscripts," the pros- pectus of which has recently been dis- tributed. I beg to place before your read- ers the facts concerning this undertaking, which seems to be as flagrant a case of international piracy as any that has oc- curred in recent years. The prospectus de- scribes the work as "Facsimiles from Origi- nals in the Department of Manuscripts, Brit- ish Museum, with descriptions, editorial notes, references, and translations by George F. Warner, Assistant Keeper of Manu- scripts, British Museum, and a special intro- duction by S. M. Hamilton." M. Walter Dunne is named as the publisher, A. P. C. Griffin, Library of Congress, as editorial director, and Vincent Parke as general man- ager. The publisher's announcement states that the manuscripts are reproduced in facsimile from the originals in the British Museum archives, and characterizes the publication as "perhaps the most important inaugurated in the new century." The simple fact is, however, that these 150 facsimiles were pub- lished in 1S95 to 1899, in five instalments, by the British Museum, are still on sale, and may be obtained at the Museum or from any of its agents (one of whom, the Oxford University Press, has a hovsc iu New York) for £1.17.6. Mr. Warner of the British Museum writes me that "the American edition has been published without the permission or knowl- edge of the authorities of the Museum. The plates have undoubtedly been obtained by photographing our reproductions, and not directly from the originals, and the letter- press appears to have been appropriated in an equally unscrupulous way." Mr. Griffin writes me that with this collection of man- uscript facsimiles he has had nothing to do, though he is the "editorial director" of a series of which the manuscript collection forms a part. The American edition is ab- solutely the same as the English, except that it has a new title, illuminated title- pages, and an additional introduction, and is enclosed in two portfolios. The letter- press pages seem to be a little better in mechanical execution than the English, but the facsimiles betray their secondary origin by a slight additional thickness of line. It is not often that a reprint of this kind is offered at a higher price than the origi- nal, but in the present case Mr. Dunne, in a circular letter, dated May 27, 1901, says: "The cooperation of the librarians of the country is expected in giving publicity to this magnificent work, and in consideration thereof librarians will be furnished with the entire set at the special net price of $19.75," a little more than twice what the same thing can be obtained for of the Brit- ish Museum. — Very truly yours, William C. Lane. LlBBABY OK HABYABD UNIVERSITY, July 1, 1901. BISMARCK MISTRANSLATED. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Permit me to direct attention to a misleading "lapsus calami" in the transla- tion of the letter of Prince Bismarck's of July 7, 1866, reviewed by you in No. 1878 of the Nation, page 519. You quote from 'The Love Letters': "Our people are ready to embrace one an- other, every man so deadly in earnest, calm., obedient, etc." The original, on page 573, has "Unsre Leute sind zum Kiissen," which means: "Our men deserve to be kissed"; or, better: "I feel like hugging our men." J. H. S. Berkeley, Cal., July 3, 1901. Notes. The family and friends of the late John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts from 1861 to 1866, are preparing his biography. All persons who will be so kind as to lend letters for the purpose, are assured that these will be carefully handled and return- ed. Letters should be sent to Henry Green- leaf Pearson, box 395, Kennebunkport, Me. Richard Garnett's 'Essays of an Ex-Li- brarian,' Edmund Gosse's "ironic fantasy" 'Hypolympia,' and a reprint of Lewis H. Morgan's 'League of the Iroquois' are among the contemplated fall publications of Dodd, Mead & Co. E. P. Dutton & Co. will shortly publish 'Australasia, Old and New,' by James Grat- tan Grey; and 'Imperial London,' illustrated, by Arthur H. Beavan. From Brentano's is soon to appear 'Stu- dies of French Criminals of the 19th Cen- tury,' by H. B. Irving, son of the tragedian, and author of a 'Life of Judge Jeffries.' The first part of a new 'History of Can- ada (New France),' by C. P. Lucas of the Colonial Office, is on the eve of publication by the Oxford University Press, along with 'An English Commentary on Dante's Divina Commedia,' by the Rev. H. F. Tozer, who introduces translations, paraphrases, and explanations. The spring number of the New York Re- form Club's organ, Municipal Affairs, pub- lished at No. 52 William Street, consists of a new Bibliography of the World's Literature on Municipal Problems and City Conditions, compiled by Robert C. Brooks of Cornell University. Brought down to the close of the last century, it Is nearly four times as full as the Bibliography published in 1897. That comprehensive year-book of philan- thropy, 'Burdett's Hospitals and Charities,' has appeared for 1901, and may be had in this country of the Scribners. The informa- tion here gathered is of such general value as to justify us in calling attention to the editor's request that pamphlets relating to hospitals in this country may be sent to him. Mr. Albert S. Bolles, whose writings on financial subjects are well known, now adds to the list 'American Finance' (New York: The American Banker). The book is a col- lection of facts concerning the revenue and expenditure of the Government, banking, etc. Its chief value is for reference, and on this account a fuller index would have improved It. The life of the financial world in London

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July 1 1, 1901] The Nation. 33 is described by Mr. Charles Duguid in a little book entitled 'How to Read the Money Article' (London: Effingham Wilson). Some of the facts stated and stories told are curi- ous, and the style is clear and vigorous. A second edition of Prof. Charles S. De- vas's 'Political Economy' is published by Longmans, Green & Co. This edition has been enlarged and revised, and in many parts rewritten in view of recent changes in economic conditions as well as theories. 'The New Basis of Geography,' by J. W. Redway (Macmillan), makes a good point in noting that the popular phrase which is taken as the title of the book, is not alto- gether justified; for the present progress of geography is merely a phase of the continual progress it has been making all through the past hundred vears. The style of a number of the chapters is that of essays rather than appropriate to a professional library (the "Teachers' "), and, while the es- says are suggestive in many useful direc- tions, they hardly constitute "a manual for the preparation of the teacher," but rather for his edification after preparation. Most teachers being, however, overprepared in the letter and underprepared in the spirit of their subjects, this book will prove of much value in opening up the larger aspects of geography, which could hardly find pre- sentation in a systematic text-book. It is entertaining and edifying throughout, al- though sometimes not so serious as might be wished. 'Business Law,' by Thomas Raeburn White (Silver, Burdett & Co.), a text-book for schools and colleges, is supplied with an introduction by Roland P. Falkner, asso- ciate professor of statistics in the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. Mr. White is himself a member of the Philadelphia bar and of the law faculty of the same university. His aim is to present the elementary principles of the law relating to "the more common business transactions" (contracts, sales, commercial paper, partnership, etc.), "in a style so clear and free from technicality that they can be readily understood by persons unused to legal phraseology." Such attempts are proverbially unsuccessful, and many people believe that they do positive harm by encouraging the half-educated to believe that law can be taught without the impediment of what Mr. White calls "legal verbiage." On the other band, the smat- tering of learning contained in them no doubt stimulates the mind of students who would not otherwise be led in this direc- tion, and sometimes attracts them to the serious study of the law. Mr. White has performed his task with a good deal of clev- erness. The volume will possibly be found of more use to teachers than to students. A more strictly professional essay in the same direction is 'The Law in its Relation to Physicians,' by Arthur N. Taylor of the New York bar (D. Appleton & Co.). The author has done his best to interest the physician in his legal rights and liabilities, and has made a full collection of authori- ties bearing on the subject. How far phy- sicians will profit by his work, we cannot say, but lawyers who advise physicians will find it a careful compendium. 'The Law of Combinations' (Chicago: Cal- laghan & Co.) is the title of a valuable work, in two volumes, by Arthur J. Eddy of the Chicago bar. It deals with monop- olies, Trusts, combinations both of labor and capital, conspiracy, and contracts in restraint of trade; and exhibits the scope of Federal and State anti-Trust legislation. The author has wisely refrained from the- orizing, and leaves the statutes and deci- sions to speak for themselves, declaring that the former are so "diverse" and the lat- ter so "conflicting" as to "defy reduce tion." John Byrne & Co. (Washington, D. C.) are public-spirited enough to attempt a Legal Classic Series, which they have begun with Beames's Translation of Glanville. An Introduction is furnished by Prof. Joseph Henry Beale, jr., of the Harvard Law School. Glanville is to be followed by Lit- tleton's 'Tenures,' Britton, 'The Mirror of Justice,' 'Fleta,' etc. Mr. Beale's intro- duction is interesting; he discusses the au- thorship of the book intelligently, and sums up its merits by saying that it is possible to get from Glanville "a rather complete picture of the common law at the end of the reign of Henry II.," i. e., toward the end of the twelfth century. As to the au- thorship, which was accepted as unquestion- ed from the time of the appearance of the bcok to the nineteenth century, Mr. Beale sees no reason to doubt that the work was in substance that of Henry's "Chief Jus- ticiar," "The King's Eye," the faithful, wise, grave, and eloquent Ranulph de Glanville. 'One of China's Scholars,' by Mrs. Howard Taylor (London: Morgan & Scott), is the story, founded on an autobiography, of the son of a gentleman and a man of property in North China. The author, who is con- nected with the China Inland Mission, de- scribes some typical scenes in family life — as, the birth of a boy, his first school, and his marriage — and then relates certain in- cidents in Hsi's career before his conversion to Christianity. This includes a graphic pic- ture of the sufferings of a victim of the opium habit, and an account of the terrible famine of 1878 in Shansi. It was in the fol- lowing year that an English missionary conceived the idea of offering money prizes for the best essays on certain themes taken from the Scriptures. Packets, containing this proposal and brief statements of the subjects, were distributed among the six or seven thousand students who were attend- ing the triennial examination at the capital of the province. One of these fell into Hsi's hands, and, prompted by the destitution caused by the opium habit and the famine, he, together with more than a hundred others, wrote, and three of the four prizes offered fell to him. This led to his engage- ment as the missionary's teacher, and even- tually to his conversion. An account of his work as a Christian pastor, without salary or any remuneration, is reserved for another volume, but a brief reference is made to his efforts for the cure of opium-smokers by means of opium refuges. These are "no less than forty in number, and now extend from this [Shansi] to four adjacent provinces. Pastor Hsi manufactures at his own home all the medicines used in the refuges, and personally superintends their operations." The book is especially note- worthy for the concise statement of the whole educational scheme by which a man attains the second or M.A. degree. The mountaineers of eastern Kentucky are the subject of the principal article In the Geographical Journal for June. Miss Ellen C. Semple describes the physical fea- tures of their country, their origin, homes, industries, education, habits of thought and language, and their religious customs, with vivid sketches of personal incidents during a horseback ride of more than 350 miles through this region. Owing to its well-nigh complete isolation this branch of the most progressive of all races retains the civiliza- tion, that of the eighteenth century, which it brought to its present home, and speaks the English of Shakspere. Other articles are an account of exploration in the basin of the Linyanti, a tributary of the Zambesi, a notice of Joris Carolus, a forgotten Arctic explorer, by Sir Martin Conway, and a de- scription, with diagrams and illustrations, of the Japanese earthquake of October 28, 1891. That amusing illustration of British mili- tary ingenuousness, the delivery of guns, train, and men to De Wet at Sanna's Post, March 31, 1900, is described by a competent eye-witness, Capt. Reichmann, our attache with the Boers, in the Journal of the Mili- tary Service Institution for July. Aware that the enemy was in their rear, the British assumed that a difficult crossing in their front was open to them, and, with- out precaution, drove quietly into the very arms of their foes. At a cost of two killed and eleven wounded the Boers, whose strength was 400, inflicted a loss of 100 killed and wounded, 440 prisoners, 7 out of 12 guns, all the baggage, about 150 wagons, and between one and two thousand draught- animals. This was accomplished by the simple process of sending 1,100 men be- hind the British camp of 6,000 to start the column in the right direction, so that the 400 in front might await it without con- cern. Incidentally, it appears that, later in the day, six mounted Boers were sent out "to shoot back" an approaching squad- ron of lancers, which they did, and still later ten Boers were detailed "to shoot back" two other squadrons. Capt. Reich- mann narrates without comment what he saw, but the story, mingled with some mi- nor personal experiences, is told well, be- cause plainly and without embellishment. It illustrates some of the difficulties that befall those who are slow to appreciate the conditions of active campaigning. An interesting explanation of the word Mephistophcles is proposed and defended by W. H. Roscher, in an article entitled "Ephi- altes," found in volume xx. of the philolog- ical section of the reports of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. Rejecting the many proposed mechanical derivations of the word from the Greek or the Hebrew, the writer first analyzes the character of Mephistophe- les as depicted by mediaeval literature, and finds that he is represented as an obliging and helpful spirit, ready at any moment to assist those whom he favors, after the manner of kobolds, elfs, and so forth. Hence the derivation of the name /ueyio-T-ii^e'AT)? i. e., useful in the highest degree; kindred in origin to that of ancient Ephialtes, usual- ly identified with Pan. The change from Me- gistopheles to Mephistophcles Roscher ex- plains as intentional, and finds parallels in many popular corruptions of the names of gods and demons, originating in the fear that, if their names were correctly pro- nounced, their presence would be unneces- sarily invoked, followed by punishment. The catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts of Mount Athos, recently completed in its second volume for the Syndics of the Cam- bridge University Press, has been in prep- aration since 1880 by Prof. S. P. Lambros,

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34 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 who holds the chair of history in the Uni- versity of Athens. This work makes acces- sible to modern scholarship at least the lead- ing facts concerning the more than ten thou- sand Greek manuscripts which have been accumulating in the course of centuries in the "Monks' Republic," which, together with Jerusalem and Mt. Sinai, constitute the three sacred monastic shrines and literary storehouses of the Orthodox Church. Pro- fessor Lambros visited Mt. Athos for the first time in 1880, but could not go a sec- ond time until 1895, and in this latter year the first volume of his catalogue was pub- lished. He has examined and described in all 6,582 volumes, found in the twenty-four cloisters and monk villages (<rit^Tai) on Mt. Athos. The value of the collection Is, however, not in proportion to these num- bers. More than one-half of the manuscripts were written after the art of printing had been invented. In several of these collec- tions there are only a few specimens dating earlier than the seventeenth or eighteenth century. Duplicates in great number are found — hundreds of copies of the gospels, the Psalter, church and prayer-books. Indeed, nine-tenths of the books are of a religious character. In our comment last week on the new British census, a typographical error made Scotland for the first time more "prosper- ous" than Ireland instead of "populous" — a melancholy misrepresentation. — Mr. Eliot Gregory has, in Harper's for July, an article (illustrated by reproduc- tions in color of paintings by Henry Hutt) on "Newport in Summer." It deserves at- tention as being a slashing criticism of the summer life of our nouvcaux riches. Newport, according to Mr. Gregory, has had three distinct phases of life: first, as a provincial seaport; second, as the chief sea-side water- ing-place of the quiet American society of fifty years since; third (in the last twenty years), as "a focus of folly, extravagance, and newspaper notoriety, the fad of our wealthiest plutocracy, and perhaps the most advertised watering-place on the globe." There are, however, he thinks, signs of a change in the air. The great "palace-build- ing" era has seen its day. Newporters of the next decade will lead more reasonable lives than their parents. They will not try to build each a larger house than his neigh- bor; they will not waste the summer in en- tertaining; they will live sane and inde- pendent sea-side lives. This prediction, we trust, is all true; indeed, a good many New- porters would probably say that Mr. Greg- ory's satire is a little misdirected, and that the people who really lead the most silly and noisy lives at Newport are not those who constitute the backbone of its society — not multi-millionaires, but push- ing parvenus, giddy with their first mil- lion, who have not yet learned that all real aristocrats have quiet manners and are un- ostentatious. But, leaving all this aside, many of Mr. Gregory's hits are undeniable. His satire is keener and more searching than that of the "Potiphar Papers," though not always in such good taste. In fact, much of what he says is less satire than bald fact. It is true that the old Newport villas on the cliffs were appropriate to the place and harmonized with their surroundings; it is true that a palace in a five-acre lot is a mistake; it is true that what ought to be one great charm of such a place — privacy — is sadly lacking; it is true that Newport is a place where much splendor is mixed with much "slouch." Can it be that our magnates have really barbarized rather than improv- ed Newport? We must find out for ourselves; charges such as Mr. Gregory makes are never replied to by the indicted class. "The Buddhist Discovery of America," by John Fryer, is the title of an antiquarian article undertaking to solve some of the questions raised by the prehistoric remains of Central America. The striking illustrations are from photographs by C. B. Waite. Accord- ing to Mr. Fryer, who is a professor of Oriental languages and literature in the University of California, the evidence in favor of his theory is not merely satisfac- tory, but overwhelming. —The leading paper in the July Century is on "Working One's Way through Wo- men's Colleges," by Alice Katharine Fal- lows, with pictures by Charlotte Harding. It is a sequel to an article by the same writer on working one's way through men's col- leges, in the last number. The impression is made by both articles, and is said to be confirmed by experience, that college edu- cation in this country is, like a good many other things, "overdone" for both sexes — that is, that such an abundant provision for college education is made that large numbers of the young of both sexes are in- duced to struggle for a college degree though their circumstances, as a whole, make the attempt entirely unsuitable. As this writer points out, working one's way through col- lege is, for a young woman, owing to physi- cal causes, a more serious thing than for a young man. "Add to the demands for college work (which the average student finds quite enough to occupy her attention) the anxiety which self-support involves, and the student must be robust indeed whe does not show the effect of it." In an article called "The True Story of Harman Blennerhassett," Therese Blennerhassett-Adams undertakes to give the explanation of Blennerhassett's adoption of America as his country. She calls it a secret, and, while admitting that the fact is not now published for the first time, says that it was carefully kept from his immediate descendants. The secret was that he married his niece, and in conse- quence could no longer live on the other side. Hence his emigration to America and his withdrawal to the West. The matter is curious, rather than important, as it can hardly be said to explain his relations with Burr. Louis Dyer has a couple of pages on the "Millenary of King Alfred at Winches- ter," accompanied by a reproduction of the colossal statue by Hamo Thornycroft, which is to be unveiled on that occasion. Mr. Cleveland publishes the conclusion of his "Venezuelan Boundary Controversy," but we do not see that he adds much to what was already known. It seems that the Mon- roe Doctrine required that there should be arbitration in order that we might know whether the Monroe Doctrine had been vio- lated; and those who "most loudly repre- hended and bewailed our vigorous assertion of the Monroe Doctrine" were "the timid ones who feared personal financial loss," or speculators. Fortunately, "the great mass of our countrymen — the plain people of the land" — rallied with "sublime patriotism" to the support of the doctrine of the immortal Monroe, and saved the country. This is a strange perversion of history; the fact is. that it was the plain people who had a panic; the patriots who rallied were M.C.s who knew that their salaries were safe whether it was peace or war. — The Atlantic has an article on "Six- teenth-Century Trusts," by Ambrose P. Winston, which is worth reading, and in which reasons are given for thinking Trusts and the fear of them no new thing. If writers on this subject, we may say in passing, would conscientiously adhere to facts, they would probably write less, but more to the purpose. Two or three points deserve to be borne in mind. So far as known, Trusts as they existed a few years ago have come to an end. All noted aggregations of capital now existing in this country are corpora- tions; to discuss them as Trusts is mislead- ing. An economical writer who does not at- tend to this should be docked thirty numbers and thirty days' pay. Another point is, that nothing is a legal "monopoly" unless the vender has the market to himself and others are prohibited from selling. Every one has a monopoly in the sale of his own labor; the French Government has a monopoly in the sale of tobacco; the United States Steel Corporation has no monopoly in the sale of steel. Still another point is, that the efforts of former generations to prevent fore- stalling, regrating, monopolies, etc., were products of periods in which all markets were more or less local and controlled by Government, with the result of widespread distress among the poor. We live in an age in which markets and prices are generally coextensive with the limits of the commer. cial world and uncontrolled by Government, and prosperity is widespread, while this prosperity has closely attended the develop- ment of the modern industrial corporation. In other words, as the octopus extends his ravages, his miserable victim becomes bet- ter and better off. In "Two Generations of Quakers" we have many curious extracts from the diary of Ann Whitall of Red Bank, New Jersey, by Logan Pearsall Smith, and some "Recollections cf a Quaker Boy," by the late Rowland E. Robinson. Ann Whitall was a Friend of a highly Calvinist turn and of a somewhat original character. Her "Meddatations" would seem to bear even more editing than they here receive. — In Scribner's, signs may be seen of an editorial avulsion, if such a word be allow- able, from fiction. Its July number is full ol serious articles, of which the best is Mr. W. C. Brownell's criticism of Matthew Arnold. Mr. Brownell is facile chief American critic of our period, and our only objection to his method is that he has a tendency to put more into an article than it. will hold. He overestimates the acute - ness and capacity of his reader, on whose attention he puts sometimes too great a sliaiu. This article on Matthew Arnold contains the material for a dozen essays, and should be studied as well as read. What he says about criticism, what he says about Matthew Arnold's poet- ry, his style, his religion, and his lame, all seems to us both original and excellent; the way in which he makes his points is al- ways his own. Of Arnold's method in criti- cism, he says: "It is eminently the antithe- sis of impressionist criticism," the species "most in vogue at the present time." "Cer- tain definite ideas held with elastic firm- ness, but not developed into any set of Procrustean principles, formed his credo,

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July ii, 1901] The Kation. 35 and his criticism consisted in the appli- cation of these as a test and measure of quality and worth." He sees that Arnold (had the "critical imagination," though, as he very justly points out, criticism, as it does not primarily appeal to the imagina- tion, will never be as popular as will those branches of literature which act as stimu- lants to it. That Arnold is at the opposite pole from Taine is a fact which has not, perhaps, occurred to many admirers of the latter's pseudo-scientific formulas. The contrast between them is very neatly an- alyzed here. There are two points which Mr. Brownell omits to dwell upon— perhaps because enough has been said about them already— one, that Arnold's iteration of his text is rather clerical than literary; the other, that his English, though as clear as that of Swift, has a French edge, which makes it different from that of almost every other Anglo-Saxon writer. —In the midst of still multiplying and uni- formly genial notices of his 'Autobiography of a Journalist,' news comes of the passing away of William James Stillman on July 6, at Frimley Green, Surrey, England. To his immediate friends, aware of his four months' illness and not ignorant of his seeming convalescence, this news hardly gives sur- prise. The event follows his release from the harness of journalism — in the service of the London Times, whose pensioner he be- came on attaining the age of seventy — by three years, and when he had just entered upon his seventy-fourth year. We have ourselves, in reviewing his Autobiography — a work of exceptional interest and variety — indicated the principal phases of his check- ered Odyssean career too recently to have need to rehearse them again. He was a typi- cal American, doomed to live mostly abroad, and early distracted by two drawings — to- wards the practice of art and towards litera- ry criticism of it — in which the latter pre- ponderated only in turn to become sub- ordinate to the pursuit of newspaper corre- spondence as a means of livelihood. In each field he achieved distinction, reaping also not a few animosities — among Turks, Greeks, and Italians especially, during the period of his consulates and of his connection with the Times in the Mediterranean. The discussion of art naturally furnished other opportuni- ties for friction and collision of sentiment; and here his changed relations to Ruskin are most memorable. He had a gift, if not for controversy, for taking a hand in public debate, and this often quite regardless of the personal advantage of refraining. But such indifference was characteristic of his utter lack of mercenary considerations. His native temper was wholly sweet, and his manner charming long past the bloom of youth, when he was companionable to Emerson, Lowell, and Agassiz. As an author he was fairly prolific; all his books are agreeable reading, and some are first-hand historical documents. He made his mark, if a modest one, in archaeology; he did some- thing to advance the art of photography. In the evolution of the Eastern Question, he played a part analogous to that of his coun- tryman Eugene Schuyler. He was one of the oldest living contributors to this journal, and his departure cannot be contemplated without sadness. —The recent death of Herman Grimm suggests the question as to who is likely to take his place in German letters. His per- sonality was so marked, and the range of his interests so wide, that it is hard to think of any one man upon whom his mantle might legitimately descend. Nor can he, in a strict sense, be said to have made a school, although the influence of his thought and his manner is to be seen in nearly all the younger literary historians, especially of North Germany. No one was more close- ly allied with him of la.te, and no one has more fully entered into his peculiar way of looking at things, than Prof. Reinhold Steig of Berlin. Professor Steig luis just published a book, entitled 'Heinrich von Kleist's Berliner Kampfe' (Berlin and Stutt- gart: W. Spemann), which reveals the spirit of his master on nearly every page. Per- haps the most characteristic trait of Grimm's literary art is his power of transporting us into the surroundings in the midst of which a given author or artist did his work, of in- troducing us into the circles in which he moved, of making us live over his life once more. This is eminently true of Pro- fessor Steig's book. It brings before us not only the last two years — 1810 and 1811 — of Heinrich von Kleist's activity, but it gives us an epitome of the whole of Berlin so- ciety during that memorable time. The struggle between Romanticism and Rational- ism, between the friends of the Harden- berg reform legislation and the adherents of the old Prussian caste rule, between the Jewish salons and money power and the anti-Semitic and ultra-German aristocracy, between the narrow, bourgeois character of Iffland's theatrical management and the new claims of a truly national drama; the underground agitation against the Napoleon- ic tyranny; the educational revival; the re- ligious rebirth — all this is made to live be- fore our eyes with the actuality of the moment, and to centre in an analysis of the Berliner Abcndblatter, a daily evening paper which Heinrich von Kleist edited in those years in common with his friends, Adam Mtiller and Achim von Arnim. It is curious to note that Herman Grimm, even in an external sense, was the godfather of this admirable and most instructive book; for he lent to Professor Steig the only com- plete copy of the Abcndblatter still In exist- ence, the copy of the brothers Grimm, who had been subscribers to the sheet as it came out, a volume marked in 1861 by the hand of the older of the brothers as "liber nunc rarissimus." —Another book which, though in a differ- ent sense, may be said to have been inspired by Herman Grimm's activity, particularly by his incessant efforts to bring into clear re- lief every phase and aspect of Goethe's life- work, is Dr. Hans Graf's 'Goethe iiber seine Dichtungen ' (Frankfort; Literarische An- stalt). This is an attempt to bring together as far as possible everything that Goethe ever said or wrote about his own poetical works. The whole work will be complete in five volumes, two dealing with the epic pro- duction (including, of course, the novels), two with the dramatic, and one with the lyric. At present there lies before us the first volume of the first part, giving Goethe's utterances on his epic productions alphabeti- cally arranged, from the 'Achillei's' to the 'Wahlverwandtschaften.' Under each head the arrangement is, of course, chronological, so that we are enabled to have a bird's-eye view of the development of Goethe's esti- mates of his own creations. The usefulness of such an undertaking as this is obvious at first sight; and we only need to add that Dr. Graf has done his part of editing and an- notating with great skill, accuracy, and dis- cretion. The book is indispensable to Goethe scholars. ANOTHER LIFE OF MEADE. General Meade. By Isaac R. Pennypacker. D. Appleton & Co. 1901. This is a eulogy of Gen. Meade from the pen of a fervent admirer. The account of Meade's career in the civil war, to which nearly all the book is devoted, gives evi- dence of extensive reading of the official records, but not of an impartial study of the subject. Still, the reader will have no difficulty in accepting Meade, in the light of the facts s«H out, as a high-minded gen- tleman, a pure patriot, an accomplished, careful, and skilled officer, and an unsel- fish, patient, resolute, and courageous lead- er. His place in history is assured among the great generals, although not among the greatest. The skill manifested by him on the defensive at Gettysburg was as emi- nent as that of Lee at Antietam, although the disparity in numbers was in favor of the Union army in both battles, while be- tween the Rapidan and Bull Run in the autumn of 1863 he fairly outmanoeuvred Lee. Whether he was Lee's equal in resource, tenacity, watchfulness, and intrepidity, such as the latter displayed in 1864 and 1865, cannot be asserted with the same confidence, for he was never placed in similar con- ditions. In the trying role of commanding an army in the presence and under the immediate orders of the Lieutenant-Gen- eral, he merited and received the unquali- fied praise of the latter. The book under review is in scope the same as Bache's Life of Meade, but it is much more minute in its account of bat- tles and campaigns, and deals with the ac- tion of divisions, brigades, regiments and even companies. Bache's narrative is clear- er and better from being written on broad- er lines. In the review of the latter work in the Nation of June 9, 1898, it was said that its criticisms of other commanders suggest a "disposition to punish Meade's enemies more than to make a sound criti- cism of a campaign." Mr. Pennypacker goes further in the same direction, and, in his zeal to enlarge Meade's fame, does not hesi- tate to disparage friends as well as enemies. Even President Lincoln does not escape. In common with most panegyrists, the au- thor often fails to view his subject in true perspective, and he ignores the errors of Gen. Meade, few as they were, which re- quire the palliation of a friendly pen. Meade's first battle in the civil war was Gaines's Mill, where he commanded, with credit, a brigade in a force of 34,000 which, after valiant resistance, and the infliction on its opponents of the terrible loss of 8,750 killed and wounded, gave way under the at- tack of 57,000 Confederates. McClellan might have put 60,000 men in the fight, but failed to seize this chance of victory— from want of resolution, and not, as Mr. Penny- packer supposes, because he had previously determined to change his base to the James. This is shown by his chief of staff's dis- patch to Stanton during the battle, which as- serted that he would retreat to the Jam.es only if compelled to. Three days later, du>-

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36 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 ing the retreat, McCall's division, in which was Meade's brigade, was ordered by Mc- Clellan with others to take position at Glendale (Charles City Cross Roads) to cover the passage of the trains. In the ab- sence of oversight by McClellan, it was post- ed, out of line, in advance of the other divi- sions on its right and left, and, therefore, received the first shock of the Confederate attack alone. It made a brave fight, which the author erroneously supposes alone pre- vented McClellan's line of retreat from be- ing cut. Sedgwick's, Hooker's, and Kearney's and portions of Slocum's and Caldwell's divi- sions participated, and, with heavy loss, re- covered ground lost by McCall's division. Our author is also inaccurate in the statement that McCall's division recov- ered Randol's battery which it had lost. It was taken from the field by the Confed- erates. At South Mountain September 14, 1862, Meade played a conspicuous part. Mr. Pen- nypacker says that the capture by his com- mand of the position on the enemy's left flank compelled the retreat of the Confed- erates from the field; but, both by the au- thority he cites and by Longstreet's report, it appears that the retreat was compelled by the seizure of positions on both flanks. The novel suggestion is made that if McClellan had not supposed, from Lee's "lost order" of September 9, that he and Longstreet would remain at Boonesboro' instead of push- ing on to Hagerstown as they did, he might have pressed forward fast enough to cut through Lee's army. As the order actually stated that the army might go to Hagers- town, this belief was not warranted. In the fierce battles of Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancel- lorsville, in command of a brigade, divi- sion, or corps, Meade proved his quality so thoroughly that, when Hooker resigned, it was natural that the Administration, in the desire to break the succession of irresolute, feeble, or eccentric commanders such as had up to that time been inflicted on the Army of the Potomac, should select this tried and ac- complished soldier for the command. It is more than probable that the influence of some of the other corps commanders was exerted to (his end in the emergency which then confronted them. It is improbable that if the Administration had previously plan- ned to remove Hooker, or determined to place Meade in command, it would have waited, in that critical time, for an opportu- nity to provoke Hooker's resignation. Nor is it probable that the retention of Maryland Heights, which is supposed to have led Hooker to resign, was regarded as very im- portant in view of the ready acquiescence in Meade's immediate withdrawal of French's command from that position. Butterfield testified before the Committee on the Con- duct of the War that it was Hooker's plan to throw French's command with Slocum's corps across the Potomac in rear of Lee's army. It is likely that it was this alarming plan which led the Administration to decline to allow Hooker to move French's command, and it is not impossible that the objections of some of the corps commanders to such hazardous strategy influenced the action of the Administration. The official records are remarkably deficient in correspondence on this subject. In placing Meade in command, the Admin- istration charged him with the duty of fend- ing off Lee from Washington and the large cities to the north, compelling him to retire across the Potomac; and, incidentally, of giving battle at any good opportunity. After pushing northward to cover Washington and Baltimore, he advanced towards the Confed- erate line of communication with the South. This latter movement induced Lee to give up the attempt to cross the Susquehanna and turn about to give battle. Whether he thought a battle necessary to his army's safety, or whether he offered it because he was overconfident of victory, may be a ques- tion. It seems certain that he could have concentrated north of the South Mountain and retreated across the Potomac without serious molestation. Having determined to fight, he undoubtedly chose Gettysburg as the point of concentration because of the great highways which converged there from the points then occupied by his army. When Meade divined, from the enemy's movements, their disposition to concentrate, he ordered an advance of his army, in which the First and Eleventh Corps, under Reynolds, were sent to Gettysburg. In the order for this movement he stated that he desired to as- sume position for offensive or defensive, as occasion should require. Reynolds deprived him of the choice by throwing his corps into action in aid of Buford's cavalry, which, without this, might have safely retired. The time was inopportune for joining in battle, because most of the army was not within supporting distance, and the position in front of Gettysburg was a bad one, because it opened the rear of the Union line to the enemy marching in on the Carlisle and Hun- terstown reads. It is not to be supposed that Reynolds was ignorant of these facts, and it is unfortunate for the fame of that brilliant soldier if there is no posthu- mous evidence to excuse him. Mr. Penny- packer exaggerates his fault by implying that, after he received the order to go to Gettysburg, -he was told that it was given before there was positive knowledge of the enemy's concentration, and was instructed to fall back if he found the enemy in supe- rior force; but Bache says that the circular which contained this information and in- struction did not reach Reynolds. When the Union troops were driven back through Gettysburg on July 1, Howard or- dered a part of his corps into position on Cemetery Hill to cover the retreat, and Han- cock, arriving soon afterwards, confirmed this and, conformably, ordered the remainder of the First and Eleventh Corps and the Twelfth Corps, then arriving, into the posi- tion which was held from that time until the close of the battle. Meade testified be- fore the Committee on the Conduct of the War that the account of this position which Hancock brought to him before he reached the field, determined him to fight the bat- tle there. Mr. Pennypacker implies that it was Meade, and not Hancock, who was en- titled to the credit of selecting this posi- tion. In like manner, the author attributes to Meade the initiative in sending troops to defend Little Round Top, against War- ren's testimony before the same Commit- tee that, having been sent by Meade to that hill, he, seeing the enemy's advancing lines from the summit, sent word to Meade that it was necessary to occupy it strongly. Again, the author attributes to Meade the stopping of the fire of the Union batteries in order to reserve the ammunition for repelling Pickett's charge, in contravention of the report and testimony of Gen. Hunt, Chief of Artillery, that he gave this order of his own motion. The position taken by Sickles on July 2 Is condemned by Mr. Pennypacker, because it exposed both flanks, presented an angle to the enemy which could be enfiladed, and covered more ground than the corps could defend; but the enemy did not take much, if any, advantage of any of these things, and it is well contended in Sickles's behalf that the corps fought as long, and did as much execution where it stood, as it would have if it had been in line with the corps or- the right. The serious disadvantage which resulted from the advanced position of Sickles's corps, as stated by Gen. Meade in his testimony before the Committee on the Conduct of the War, was that in that position it could not be supported promptly. The author offers no excuse for the aban- donment on July 2 of the intrenchments on Culp's Hill, which might have brought a catastrophe on the army. The recovery of these intrenchments required a hard bat- tle. Gen. Meade bore the undivided respon- sibility for the Army of the Potomac until March 26, 1864. No military authority of" weight now contends that after Gettysburg an attack on Lee before he reached Virginia offered much chance of success. Meade's well-laid plan for striking him through Ma- nassas Gap, while retreating up the Shen- andoah, was defeated by the torpidity of French in command of the Third Corps; but during the next seven months Meade, while he established confidence in his ability to guard his army against defeat, and made some brilliant and successful attacks on por- tions of Lee's army, never joined battle with the whole of that army, nor manifest- ed the resolution to accomplish its destruc- tion by forcing the fighting whenever it could be caught outside of earthworks. One need not be a partisan of the Administra- tion to think that this experience warranted it in doubting that Meade could be relied upon to force the relentless fighting which was necessary to destroy Lee's army. In placing Meade's force at Gettysburg at 83,289, on the authority of 'Numbers and Losses in the Civil War,' the author does not observe that, according to that book, about 5,000 is to be added for three brigades of the Sixth Corps, which, although present, were not engaged. It appears, by a cor- rection in a later edition of the same work, that Meade had 93,000 effectives, against Lee's 75,000. The assertion that the strength of the op- posing armies was nearly equal at any time during the nine months following Gettys- burg is not tenable. The Union army always was the strongest by 15,000 to 36,000 men. After Lee reached the Rapidan, Meade did not move against him until October, when, discovering the movement of Lee's army northward, he manoeuvred to place the Army of the Potomac in position to attack Lee in the attempt to cross the Rappahannock. It resulted that the two armies assumed sub- stantially the same positions held by Lee's and Pope's armies just before the second Bull Run; and then, in 1863 as in 1862, Lee, crossing the Rappahannock, turned the right flank of the Union army, and caused its retreat, and a favorable opportunity for battle was lost in each campaign through the fault of one of the corps commanders. In 1862 it was Sigel who, under orders to sweep the country from Gainesville to

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July n, 1901] The Nation 37 Manassas Junction, started too late to in- tercept Jackson, as he retreated back around the flank of the Union army. In 1863 it was Bykes who, by marching away from Bris- tow Station, in too literal obedience to orders, while the Second Corps was engaged there, threw away a favorable chance for a battle on favorable terms, for the Second Corps numbered 8,000 (not 3,000, as the au- thor intimates), and the Fifth Corps 12,000, while only Anderson's and Hieth'si divi- sions of about 11,000 were engaged on the Confederate side (and not 30,000 men, as the author says). But Meade did not wish to join battle south of Bull Run, while Pope planned to fight any of the enemy encounter- ed in the march to the rear. Mr. Pennypack- er praises Meade's generalship in contrast with Pope's in these manoeuvres, alleging that while Meade successfully evaded the force which had marched around his flank, Pope was involved in the disaster of Sec- ond Bull Run by Jackson's flank march. This is an error. Pope, after beating up Ewell's division in his rear, and driving it back, faced his army about and moved upon Jackson, who thereupon, as stated above, retraced his steps around the north- ern flank of the Union army with all celerity. The defeat in the battle which followed was not due, and had no relation, to Jackson's flank march, but resulted from Pope's facing again to the original front after Jackson had passed back towards Lee, and advancing in battle against Lee and Jackson reunited. Meade's brilliant dislodgement of Lee from his position on the Rappahannock November 7 was followed by inaction until the move- ment to Mine Run November 26, where the intended surprise was frustrated by the er- ror of a corps commander, and Meade was diverted from an attack on the enemy's in- trenched lines by Warren's plan for a flank attack, which later he decided to be im- practicable. Mr. Pennypacker blames President Lin- coln for requiring Meade constantly to in- terpose his army between the enemy and Washington, and for refusing on this ac- count to agree to his plan for taking a step nearer to Richmond by changing his base to Fredericksburg, and he implies that, by dissenting from plans "to fight the enemy Blowly back into his entrenchments at Rich- mond, and then to capture him," he for- bade Meade to do what was done under Grant in the Wilderness campaign. This Is a misconception. The march into the Wilderness, May 4, 1864, was not for the purpose of fighting the enemy back to Rich- mond, but of interposing between them and Richmond, in order to force them to battle in which they might be destroy- ed before they could take shelter be- hind the works at Richmond. Lee moved down to attack the Union army in the Wilderness, and Meade, turning on him, promptly attacked him before Long- street's corps had arrived within support- ing distance. Probably, on May 5, a de- cisive defeat of the enemy was prevented by the inexcusable delay of four or five hours In the attack by the Fifth Corps, and the exposure of its flank to the counter-attack by the enemy; and on May 6, by the failure of Gibbon to attack with the rest of the Sec- ond Corps, as intended by Hancock, and the tardy participation of Burnside's com- mand. The failure of the Confederates' counter-attack to dislodge the Union army on May 6 left them no disposition for an- other, and from that day to the end of the war Lee never ventured his whole armv out of its works for attack, as he so often had done before, nor did the Army of the Potomac ever again retreat. From that day the initiative was constantly with Grant. Gettysburg is dramatically entitled the turn- ing-point of the war, but the title fits the Wilderness more closely. Mr. Pennypacker repeats the statement that, in ordering the Army of the Potomac across the James in June, Grant left Meade in ignorance of the purpose to have any part of that army take part in the attack on Petersburg. The review of Bache's Life of Meade above cited states facts which controvert this view, and also shows that the halt of Hancock's corps at the river, which prevented its arrival in time to attack June 15, was due to Meade's erro- neous report that the corps was without rations. Mr. Pennypacker omits to notice this, and erroneously states that Hancock reported that he had started for Petersburg without rations. His review of the siege of Petersburg gives no explanation of the failure to dispatch reinforcements to Han- cock at Ream's Station, August 25. in time to avert the disaster of that day. The field of Boydton Plank Road was abandoned after the battle of October 27, 1864, according to Meade's report, because of the superior position of the enemy. His latest biographer, however, alleges that it was abandoned because the troops were short of ammunition, and that the failure of the movement at this time was due to ignorance of the country which would not have existed if Sheridan's cavalry command had not been away. In view of the presence of Gregg's cavalry, this statement seems to be somewhat strained. The author's hos- tile view of Grant and Sheridan appar- ently leads him to question whether, if the cavalry corps had been present on this field, the collapse of the Confederate army might not have been brought about as well then as in the following April; to characterize Sheridan's battle on March 31 as a humiliat- ing defeat which caused everything on the Union side to be deferred to extricate him; and to assert that the battle of Five Forks did not essentially contribute to the cap- ture of Petersburg. These statements hard- ly deserve serious refutation, but the facts are as follows: Sheridan's movement beyond the left flank of the enemy on March 29 had the effect, desired by Grant, of drawing them out of their works, and 7,000 cav- alry and 6,600 infantry advanced against Sheridan's 9,000 cavalry, which resisted ob- stinately all day, retiring from Five Forks to Dinwiddle Court-House, a distance of about four miles. At the close of the day Sheridan sent word to Grant that he would hold on as long as he could. He asked for no aid, and needed none, to extricate him. The Fifth Corps was sent to seize the opportunity to break up the force which was in Sheridan's front, but not to relieve him. On the next day came the victory of Five Forks, in consequence of which, on the same night, Lee sent four brigades from his intrenched lines to the South Side Railroad to stop the Union ap- proach from Five Forks. These brigades, with those at Five Forks, numbered about 12,000, and their departure left only 20,000 troops to hold fifteen miles of trenches from Clairborne Road to the Appomattox. The depletion of the force in the trenches was the main object of Sheridan's movement on the enemy's flank, and it contributed great- ly, if, indeed, it was not essential, to ths success of the assault of the next day on those works. The climax of our author's attacks on Grant and Sheridan is the accusation that, after opening negotiations with Lee for the surrender of his army, Grant, leaving orders for Meade to attack the retreating enemy when overtaken, deliberately put himself out of reach of Meade and of dispatches from Lee, by riding around to Sheridan in front of the Confederate army in order to give him the credit of receiving the sur- render; and that, by doing this, Grant invit- ed the risk of a needless battle after Lee was ready to surrender. With this is contrasted the magnanimous decision of Meade to sus- pend hostilities until Lee's next letter should reach Grant. Several established facts are inconsistent with the immeasurable indifference to human life here attributed to Grant. A single one of them, if known to Mr. Pennypacker, might have shown him his error, which is that Ord, and not Sheridan, was the senior officer in the force which Grant joined in front of the enemy. THE BARONESS DE BODE. The Baroness de Bode. 1775-1803. By Wil- liam S. Childe-Pemberton. With portraits. Longmans, Green & Co. 1900. The family name De Bode was well known in England during the years 1820-1850 from its association with a cause celebre. At the Peace of 1814 it was agreed that France should pay a sum of seven millions sterling in lieu of damages sustained by British sub- jects resident in that country whose prop- erty had been confiscated during the Revo- lutionary and Napoleonic wars. The money was to be divided among the sufferers. Un- der this article of the treaty Baron Clement de Bode claimed the large sum of £541,162. The grounds of his application involved several important legal points and several which are historically interesting. His par- entage was unusual, and his career had been equally extraordinary. He was the son of a German father and an English mother, a fact sufficiently commonplace in itself. But his father, though German, had been an officer in the French service prior to 1786, and when the Revolution broke out was seigneur of a singular Alsatian fief called Sulz or Soultz. The feudal superior of Soultz was a German prince and archbishop, the Elector of Cologne, but homage for the holding was rendered not only to him but to the King of France. A further complication is introduced into De Bode's suit against the British Treasury by the fact that the plaintiff did not come, at the time, from England, France, or Ger- many, but from Russia. He had lived in Russia ever since his boyhood, he was (or had been) colonel of a Russian cavalry regi- ment, and the Czar Alexander gave him funds for the prosecution of his case. The matter came before the full Court of Queen's Bench, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords. The Earl of Derby and three Lord Chancellors, Brougham, Lynd- hurst, and Truro, supported Baron de Bode; yet he never got the money, nor did his heir, who kept the process alive till 1861. Sir Theodore Martin says, in his 'Life of Lord

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38 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 Lyndhurst': "The money out of which the Baron might have been paid part of his claim at least had been spent, and the all-pow- erful voice of a recalcitrant Treasury drown- ed every other consideration." Brougham wrote: "In all my experience at the bar, in Parliament, or in the country, such gross and impudent injustice I never witnessed." The present volume Is devoted to a very vigorous woman, Mary Kynnersley, the mother of Baron Clement de Bode, and, one must think, the natural source of his per- tinacity. Her life traversed nearly the whole revolutionary period, for she died at Moscow shortly before Napoleon entered it. She had some remarkable experiences, and her whole active career illustrates striking aspects of court society as it was when the old regime closed. Her early years were unmarked by any strange events. She was the fourth daughter of a Staffordshire squire, and had no early advantages which seemed likely to bring her into contact with the crowned heads of Europe. Her fate was determined by a trip to Dunkirk with Lady Ferrers (a sister-in-law of the Earl who was hanged at Tyburn for murdering his steward). There she met Charles Auguste de Bode, whose grandfather had been a Privy Councillor to the Emperor Charles VI., and who was him- self a poor but honest Baron of the Holy Roman Empire. He held a commission in a French regiment, the Royal Deux-Ponts, and eventually became a colonel. He was also well connected with families in Austrian Flanders. Indeed, his relatives would not welcome the bride until research at the Heralds' College in London had proved that the Kynnersley family "was one of the most ancient in England, and nobly allied during eight hundred years." After this discovery they could not be cordial enough. The determining facts in the Baroness de Bode's life were the comparative poverty of her husband and the large size of her family. Year after year she had a son or a daughter until the total amounted to eleven, and almost all of them survived their infant ailments. Her chief care was to educate these children and to place them in the world, a task to which she brought a very enterprising talent. Shortly after her mar- riage she went with her husband to Saar- briick, and, from holding the post of lady-in- waiting to the Princess, she formed a wide acquaintance with notable persons. She be- gan making provision for her poor children at their birth by getting suitable godparents, and thus securing a certain interest for them in the future. Clement, the eldest boy, was, through the good offices of Maria Theresa, to be a Chevalier de Maltej William, the second, should enter the church and be made a chanoine; the Queen of Prussia was god- mother to Frederica, etc. At length, by dint of skilful management, presumably on his wife's part, the Baron de Bode secured Soultz, a valuable fief in Alsace which had belonged to the Cardinal de Rohan. This good luck happened in 1788, and for a twelvemonth the mother felt secure. Then came the Revolution! We must keep our notice of Mme. de Bode within bounds, and so we shall say little about an important part of the book — the letters which describe feudalism at Soultz. The Baron had his vassals, his ingenious banalites, and his settlement of Jews who paid tribute for their right of residence. " 'Tis impossible to tell you all the rights we have. We hardly know them ourselves yet." In short, the Baron was ruler as by right divine, and with the full authority which Sancho possessed over his subjects, when the Bastille was stormed and the pea- sants began to grow restless. A great deal of most animated and valuable detail is given concerning the advance of the Revo- lution from 1789 till 1794, when blank ruin overtook the Baron de Bode and his family. The facts are all the more authentic because the Baroness has no general grasp of poli- tics and is not writing with a view to liter- ary effect. Her letters to her sisters are long and crowded with circumstances. They relate her hopes and despair, her hair- breadth escapes, and those of her husband, the varying chances which she has of rein- statement, and her reliance upon the Allies. Finally, in 1794, she lost everything which could not be removed, and most of her personal property besides. She found herself with a good, but not very strenuous, husband and eight children to provide for. Here the extraordinary and adventurous part of her life begins. She had courage and a certain kind of faith. "The Israelites be- came richer after all their hardships than they were before." "God restored to Job more than he ever had, and it pleased Him to render him richer in his latter days than he was at first." With maternal anxiety and religious confidence she looked about for the rope of safety which should rescue her and hers from the flood. Exiled in western Ger- many, she learned from a newspaper that Catharine II. had offered the Prince de Conde and his officers a tract in southern Russia. He had not accepted the invita- tion, but why, if such favors were being extended to emigres, should not the Baron de Bode be included? He had lost one fief in Alsace, but why should he not receive an- other in the Crimea? On fire with this idea, the Badness left her husband and the seven youngest chil- dren at Altenberg. Taking Clement, the future claimant, she set out "in a little nice, blue phaeton, and two little white horses, drove by our faithful Jacob," and made a round of German courts to furnish herself with letters of introduction to the Empress. The Landgravine of Hesse-Hom- burg, the Landgraf of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Duchess of Zweibriicken, the court of Ba- den, and the Countess of Leyen, all gave her aid. "Some have helped me with money, othera with letters of recommendation; all with good wishes for my success, and ad- miration for my courage and resolution to put such a project into execution." She drove across Germany from Carlsruhe to Berlin, got money, keepsakes, and letters from the Queen of Prussia, and then away to Stockholm. At Stralsund she sold her horses and took boat for Usted, where Count Runth, Governor of Pomerania, was her friend. From Usted she posted several hundred miles to the Swedish capital. The end of the matter is, that she cap- tured the fief in southern Russia for which she asked. No sooner had she arrived in St. Petersburg than Sir Charles Whitworth, the English Ambassador, put his horses and carriage at her disposal. The Empress found her with ready money, "and gave orders for us to be lodged and boarded at her expense, so long as we stay here." Count Zuboff, the favorite, got her the sum needed to bring her husband and children (545 guineas), and sent her off into the Gov- | ernment of Ekaterlnoslav, there to select a fief which should please her. By November 24, 1795, the whole transaction was com- pleted, and she was put in possession of an excellent estate. "The cattle that are upon it are very fine; the rivers, lakes, and pools that belong to us charming, and remarkably stocked with fish. The meadows give near- ly 7,000 wagon-loads of hay at 2,000 pounds weight each; the ground uncommonly good." Mme. de Bode had some reverses at the death of Catharine, when Paul developed strong anti-English feelings; but after his assassination she came back to favor. Un- der Alexander her children prospered, and those who remained in Russia have inter- married with the greatest families. The Baroness was not a beauty. She accomplish- ed her purposes by enterprise and grace. Her history shows how the nobles and princes of the old regime held together and helped each other, wherever possible, amid the misfortunes which resulted from the Revolution. This book is a collection of letters, now belonging to Lord Norton, who is descend- ed from one of the Kynnersley sisters. Mr. Childe-Pemberton supplies the connecting links with a clear and suitable narrative of his own. The papers have been used with much tact, and the editor does not state his case too strongly when he says, in the first sentence of the preface: "If any apol- ogy be needed for adding one more to the list of memoirs bearing on the French Revolution, I trust it may be fairly claimed that this record breaks fresh ground." Talk on Civics. By Henry Holt. The Mac- millan Co. 1901. The aim of this book is certainly com- mendable, and the author is well qualified for the work that he has undertaken. He is thoroughly informed, he is a clear thinker, and he writes in a plain and forcible style. It is an ambitious design — to declare the whole duty of the citizen — but it is carried out with as much success as could reasona- bly be anticipated; perhaps with more suc- cess than any similar attempt has attained. Whatever shortcomings may be observed are to be attributed more to the vast scope of the undertaking, and to the controversial nature of many of the subjects treated, than to any deficiency in the author's equipment. He has a well-defined body of political prin- ciples, derived from his own reflection on the doctrines of the soundest of teachers, and he applies them consistently and con- scientiously. He deserves to be honored as a patriot; for no better service can be ren- dered to the country than to teach its citi- zens how its institutions have been develop- ed. No country, Mr. Holt observes, has been cursed so much as ours by political quackery — especially the quackery which proposes im- mediate cures by legislation for the abiding ills resulting from human weakness and ig- norance. All our beneficent institutions have been evolved through the long and painful struggles which have produced character and morality, yet there is scarcely one, from a stable currency down to the very right of accumulating property, that has lately es- caped a strong attempt to overthrow it, and to substitute some invention bearing a new name, but really a form of some pro- tean error as old as history. Against these perennial fallacies Mr. Holt girds himself like a man, and exposes them right valiant- ly.

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July ii, 1901] The Nation. 39 Whether Mr. Holt has presented his argu- ments in a manner that will be popular is open to question. He has written his book in the form of a catechism, and some cate- chisms—notably 'Coin's School'— have been widely read. But they are not intrinsically aJluring, and, in spite of Mr. Holt's familiar and spirited style, we fear that he will ap- peal chiefly to the just men that need no repentance. For, to apply the principles of evolution, only those who are trained to think and reason can think and reason on politics. It is inevitable that a catechism on so great a subject as this should be dog- matic. Mr. Holt gives his reasons as fully as he can, but they are necessarily con- densed, and his conclusions often imply much more than is contained in his premises. Those who do not accept them will point out many cases where arguments on which they rely have been disregarded. Mr. Holt professes to use the Socratic method only In a modified form; but his method differs materially from that of Plato. That accomplished cross-examiner was in the habit of leading his pupils on until they confuted themselves and thus dis- covered their errors. Mr. Holt's pupil is omniscient; the teacher has only to broach a subject in order to let on a gush of knowl- edge. This artifice is not artistic, because it lacks verisimilitude; learners are not supposed to be able to overwhelm their teachers with the wealth of their informa- tion. But Mr. Holt defends his method with so much modesty as to make us quite will- ing to concede that it has certain advan- tages. In fact, we have found his book much more readable than its form led us to expect. Possibly there would have been a gain in omitting the summary of the law of real and personal property, contracts, etc., and giving more space to the defence of doc- trines which are widely controverted. Never- theless, Mr. Holt is not to be regarded as attempting to make every man his own law- yer, and his presentation of the law is lucid and interesting. We can heartily recom- mend his book to young and old as contain- ing a social philosophy of the best kind; animated with the spirit of benevolence as well as justice, free from cant and from fallacy, and practical because based on ex- perience. Even those who do not accept all Its conclusions will be benefited by ob- serving how they are reached. To put such a book in the hands of an intelligent boy will do much to make him a good citizen. We may add that, in spite of its polemics, the tone of the book is highly optimistic. Domestic Service. By Lucy Maynard Sal- mon. Second edition. New York: The Macmillan Co. We return to Miss Salmon's excellent book on 'Domestic Service' for the sake of the supplementary chapter on the phase the difficulties of this question assume in the various countries of Europe. It is a great mistake to suppose that the conditions of the servant problem are more perplexing in America than elsewhere, while it is equally fallacious to believe that any country in Europe, not to say the world, is exempt from its difficulties. The difference is only in degree, and varies with the usages and manner of living in every land. Chapter xvii., Domestic Service in Europe, contains the concentrated information col- lected by our authoress from competent au- thorities and personal inquiry in England, France, Germany, and Italy during the last ten years. The social and political condi- tions which affect the question are traced on one hand to long-accepted traditions and customs; on the other, to the development of the democratic idea since the French Rev- olution, to industrial movements and social changes affecting the relations of classes to each other in every country of Europe. These influences manifest themselves dif- ferently according to political tendencies and to the characteristics of each people. The fundamental differences in domestic architecture are in themselves potential in altering the conditions of service — the Eng- lish house complete in itself; the French system of large houses let out in flats hav- ing one staircase uniting the different floors, and all the servants of each flat sleeping beneath the eaves; the German apartment- house in close proximity to garden cafes, af- fording, with the pastry cook, immense facil- ities for meals; the Italian palace in which everything is sacrificed to the grandeur of the reception-rooms, and the servants have to sleep in corners and mezzanines low and stuffy. Then the habits of each country tell immensely on the service required. In Italy, for instance, where no breakfast is required, and hospitality to visitors never takes the form of meals, life is generally simple and domestic service comparatively easy, while all over Europe neither bak- ing nor washing is habitually included in the work of the house as they are in Amer- ica. But, to counterbalance these require- ments, we must note the uniform heating of houses and the employment of mechanical appliances to facilitate labor in America. There is still in every country a survival of the old relationship of master and ser- vant; these instances are to be found gen- erally far away in the country, in ancestral domains where new ideas have not as yet penetrated. It is clear, after examining all the different sides of the question in Europe, that in essentials the same diffi- culties exist as in America. Up to the pres- ent moment the different methods adopted to secure efficient service in Europe are quite inadequate. The German method of Government supervision by means of service- books seems to have signally failed, for the law forbids on employer to say anything in his written report in the service-book which would prevent the employee from finding employment, and even a suspicion of honesty must be concealed unless the employer can lodge a legal complaint and show positive proof of dishonesty. An advantage our authoress sees in do- mestic service in Europe is the employ- ment of men. In Italy, France, and Ger- many a great number of natives adopt household service as a means of subsistence among their own people. It would seem by Booth's report on this subject that in England there are now fewer men willing to serve, the influx of Swiss and Italian waiters having thrown discredit on the pro- fession. The want of adaptability of the Englishman, and his inability to lay his hand to any work required outside what he has been engaged for, make him fit only for establishments of extremely wealthy people who keep a great number, one for each specialty, while the Swiss or Italian or German is ready for any work which may occur, has more obliging manners, and can generally speak several languages; besides which, foreign men servants do not demand such high wages as Englishmen. Although the rate of wages is lower in England than in America, Miss Salmon errs in supposing any ordinary English housemaid would serve for $3 a month, and that an excellent cook could be obtained for $8. Excellent cooks are nearly obsolete; the survivals know their value, and one of moderate pretensions would demand from £30 to £40 sterling per year. Housemaids, even those in their teens without experi- ence, require from £14 to £20 yearly in England, supplemented by Christmas pres- ents and tips from visitors. The cook re- ceives fees from the tradesmen and pur- veyors, but these have been greatly reduced of late years by the custom of provisioning from cooperative stores. On the Conti- nent, wages are far lower than in Eng- land, but the cook, as a matter of course, adds her percentage to every item of daily expenditure, which the daily marketing gives her ample opportunity of doing, while the man-servant takes his on candles, lamp oil, coal and wood, and fruit, sweets, and cakes for dessert. In Europe the social disadvantages of do- mestic service are much the same as in America, so that the status of servant has become rather a refuge for the inept. Men and women of moderate intelligence prefer even harder work in factories, in shops, in telegraph offices, to the total loss of liberty involved in accepting domestic service. The conditions of such service in Europe are far harder than in America. The chasm be- tween the English servant and his master, constantly emphasized by the extreme ser- vility of the former, is always disagreeably noticeable to Americans. In France and Italy the relations between the employer and employed are more democratic and hu- man. In Italy, servants are treated with little consideration as to their personal comfort, while they are supposed to dedi- cate all their time to their work. Even in Germany, where much is done to mitigate the difficulties of the position, and so many benefactions have been organized for the benefit of domestic employees, the lot of a servant is a hard one. Miss Salmon's con- cluding paragraph deserves attention: "In one important respect the condition of domestic service in Europe is immeasura- bly behind that in America. Even more than here, domestic service and domestic servants are the targets at which are aimed the satire and the ridicule of literature and the press, and this is not counterbalanced by earnest study of the subject, as is the case with us. The question is everywhere discussed in America, not because the difficulties here are greater than they are elsewhere, but because it is coming to be recognized as a part of the great labor problem of the day. If the future holds for us a solution of the problem, it is because we believe it is worthy of historical study and of scientific inves- tigation; and in giving it this recognition, we have put it on a higher plane than the one it as yet occupies in Europe." Remembrances of Emerson. By John Albee, author of 'Prose Idyls,' etc., etc. New York: Robert G. Cooke. 1901. If the word "appreciation" had not of late been over-used in a new meaning, it might plead for employment in a proper description of Mr. Albee's little book. There are those who have a pleasant recollection of the author in that period of youth which

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4=0 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1880 be describes 30 bappily, when his mates and younger friends regarded him as a quite typical Emersonian, reading "little Emersonian essays" instead of sermons in the New England Unitarian churches after his graduation from the Harvard Di- vinity School, and thereby shortening the period of his candidacy without effecting a settlement. It was, perhaps, because of a too exclusive devotion to Emerson that he was unable to attend the regular lectures of the Divinity School, so that one of the professors, being asked to sign his diploma, expressed his willingness to further Mr. Albee's ends and aspirations, but added that he lacked the basis of any personal acquaintance with him whatsoever. None of the philosophers and moralists who have arisen within the last fifty years have swerved Mr. Albee from his early admiration. His book is all the more val- uable because it has been written in full view of the long line of those who have en- deavored to give to life and the world a more satisfactory interpretation than was embodied in Emerson's lofty idealism. Nor can it be regarded as a fault that Mr. Al- bee's style and thought reflect those of his master. The first sentences are evidence of this: "It is natural to wish for personal communication with great men. We are drawn to them as to a finer climate." We have here the explanation of his good suc- cess when meeting Emerson, compared with Mr. Howells's misfortune, frankly reported in the latter's 'Reminiscences.' Emerson opened like a flower to the ingenuous youth coming to him for guidance, and shut up like an oyster to the merely curious. Mr. Al- bee's account of his "Day with Emerson" and what natuially followed is very pleas- ing, with its side-glance at Thoreau parch- ing corn for Emerson's children and watch- ing its explosive energy with something similar of his own. He carried away a great deal from his first interview, and was so wise as to write down much of it and keep it until now. But his second cbapter, "Emerson's Influence on the Young Men of his Time," is more important, and has quite as much of what Emerson called "the subjective twinkle." There are some good anecdotes — a few that we have heard before, but so good that they are welcome guests. Higginson or Howells has told us of the man who missed hearing Emerson's Phi Beta address, and said "it was better to miss Emerson than to hear any one else." Mr. Albee tells of the religious enthusiast who said that if some one had not written the New Testament, he should. This is as good as anything in Emerson's 'Historic Notes of Life and Letters in New England.' But Mr. Albee uses the story to illustrate the attitude of young men towards Emer- son, like Emerson's towards Montaigne, of whom he said that when he first read him " There is not a single weakly drawn or impossible character in the book, and none that is not interesting." — London Athenaeum. " Mr. Gissing is a head and shoulders above the majority of his novelistic contemporaries."— London Telegram. OUR FRIEND THE CHARLATAN. 12i«o, $1.50. HKNRV HOLT * CO. he felt as If he had written the book. How Emerson's quotations were requoted and bred the habit of quotation is a point well made. "Emerson as an Essayist," Mr. Albee's third chapter, is confined for the most part to the two volumes of Essays published in 1841 and 1844. It is a careful and discrimin- ating study, and by no means unmixed praise. It is lamented that Emerson was always fragmentary and never built his polished stones into a noble house. Mr. Albee seems to depreciate too much when he says that the perfection of Emerson's style did not go beyond the sentence. Certainly there are passages, and not a few, that are as perfect as his most perfect sentences. It would appear that Mr. Albee has some- times written with Emerson's indifference to the agreement of his utterances within the limits of a single essay. In one place he says that he can "still faintly detect" in the Essays "the air of the lecture-room." In another place he blames those who make this criticism, and says that it certainly does not correspond to "any resemblances [in the Essays] to writing which we know was prepared for public delivery." Mr. Emerson's son Edward, who contributes sev- eral notes, states that his father was ex- tremely fond of old-fashioned eloquence and of imitating its spoken form. But we know that his three great speeches were Lin- coln's at Gettysburg, John Brown's when sentenced, and one of Kossuth's; and only the last could have had the fine last-century ring. Mr. E.W. Emerson has also a mistaken date, 1856, for his father's "entering the lists with the black giant knight Web- ster." Webster died in 1852. In 1854 Emer- son reviewed bis course in an elaborate anti-slavery address, but it was in 1851 that he attacked the living man at Cambridge (where he was hissed down) and elsewhere, saying, "Every drop of blood in his veins has eyes that look down." Varieties and Synonymes of Surnames and Christian Names in Ireland. By Robert E. Matheson, Registrar General. Dublin: Thorn & Co. 94 pp. This is a Government pamphlet "for the guidance of Registration officers and the pub- lic in searching the indexes of births, deaths, and marriages." It has a value and impor- tance beyond its modest appearance, and will be of interest to all attached to genea- logical pursuits, especially in relation to Ire- land. The orthographic changes in prefixes and affixes are discussed and illustrated, and the more important ones arising from the translation of Irish into English names, and vice versa. There are then mutations in letters, abbreviations, spelling according to pronunciation, local and family variations in spelling and form, added to changes ow- ing to illiteracy. The most interesting pas- sages are those in which are treated the simple translations into English meaning of Irish names. How little aware axe thou- sands of Irishmen in the case of the names Bird, Black, Fox, Green, Hunt, Little, Long, Waters, and White, that they are in truth the descendants of Gaelic Heanys, Duffs, Shanahans, Huneens, Fehoneys, Beggs, Fadhas, Toorishes. Confusion becomes worse confounded when we find children born in wedlock called by the mother's surname, and members of the same family spelling their names differently. Registrars report extraordinary tergiversations. "In the same family the father was known as Cue, the son signs himself Hue, and two deceased children used to sign themselves MacCue." Few would recognize "Armstrongs" as be- ing originally "Laverys," yet the change ia simple enough. "Lavery" is a corruption of lav, a hand. The Lavery family is a large one in some districts. Some are distin- guished as "JYm-Laverys" — " Strong -Lav - erys." The transition to Armstrong is easy. Two-thirds of the booklet is devoted to a list of 2,091 of the principal surnames in use in Ireland, and over 6,000 of their prin- cipal synonyms. Under "Smith" we not only find "Smeeth," "Smyth," and"Smythe," but various forms of "Gawa," the Irish for a smith — "Goan," "Going," "Gow," "Gow- an," "Magough," "McCona," "McGivney," "McGowan," "O'Gowan." Truly the path of the explorer in Irish genealogies can be no easy one. A perusal of these pages led us to refer to one of the letter files in most approved use in stores and offices in this country for some suggestion as to the comparative place the pure Irish "O's" have attained in the commercial life of America. We found that out of 150 alphabetical open- ings but one is allotted to "O," while there are three to German "Sch's." But how many who are not now "O's" or "Macs" are likely to be so in blood! BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams, F. D. The Kidnapped Millionaires. Bos- ton: Lothrop Pub. Co. Brooks, Asa P. Aldea. F. Tennyson Neely Oo. Cheney, Warren. The Flight of Helen, and Other Poems. San Francisco: Elder & Shepard. Delunnoy, Burford. "£19,000." B. F. Fenno & Co. $1.25. Field, Eugene. A Little Book of "Tribune" Verse. Denver: Tandy, Wheeler & Co. $1.50. Gunton, George, and Bobbins, Hayes. Outlines of Political Science. D. Appleton & Co. Hallam, J. C. The Story of a European Tour. Sioux City: Perkins Bros. Co. Joyce, John A. Edgar Allan Poe. F. Tennyson Neely Co. Lane, Elinor M. Mills of God. D Appleton & Co. $1.50. Mighels, P. V. The Chrystal Sceptre. E. F. Fenno & Co. $1.50. Pickard, Florie W. The Ides of March. F Ten- nyson Neely Co. $1.25. Royal Academy Pictures, 1901. Cassell & Co. $3.00. Shiel. M. P. The Lord of the Sea. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.50. When a Witch is Young. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.50. Wilcox. Ella Wheeler. Every-Day Thoughts. W. B. Conkey Co. Zelcoe, Louis B. Abandoned. F. Tennyson Nee- ly Co. Financial. We buy and sell bills of exchange and LETTERS make Cable transfers of money on Eu- Op rope, Australia, and South Africa; also CDPniT make collections and issue Commercial v,kclmi. and Travellers' Credits available In all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. HiB;h=Grade Securities. Send for our List of In- „ " Z come-bearlng Securities. Mailed on request. E. H. GAY & CO., 181 Devonshire St., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., New York. LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private. School, College, and Club Libraries with all current Books promptly and cheaply. It is our specialty. We deal in nothing but books. Our Monthly Bul- letin of all the publishers' new, noteworthy, and popular books mailed on application. THE BAKER <& TAYLOR. CO.. 33-37 E. 17th St., New York.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 88 1 . THURSDAY, JULY 18, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. APPLETONS' RECENT BOOKS MAXWELL GRAY'S NEW NOVEL. Four-Leaved Clover An E very-day Romance. By MAXWELL GRAY, author of " The Silence of Dean Maitland." No. 301, Appletons' Town'and Country Library. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents. This new novel by the author of " The Silence of Dean Maitland " shows a lightness of touch and continuity of interest which will make It one of her most popular books. She has written a story of English country life which shows a clearness in characterization and a vivacity and variety which will be thoroughly appreciated. Mills of God A Romance. By ELINOR MACARTNEY LANE. .Illustrated. l2mo, Cloth, $1.50. "The author makes herdSbut in literature with this book. Seasoned professional ' readers ' have been unanimous in perceiving in it a power- ful and admirable talent."— Boston Times. " Ii is a good novel in comparison with even the best in current Ameri- can fiction. Elinor Macartney Lane, its author, is a young Southerner who in this, her maiden effort, easily takes her place among the Churchills and the Johnstons and the Runkles."— New York Herald. TKe Great Wm Trek With the British Army in the Veldt. By JAMES BARNES, author of "Midshipman Farragut," " The Hero of Erie," etc. l2mo. Cloth, $1.50 net; postage 12c. additional. "A thoroughly human story, well told, and full of information." — Pittsburgh Christian Advocate. •'Mr. Barnes's side incidents and personal experiences among the rugged African country make his book interesting aside from the time- worn battle scenes which, of themselves, are graphically portrayed and well worth perusal by those who are interested in the military affairs of that country."— Chicago Journal. The three hundredth issue of APPLETONS' FAMOUS TOWN AND COUNTRY LIBRARY is signalized and adorned with a new and artistic cover design. This comely binding, which is the style in which the TOWN AND COUNTRY LIBRARY will hereafter ap- pear, suggests the broad appeal of the series — its popularity in the busy mart and in the shady mead far from the madding crowd. TKe Seal of Silence A Novel by ARTHUR R. CONDER. No. 300, Appletons' Town and Country Library. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents. " It is seldom one lays down a book with a feeling of such genuine friendliness toward writer and story. ... It runs so easily, in such a natural, unforced style that the delight increases with every page."— ChUago Journal. Two Recent Novels in the Town and Country Library Each J2mo. doth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents. From tKe Unsounded Sea. A Romance. By NELLIE K. BLISSETT, author of " The Wisdom of the Simple," etc. " It is a romance, in which the mystery of the sea, suggested at the opening, is carried through a series of weird scenes, and finds an explana- tion in part in a thrilling climax."— New York Times Saturday Review. The Mystery of TKe Clasped Hands A Romance. By GUY BOOTHBY, author of " Dr. Nikola,' Indian Queen," etc. " Mr. Boothby is a master of suspended interest, and the development of his exciting story to its climax forms a most thrilling illustration of the possibilities of romance in modern life."— Cleveland World. "My D. APPLET0N ® COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK

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11 The Nation. [Vol. n, No. 1 88 1 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the Nev> York City Post office as second-class mail matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 41 Editorial Articles: The Steel Strike 44 An American Aldershot 44 Bryanlsm in Ohio 45 English Parties and the War 46 Special Correspondence : Independence Dny to Porto Rico 40 Carlo Cattaneo 48 Correspondence : Preferences in Bankruptcy 50 Christian Missions in China 50 Indian Summer 50 Notes 50 Book Reviews: The Fourteenth Amendment 53 Knight's Modern Seamanship 54 The Encyclopaedia Biblica 55 The Story of My Life 56 The Diplomatic History of the Southern Con- federacy 57 Problemes Politiques du Temps Present 58 Andromache 58 Greek Thinkers 59 Moths and Butterflies 59 Egypt and the Hinterland 59 Glambattista Vico 60 Books of the Week 60 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Oct. 1,1901. 00th year. B Massachusetts, Boston. OS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Michigan. Detroit, 73 Stlmson Place. 7iE TROIT HOME and DA Y SCHOOL, I / 24th year. Prepares for all colleges open to wo- men. 20 received in the school family. The Misses Liggett, Principals. Helicon Hall, on-the-Palisades. The Englewood School for Boys. John W. Craiq. Englewood. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Germantown, 59 High St. JVY HOUSE. L Preparatory to Bryn Mawr and other colleges. Address Miss Mary E. Stevens. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 26. 1 350 Pine St.. Phila., Pa. 71 fISS RE YNOLDS' School, 66 W. 45th 1Y1 St., New York.— Special ftudents admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received Into the family Cornell's Largest Fitting School. ITHACA, N. Y., HiaH SCHOOL. Gets its students from England, Russia, Italy, Ire- land, Brazil, Cuba. Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico, thirty-one (31) States, and from twenty-four (24) counties in N. Y. State. Has won 61 State and 12 University scholarships In 7 years. Sends 40 to 60 students annually to Cornell. Tuition, $75 for 40 weeks. Free text-books. Gymnasium. 7-acre ath- letic Held. Both sexes. Registration 670. Fall term begins Sept. 9. For catalog, address F.D. BOTNTON. M.A.. Principal. 'The Gilman School Fn* f^-lc Also called T Or VXlrlS qhe Cambridge School Pleasant home life, trained teachers, small classes, varied courses, complete laboratories, healthful sur roundings, ample playgrounds, highest ideals. The Manual describes the school. Introduction required. Arthur Gilman, A. M., Director, Cambridge, Mass Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residentia' College for the Women Students of McGlll University. For conditions of entrance, scho- larships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN!, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Massachusetts, Concord. MIDDLESEX SCHOOL. A new boarding school for boys. Opens October 3d, 1901. Seven classes. Boys received into the four lower classes only. TRUSTEES : Charles J. Paine, President, Henry L. Higglnson, Robert Winsor, LeBaron R. Briggs, W. Cameron Forbes. _„„„ Address FREDERICK WINSOR, Head Master, Concord, Mass. GEORGE SCHOOL. Under care of Friends. Thorough Equipment. Ample Grounds. 337 Acres. Address JOS. S. WALTON, Prin., George School, Bucks Co., Pa. THE HIGHLAND MILITARY ACADEMY, Worcester, Mass. 46th session begins Sept. 11th. I raining for University, Scientific School, Business Life. The Rt. Rev. William Lawrence, D. D, Visitor. Joseph Alden Shaw, A. M , Head Master Educational. SCHOOL OF DRAWING PAINTING AND Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. INSTRUCTORS. E. C. Tarbell, ) Drawing P. W. Benson, V and Philip Hale, \ Painting B. L. Pratt, Modeling. Mrs. Wat. Stone, Decorative Design. E. W. Emerson, Anatomy. A. K. Cross, Perspective. 26tlTYear. SCHOLARSHIPS. Paige Foreign Scholar- ship for Men and Wo- men; Helen Hamblen Scholarship; Ten Free Scholarships; Six Cash Prizes. For circulars and terms address Emily Danforth Norcross, Manager. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College MissFlorence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given In both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine fireproof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A HOME for a few young girls wishing to study In or near Cambridge will reopen Sept. 24, 1901. Application may be made In writing to Miss Sarah W. Fosdick, 133 Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass. Particulars furnished at once upon application. The Misses Shipley's School for Girls PREPARATORY TO BRYN MAWR COLLEGE Bryn Mnwr. Pa. Ten miles from Philadelphia. Number limited. Individual attention. Athletic and outdoor life. THE WABAN SCHOOL | wabau. WABAN HALL lor Boys. WINDSOR HALL lor Girls." J. H. Pillsbury and Anna M. Goodnow, Principals. School Agencies. 'THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 150 Fifth Ave.. New York; 414 Cent. Bid.. Minneapolis; 53S Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Rldg., Oskaloosa; 203 Mich. Blvd., Chicago; 525 Stims'n Bk., Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, y± 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. (TCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. v.J Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huyssoon & Rockwell, Mgrs., 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. aV r» Af?*»nfV ,s valuable In proportion to ltslnflu- **■■ hbcmi,J ence. If it merely hears of vacancies and tells you fl-i-af Is something, but If it is asked to about them fc '«»»■ recommend a teacher and recom- mendsyou thatlsmore. Ours *»_____„ _._-j_ C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse.N.Y. ReCOITimendS Teachers, etc. ^TUTORING IN MATHEMATICS, 1 Astronomy, and Physics. Address F. H'. S afford, Ph.D (Harv.), Box 543. Andover. Mass. Travel. LEVLAND LINE OOINO ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." Every Wednesday, Boston to Liverpool, First Cabin, $40-$45 upwards after August 1, depending on steamer. S. S. "Winif redian " 10,500 tons (new), July 24; S.S. " Lancastrian," August 7; S. S "Devonian" (new), 11,000 tons, August 14; S. S. "Cestrian," August 21. " Iberian," to London July 25. P. 0. HOUGHTON & CO., Qen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston.

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July 18, 1901] The Nation. 111 The Origin of Republican Form of Government in the United States. By OSCAR S. STRAUS, Late Minister to Turkey. New, Revised Edition. Introductory Essay by the late Emile de Laveleye. Valuable for all who are interested in the foundations of our government. "It is full of interest."— Lecky. " Of great value historically."— John Hay. $1.25. (i. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York. Read the new Anting -Anting Stories A Sample Story Free Ask Your Bookseller for one. LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private. School. College, and Club Libraries with all current Books Sromptly and cheaply. It is our specialty. We eal in nothing but books, (lur Monthly Bul- letin of all the publishers' new, noteworthy, and popular books mailed on application. THE BAKER. ar?lanb, QUESTIONS SET AT THE EXAMINATIONS HELD JVNE 17-22. 1901. NOW READY. This volume, which is issued in our Department of Special Publication, will contain, by arrange - ment with the College Entrance Examination Board for the Middle States and Maryland, the examina- tion questions in all subjects set by the Board at the examinations held June 17-2'J, 1981. This is the first successful attempt at cooperation between colleges and secondary schools in con- ducting examinations for admission to college. These examinations have been accepted as satisfactory substitutes for their own separate admission examinations by nearly every college and scientific school in the United States. These facts render these questions of unusual educational significance to teachers in colleges as well as to those in secondary schools. The volume will contain also a brief description of the organization and plan of the Board, together with a list of the Examiners who framed the question papers in eacli subject, and of the readers who rated the answer books in each subject, for l'JOl. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Columbus London •n\~ takes pleasure in informing the public that IllJU JVDn JLaHC his publishing offices, hitherto at 251 Fifth Avenue, are now situated at 67 jftftb Hvenue, New York. He desires to draw attention to the fact that he has taken over the publication of those books hitherto issued by Messrs. Truslove, Hansen & Comba. /. Belles Lettres. 2. Books for Theosophical Publishing Society. 3. Books in All La.ngua.ges — French, Spanish, Italian, &c, &c. SPECIALTIES. 4. looks 5. 6. for Architects, Decorators, House Furnishers and Those Inter- ested in the Arts and Crafts. Books of the Yale Press. THE INTERNATIONAL ST IDIC. JOHN LAN E,67 FIFTH AVENUE,NEW YORK TWO HVNDRED MILLION STEEL ENGRAVINGS of the most famous railroad train in the world are on sale in every city, town, village, and hamlet in the United States. The picture is the New York Central's Empire State Express, and was made from a photograph by A. P. Yates of Syracuse, taken when the train was running 64 miles an hour. The photograph is a marvel of pho- tography and the engraving is a marvel of the engraver's art. It is predicted that one of these engravings will find a place in every household in America, as well as in thousands of those in Europe. For a photogravure etching of this train, 20x«4 inches, printed on plate paper, suita- ble for framing, send fifty cents in currency, stamps, express or postal money order to George H. Daniels, General Passenger Agent, New York Central & Hudson River Kailroad, Grand Central Station, New York. Financial. Speculation The securities in which we deal are the acme of stability, paying aregular and handsome income. We recom- mend nothing else to our customers. We mail a list to anyone asking for it. Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray's Works and Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper. Large type, easy to read. Size iU by 6H inches and only % Inch thick. Bound in cloth, $1.00 each. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. THOS. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 18th St., New York. HAVE yOV MET Monsieur Beaucaire? A Great Book. $1.25. E.H. Gay & Co. BOSTON 131 DEVONSHIRE ST. PHILADELPHIA ■+2 1 CHESTNUT ST. NEW YORK I NASSAU ST. MONTREAL CANADA LIFE BLDG U We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfers of money on Eu- rope, Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. LETTERS OP CREDIT. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. R EMINGTON Standard Typewriter 32 7 BROADWAY, MEW YORK ANY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- jTl plied to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly Hlled. Liberal discounts. I. Baylies, 418 Putnam Ave. (Brooklyn), New \ork City. Send for Our Illustrated Catalogue. L. C. PAGE & CO., Publishers. Boston, Mass.

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IV Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 88 1 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY'S New Standard Books The Cambridge Natural History Edited by S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S., and A. E. Shipley, M.A. VOLUME VIII. NOW READY. 8vo, cloth, fully illustrated, net $3-50. Scheme of classification in this volume: Part I. — Class Amphibia Stegocepbali, Sissamphibia. Part II. — Class Rep- tilia, Proreptilia, Prosauria, Theromorpha, Cbelonia, Dino- saur ia, Crocodiliat Plesiosaura, Icbthyosauria, Pterosauria, Pytbontmorpba, Sauria. The Limits of Evolution And Other Essays Illustrating the Metaphysical Theory of Personal Idealism. By G. H. Howison, LL.D., Mills Professor of Phi- losophy in the University of California. 1 2mo, cloth, 31.60 net. Contains: The Limits of Evolution; Modern Science and Pantheism: Later German Philosophy; The Art-Principle as Represented in Poetry; The Right Relation of Reason to Religion; Human Immortality; Its Posi- tive Argument; The Harmony of Determinism and Freedom. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts By Mabel Osgood Wright, author of "Birdcraft," "Citizen Bird," "The Friendship of Nature," etc., etc. With illustrations from photographs by the author and J. Horace McFarland. umo, cloth, $2.50 net. A book about the wild flowers written from a new point of view— their relation to the landscape. The illustrations are novel and interest- ing. There are over fifty full page halftone plates, and over one hun- dred drawings in the text. American Diplomatic Questions By John B. Henderson, Jr. 8vo, cloth, $3.50 net. c. (June 26), 9+529 p. Life in Poetry: Law in Taste Two series of Lectures delivered in Oxford 189 5- 1900. By William John Courthope, C.B., A.M., Oxon. 8vo, cloth, $4.00. The Adversaries of the Sceptic Or the Specious Present A New Inquiry into Human Knowledge. By Alfred Hod- der, Ph.D. i2mo, cloth, 31.50 net. War Impressions Being a Record in Colour by Mortimer Menpes. Tran- scribed by Dorothy Menpes. 8vo, cloth, $6. This volume contains nearly one hundred illustrations in color, in- cluding sketches of Lord Roberts, Sir Alfred Milner, Cecil Rhodes, Rud- yard Kipling, Conan Doyle, the Duke of Marlborough, and others. There are also several facsimile letters. Experimental Psychology By Edward Bradford Titchener. A Manual of Labora- tory Praftice. Volume I.— Qualitative Experiments. Part 1, Student's Manual; Part 2, Instructor's Manual. 8vo, cloth, $ 1. 60 net. The general purpose of this book is sufficiently indicated by its title. The author has selected a number of classical experiments of Experi- mental Psychology, and has presented them in such a way that their per- formance should have a real disciplinary value for the undergraduate student. He has sought to show, in the first place, that psychology is above the laboratory, that instruments of precision are employed not for their own sake, but solely because they help us to a refined and more accurate introspection. Chemical Lecture Experiments By Francis Gayno Benedict, Instructor in Chemistry in Wesleyan University. umo, cloth, $z.oo net. The material here presented has been in a measure prepared with reference to its use by students desiring collateral reading in connection with experimental lectures. An elaboration of the Laboratory Manual, the book may also be used by students for the preparation of many com- pounds not considered in elementary text-books. Lectures on the History of Physiology During the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. By Sir M. Foster, K.C.B., M.P., M.D., D.C.L., Sec. R.S., Professor of Physiology in the University of Cam- bridge, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo (Cambridge, Natural Science Manuals: Biological Series), cloth, net $2.25. A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities flythology, Religion, Literature, and Art From the German of Dr. Oskar Seyffert. Revised and edited, with Additions, by Henry Nettleship, M.A., and J. E. Sandys, Litt. D. With more than 450 illus- trations. New (Sixth) and Cheaper Edition. 8vo, cloth, net $2.25. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Avenue, New York

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JULY 18, 1901. The Week. A step toward tariff settlement with Russia has been taken by the Russian Government, which has offered to rescind its action raising the duties on Amer- ican iron and steel goods and machinery if we will rescind the differential on Russian sugar. Secretary Gage has re- plied that, since the sugar differential is now in the hands of the courts, this condition cannot be met by the executive branch of the Government. It would cer- tainly be very awkward, but perhaps not impossible in a legal sense, for the Unit- ed States as plaintiff in a lawsuit to withdraw its action. Nobody could rec- ommend such a step, however much he might have been opposed to the differen- tial in the first instance. Nor, taking a broad view of the matter, does it seem desirable that the case should be ar- rested at the present stage. We need to know what the law and the facts are in order that we may take intelligent mea- sures for the future. We have suffered far more injury in this episode than we have inflicted. We did not intend to in- flict an injury, but we went forward in the old-fashioned way, assuming appar- ently that we could do anything we lik- ed in respect of foreign trade, without getting "a lick back." We have made a mistake this time, and it may turn out to be good for us. One bright dream the steel strike has put an end to, and that is the vision which certain promoters have seen of the Trust as the cure-all for labor troubles. We all know what their reasoning was. You were to group industries into com- binations so vast that labor unions could not think of measuring swords with them. And, of course, you were to have jour huge corporations managed by men so wise and just that they never would give workingmen cause of complaint, and so the strike would become as obsolete as a Roman toga. The union of bigness and benevolence in the Trust was to bring about a kind of earthly paradise for both capital and labor. Well, we see now that it does not work that way. A tremendous combination of capital fairly invites, we may almost say (hu- man nature being what it is) forces, a tremendous combination of labor. That is exactly what the Amalgamated Asso- ciation officials at Pittsburgh are saying. "The manufacturers are refusing us the right which they themselves exercised in forming their combination," asserts Treasurer Williams. This may not be the strict truth. We think it is not, so far as we can make out the conflicting state- ments about what is really meant by "unionizing" a mill. But we have to take laboring men as they are, prone to excitement and exaggeration, not always reasonable or scrupulous; and, being such, they show that the great Trust, far from being the extinguisher of strikes, may prove provocative of them on an enormous scale. The decision of the striking machin- ists at Cincinnati to return to work probably marks the collapse of the strike, which began in the latter part of May, for President O'Connell of the Ma- chinists' Union admits that Cincinnati was regarded as the centre of the con- test. Reports of the abandonment of the strike by many of the smaller branches, at Newport News, Baltimore, and elsewhere, have been accumulating for some time. The aim of it was to secure a nine-hour day. "We believe that a shortening of the working hours or an increase of wages," said the Metal Trades Association, a body of employers, "can only be brought about by the hearty cooperation of employer and em- ployee in advancing and not retarding production, and in introducing and not fighting improved methods" — a sound doctrine, to which the machinists' lead- ers, however, paid no heed. The Inter- national Union of Machinists made an agreement, about a year ago, with the National Metal Trades Association of manufacturers, which was intended to cover all relationships between the em- ployers and the machinists. This agree- ment provided for arbitration of dis- putes, in order to avoid the mutual losses involved in strikes and lockouts. The strike for a nine-hour day was made in defiance of this agreement, and accord- ingly the Metal Trades Association not only strengthened itself to resist the de- mands of the strikers, but met in con- vention in this city and issued a state- ment declaring that the Machinists' Union had shown itself "an irresponsi- ble body," incapable of making a bind- ing contract, and declining in the future to deal with the union in any manner whatsoever. The folly of the leaders of the machinists has resulted in a useless strike of nearly two months' duration, in the depletion of the treasury of the union, in suffering for the members, and in distrust and disapproval of the leaders on the part of the public. No incident in the recent history of strikes furnishes a more solemn warning to self- respecting workingmen. It is still too early to say exactly how great is the damage done to this sea- son's corn crop by the hot wave which is still scorching the agricultural West. The monthly estimate of condition, pub- lished last week by the Government, is of little value; it is based on returns of July 1, before the worst of the drought had come. On the basis of those figures a crop of average size was indicated. If it is true, as the trade now estimates, that upwards of two hundred million bushels have been ruined since July 1, the total yield would be the smallest since the crop failure of 1894. Unless the adverse conditions continue, however, the low figures of that unlucky year will hardly be reached. The corn crop of 1894 fell to 1,212,000,000 bushels, as against two billion bushels only three years before. But the destruction in the Missouri valley corn-belt has certainly not yet been as severe as that of 1894; and, furthermore, the planted area of corn this season has run at least ten million acres beyond that of seven years ago. There remains, also, the very cheering fact, to which both Government and trade returns bear witness, that the wheat crop, most of which is assured al- ready, will in all probability far exceed any recorded in our history. The salient fact of the foreign trade returns for the fiscal year, which the Government published on Sunday, is, of course, the movement of export trade, which shows an increase of $93,000,000 over 1900, and of $260,000,000 over 1899. It was more than double the total of any of the six years 1884-1889, and three times as great as the exports recorded in any fiscal year before 1883. It is ex- ceeded in the returns of outside countries only by Great Britain, and if the figures of foreign merchandise reexported are eliminated from the shipments of both countries, our exports surpass even those of England. Against the $1,- 460,000,000 shipments of purely domestic products from the United States, in the past fiscal year, stand total domestic ex- ports from Great Britain, in its trade year ending December 31— the largest in its history— of $1,455,000,000. Further examination of the American returns de- velops another interesting point— that the whole increase over the fiscal year 1900 has been in products of agriculture. The gain in this branch of our ex- ports has been $99,500,000; so that ship- ments of other than agricultural com- modities must have decreased some six million dollars. This, however, is not unexpected or surprising. It was hard- ly to be expected that, with Europe's industrial markets undergoing severe reaction from their recent "boom," they would buy as much as before from us. This slackening of foreign demand gave the foreign manufacturers a chance to supply their own requirements as they could not do before. The fact is, that

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42 The JSTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1881 our manufactured export trade, all cir- cumstances considered, has held its own in a marvellous degree. Full classified returns for the fiscal year are not yet published; but, for the eleven months ending May 31, the total exports of man- ufactures had decreased only $14,500,000, and the exports of iron and steel goods barely half a million. There must be some awful mistake in the figures of the Bureau of Navigation reporting American shipbuilding for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. What's this— 1,178 vessels built, of 401,000 gross tons: a total tonnage surpassed only twice in our whole history? Why, this cannot be. It has been proved, again and again, that ships cannot be built in the United States without a subsidy; so how extremely imprudent in the Commission- er of Navigation to declare that they are being built in greater numbers than for many years. This is very near giving Hanna the lie direct, and we think that the Commissioner should be removed at once. Certainly "the good of the ser- vice" would seem to require such a step, or else the violent shutting-up of the shipyards whose owners are insolent enough to build ships after Frye had conclusively demonstrated to them that they could not do it. Anyhow, it is a comfort to know that the Subsidy Bill will be pushed next winter. Depew has said that he will ignore the ships and the facts, and declare again that all our yards will rot and our flag disappear from the ocean unless subsidies be grant- ed. The greater the number of ships built without a subsidy, the more power- ful the argument for the subsidy. But, really, the figures themselves ought to be suppressed. That "foothold" of ours in the Orient is getting terribly encumbered with for- eign goods. In fact, according to the lat- est official statement of Philippine trade, we seem to be standing in Manila knee- deep in English and German and French imports. Take iron and steel manufac- tures, for example. The United States shipped to the Philippines $136,000 worth during 1900, but England sold $(500,000, Germany $249,000, and France $133,000 during the same time. Can it be that the wicked foreigner has begun his hor- rid work of "dumping" right there on our foothold? Surely the glee with which Briton and Gaul and Teuton have rushed in through our open door in the Phil- ippines is enough to make our protec- tionists rise up in wrathful demand for slamming it full in their faces. Senator Beveridge will have to see to this. It will never do for him to let that "coign of vantage" for American trade in the East, which he so eloquently described, that "stepping-stone" to the wealth of China, be thus preempted by rude for- eigners. How can we get off our step- ping-stone if we are pinned flat to it by a deluge of foreign goods? The corporations subject to the fran- chise tax in Buffalo and Rochester have, it is said, decided to pay it, under a stip- ulation that they may recover the amount if the Court of Appeals decides that the tax is unconstitutional. This is the tax bill passed while Gov. Roosevelt was in the Executive chair, and mainly through his energy and persistence. If its constitutionality is sustained by the Court of Appeals, it will go far toward making the State independent of the counties in the matter of revenues. It will "stand pat" with Gov. Odell's new tax bills, which, according to reports from Albany, will bring $2,200,000 to the State Treasury in addition to the sum now received from the corporation tax. The work of emancipating the State Treasury from dependence on the coun- ties must go on till it is accomplished, and then local option in the matter of taxes can begin. This can be brought about both by curtailing the State's ex- penses, and by augmenting its receipts; in the former way. preferably. Gov. Odell has encouragingly started both sys- tems, and it is safe to assume that he will not stop while any unnecessary expense can be lopped off, or any available source of needed revenue can be found. Bull-fighting has been started at South Omaha, Neb., on a new plan, under which the bull is provoked, but not hurt, while the man is hurt, but not provoked. The performers are brought from Mexi- co, where the sport goes on in the true Spanish fashion. When the show was opened at South Omaha, the public ex- pected bloodshed and hair-breadth escapes, ending in the goring of a horse and the killing of the bull. When they found that it was a make-believe bull fight, in which the only serious actor was the bull himself, they were disgust- ed and stayed away. Later, new zest was added to the entertainment. The bull, who did not enjoy the fun, or per- haps enjoyed it too well, caught the tore- ador on his horns, tore his breast open, and threw him about forty feet, where- upon the newspapers and the respectable portion of the community cried out that bull-fighting was a sin and a shame, and ought to be suppressed, and the toreadors and matadors said that they would never have come to Omaha at all if they had known that they were not allowed to de- fend themselves against the enraged bulls. The new turn given to the show by the bull has created fresh excitement, and filled the grounds with a crowd eager to see somebody or something hurt, the Governor of Nebraska leading the pro- cession. The newspapers and the decent people are more insistent than before that the sho.v shall be abolished. They are right. This kind of bull-fighting is an "entering wedge" for the real Spanish blood-spilling game. If it is allowed to go on, it will end in real combats of men and beasts as a public spectacle and a money-making venture. The Sultan of Turkey, like the unjust judge of Scripture, has at last done for "continual coming" what he would not do for mere justice. Relays of American Ministers have for six years been polite- ly but pressingly asking him when he was going to pay that little bill, and finally, out ol sheer weariness apparent- ly, he has paid it. There is much wise debating over the question who deserves the credit for this result. Let us set it down to American patience and per- sistence, and have done with it. Sec- retary Hay steadily urged the righteous claim, and Messrs. Angell, Straus, Gris- com, and Leishman presented it again and again, until at last even Turkish stolidity gave way and the money was forthcoming. There has been nothing spectacular about this method, no hero- ics, no taking the ruffian by the throat; but the business got done, and that, af- ter all, is the chief end of diplomacy. It is triumph enough to have squeezed money out of a chronic bankrupt. Even the missionaries, who have been not a little impatient with the Government for not collecting their damages by means of a bombardment, must now see that the ways of pleasantness and peace have been better. The money is in hand, and there is no blood on it. The abuse of advertising by signs and posters has raised up in England a So- ciety for Checking the Abuses of Pub- lic Advertising, the work of which is interestingly described in Mondays Tribune. In a word, the Society found that the system, which works so admir- ably in France, of imposing a stamp tax on all posted advertisements, was impracticable in England. Instead, they worked to secure a general bill, which gave the local authorities full powers to regulate, restrict, or prohibit advertis- ing that challenges attention in a pub- lic way. Many towns immediately adopted restrictive legislation. Dover has taken the lead, requiring a license for all advertisements which are not con- tained within a window, and for all vehi- cles chiefly used for advertising pur- poses, while absolutely forbidding all sky signs. London, Glasgow, Manches- ter, and many of the smaller towns have passed regulations covering various abus- es, such as transparencies, electric flash signs, and sky signs, and regulating the size of the letters permissible in a pos- ter. Everywhere a praiseworthy public spirit has been shown in this matter, and it may reasonably be hoped that England will eventually be as free from this disfigurement as, say, France or Bel- gium, What has been accomplished in

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July 1 8, 1901] The Nation 43 England is certainly possible here, where, in fact, reform should be easier; for we have a more strongly pronounced collective sense, and a less exaggerated idea of individual rights. The London Daily News, whose splen- did fight against the South African war and Chamberlainism is rapidly making it extremely offensive to the English Jingoes and Imperialists, recently print- ed a highly effective parallel of the views of the London Times on the Cu- ban situation in 1896, and on that in South Africa in 1901. In the former year (November 13) it found American dis- content with the prevailing conditions in Cuba justified, since there was no indica- tion that Spain could restore order in a reasonable time, although she had put forth disproportionate efforts to over- come a small population, to the menace of her Treasury. The failure of these ef- forts it deemed inexplicable, and the gravity of the situation, it felt, could not be denied. On November 30, 1896, the Times again expressed its grave anxieties as to the outcomeof the operations in Cu- ba. It was absurd, it said, to conduct operations there against guerrillas as one would against a regular army, particu- larly when the commissariat was defec- tive and the exhausted troops fell an easy prey to disease. It scored the policy of concentration, now so popular in South Africa, as defeating its own ends, and thought that, "since the sympathies of a sparse population are of considerable im- portance, some pains ought surely to be taken to avoid unnecessary provocation." It does not need the Daily News's sub- stitution of England for Spain, Weyler for Kitchener, and rebels for Boers, to make all this, and more, too, apply to the existing situation in South Africa in the most deadly and truthful way. Moreover, while the Times thought the Cubans were wise in avoiding pitch- ed battles, it now denounces the Boers as skulkers for playing the same game. It excuses English generals for not knowing that the Boers would not stand up and fight, where it condemned Weyler for similar ignorance in regard to his adversaries. It was a matter of course for the Cubans to wreck trains, but for the Boers to do so is to put themselves "beyond the pale of civilization." No wonder that the Daily News cries out against this warping of a once cool judgment by a false patriotism, and thinks that, if the Times and other "pa- Itriotic" organs could write with a little detachment about South Africa, there would be an extraordinary awakening. Unfortunately, the Times is not the only victim of a distorted vision when its own country is the sinner. The rec- ord of our own Administration organs on the subject of free Cuba would still less bear the deadly parallel. British and French naval authorities seem to be engaged just now in a match of self-depreciation. While Lord Charles rieresford, always a pessimist on the subject of admiralty preparation, has been doing his best to create the public impression that the Mediterranean Squadron, of which he is second in com- mand, is in a desperate condition of un- readiness, without a proper supply of guns, men, ammunition, or torpedo- boats and almost at the mercy of French or other possible antagonists, Admiral Dupont, one of the most prominent of French naval officers, has been uttering an almost precisely similar jeremiad over the state of the French fleet, which he appears to regard as ripe for destruc- tion. The ?-Iediterranean division, he admits, is in fairly good shape, but the Channel Squadron is composed of a lot of slow and obsolete old tubs, whose obliteration would be, for England, amusement lor a summer's holiday, so to speak. He wants all the French forces concentrated in the Mediterra- nean, where Toulon and Bizerta, he says, will some day reply victoriously to Malta and Gibraltar. Both officers, of course, would be intensely indignant if any foreigner dared to speak so disre- spectfully of their national armaments, and both are animated by the same ob- ject, the procurement of larger naval ap- propriations. Meanwhile the responsible Ministers on both sides profess to be very well contented with things as they are. That scores of German soldiers who served in the Chinese contingent are returning to the Fatherland in irons probably signifies more than that German discipline is strict. It tells a story, which will probably never be whol- ly revealed, of atrocities towards the Chinese which could not be ignored, of the reawakening of the brute in the civ- ilized man, of a rage for slaughter which saw everywhere, often in the feeble and inoffensive, a foe. War has never been a pretty business, and it appears that the Germans steered not quite a golden mid- dle course between the self-restraint of the Japanese and the frank bestiality of the Russians. Perhaps nothing better was to be expected of an expedition whose Dieu le veut was the Kaiser's "Attila" speech. But those Germans and admirers of Germany who remember the time when that nation stood pre- eminently for humane and liberal ideals, will hardly view the spectacle with com- placency. While the Russification of Finland goes on apace, occasional proofs are given by the St. Petersburg authorities of a desire to respect the feelings, even the prejudices, of the Finns. The project of the Russian Minister of War for com- pulsory military service in Finland, with the complete absorption of Finnish con- scripts in Russian regiments, has been negatived by the Council of Ministers. The measure is to be recast so as to call upon Finland for only the number of troops fixed by the Diet, to keep the native regiments intact, and to provide that any Russian officer appointed to a Finnish regiment must acquire Finnish citizenship. This is a wise concession, though it amounts to only a light coun- terweight to the general overriding of what the Finns supposed to be ti constitutional rights, to the remodelling of their schools and the suppression of their newspapers. The recently formed Ministry of the Viscount Katsura, in Japan, faces finan- cial difficulties of a peculiar sort. The previous Ministry had withdrawn be- cause the Minister of Finance had refus- ed to borrow for the prosecution of pub- lic works, thereby virtually admitting that the Government's borrowing power was exhausted, and threatening to in- crease taxation. As a matter of fact, the borrowing power of Japan is much im- paired. Last year the attempt to float a loan of eighteen million yen was un- successful, and 5 per cent, consols, which have stood as high as 105, were recently quoted at 90. When such a condition ex- ists, despite general prosperity and in the face of revenues which during the past ten years have increased from 85,- 000,000 to 201,000,000 yen, one can only surmise that the Treasury organization has some radical defect, or that Finance Ministers have recklessly assumed too heavy burdens. A writer for the London Times finds in the neglect to encourage the invest- ment of foreign capital the source of Japan's financial difficulties. Most hos- pitable to foreign ideas, successive Gov- ernments have maintained a policy of financial exclusiveness. They have at- tempted the almost impossible task of renovating with their own capital the machinery of an old civilization in a single generation. When one remembers the part that foreign capital has played in the development of our own country, and conjectures our condition to-day if that aid had been rejected, he can readi- ly imagine the present case of "the Yan- kees of the East." In the view of the Times contributor, there is no more prom- ising field for foreign investment than Ja- pan, where railroad preferred stocks pay 10 per cent, and the best banks 7. All that is necessary is simplification of the pres- ent commercial laws, and legislation fa- vorable to the formation of corporations by foreigners. Unless it is possible large- ly to increase taxation— always a perilous measure— this policy of friendliness to- wards the foreign investor is clearly in- dicated for the new Premier and his as- sociates.

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44: The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1881 THE STEEL STRIKE. The troubles between the United States Steel Corporation and subordi- nate companies, on the one hand, and the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin "Workers on the other, have proved an unwelcome surprise to the public, which had hoped for a sum- mer free from such controversies. But, notoriously, It is in a period of general prosperity, such as the country is now enjoying, that demands on the part of workingmen are most urgent and strikes to secure better terms are most likely. The point at issue in the pres- ent dispute is virtually the recognition of the union. "Only one question," said T. J. Shaffer, President of the Amalga- mated Association, at Pittsburgh, on July 10, "will come before the confer- ence . with the representatives of the steel companies Thursday, and that is the one of unionism. We will ask that our wage scales be signed for all the mills in the respective companies, in- stead of in some of them." In the past there have been agreements between the Amalgamated Association and employ- ers controlling many of the largest mills where the Association was recognized, by which a scale of wages was amicably agreed upon for application to those mills. In a number of cases the same wages have been paid by other employ- ers who had non-union workingmen. Now the Association wants to have one rule formally applied to all. The conference proved a failure. If the strike just ordered in consequence involves anything like the 140,000 men which, it is asserted, will be eventually affected by it, it will entail, even at this time of the year, much hardship, suf- fering, and loss. Public regret will be the more general because the strike seems to have been ordered by the offi- cers of the Amalgamated Association in an effort to force the steel manufactur- ers to adopt a course which would be cruel toward many of their employees and humiliating to themselves. The public has no other means of judging tiian the statements given out by Presi- dent Shaffer and by the officers of the steel companies, and on the face of these it appears that, upon the only vital point, the labor men offered no conces- sions whatever, taking their stand, from the beginning to the end of the confer- ence, stolidly for compulsory unionizing by the companies of mills where the employees do not desire to join the As- sociation. In order to avoid a strike, the manufacturers offered to unionize some of the mills not now working under the union scale though paying the union rate of wages, but this was not accepted; and, as the labor men on their part of- fered nothim? except a slight concession relating to the scale, which was not in controversy, and a vague promise of im- munity for the steel mills in possible future labor disputes, the conference broke up. The sole justification which President Shaffer is able to offer for the course adopted by the labor men is the charge that the union mills are discriminated against by the combination of manufac- turers, that the union mills are operated only when the demand for the steel prod- ucts is greater than the non-union mills can supply. This is an assertion by one party to a dispute, and it is denied by the opposing party; but even if it were true, it does not appear that a strike is the most appropriate remedy to bring about a cure. The means which would be most effective, and also the most just, would be persuasion. To this end the Association had the promise of non-in- terference on the part of the manufactur- ers, and assistance to the extent of per- mitting Association organizers to enter the mills for the purpose. There is no reason to believe that an extension of the union organization and influence is like- ly to result from a strike of this nature, which in the beginning cannot command public approval or even sympathy. The only hopeful feature of the present situation lies in the statement of Presi- dent Shaffer that there will be no "trouble," by which he doubtless means violence. The men, he says, are more readily controlled than they were twen- ty-five years ago, or even five years ago. It is most earnestly to be hoped that this is true, and that the leaders of the Amalgamated Association will remember the price their organization wa» obliged to pay nine years ago as a result of the violence and bloodshed of the Homestead strike. If we seek for the remoter causes of the strike, we shall perhaps find them in what the workingmen look upon as the necessities of Wall Street. They see a vast accumulation of shares in the mar- ket whose selling value depends upon the daily outturn of a product; that is, upon their labor. They think that the capital- ists wlio preside over the companies can- not afford to let the quotations fall, and hence that the latter will yield the point in dispute, which is not a question of wages, rather than see the price of their securities fall. In other words, they think that this is an opportunity to compel the managers of the property to unionize the entire steel combination — an opportu- nity which has never occurred before, and, if not availed of now, may never come again. The significance of the step is that, if the company yields this point, it must yield the next one, which will be a question of wages. The company is able to defend itself now by using non-union labor, but, when all the mills are union- ized, it will not have this resource. Then it will be compelled to sign scales made by President Shaffer, although its com- petitors, the small companies and private manufacturers, may be working with non-union labor, and perhaps at lower wages than the scale of the Amalgamat- ed Association. It appears to us that in allowing the Association to unionize all the mills if it can, the company has gone as far as prudence will allow, and that if it should take the step of forcing its employees into the union, it would commit self-destruction and forfeit pub- lic sympathy at the same time. When the United States Steel Com- pany was formed, we took occasion to point out the dangers which so gigantic a combination involved — the unsettle- ment of men's minds and the spread of socialistic ideas which it would almost certainly bring about. Flinging millions into the air is always an unsafe ex- periment. It causes a scramble, turns peo- ple's heads, makes some persons crazy, and upsets, among others, the habits of old-fashioned industry and economy as the means of livelihood. "Why should we toil and sweat for a bare subsistence when others make fabulous riches by a stroke of the pen?-" is the question which thousands of men ask themselves. The steel combination was an incentive and an inducement to a labor combination, and if we get off with nothing worse than a labor strike, we may perhaps consider ourselves lucky. No doubt the promoters of the steel combination were themselves controlled by events. So, too, President Shaffer may say that he has been con- trolled by them. It is to be hoped, how- ever, that some other mode of settle- ment of the conflict may be found than that of the endurance of pain which must be the lot of thousands, if not mil- lions, of poor men, women, and children. AN AMERICAN ALDERSHOT. If Secretary Root succeeds in creat- ing an American Aldershot at Fort Leavenworth or Fort Riley, he will have achieved a reform in the professional education of the army which, together with his introduction of the interchange- able line and staff system, will make his administration famous in the his- tory of the War Department. In brief his plan is to utilize the great military reservations at those posts for the an- nual assembling of a sufficient number of troops of all branches of the service to practise brigade and division move- ments, that line and staff officers may become famiMar with the difficulties at- tendant upon the handling of thousands of men in the field and in the presence of an enemy. How radical a departure this will be may be gleaned from the fact that, during the twenty years pre- ceding the Spanish war, there were only two attempts to have manoeuvres on a large scale- -one under Gen. Brooke in 1886, and the other under Gen. Miles near Chicago in 1894 with the troops which had suppressed the railroad riots in that city. In other words, the great majority of

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July 18, 1901] The ISTation. 45 the officers who took part in the Santiago campaign had probably never seen a brigade or division drill, except those of them whose service dated back to the civil war. That the hastily constituted brigades and divisions which made up Shatter's corps held together before San- tiago, is due to the simple nature of the offensive campaign undertaken, and also to the native . intelligence and in- tuition of the American officer. It is true that, before the Spanish war, the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, the Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth, and the Artillery School at Fort Monroe had done much to give officers a post-graduate course in the theory of their respective arms of the service. But opportunities for the prac- tical carrying out of these teachings were so few and far between as to quite ac- count for the mistakes and blunders made even by regular army officers when it became necessary to mobilize large bodies of absolutely raw and untrained troops in the spring of 1898. Gen. Wher- ry has recently called fresh attention to the fact that, when Shatter's troops ar- rived on the docks at Tampa, only one officer knew to which ship each regiment was assigned, and that he was indistin- guishable among 10,000 men. Yet all the officers concerned in the direction of this movement were regulars. There could be no better illustration than this of the helplessness of theoretically trained sol- diers when brought face to face with a great practical problem in logistics. Even at West Point, the education ot cadets was, until a couple of years ago, confined wholly to the "bookish the- oretic" and the unending repetition of company and battalion drills, without practical value except for the creation of drill-masters who could teach the a b c of a modern soldier's education. If grand- guard mountings, field reconnoissances, attacks and defence, etc., were not taught there, how could it be expected that one should find eager instructors in the few Far Western posts where whole regi- ments were stationed? The Indian cam- paigns provided the necessary training to make men good scouts, hardy and un- tiring, able to strike a trail and follow it for months, if necessary, as Lawton did in Arizona. But it was only the few officers sent abroad as military at- taches who realized the one-sidedness and incompleteness of the regular army's education, and who, together with some intelligent students and thinkers among the younger officers, started those begin- nings of reform which had just made themselves felt before the call to a for- eign campaign came. Such officers as did get an insight into European methods brought back stories of soldiers who were put through a regu- lar military curriculum, beginning with the rifle, and passing through company, battalion, regimental, brigade, division, and .even army corps drills, before a final experience in the great fall manoeu- vres, where generals learn to handle 40,000 or 50,000 men under conditions as closely approximating war as possi- ble--all this in the course of one year. It is needless to say that so elaborate a system is neither possible nor desirable here. But as we have an army, common sense and economy demand that it should know its business in order that the peo- ple may get their money's worth; and Secretary Root is only doing his "plain duty" when he plans for a camp which shall serve to bring together five or ten or fifteen thousand regulars, and perhaps some militia, too, for the advanced mil- itary training which can be acquired in no other way. Only through such practice-camps can officers be tried out and the real com- manders discovered. Nearly all of the twenty-two line generals of our army never drilled a brigade before receiving their commissions. Such a camp as Sec- retary Root proposes would enable can- didates for the highest positions to show some other fitness than political pulls and skill in getting the ear of the Pres- ident or of some Senator. Similarly, the fitness of junior officers could well be re- ported on by their superiors after three months of constant drilling, marching, and manoeuvring. The fact that all the second lieutenants and many of the first lieutenants of reg- ulars have just been chosen from vol- unteer officers of no original military schooling makes the question of the edu- cation of the army a pressing one, par- ticularly as this same class of men has furnished the eight or nine offenders who are now in Manila jails for plain and vulgar stealing. Lord Wolseley recently said that the American army is "the best of its size in the world." To have spoken more accurately he should have said, "has in its upper commissioned grades and in its ranks the best material in the world." Whether that material shall be well digested and rounded into the best possible shape depends entirely upon the War Department. Secretary Root's plan is a long step in the proper direction, and will repay its cost a thousand-fold, whether the army be 25,000 or 75,000 men. BRYANI8M IN OHIO. In the Ohio Democratic Convention last week a resolution to reaffirm the Kansas City platform and express re- newed confidence in William J. Bryan received only six votes in a body com- posed of 950 delegates. The significance of this vote can be best understood by reading, in connection with it, an arti- cle published in Mr. Bryan's paper, the Commoner, only three weeks ago, the gist of which is embraced in the follow- ing paragraph: "Do not allow a man to be placed upon any committee — precinct, county, State, or national— unless he is a believer In the Kan- sas City platform. If a man opposed to the Kansas City platform is sent as a delegate to any convention, he should bo bound by instructions, and should have associated with him a sufficient majority who are sound on the platform. If a man objects to instructions, leave him at home; no Demo- cratic delegate will object to an expression from the voters whom he seeks to repre- sent." The Kansas City platform embraces a variety of things, but it is not difficult to analyze it and learn what the Ohio Democracy intended to condemn. The two main planks in it were those oppos- ing the policy of the Administration in the Philippines, and the one endorsing the free coinage of silver. Now the Ohio Democrats have adhered to the principles of the Kansas City plank re- garding the colonial policy of the Gov- ernment, maling only such changes as the progress of events requires. They oppose any extensions of our national boundaries which are not meant to carry speedily to all the inhabitants the same civil and political rights that we enjoy. The Ohio platform in this particular is in harmony with the address of the Anti-Imperialist League which was is- sued on Independence Day of the pres- ent year. The Convention had an ex- cellent send-oft in the speech of Chair- man Salen. Some exception may be taken to his remarks on the subject of Trusts as being too vague, but on the questions of foreign conquest and the government of subject races by a free people he gave no uncertain sound. He denounced the system of crown colonies and the subjugation of unwilling peo- ples, whether undertaken by the British in South Africa or by Americans in the Philippines. He gave an ideal picture of an orderly and just republic, govern- ed by the principles of freedom handed down to us by the fathers, seeking no man's blood, and no man's money except through the avenues of peaceful com- merce, setting an example of equality of all men before the law and of equal opportunity in the race of life. Such, he contended, was the ideal of the Dem- ocratic party, and the one which it sought to introduce, instead of the pres- ent policy of foreign domination and exploitation, a policy tending to weaken our attachment to the principles which gave us birch as a nation, and to em- broil us with foreign Powers. If the Democratic party could be keyed up to the pitch of Mr. Salen's speech, it would deserve success. The other main plank of the Kansas City platform was in the following words: "We reaffirm and endorse the principles of the national Democratic platform adopted in Chicago in 1896, and we reiterate the de- mand in that platform for an American financial system made by the American peo- ple for themselves, which shall restore and maintain a bimetallic price level, and. as part of such system, the immediate restora- tion of the free and unlimited coinage of sil- ver at the present legal ratio of 16 tj 1,

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46 The !KTation. fVol. 73, No. 1881 ■without waiting for the consent of any other nation." This plank the Ohio Democracy re- fused, by an overwhelming majority, to reaffirm, Mr. Bryan's exhortations not- withstanding. When we reflect that the Ohio Demo- crats, from the days of Old Bill Allen to those of Bryan himself, have been perhaps the most determined and incor- rigible advocates of cheap money, soft money, and "poor man's money" in the whole country, the significance of this action can be properly appreciated. It means that the Democratic party of the nation has at last definitively aban- doned Bryanism, and is to be reor- ganized, not by a change of committee- men and sturnp speakers, but by the de- liberate dropping of a played-out issue and candidates. This kind of reorganiza- tion is feasible, because it represents the thoughts and feelings of the voters. It is not a scheme or an intrigue. It is not the result of wire-pulling. If the truth could be told by the leaders at Kansas City last year, they would say that the sentiment of the party was then in favor of throwing silver overboard, and that this would have been done if Mr. Bryan had not insisted upon keeping it as an is- sue. They could not do without Mr. Bryan as a candidate, and they were obliged to take him on his own terms. In this respect they stood toward him very much as they did toward Mr. Cleve- land in 1892. The candidate made the platform in both instances, but the con- sequences at the polls were somewhat different. The Ohio Convention has sounded the keynote for the Democratic party in the Union. The South has long desired to get rid of silver as an issue in national politics. The Eastern wing of the party has been all the time against silver. If we look for a Bryan contingent in the next national Convention, we shall not find one, unless perhaps in the silver- mining States. The Silver Republicans must now abandon their own organiza- tion and come back as individuals to their former party allegiance, or go out of politics altogether. Silver need not be reckoned with hereafter on the floor of Congress or in any national campaign. The country has much cause for rejoicing over this event. The battle has been long, and at times almost desperate, and the Democrats have not been the only ones at fault. ENGLISH PARTIES AND THE WAR. The healing of the deadly wound in English Liberalism on July 9 was evi- dently accomplished only in the sense that a large poultice was ostentatiously spread over it. A real cure remains to be effected, if; indeed, the hurt is not immedicable. Sir Henry Campbell-Ban- nerman's tactics were, however, suffi- ciently clever. Knowing that Mr. As- quith and Sir Edward Grey and their handful of Adullamites were in no con- dition to challenge his leadership, he craftily came down on them with a de- mand that they either give him a vote of renewed confidence or else set up for themselves. Of course, they immediate- ly vowed that Sir Henry had no more loyal followers than themselves, and so all was at once outward harmony, though the internal and bitter differ- ences remain precisely what they were. It is obviously the Boer war which bas been the temporary undoing of the Liberals. War, we may say, is always a political disaster to the Radical party, to the party of social reform and pro- gressive democracy. It was the Napo- leonic wars which kept the Whigs hope- lessly out of power for a generation, and made Pitt and Canning and Wel- lington masters of the destinies of Eng- land. And it was no chance assemblage of words which the forefathers of the present English Liberals placed upon their banners when they began the fight to recover political supremacy — namely, "Peace, Retrenchment, and Reform." All these are connected, and peace neces- sarily stands first. You never can get the people lo fix their minds intently upon domestic problems until the pow- der-smoke of a foreign war blows out of their eyes, it was during the time of furled flags and silent drums that the Liberal party rose to power and wrought its beneficent work; and until England knows a settled peace again there is little prospect of a Liberal revival. That Mr. Gladstone ruined the Liberal party by his bill for Irish Home Rule in 1886, is now a part of the current myth- ology of contemporary politics. It was a strange kind of ruin, out of which he was able to emerge with a majority in 1S92. As well say that he ruined his party in 1874, though he returned tri- umphantly to power in 1880. But all that is a barren dispute. It certainly is not Irish Home Rule which rends the Liberal part/ to-day. And with that issue, or without it. what would not the Liberal party give for Gladstone now! It is safe 10 say that, if he and John Plight had stood in their places in Parliament in 1899, there either would have been no Boer war, or the Govern- ment that brought it on by its mistaken or malicious diplomacy would long ere this have been hurled from power. Even so virulent an opponent of Gladstone as the Spectator, now admits that the lack of a leader of his commanding qual- ities and high moral enthusiasm is what keeps the Liberal party low. Say what men will, wars like that in the Transvaal and our own with Spain are political wars. The Boer war was a Conservative war, as Gen. Grosvenor truly warned the silly Democrats in Congress that the Spanish war would be a Republican war. There was, of course, in either cas«;, a loud appeal to "patri- otism," and much talk of sinking party differences at the water's edge; but the party in power saw to it that the war should intrench it in power. This is always the result of a foreign war. Vot- ers being what they are, an Administra- tion can never be turned out when it is able to charge its opponents with being enemies of the country. "A vote for the Liberals is a vote for the Boers," shrieks Mr. Chamberlain, and his analogous humbugs in this country have only to cry, " A vote for the Democrats is a vote for Agmnaldo," and the thing is done. The English Liberals were not so unspeakably stupid, on the eve of the Boer war, as our Democrats were on the verge of the war with Spain. They did not, that is, fairly drive their party op- ponents into a war which infallibly meant their own political destruction. But they were gravely at fault, from the standpoint of mere party strategy, for not having more stoutly opposed Cham- berlain's tortuous diplomacy, and shown so strong a front that even Kruger could have seen that his best hope lay in the honorable purposes of English Lib- eralism, and not in his ultimatum — that blunder worse than a crime. Even Mr. Asquith has confessed the party's sins in this particular, and said with empha- sis that the consent of the Liberals to the hushing up of the Jameson-raid scandal was en awful dereliction in pub- lic duty. However this may be, it is the war which has laid the Liberals flat on their backs, and there is little hope of their getting up till peace comes. This is not saying that Lord Salisbury's Govern- ment is popular. Even the faithful Lon- don rimes tells him that his Ministry is "justly" complained of for coming so far short of public expectations. There is something very like a Tory revolt. Members will not attend the House. On a critical division the other night the Government majority fell to 28. The Prime Minister urges his followers not to prefer dinner to staying in the House to vote for Government measures; but one of the said followers retorts that he was only imitating the "excellent example" of Lord Salisbury's own sons, and four other members of the Govern- ment, who left Mr. Balfour in the lurch. It is clear that, if the war were to end next week, the Government as it stands to-day could not live. Even the war can- not for ever save the Tories. If they are not able, with 200,000 men, to force the 15,000 remaining Boers to come to terms, English Jingoes themselves will soon insist upon bringing in a party to do better than that. INDEPENDENCE DAY IN PORTO RICO. San Juan, July 9, 1901. The Perto Rican may or may not have a capacity for democratic government, but hia

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July i8, 1901] The Nation. 47 capacity for innocent enjoyment is certain- ly as great as that of any other man. This year the Municipal Council of San Juan de- cided to celebrate the day of Saint John the Baptist, the patron saint of the city. The city is finding a little difficulty at present in paying salaries, it is true, and the old debt is being refunded as it matures, instead of being paid off, while the complaint of lack of work is not uncommon — but these are mere trifles when the celebration of a saint's day is in question. Saint John's Day comes on June 24. In order to get a fair start the fiesta was begun June 10, and, in order not to dismiss Saint John with unseemly haste, was carried over until the last day of June. When, towards the end of June, it was an- nounced that the American Government had a little celebration of their own in reserve, the municipal fiesta was prolonged until the Fourth of July to avoid invidious distinctions between the saints of the Church and the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The fiesta, it is to be understood, was no common affair. A formal — and a printed — programme of amusements was provided for every day from the 10th of June on, and, to add the proper dash of abandon, the municipal ordinances were relaxed so that fakirs' booths sprang up all over the city, and the faro banks and roulette tables dropped for the time their customary pretence of concealment. Prompt- ly, upon the 5th day of July, the booths were dismantled, and the gambling houses gave evidence of a delightful spirit of self-re- straint and respect for the proprieties by putting up the accustomed screens. With such an entirely adequate period of training, San Juan could scarcely help making the celebration of Independence Day a com- plete— and a replete — success. At nine in the morning there was an imposing parade; at ten, the Legislative Assembly convened in special session to pass the resolution that will make free trade between Porto Rico and the United States. In the afternoon there were patriotic speeches and appropriate ex- ercises at the theatre, a regatta, a reception by the Governor, and a baseball game for a prize of fifty dollars between a Porto Rican and an American team. The event of the day par excellence was, of course, the passage of the resolution which, in accordance with the terms of the Foraker Act, will estab- lish free trade between Porto Rico and the United States; but the cordiality and una- nimity with which the native population joined in the celebration of the holiday have also a real significance. This cooperation is in a measure doubtless to be explained by the perennial readiness of the Porto Rican to celebrate for celebration's sake; they have an innate genius for the fiesta. On the other hand, no gravely dissatisfied people could have entered so heartily into the spirit of the day. The Porto Ricans undoubtedly cherish a mild dissatisfaction with certain policies of the Government. Their publicists and lit- terateurs, for instance, express a certain ob- jective and speculative dissent from the principles laid down in the recent decisions of the Supreme Court, and the politicians are somewhat disturbed over the number of Americans occupying public offices; the banks which were to distribute the loan, and the farmers who were to share it among themselves, are somewhat dissatisfied be- cause the Treasurer has repeatedly thwarted the project to loan several millions of the public moneys to the farmers and planters of the island; while the property-holders are a little resentful because the pleasant pol- icy—instituted by the Military Government — of abolishing old Spanish taxes without re- placing them with new ones has not been in- definitely continued. But the people — par- ticularly the people whose good will is worth while — are satisfied. And they should b -satis- fied. The men who have been appointed to administer the Government are on the ave- rage abler men, probably, than the corre- sponding officers in any State of the United States. And the first year of civil govern- ment has been one of which the American may well be proud, and with which the Porto Rican may well be content. Mistakes of a minor character have un- doubtedly been made — most of them errors of omission rather than of commission. The original Code Commission, for instance, has been a lamentable and acknowledged fizzle — no other word so well describes its fussy failure. Owing to its inactivity, the last legislative session expired without a munici- pal-government bill or a land-title system — two of the most urgent reforms needed in Porto Rico. But, taking into consideration the intrinsic difficulties of the situation and our inexperience in colonial government, the success of the civil government of Porto Rico has been little less than extraordinary. In the difficulties caused by the hurricane and the change of sovereignty, relief has been provided with a generous hand, but the people have not been pauperized; at the cost of considerable popularity, the Government has kept steadily before the people the fact that self-government means self-support. Between the wealthy planters or large cor- porations and the ignorant peasant class which is fast learning the assertive tone of "triumphant democracy," the Administra- tion has preserved an admirable balance, in- sisting firmly that the former should pay for special benefits received, but taking good care, by their sane and equitable manage- ment of large interests, that the invest- ment of capital should not be discouraged. After a year's careful study of the needs of Porto Rico and of the policies in accordance with which the Government is attempting to satisfy these needs, I cannot discover where the Administration has made an important, positive mistake. And, I may add, I am aware of no circumstance or prepossession, either political or personal, which would operate to bias my opinion in this matter. The passage of the resolution for free trade, to return to the events of Indepen- dence Day, was the only act of the Legisla- tive Assembly at the special session, and was performed with all the solemnity which the Latin-American so easily assumes. The Governor read his message in person before the Executive Council, and the House of Del- egates convened in joint session, but the resolution was introduced separately into the two chambers by the chairmen of the respective finance committees — Senor Luis Sanchez Morales in the House, and Treasur- er Hollander in the Council. The passage of the resolution was publicly announced by a salute of seventeen guns fired from the fine old fortress of San Christobal. The recent decisions of the Supreme Court, together with the passage of the reso- lution establishing free trade between Porto Rico and the United States, suggest the propriety of a few words about the much- abused Foraker Act, from the standpoint of the Porto Rican Government and its finan- cial needs. The larger constitutional signifi- cance of the act need not be taken into con- sideration here, nor the motives which, from the above standpoint, made Congress both wise and generous in its treatment of the Porto Rican people. But, whatever the mo- tives that inspired it, and whatever its ef- fect Upon the policy and future prosperity of the American Union, the Foraker Act for the Porto Ricans was legislation of the most thoughtful and adequate character. The act was generous because it set aside for the use and benefit t > r Porto Rico two profitable sources of revenue which, under ordinary circumstances, are reserved for the Federal Government — the total customs collections in Porto Rico, and the customs collected in the United States upon imports from Porto Rico. It was wise, because it placed Porto Rico upon a unique basis by making the internal-revenue laws inoperative in Porto Rico, and by permitting the insular Govern- ment to levy and collect a system of excise taxes of its own devising. These were the compensations and, in a degree, the results of the 15 per cent, tariff that so keenly agi- tated the sympathies of the people of the United States. But in so far as that tariff placed Porto Rico upon a colonial instead of the customary Territorial basis, it was a most fortunate thing for the pocketbooks of the Porto Ricans. The insular budget amounts to about two million dollars a year. Of this it is calculated that five hun- dred thousand dollars will come from the property tax, seven hundred and fifty thou- sand from the excise taxes, and a similar amount from the customs collections in Por- to Rico. The last two items, constituting three-fourths of the total receipts, are Fed- eral revenues, and, so far as I know to the contrary, are allotted to no other local gov- ernment under the jurisdiction of Congress. As for the fifteen per cent, tariff, per se, it was sorely needed at the time it was im- posed. The condition of the finances imme- diately preceding the passage of the Foraker Act was graphically described by Treasurer Hollander in his speech introducing the re- solution of July 4. After sketching the financial system of the Spanish Government, he said: "With the American Government came important fiscal changes. Public expendi- tures were restricted to public needs; cus- toms duties on food stuffs were removed; stamp taxes were repealed, and consumo taxes abolished. But the reforms effected were, from the nature of things, essentially negative. The need for revenues continued as great as before, for schools and roads became prompt claimants for what had there- tofore gone to State and Church. Old taxes had been boldly swept away, but no new sources of revenue had been provided. Month after month witnessed increasing expendi- tures, declining revenues, and more and more alarming deficits. Moreover, unfor- tunate policies had been inaugurated with respect to the citizens' part in the support of the Government, and countenance given for the assumption that Porto Rico waj to remain a financial appanage of the United States." With increasing deficits and a people f-ast learning to believe that American freedom meant freedom from taxation, the fifteen per cent, tariff not only brought a welcome addition to the public revenue, but provided a powerful incentive to the adoption of a system of direct taxes, the condition pre- cedent to the establishment of free trade. Most important of all, however, it served

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4:8 Th.e Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1881 to maintain the volume of imports from for- eign countries intact, and thus kept the customs collections at their normal amount. The Foraker Act may have shunted the car of American progress upon a new and dangerous path, but, together with the "Two Million Refunding Act," it has placed Porto Rico upon a financial basis of un- excelled security. Of the two-million-dol- lar refund, more than seven hundred thou- sand dollars remain untouched, which, in accordance with the fixed policy of the Gov- ernment, will be devoted to permanent pub- lic improvements, the cost of which in or- dinary States or Territories would be de- frayed by long-time loans. Porto Rico has no debt, and in all probability will have none for some time to come. The current cus- toms collections in Porto Rico, as stat- ed above, are used to meet the ordinary expenses of the Government. But of the customs duties collected in the United States upon imports from Porto Rico no part was used (luring the last fiscal year, so that an additional emergency fund of more than six hundred thousand dollars is held in the Federal Treasury for the use and benefit of the people of Porto Rico. It is these reserve funds which place beyond all doubt the financial wisdom of abandoning the fif- teen per cent, tariff. With these facts in mind, it is not difficult to understand why the decisions of the Su- preme Court aroused no resentment and practically no comment in Porto Rico. For the same reasons, the Republican or any other party in Porto Rico that makes "state- hood" a real plank in its official platform, will breed its own destruction; statehood will not repay Porto Rico for the withdrawal of the two sources of revenue which now contribute seventy-five per cent, of the pub- lic revenue. And the same facts, together with the fervid habit of speech character- istic of the Porto Rican, explain how Dr. Barbosa, the leader of the Republican party and probably the most representative man in Porto Rico, could call Senator Foraker "the idol of the Porto Ricans." The Porto Rican, it may be said, is running after strange gods; but his action, at least, is not wholly irra- tional. Two other aspects of the resolution are worthy of mention: In the first place, It completes the programme of financial reform begun in the "Hollander Bill," and puts an end to the old Spanish fiscal system, with its public lottery, its octrois or consumo taxes, its royal dues, its taxes upon exports, its appropriation for the Church, the Colonial Office, and the army and navy, its farming out of taxes, and its widespread administra- tive corruption. The burden of taxation that fell principally upon the peon, the consumer of "drink, food, and fuel" — which the municipalities were also specifically au- thorized to tax— has been shifted upon the property-owner and the consumers of tobac- co and rum. In the last case the increased tax has taken the form, not of a higher re- tail price, but of a little more water in the too frequent dram. Most important of all, the resolution prob- ably means that the whole trade of Porto Rico will eventually go to the United States; that the rice and codfish, candles, cement, butter, cheese, cottons and woollens, shoes, and iron manufactures, which now consti- tute the principal imports from foreign countries, will in time be supplied by Amer- ican manufacturers. And to the Porto Rican planter the importance of free trade can scarcely be exaggerated. The passage of this resolution, said Treasurer Hollander, in his speech before the Executive Council, "will result in a virtual bounty of five dol- lars on every ton of sugar raised on the island, meaning to the sugar interests alone upon a product of one hundred thousand tons a gift of five hundred thousand dollars — more than is raised by every kind of insular prop- erty taxation in the island." And what is true of the sugar interests is also true, though in less degree, of the tobacco and fruit interests. Was it a troubled conscience that made Congress deal with Porto Rico so wisely and so well? I have attempted to state facts, not analyze motives. 'Tis an ill wind that blows nobody good. CARLO CATTANEO. Florence, June 23, 1901. In the first year of the nineteenth century Carlo Cattaneo first saw the light, on June 15, 1801, in Milan, where his father,a jeweller, the son of a long line of warriors and peasants, had settled down, the first of his race to become a citizen, as all his forbears had cultivated the soil and his own grandfather came with his own flocks from the Brem- bana valley (the birthplace of Tasso) to pasture them during the winter in the vast fields that then surrounded Milan. This Melchiorre Cattaneo took to wife Maria An. tonia Sangiorgi, a beautiful peasant woman to whom Carlo owed his well-proportioned and robust frame, his spacious brow, lu- minous blue eyes, and the honest, patriarchal simplicity which was one of his distinguish- ing characteristics. And to-day, the first centenary of the son's birth (the strikes in Milan compelling postponement from the 15th), his native city inaugurates a monu- ment in marble sculptured by the celebrated Ettore Ferrari, who has executed monu- ments to Garibaldi, the finest, to Victor Emanuel and Giordano Bruno, with charming medallions of Mazzini, Alberto Mario, and other factors of New Italy. On this same anniversary, too, is publish- ed the tenth and last volume of the writings of the gTeat Lombard, who cer- tainly has never been a prophet in his own country. Though recognized as the greatest political economist, as a profound and origi- nal philosopher, an authority on all ques- tions of literature and language by the thinkers of his own and more recent times, such was the envy, hatred, and all uncharit- ableness which his patriotic and political action in 1848-'9 brought down upon him that, for twelve years after his death, Agos- tino Bertani, the surgeon soldier and the devoted friend of Cattaneo, who had pur- chased the manuscripts and copyright of his works, could find no publisher to bring out even the non-political works of the great- est thinker of his age in Italy. At length the successors of the well-known publisher Le Monnier agreed to publish the philo- sophical, literary, and social-science writ- ings, and Bertani edited three volumes before he passed away in 1886. To your correspon- dent fell the task of preparing the remaining volumes agreed upon, and to find a publish- er for the political writings and the corre- spondence. Alberto Mario had completed the 'Mind of Cattaneo' before his own death in 1883, and Niccola Mameli (brother of the soldier poet Goffreddo Mameli, who died for Rome in 1849) offered to edit the philo- sophical works — a most difficult task, as Cattaneo had never been able to publish these in volumes. Some of them appeared in the Polilecnico, in the Crepuscolo; and perhaps the most important portion, his lec- tures to the students of the Lugano Lyceum, where he held the professor's chair for fif- teen years, had to be pieced out of his manu- scripts and collated with the copies written out by his best pupils. Gabriele Rosa, a stanch follower of Cattaneo's political doc- trines, a federal republican, wrote the pre- face to the works of Political (or, as Cat- taneo styled it, Public) Economy, and thus seven volumes in all were completed by 1892. But never a publisher could be found to risk an edition of the political writings and the letters. The Milanese Consorteria — I use the word in preference to that of "Mod- erates," of whom there have been and are many honest, intelligent, patriotic, spread over all Italy — had created such a sorry legend around his name that it had become a synonym for disunion, a return to the communes and little republics of the Mid- dle Ages, the extermination of Piedmont, etc. No inducement — the offer of the manuscripts gratis, put in order, copied, and ready for the press — could persuade a single publisher to risk the mere expenses of printing a single volume. Nor did the friends and soi-disant dis- ciples of the dead master come forward, as might have been expected, to save his mem- ory from oblivion. At last we remembered a federal republican so stanch to his loves and hates that nothing would induce Enrico Cernuschi (him of bimetallic fame) to live in Italy under a united monarchy! To him at Paris we went, and found the hero of the barricades of the five days of Milan, the stanch defender of the Roman Republic (who was kept a prisoner by France in the Castel S. Angelo for many months after the restoration of the Pope), aged beyond recog- nition, with a cloud of silver-white hair surrounding a pale and thoughtful face, where the old light flamed in the dark- brown eyes, and the old impetuosity echoed in the question, "Why cast pearls before swine? Publishers are excellent thermom- eters. If none will print, all are convinced that no one will purchase the volumes when issued. Then, as likely as not, the Govern- ment will sequestrate the heresies, and the Triple Consorteria will privately cremate the volumes." At length, however, Cernu- schi consented to pay the expenses of print- ing one volume. Some copies did sell, and he added sufficient to print another. Then he too died, in 1897, and in the same year the bright, brave Gabriel Rosa went to his rest. Last year Niccola Mameli joined the ranks of the Old Guard; it really seemed as if the tenth and last volume would not find a sponsor in the land where the "si suona." This last volume was in reality half through the press in 1898 when the "events of May," as the mysterious revolts in Milan and the pretended revolution in Florence are euphemistically styled, made it certain that all and any political woris would come still-born into a world where Republicans, Radicals, Socialists were in durance vile. So the first sheets were stere- otyped and laid on the shelf. In the June number of the Nuova Antologia of 1900 appeared a letter from Senator Prof. Graziadio Ascoli to Prof. L. F. Pulle, headed

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July 1 8, 1901] The ISTation. 49 "Carlo Cattaneo and Historical Studies," in which the writer asks the author of the 'Profilo Antropologico dell' Italia' (a work which, with its splendid atlas, received the prize medal of the anthropological and eth- nological Italian Society of Florence) whether Cattaneo has not suffered from a singular and most unmerited oblivion: "He was one of the first to dwell on statis- tical considerations of a descriptive as of an inductive order, and to apply them with well- determined aims to the study of the genesis and the development of nations and of lan- guages. One of his dominating thoughts was to ascertain the numbers of the human race among whom and by whom the grand phenome- na and the great events of history have been developed. He was perpetually tormented by the question, How many were they; how far homogeneous, how and in what numbers hete- rogeneous and in conflict? Surely, it is our duty fully to illustrate this work of Cattaneo; but who will or can do this at the present moment if you don't set yourself to the task? I remember, how, proceeding methodically from the positive to the conjectural, he noted how in England the scant but continuous German im- migration assimilated a portion of the indi- genous population, 1. e., the Celtic, also scanty, and how thence issued in the course of four- teen centuries the greatest people in the world! [Indeed, from the first to the last day of our privileged intimacy, Cattaneo used to say: "An- glo-Saxon race is tautological; you are Anglo- Celts, Anglo-Britons."] Thence he rose up to higher considerations, divining the proportions of the crossbreeds by dint of which the lan- guage of the Aryans spread itself among the ancient peoples. No one has done so much, it seems to me, to sweep away from history all the fables and illusions engendered under the name of 'the great transmigrations of the peo- ples.' His conceptions touching the relative fixity of races, of the propagation of species and of culture in the infinite course of time, quiet- ed the imaginary tumult of nations which fan- tasy imagined to be immensely populous and mixed up together from prehistoric ages." Then for several pages the learned Pro- fessor goes on to vindicate for Cattaneo "his right to be considered the discoverer of certain truths in almost all branches of science, which have now become common property. The supreme wisdom of Cattaneo shone forth when he, first of all, collocated the study of the natural conditions of man with that of their civil conditions. In this field he displays a magic skill all his own, and, as an ethnologist and an original and perfect master of style, he ranks with Alex- ander von Humboldt [before him in point of time, we venture to add]." His admirable publication on the island of Sardinia, an- cient and modern, though written sixty years since, needs scarcely any addition to-day. Here Professor Ascoli dilates on Cattaneo's enormous superiority in historical specula- tions over Gioberti, Balbo, and other his- torians of his own time; how, even when reviewing foreign works, such as the 'Nor- man Conquest,' he surpassed by long strides the great French historian in the ethnolog- ical stratification of the conquered country. "In short, there is no field of universal his- tory where the appreciating eyes of this original thinker failed to penetrate. He is generally placed among the economists on account of his notable writings in this department. But who to-day could venture to decide what ground his inventive and reconstructive mind most splen- didly illuminated? I have no claim to the cast- ing vote, but this I can affirm, conscious of no want of reverence for any one worthy of it, that the large and modern conception of history has in Italy no champion who can compete with or come near to Cattaneo." The appearance of this heartfelt, enthusi- astic rehabilitation of Italy's forgotten one was heart-gladdening as a spring of fresh water in a dry and dreary desert. The last third volume was ready for publication — would Pulle really accept the office of spon- sor? A genial visit and cordial acceptance followed the appeal, and in a proemio of thirty pages the Italians have at least an index to the works of Cattaneo prepared by a young thinker of the present generation who has not been drawn into the vortex of political opportunism or the grib-grab of speculation. Poor Foscolo's sad yet now fulfilled prophecy heads the preface — "Se un di verra l'ltalia vera — io avrd giudice pia." "The fate of Carlo Cattaneo's works," writes Pulle, "is instructive for the history of Italian thought and for our civic life. That man who reigned as sovereign over the spirit of the past generation, who matured the minds and armed the avenging hand in the days of national revo- lution, became invisible, vanished as it were from the sight of the next generation which reaped the fruits of the accomplished work. Like one of the granite giants which in hospitable Switzerland sheltered his austere soul during the declining years of his life and his earthly hopes, Cattaneo awaited on the heights the light which the fog at the base must fail to obscure in the future. The memory of that great one suffered from what is the perpetual misfortune of Italy, the non-recognition of the absolute value of genius when it does not re- spond to the opportuneness of momentary con- tingencies. The Cattaneo whose eagle glance scrutinized and, partially, from Milan delineat- ed the lines of the universal movement of the peoples of Europe in 1848, was no longer at the helm after 1859, when action was directed to the aims of men who had not the supreme interest of the people at heart. He shared the fate of Mazzini and Garibaldi, and now Time unites them in a harmonious triad. A thinker and an exile, he kept apart from the daily contagion of surrounding influences. Over his grand per- sonality, which remained inflexible and uncon- taminated, silence spread her mantle. Partisan ire, whether proceeding from discordant schools or from political interests, is all-powerful over the fate of writers. The want of culture and the non-participation of the masses in intel- lectual movements in the past [alas, also in the present], placed the monopoly of fame in the power of the few dominating individuals and parties. The broad basis of collective opinion, the result of a number of many indi- vidual and independent judgments, which offers natural resistance to authoritative affirmations and keeps a fair balance for the merits of men, is wanting in Italy. The con- scious association of thought which Cattaneo understood and defined as the 'psychology of associated minds,' is also wanting; yet it is, in a nation, the seat of its moral independence, a bulwark against injustice, an impediment to all attacks on civil liberties as on scientific truth. The extension of education and of cul- ture tending to the creation of a collective con- science in the Italian people is, however, pre- paring the medium in which Cattaneo's real value will be recognized." The learned professor brings proofs and documents to show that Cattaneo laid the basis for modern studies; how, in the science which with F. Ratzel assumes the form and the name of anthropo-geography, Cattaneo forty years since revealed the outlines, even as he delineated the aspects of sociological geography. "Nothing, perhaps, lends cre- dence to the solidity of his knowledge and the perspicacity of his deductions concerning the relations of primitive races so much as does the comparison of his propositions with the conclusions of the most recent and authoritative ethnological studies on the Irish, the Scottish Gaels, and on the early Britons"; and here we have a resume of the 'Races of Europe* of the American, William Z. Ripley, compared with Cattaneo's writ- ings of sixty years ago, on the 'Historical Commencement of European Languages: On the Language and the of the Celts.- "Compare them," he cries, "and you will be astounded at his divination, the lucidity of his knowledge and his dialectics!" Later on he places him among the predecessors of Darwin, quoting an article of Cattaneo's on the "Types of the Human Race," which we expressly asked Pulle to notice, knowing es we did that the solitary hermit, too poor to purchase books or even to subscribe to a scientific library, never read either Dar- win or Huxley, whose works were unknown in Italy until 186G-7. One of Cattaneo's expressions is forcibly his own: "Truly, in the bosom of eternity, there is no penury of time. The nebulous geological epochs iu the graduated light of analysis go on sepa- rating and multiplying. The sublime hy- pothesis of continuous evolution reveals it- self in that Uijht. The progress of humanity mirrors itself in the progress of the uni- verse. On the astonished mind flashes the continuity of creation, the eternity of omni- potence." If the sad, weary, solitary Lombard whose monument is at this moment unveiled on his pedestal to the public gaze, could speak to the assembled multitude, would his words be of gratitude or of admonition? The lat- ter, we think. He knew that he had truth with him, not only in scientific mat- ters, but in matters political, and assuredly he could not be satisfied with his Italy of to-day. This, not because his ideal of a Federal republic has not been yet realized, but because morality has not been enthron- ed in high places, because, instead of an armed nation, a people simply taught to wield arms in its own defence, millions are squandered in standing armies and military fleets, because the possessors of the soil, capital, and the instruments of labor have persistently shown themselves greedy in adding to their stores, heedless of the starv- ing millions who rot in their rice fields, go mad with pellagra, send out their children by thousands to seek a better fate in foreign lands; because fifty years of this persistent ignoring of the suffering and misery around them by the cultured and wealthy classes have driven the people into the arms of the extreme factions, whose leaders have no bet- ter watchword for their new departure than class struggle, no better solution than strikes which have never reached such a point in numbers and intensity in any country of Europe. No! I doubt whether Cattaneo would care for the tribute of honor paid to him in the Italy which is not the Italy of his dreams. Yet it is well that such honors should be paid to the man whose life was stainless and blameless, even as his thoughts were high, and his action, when compelled to take his place as Ducc, audacious, firm, and victorious. In the bas-relief of the pedestal, Ettore Ferrari has recorded the epic moment of the defence when Cattaneo, twice offered an armistice by Radetzki, thundered out, "No!" even as did Pier Capponi and Michelangelo in earlier times. J. W. M.

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50 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1881 Correspondence. PREFERENCES IN BANKRUPTCY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In commenting, in your issue of July 4, upon the recent decision of the United States Supreme Court concerning prefer- ences in bankruptcy, you illustrate the effect of the decision as follows: "If A sells to B a bill of goods amount- ing to $2,000, and is paid in cash, and there- upon sells him another bill of goods for $4,000, on ninety days' credit, within which time B goes into bankruptcy, A becomes a preferred creditor. If ha proposes to claim his $4,000, he must give up his $2,000. If he wants to keep his $2,000, he must give up his $4,000." This is not quite accurate, as it loses sight of another provision of the Bankruptcy Act, which allows credits extended without se- curity after payments are made to be set oft' against the payments (Bankruptcy Act, sec. 00, C). Thus, if A sells to B a bill of goods amounting to $2,000, and is paid in cash, and thereupon sells him another bill of goods for $4,000 on ninety days' credit, within which time B goes into bankruptcy, A, though a preferred creditor to the extent of $2,000, can set off $2,000 out of the new credit of $4,000 against that payment, and still prove his claim for $4,000 due him. This was decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in McKey vs. Lee, 3 N. B. N., 262. This provision of the Bankruptcy Act was not involved in the decision of the Supreme Court referred to. If the second credit of $4,000 had preceded the payment of $2,000, then, under the Su- preme Court decision, there would be no off- set, and A would be obliged, as you suggest, to choose between losing the $4,000 still due and retaining the $2,000 paid, or restoring the $2,000 received and then proving his claim against the estate for $6,000, which would be the total amount of the debt due him. Yours truly, Isaac Adler. ROCHBBTER, N. V ., July S, 1901. CHRISTIAN MISSIONS IN CHINA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The interest in Christian missions to China is so general that I venture to ask the privilege of presenting a phase of the subject which may have been overlooked by some of your readers. (1.) Through steam and electricity all parts of the world have been brought so close to- gether that now (he Western nations and China are, in the most literal sense of the term, neighbors. (2.) Where two or more individuals, ((im- munities, or peoples of different standards of morality and civilization are brought into close contact, one of two things certainly fol- lows: either the one with the higher stan- dard sinks towards the level of the lower. or the more debased is raised towards the level of the higher. (3.) The natural tendency is towards the degradation of the higher, since to resist the demoralizing influence of the lower civiliza- tion requires conscious and vigorous effort. (4.) Granting these propositions, to the truth of which recent events in China have borne abundant proof, it necessarily follows that this new condition of neighborhood with the Chinese people is a serious menace to the civilization of the Western nations— a menace which will increase in strength with every improvement in ships and their en- gines, with the building of transcontinental railways, and with the growth of trade. (5.) A problem of surpassing importance, therefore, is forced upon us for solution. How shall this inevitable debasing influence be most effectively resisted? How shall these four hundred millions with a low stan- dard of morality be brought to recog- nize the force of and obey the great principles of respect for truth and for woman and for the sacredness of human life which underlie Western civilization? To remain inactive, quiescent, is to be conquered. Is the solution to be found in force? If this were practicable, the expense in life and treasure, the demoralizing effects on those who em- ploy it as well as on the subjugated, would be sufficient to condemn it. But a morality gained only by force is superficial, and will last only as long as the force is applied. In education? This method again, if it were practicable, would be vastly expensive, for it implies, not the establishment of a school or university here and there, but a school in every village, and there is not motive power enough to provide teachers, even if the money were forthcoming. But a fun- damental objection is that the mere educa- tion of Eastern peoples takes from them their religious belief without giving them anything in its place, and the result is a community of persons morally weak and characterless. In Christian missions? This method or influence is the only one which goes direct- ly down to the root of the great material evil of all non-Christian civilizations, the degradation of women, and lifts the mother and her child to the level of the mother and child in Christian lands. It is the only method which has the strongest conceivable motive power, that of disinterested love. It is the cheapest, for thousands stand ready to do the work for no other reward than the privilege of doing it, and millions stand ready to furnish them with the necessary means. From this point of view, therefore, I can- not escape the conviction that Christian missions in China are of vital importance, not to the Chinese merely, but to our- selves, as the only efficient means by which we can keep the high standard of our civ- ilization. James Mascarene Hubbard. Bbxao Loaf Inn, Vt., July 10, 1901. INDIAN SUMMER. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Any information that your readers can furnish in regard to the history of the origin of the term "Indian Summer," espe- cially previous to the year 1800, will be gratefully acknowledged if sent either to Prof. Cleveland Abbe, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, or to the undersigned. Albert Matthews. 1 IS BbaCOK St., Hoston, M \ss. Notes. Lee & Shepard announce for .September 'Gall Hamilton's Life in Letters,' edited by H. Augusta Dodge, and 'Among Flow- ers and Trees with Poets,' an anthology compiled by Minnie Curtis Wait and Prof. Merton Channing Leonard. "The Stars in Song and Legend,' by Prof. Jermain G. Porter, Director of the Cincin- nati Observatory, is soon to be published by Ginn & Co. A work on 'Irrigation,' by Dr. F. H. Newell of the United States Geological Survey, is in the press of T. Y. Crowell & Co. 'Foma Gordeyeff,' by the new Russian nov- elist, Gorky, translated by Hermann Bern- stein, is among the fall announcements of the J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Company. That indefatigable Baconian, Edwin Bor- mann, much the most interesting of his tribe, is to print in the autumn twelve lit- erary-historical-biographical essays under the title of 'Die Kunst des Pseudonyms.' (He is his own publisher in Leipzig.) His thesis is that if William Shakspere is the pseudonym of Francis Bacon, Bacon's name must appear on the title-pages of Shak- spere's productions, "or in the immediate vicinity." An appendix cites numerous judgments of Bacon by his contemporaries. As usual (and this is a substantial return for the purchase money), there are seventy to eighty facsimile illustrations. Cassell & Co. issue their annual collection of 'Royal Academy Pictures,' being the Royal Academy Supplement of the Magazine of Art, with a few pages of prefatory text. In all some three hundred illustrations of pictures and statues in the current Acad- emy are given. Half-tone cuts, generally well executed, are the rule, but a photo- gravure frontispiece accompanies each of the five parts which make up the quarto volume. The value of the work for refer- ence is clear enough. Of the pictures them- selves nothing much is to be said except that they have for the most part the same old Royal Academy quality, and show almost everything but pictorial intention. National pride will be gratified that Mr. Abbey's melodramatic "Crusaders Sighting Jerusa- lem" occupies the place of honor at the front. Prof. Edward Arber's series of "British Anthologies" is now completed with the publication of volume i., 'The Dunbar An- thology,' and volume x., 'The Cowper An- thology' (Henry Frowde). Extended com- ment upon these is unnecessary. In 'The Dunbar Anthology' Professor Arber's flow- er-gathering, so unpromising is the field, is rather surprisingly successful; and the final volume, rich in single instances from minor poets, is one of the most entertaining of all. We must, however, regret a thing which seems a curious lapse of taste: "The Ancient Mariner" is printed without its incompara- ble gloss. It is for many reasons a cause for rejoic- ing that the day of the dry and dusty doc- torate dissertation is passing. Some years ago Columbia University set the admirable example of encouraging its doctoral candi- dates to attempt the composition of readable books, in place of the conventional tabula- tions. The latest publication of the Uni- versity Press (The Macmillan Co., agents) is 'Frederic Mistral, Poet and Leader in Provence,' by Charles Alfred Downer. Dr. Downer has produced a serviceable and sug- gestive study of the somewhat exotic verse of Mistral, his revival of the old Provencal speech, and his endeavor in the direction of racial idealism. By a reasonable extension of the subject there is included a good ac- count of the general work of the "Felibres"

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July 18, 1901] Tlie IST&tioii. 51 who have striven to revive the old renown of Provence In poetry and art. The atten- tive reader may, Indeed, note certain blem- ishes which would never have occurred in a thesis of the old school. An accurate phil- ological chapter on "The Modern Provencal Language" is oddly contrasted with sonle rather sentimental and precious pages in which appellations like "epic" and adjec- tives like "beautiful" are loosely applied to Mistral's pleasantly romantic tales in verse. The book is, however, as a whole, a good piece of scholarship and a sympathetic lit- erary study. It should be of special interest to persons concerned with the problems of "national literature." Altogether charming is Mr. Almon Dex- ter's 'And the Wilderness Blossomed" (Phil- adelphia: H. W. Fisher & Co.), in which he describes the conquest of an island in one of the Maine lakes. Of great value to many amateurs will be found the list of hardy plants and the observations on their cul- ture which Mr. Dexter has made. He has evidently been overcome by the enchant- ment of gardening, and he certainly makes it appear enchanting. His comprehensive invitation to flower-lovers gives a pleasant finish to a book which deserves a longer no- tice than we can now afford it. •Peace or War in South Africa,' by A. M. S. Methuen (London: Methuen & Co.), is a temperate but extremely impressive ar- raignment of the policy of England towards the Boers. It is all the more effective be- cause the author gave his support to the Ministerial party until he became convinced that he was mistaken. The comparison with the attitude of the British Government to- wards the American colonies, and the quo- tations from Burke, are also telling. On the whole, this is perhaps as good a sum- mary of the events in South Africa which were decisive as has appeared; and the tone of its comment is high and clear. It is hard not to believe that such an appeal must move the English public; but our own re- cent history promotes skepticism. A satisfactory manual on 'Small-Boat Sailing' is that by E. F. Knight (E. P. Dutton & Co.). It will prove of practical service to the amateur sailor of small boats of all kinds, from the dinghey to the ten- ton cutter or yawl. It is generally agreed by professionals that books of instruction are of slight value in the acquisition of sea- manship. This is mainly true, but exception must be made in favor of Mr. Knight's clear and comprehensive treatise. Twenty years ago a publication of this character, de- voted as it is to the management of small boats employed exclusively in foreign wa- ters, would have been of hardly any use to American amateurs. The frequency, how- ever, of international yachting contests, and the number of foreign craft of all sorts now owned and sailed by Americans, contribute to the opportuneness of Mr. Knight's manual. It explains plainly and lucidly all that the amateur need know in regard to the choice, rig, and handling of small boats. The au- thor's remarks as to the use of the barom- eter and of weather wisdom as more- or less essential to safety in sailing small craft, are worthy of attention. He has confidence also in official weather forecasts, so much so that on one occasion, despite the earnest protests of local mariners, and contrary to his own judgment, he started from Har- wich, England, for Holland alone, in a three- ton yawl, in a gale of wind, on the strength of a special forecast of the British Me- teorological Office that he should in a few hours meet with light S. W. winds, a smooth sea, and fine weather — a prediction accurately verified. Are there many who would trust our official weather fore- casts to this extent? The illustrations, technical and pictorial, fortify and em- bellish the text. Among law books recently published is an institutional 'Treatise on the Jurisprudence, Constitution, and Laws of the United States,' by James De Witt Andrews (Chicago: Cal- laghan & Co.). Mr. Andrews is the editor of the works of James Wilson, and he de- clares that eminent lawyer to have been hitherto the only genuine expounder for American students of the true principles of legal analysis. "The plan he proposed Is that of the civilian's, and the results worked out agree singularly with those of John Austin." We have no space to go into details, but may say briefly that much of Mr. Andrews's discussion is illuminating. His division is into the Laws of Persons, of Things, of Actions, and of Crimes; Constitutional and Public Law falling under the first head. Some five thousand cases are cited, and the work is preceded by an introduction on the development of the Science of Law and Government. A more compendious book, covering the same ground, is the 'Elements of American Jurisprudence,' by William C. Robinson, the well-known author of a text-book on Ele- mentary Law (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.). He has cited two or three thousand cases, and each of his sections is accompanied by directions for reading. The book is evidently intended for the use of both teacher and student. The author's arrangement of the law is his own, but to our mind this is the least important point in the whole matter. The book should be regarded as a skeleton introduction to the law, and is very nearly readable. We should think it would be found of great use in schools and colleges. Here and there mistakes and omissions may be found. We cannot consider any book of American law complete which does not con- tain a clear account of the history of the common-law actions. Thus far there have been no really great American or English lawyers who have not known the difference between trespass and trespass on the case. Section 260, on the amendment and abroga- tion of treaties, ought to contain some refer- ence to the remarkable fact that we main- tain in this country the right to abrogate a treaty by an act of Congress. This is juris- prudence purely American. Considering, too, how common penal bonds still are, we could have wished an explanation of the nature of this instrument. May we, by the way, take this opportunity of pointing out, pace all modern institutional writers, that act and forbearance are not really true op- posites? Forbearance, as is here explained, means a voluntary omission to act. But act is used every day without any implica- tion as to will. No one, for instance, would deny that sleep-walking involved a va- riety of acts; but sleep-walking does not involve the action of the will. Omission is the only proper antithesis of act, and has excellent authority for its use; if an op- posite for the Saxon forbearance were wanted, it must be found, we incline to think, in some other Saxon word like deed. But the difficulty here is that deed is al- ready appropriated to another use. All this we submit with deference, but with confidence, to legal institutional etymolo- gists. 'Explorations in Alaska for an All-Amerl- can Overland Route from Cook Inlet, Pa- cific Ocean, to the Yukon, by Lieut. Joseph S. Herron,' is the title of a recent Gov- ernment publication. Lieut. Herron, with a party of five men, left Cook Inlet on June 9, 1899, and travelled 340 miles with a pack train. The remaining 171 were accom- plished on snow-shoes with dogs and sleds, and the great river was reached December 11. So far as can be gathered from the ac- count of the journey, the difficulties of this new route do not seem to be much, if any, greater than those of the other routes. From his experience Lieut. Herron is in- clined to think that the cheapest method of transport is first the mule, then the horse and dog. The reindeer is a failure in this part of Alaska, partly from the lack of moss, its principal food, and its inability to travel on the ice. The report is fully il- lustrated, and contains lists of native tribes, plants, and maps of the regions traversed. The United States Board on Geographic Names has issued a special report giving about 4,000 "coastwise" names in the Phil- ippine archipelago. The editor, Capt. C. C. Todd, acknowledges the valuable assistance given by the Rev. Jose Algue, S.J., director of the Jesuit Observatory at Manila. The names are in black-face type, and are fol- lowed by the Spanish designation of the features named, as, Acul, punta. "Aboriginal Rock Pictures in Queensland" is the title of a brief paper by R. H. Mathews in the current Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Mr. Mathews describes certain drawings cut upon flat sandstone rocks in the channel of the Burnett River at its junction with Pine Creek. During the greater part of the year the rocks are dry, but in times of floods are wholly submerged. As a result, many of the drawings are scarcely distinguishable. The figures are small, varying from two inches to two feet in length, and represent native weapons, ani- mals, and human feet, and include some nondescript designs. The mode of execution was to make a row of punctures along the outline of the drawing by means ot a sharp piece of pointed stone, and subse- quently chipping out the spaces between, thus making a complete groove around the outside of the drawing. The punctures, be- ing deeper and wider than the other portions of the groove, are still discernible. Similar drawings have been found near Rawbelle on the Rawbelle River. They are cut in the dark, hard sandstone on the sides and bed of a watercourse. On the bank of the Leich- hardt River, North Queensland, is a large rock containing aboriginal carvings of boom- erangs, shields, and human hands. The rock, a kind of conglomerate, is gradually crum- bling away under exposure to the weather, and some of the drawings have already dis- appeared. — Readers of the Nation least of all need an introduction to Mr. Henry F. Waters's 'Gen- ealogical Gleanings in England,' on which he has been engaged for eighteen years, and which have been printed with expert annota- tion in the quarterly New England Historical and Genealogical Register. A portion of these, dealing with very eminent names, have been printed separately, but now we have the

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52 The !K"ation. [Vol. 73, No. i8gl whole In two splendid octavo volumes issued by the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston, with a frontispiece show- ing the noble face of the greatest of known searchers in the field of recorded human re- lationship. Here are the wills developing in the most abundant and convincing way a family connexion, with other evidence of individual origin and descent, such as shone brilliantly in the case of the Washington and Harvard pedigrees and of Roger Wil- liams's nationality, and even (regarding England's especial domain) in the discovery of the wills of Alexander Selkirk (Robinson Crusoe) and of Thomas Hobson the carrier ("Hobson's choice"), and the burial entry of the widow of John Rogers, the martyr pf Smithfield. But one must explore the great index to realize the wealth of information concerning leading families in our history, both North and South, though New England preponderates. In immediate relation with Harvard's foundation we encounter Boylston, Chauncy, Hollis, Holworthy, Mather, and Mowlson; and such other names as Brad- street, Bromfield, Cotton, Downing, Dum- mer, Dyer, Eliot, Gardiner, Glover, Higginson, Hooker, Hutchinson, Pynchon, Quincy, Sal- tonstall, Sedgwick, Sherman, Vassall, Ward, Winthrop, and Yale. The wills are more than half-readable, viewed merely as inven- tories, while no one can forget the account of Mr. Waters's lighting upon the little paper which confirmed the Washington line beyond dispute. Mr. John T. Hassam supplies an Introduction, and the worth of this extraor- dinary collection is further enhanced by a reprint of Dr. Toner's "Wills of the Ameri- can Ancestors of Gen. George Washington," a table of the Court of Probate Calendars, and an index of places in addition to that of persons. — The New York Historical Society prints in its collections for 1892 (just now publish- ed) the "Abstracts of Wills on File in the Surrogate's Office, City of New York, 1665- 1707," and has thus performed a public ser- vice. Not only may this volume be consulted for the names of persons and places, but the inventories of property and items of bequest are full of interest for a study of the social customs of colonial days. Properties were, as a rule, small in size and largely per- sonal. A will disposing of property to the value of £500 is the will of a wealthy per- sonage, a man of some position in the com- munity. By far the larger number of wills disposed of personal effects of small value, a lot of land and a few head of cattle. No household property was of so little im- portance as to be overlooked, as when a father left to his son "my best suit of clothes and a bed blanket," and to his daughter a scythe and a Bible. With land a right of "commonage" went. The mention of tools and implements is very infrequent, indicating that even the household industries were not considered important. In a few instances a "weaver's loom" is bequeathed, and in one case three such looms are named, an unusual number. The raw material and product— lambs' wool, yarn, and homespun cloth — are itemized in one will. Of other In- dustries there is scant evidence, although some smith's tools, and a reference to the "Tinton Iron Works" of New Jersey in 1691, prove their existeuce. Labor was supplied by negroes and, less frequently, by Indians. The mode of valuing property, and the differ- ent currencies recognized, throw much light upon the economy of the settlement. Wam- pum was of importance, and was measured by so many "guilders." In 1691 a piece of eight was worth 12 guilders wampum. Of equal utility were beaver skins, the value of which was more difficult to determine. In 1677 a beaver was reckoned at 8 guilders, in 1698 a merchantable beaver was counted as 12 shillings. More complicated is a provision for "£100 in cattle, according to wheat at 5 shillings a bushel," although wheat was a recognized medium of exchange. When a ship-owner died leaving a certain share of a miscellaneous cargo, from spices up to ne- groes, the task of administering on the es- tate was by no means slight. It is possible, however, that merchantable produce was better than gold or silver, which are found in many forms and of diverse values. Gold dust is sometimes mentioned, and silver in plate was estimated at so many ounces. Currency involved some calculation, not only because of the variety of pieces passing, but also because of the light weight of the coins. In one estate the following were found: Spanish pistoles, guineas, Arabians, Arabian pieces of silver, Bank dollars and gold; the value of each being carefully item- ized. There were also French pistoles (gold), double guineas and doubloons, Jacobuses, pieces of eight, "Arabian and Christian pieces of silver," and the local guilder, five of which were required to make one Holland guilder. — Mr. Frank B. Sanborn's 'Emerson' differs from nearly all the other "Beacon Biogra- phies" (Small, Maynard & Co.), in being deeply colored by the personal intimacy of the writer with his subject. Hence less of vague generalization, more of remembered incident and speech. There is the usual over-emphasis on the earlier life, as if Mr. Sanborn were not conscious of his restricted space until his book was half written and the story of Emerson's literary career hard- ly begun, with the beginning of his own ac- quaintance with Emerson far in the future. But, happily, there are many reflections back from this upon the earlier years. These and the later recollections give the sketch its principal importance. There is a critical opening, and some critical observations at the end, but the book is much richer for Emerson's traits and characteristics, and for his relations toEUery Channing, Thoreau, and Alcott, than as a criticism of his genius. First of all, we are Invited to admire the certainty with which we meet his thought on every road we take. That is fine self- praise where Emerson writes, "It is not the masters who spin the ostentatious conti- nuity." Yet Mr. Sanborn regrets that Emer- son did not earlier set about his 'Natural History of the Intellect,' which, in his old :ige, was formidable to him and disappoint- ing, and broke his failing strength. There is not the exaggeration of Alcott's relation to Emerson that many will expect. But a notable tribute to Alcott in 'Nature' is pointed out, and there is no mistake where Alcott's account of Emerson's oratory is quoted, flowering at the top into some of Ellery Channing's most memorable lines. It is Mr. Sanborn's judgment that Emerson's anti-slavery action cost him more ostracism than his religious heresy. An interesting comment on Mr. Sanborn's extremely doubt- ful suggestion that Emerson left the pulpit because the Unitarians were a little sect, is Dr. Channing's remark, "If the Uni- tarians were not a little sect, I would not be a Unitarian." —The London School of Economics and Political Science is doing good service by its publications as well as its lectures. The latest of its series of monographs deals with 'The Place of Compensation in Tem- perance Reform' (P. S. King & Son), and is written by C. P. Sanger, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Barrister-at-Law. It approaches the subject from the lawyer's point of view, discussing first the meaning of vested rights, then the precedents for compensation, and lastly the special .fea- tures of this particular case. The book will be useful as a record of the history of various proposals for the solution of this problem, and as a summary of the conflicting views that have been expressed concerning it. Tem- perance reformers, however, will probably complain that Mr. Sanger scarcely does jus- tice to considerations that are more im- portant than legal technicalities. The right handling of the drink traffic is one of the most urgent needs of English social life, but it is already evident that the Transvaal war has driven compensation out of practi- cal politics. Either the saloon must be clos- ed without compensation, or it must remain open, for it is not possible for the nation to bear any fresh impost. Patriotic Americans will read with mingled feelings the reason given by Mr. Sanger for neglecting, in his study of colonial and foreign precedents, to pay any attention to the United States: "To argue from the case of a nation whose legis- latures enact laws which are not intended to be enforced, to the case of this country, would be fruitless. In addition to this, the practical certainty of renewal of a justice's license, which exists in England, is absent from a country in which the spoils system is an article of political faith. In short, the Americans are so fundamentally different from the English in habits and temperament that it is misleading to look to their legis- lation for the purpose of inferring the prob- able form which legislation may take in this country." — Regarding population, surely never in times of peace has any other country had such a record as Ireland. A preliminary report of last April's census has appeared. (Pari. Paper Cd.— 613). The population has within the past ten years declined 248,204 to 4,456,546. In 1841 it stood at 8,196,597. Scotland has now run ahead of her. Her population is less than it was a century ago, when it was about half the population of Great Britain — now perhaps one-tenth. Dublin proper, without some suburbs, is now smaller than Belfast, though, with its suburbs, it is slightly larger. Three coun- ties— Dublin, Down, and Antrim — have in- creased in population from 7.3 to 7 per cent. The others have decreased, from Monaghan (13.6 per cent.) to Derry (5.1 per cent.). By provinces, Connaught has decreased 9.7,. Munster 8.4, Leinster 3.5, Ulster 2.4 per cent. Of the total population, 74.3 are Catholics, 13.0 Episcopalians, 10.0 Presbyterians, 1.4 Methodists, 1.3 other denominations. Metho- dists, Jews, and "others" alone show an increase. The Jews, 200 thirty years ago, are now nearly 2,000. The Protestant and foreign element increases decade by decade slightly in proportion. Meanwhile, the amount of drink consumed and the number of public houses increase; also, the num- ber of persons in poorhouses and in insane asylums. Consequent on the complications

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July 18, 1901] The Nation. 53 of the land laws, attorneys are said to have increased by 50 per cent, within the past ten years. And the healthiest and most energetic of the agricultural popula- tion still seek their fortunes abroad. Where will be the end? — 'Les Etats-Unis et la Doctrine de Mon- roe' (Paris: Librairie Nouvelle de Droit et de Jurisprudence; New York: Dyrsen&Pfeiffer) is a valuable review of the Monroe Doc- trine by Hector Petin, who brings to bear on it the full light of legal and historical research. He traces it through its various phases of development, from its appear- ance in the message of 1823, as the defen- sive declaration of a rising democracy, to its final affirmation at The Hague, where it appears as the handmaid of a very undemo- cratic imperialism. The author thinks, as a good many have thought before him, that logically our Executive at The Hague had to choose between Monroeism and Imperialist expansion in the Bast; but as a matter of fact he "chose both." In other words, the Monroe Doctrine gives us at home the hegemony of America, prescribes the ex- clusion of Europe, is prophetic of the ab- sorption of Canada., and enables us to make any interoceanic canal a national toll-gate; while in the rest of the world it authorizes us to wrest colonies from European Pow- ers, and, making of them American depen- dencies, extend our system into the heart of the antipodes. The American doctrine, as interpreted by our Canton Napoleon, makes absolute nonsense of the original Monroe Doctrine. It is neither international law nor common sense, but a vague declaration that we shall do what we please anywhere. That such an assertion of our position tends to involve us in perpetual aggression and to array Europe against us, any one can see. It consequently becomes more and more idle every day to attempt to discuss our for- eign policy in terms of international law or traditional policy. "Might makes right" is the sum and substance of it. To any American who wishes to know how our play- ing fast and loose with the Doctrine looks to enlightened and disinterested minds, we commend this book. THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. A Treatise on the Bights and Privileges Guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to Ike Constitution of the United States. By Henry Brannon (Judge of the Supreme Court of West Vir- ginia). Cincinnati: W. H. Anderson & Co. 1901. Pp. 562. Mr. Dooley has recently said of the Con- stitution of the United States: "It wuddint last a minyit in thim tropical climes. 'Twud get a pain in the fourteenth amindmint an' die before the doctors cud get ar-round to cut it out." The shrewd humorist has here put his finger on the page o£ the Constitu- tion which for thirty years has been more often invoked in defence of individual rights than all the other provisions of the Con- stitution put together since the formation of the Federal Government. "The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the Unit- ed States," says Mr. Justice Brannon, is "the most important of all the additions made to that great instrument. That amend- ment speaks principles of free government of overruling import." "Who," he asks, "will deny the right of the principles of the Four- teenth Amendment? Who will contest the inestimable value of the sacred rights which it guarantees? Who will dare to contest the principles of Magna Cai 'I No one will dare to! Nevertheless, while the Fourteenth Amendment was devised, as the Supreme Court has intimated, for the security and protection of an inferior race, the effort of our politicians in the future will be to withhold its benefits from what they deem inferior races. Men of all races will dwell in "thim tropical climes," under the American flag, and they may be held to be within some of the limitations of the Con- stitution or beyond some of the limitations of the Constitution; but, no matter what may be held by the courts, a new "irrepressible conflict" awaits the American people, and an inevitable alternative will constantly confront our political managers, evade it as they may; and that alternative is this — shall those men in our insular pos- sessions live under their own flag or under the Fourteenth Amendment? The book before us is an overwhelming testimonial to the importance of the Four- teenth Amendment — to the unprecedentedly active part which it has played, is playing, and will continue to play in our Constitu- tional drama. Its importance has been fore- seen and seen by the author for thirty years, and nothing concerning it seems to have escaped his watchful, critical eye. It is worthy of notice that he is an unqualified believer in the Amendment, that he is a Southerner, and a member of a State judi- ciary; and it is greatly to his honor that this broad-minded exposition comes from the very spot where, in the ordinary weak- ness and prejudice of human nature, we might expect to find narrowness of construc- tion and querulous censure and opposition. We can illustrate the sagacity, caution, good sense, and judicial-mindedness of the work by quoting what the author says on a subject with which our readers, whether lawyers or laymen, have, unhappily, only too much reason to be familiar. In one of the early chapters of the book, written before the Porto Rico and Philippine cases had reached the Supreme Court, he looked forward and made the analysis of the questions involved: "Is Porto Rico, since the Paris treaty, a foreign country so as to justify such charge [the duties of the Dingley tariff]? The court (103 Fed. R. 72) held that the island was by the treaty 'acquired,' but not 'in- corporated,' into the nation, and hence for this purpose was still a 'foreign' country. The reasoning does not seem conclusive. Its basis is largely that of Fleming vs. Page (9 How. 603), holding that goods from a Mexican port held by our forces in war, but restored to Mexico by the treatv of peace, was, for the time, land of the United States by conquest, a part of its territory, and yet not so far as to exempt from tariff; and if this be so, why not the same as to Porto Rico? I answer that one was tran- sient occupation during war, provisional at most; the other, possession, with legal title under law of war and peace, for ever. There is a difference. Congress seems to have tak- en a different view from Judge Townsend's view, as it passed a, temporary tariff act for Porto Rico. My view is that it is not a 'foreign' country under antecedent tariff law, and that to subject it to tariff there must be an express act. Whether Congress can constitutionally pass such act under its power to govern territories, or, Porto Rico being a part of the nation, it is prohibited by the provision that 'all du- ties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States,' is a question not yet decided. It seems to me of doubt- ful constitutionality; but I venture no final opinion," And as to the Filipinos Justice Brannon says: "It is questionable whether a Filipino can be naturalized ... No doubt, under the principle [established by the Amende that "all persons born" in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens] children of Filipinos born since the acquisition of the islands by the Urn States would be citizens. But, though the Filipinos are not within the naturalization laws, still, they arc Americ a titled as 'persons.' under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, and under the Civil Rights Act, and the free spirit of our Govern- ment, to the personal rights accorded by the benign system of government of the Unit- ed States. They are subject to our Jurisdic- tion and laws, and from that very fact they are freemen in a free republican govern- ment, not subjects of an empire or mon- archy. The treaty of peace with Spain did not give the inhabitants of these islands citizenship, but committed the government of them to Congress. Congress must gov- ern them according to principles of Amer- ican free government. As the treaty con- veys the islands to us, we must regard our right as based on cession, not conquest — a consideration repelling all thought of pow- er of imposing arbitrary government on these people." We suspect that many of our readers will wish that Mr. Justice Brannon had been sit- ting last May on a bench where he could harve "ventured a final opinion" in regard to the "temporary tariff" for Porto Rico, and have done something towards clarify- ing that question of "doubtful constitution- ality." But these extracts give an inadequate idea of the hard and patient work which the au- thor has lavished upon this book. It is. indeed, a compendium of cases decided, of points determined, of questions yet to arise and be disposed of. The index covers forty pages, the table of cases cited twenty-nine more. We estimate roughly that these twenty-nine pages contain more than 1,200 cases. Some of them relate to general prin- ciples of law, some to other provisions of the Constitution; but it is evident that the last thirty years have brought forth a fear- ful array of decisions bearing upon or grow- ing out of the Fourteenth Amendment. "The Fourteenth Amendment," says our author, "is the child of our great civil war"; it was designed to guarantee the legal rights of 4,000,000 emancipated slaves, whose legal rights, it was feared, would be denied to them by the States; "but its language is broad, applying to all citizens and persons, 'without regard to race, color, or national- ity.' " And yet this comprehensive work and these unnumbered decisions do not extend to the whole of the Fourteenth Amendment, but only to two brief sections (the first and fifth), containing together less than 100 words. Moreover, the Fourteenth Amend- ment "creates and originates nothing new." "It creates no new privileges or immuni- ties of citizens, no new right of life, liberty, or property, no new process of law. It only guarantees rights preexisting, or those which law, national or State, may after its date confer"; and it confers upon Congress power to enforce "the provisions of this article," which is new. Here at the first glance appears the phe- nomenal fact that a few personal safeguards, which for nearly a hundred years had been reposing in the Constitution, Instantly pro- duced, when rewritten in the Amendment, a cloud-burst of litigation, where, before, the judicial sky had been almost without a

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54 The 3STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1881 cloud. In 1778 the corrupting methods of George III. and the acts of his corrupted Parliament, and such provincial govern- ments as that of Rhode Island, had demoral- ized Americans so far as to make them sus- pect and distrust all governments, and espe- cially that new and unknown government without authority, without organization, without the majesty of being— the less re- spected because it was the work of their own hands. Madison, therefore, promised, and proposed, and carried through the Ten Amendments which have been called our Bill of Rights. It has taken less than a century to demonstrate that it was the other repository of sovereignty in our dual system, the State governments, which need- ed Constitutional restrictions. As long ago as Davidson vs. New Orleans (97 U. S. R.), Mr. Justice Miller noted the fact that the Fifth Amendment, restraining Federal au- thority, though then nearly a century old, had hardly ever been invoked, while even then the Fourteenth had laden the docket of the Supreme Court with cases seeking the overthrow of State legislation. "The Ten Amendments," says a recent writer in the Evening Post, "form a noble decalogue of great principles to be kept before the eyes of all American citizens; but, neverthe- less, the judicial records of the century show that the Government which the fram- ers of the Constitution established would have moved on just as it has done if these Ten Amendments had never been proposed." With the Fourteenth there came three new elements to disturb the serenity of the judi- cial sky. First, it did what the Convention in 1778 had refrained from doing — it imposed the Bill of Rights, or a little of it, on the State Governments, and did not trust them, as theretofore, to the restrictions of State Constitutions. Second, it did what the Con- vention bad refused to do, it gave power to the Federal Government to enforce these re- strictions upon the States by Federal legis- lation. Third, it came coincident with a new- order of things, especially in the new and in the "reconstructed" States, where "carpet- bag" power, and race prejudice, and corpor- ate corruption, and "ring government," and socialism were to evolve wild experiments of Constitutional government, and to influence and pervert State legislation as never be- fore. The diversity of subjects of this new litigation, i. c, of these multitudinous cases which have been brought into the courts to have Constitutional rights concerning them determined, is almost unbelievable : Dogs, Rags, Drunkards. Prostitutes, Wild Animals, Domestic Ani- mals, Dead Animals, Caucasians, Africans, Mongolians, Indians, Hawaiians, Citizens, Aliens, Naturalized Citizens, Children of Aliens, Women, Wives, Persons, States, Cor- porations, Convicts, Arid Lands, Ardent Spir- its, Barbers, the Human Body, Carcasses, Cigarettes, Dentistry, Divorce, Drumming. Vagrants, Vaccination, Osteopathy, Oleo- margarine, Mobs, Logs, Speeches, Natural Gas, the American Flag, etc., etc. It may be noted that one of the most interesting opinions of the Supreme Court is upon the subject-matter of Dogs (166 U. S. R., 698); that a State may reenact provisions of early English statutes imposing a criminal penalty on him who entices away another man's servant; that prohibiting orators from mak- ing speeches in parks and pleasure-grounds does not deprive them of "liberty"; and that the national flag is a legitimate instrumen- tality for making money and may he used constitutionally for advertising purposes. Doubtless in a book of this character there are errors and omissions; but the only omis- sion we have noticed is the trivial one that, when setting forth the restrictive provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment, the author did not give the similar restrictions on Fed- eral power. The searching index, we should add, makes the book almost as ready of ref- erence as an encyclopaedia. KNIGHT'S MODERN SEAMANSHIP. Modern Seamanship. By Lieutenant-Com- mander Austin M. Knight, United States Navy. D. Van Nostrand Company. 1901. There is no such dyed-in-the-wool con- servative as the sailor. The indignation with which he repels the faintest suggestion of improvement in things nautical is amus- ing in its vehemence, clothed, as it usually is, in the choicest flowers of objurgation. Innovation is of the Evil One, to be avoid- ed or suppressed. The seaman's true crite- rion is the way of the fathers. Nothing new is good; on the contrary, everything new is bad. The creed is delightfully simple, and it is held with monkish fervor. It is difficult, therefore, to imagine the shock which the generation of mariners now passing away must experience as they hear of a book, just printed, with the ominous title 'Mod- ern Seamanship.' Such a violation of the traditions is little short of sacrilege. And yet the technical literature of the profession embodies, on the whole, a steady advance in treatment and a constant widen- ing of scope. Among the earliest books of the kind, Blunt's 'Seamanship, both in The- ory and Practice' (1813) was a bit too raisonn6 to find favor with the seagoing fraternity of that day. The pendulum of marine opinion was at the other extreme of the swing, and Boatswain Brady of the navy, recognizing the fact, produced a small elementary work with a very large name. 'The Naval Apprentice's Kedge An- chor, or Young Sailor's Assistant,' written by him in 1840. when a sub-title was fash- ionable if not obligatory, was dedicated to "John Gallagher, Esquire, Captain United States Navy." (The good old custom of giv- ing naval captains the social rank of es- quire survived until the sixties.) The 'Kedge Anchor' held its own for many years, since Lieutenant Totten's 'Naval Text-Book' (1S41). and 'Nautical Routine and Stowage' (1849), by Passed Midshipmen Murphy and .letters, both conceived in higher spirit (the former very dignified and scholarly), were unable to descend from the shelves and oust it from its place as the seaman's hand- book. The 'Kedge Anchor' was even used as a text-book at the Naval Academy, al- though supplemented by manuscript notes copied, with faithful loyalty, by the young midshipman from the vade-mecum of some older officer, chosen as his exemplar. Tho reign of the 'Kedge Anchor' came to an end at the Naval Academy in 1862, when Lieutenant (now Rear- Admiral) Stephen B. Luce was ordered to that institution as in- structor in seamanship. His first duty was to supply a text-book, the want of which had become pressing, and Luce's well- known 'Seamanship' was the result of his labors. For forty years it has been used at the Naval Academy and universally accept- ed as the unimpeachable American authori- ty on its subject in all its branches. But the demon of progress, not respecting the seaman's whim, has affected his calling to the verge of revolution. The adoption of steam propulsion as an auxiliary to sail power, in the third and fourth decade of the nineteenth century, introduced many new problems, of which contemporary works treat more or less perfunctorily, for the post of honor was still occupied by the man who could "reef, hand, and steer," who knew what a cat-harpin was, and who was profoundly versed in grommets, paunch- mats, puddings, Matthew Walker knots, and like creations of the marlinspike. The same conservatism dominated later works even when canvas had disappeared from the seas except for the freighting of bulky cargoes, and except, also, in the yachting, fishing, and coastwise fleets. Canvas was, indeed, spread, but. as now, only with a fair wind to increase the speed or to save coal. In its turn it had become auxiliary. So strong a grip, however, did it have on the naval mind that, long after twin-screws came into use (in the transatlantic service in 1881 and much earlier in European navies), heavy spars and broad sails were yet retained. Late in the eighties our navy was still mast- ing its twin-screw cruisers Chicago and Newark, while the English were doing the same with such armored vessels as the Im- pirieu.se and Warspite. To-day, however, the only masted man-of-war, except the train- ing ship, is the single-screw gunboat design- ed for duty on remote stations where fuel is costly. The merchant service is practi- cally given over to that marvel of efficiency and economy, the tramp steamer. Since 1890, the British ship captain has had Todd and Whall's 'Practical Seamanship for Use in the Merchant Service,' a fairly good work, with a special aim. Notwith- standing this publication, the want of a treatise available for both the navy and the mercantile marine had not been adequately supplied. Something was needed which should chiefly regard the new state of af- fairs, giving most attention to the full-pow- ered steamer while not neglecting the sailing vessel, and which should minister to the needs of the naval officers of to-day and to- morrow as Luce had ministered to the needs of him of yesterday. Lieutenant-Commander Knight, when ordered as head of the Depart- ment of Seamanship at the Naval Academy in 1898, found himself situated just as Luce was in 1862, for again the art had outstripped the text-book. 'Modern Seamanship' is his response to the demands of the new condi- tions. In an able and satisfactory way it supplements "the midshipman's Bible," as Luce's work is affectionately termed, doing for the full-powered steamer what Luce had previously done for the full-rigged ship and the auxiliary steamer. A technical treatise on a widely ramified subject must deal with broad outlines unless the author commands unlimited space. Fail- ing that, it must be a compromise between an encyclopaedia and a manual. The value of such a treatise depends upon the skill with which the compromise is effected, and 'Modern Seamanship' stands this test very well. It is quite remarkable in explaining the principles upon which its suggestions are based. The appeal is less to precedent than to reason — a radical departure in works on seamanship. The reader who is equipped fc. «

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July 18, 1901] The Nation. 55 with but a slight knowledge of vessels finds the bewildering perplexity of a modern ship's anatomy made agreeably clear in a series of excellent plates, either sectional or in per- spective, as the case demands. He then plunges into ropes and knots, a topic not without its interest even to the landsman. We recall the despair of a teamster, hauling logs in Tennessee, over his inability to make the rope fast to the drag-chain; his contempt when a sailor cast a Blackwall hitch (plate 11, fig. 9) into the rope and threw it over the hook; and the teamster's astonishment when he saw that "the domed thing held." "You are the beatingest cuss on ropes I ever see," was his tribute of praise. A short chapter on masts and masting supplies the present want on a topic which formerly required so elaborate a volume as 'Fincham on Masting.' That on sails would have commanded wider reading had a few paragraphs been devoted to the recent modes of cutting and spreading yachts' sails. The introduction of the batten and the fuller belly are at least as worthy of a place as the mechanieal details of sounding machines and steam capstans. Of more than mere naval value are the instruc- tions for handling weights. Many a factory superintendent would find profit in studying them. It has been said that a sailor is the only marine animal that cannot swim; and the statement is painfully close to the truth. It may be added that he cannot sail a boat. For these two reasons Knight's sections telling of boats and their handling are great- ly to be commended. Few naval officers, for example, ever get such an experience as fell to the lot of the naval cadets who landed Shatter's army through the surf on the south coast of Cuba in 1898. The steering of steam- ers and their management, especially about a dock and at sea in heavy weather, are discussed in a logical manner. This part of the book, evidencing as it does originality and painstaking care to embody the best nautical experience, drawn both from the navy and the merchant service, should ap- peal strongly to yachtsmen who aspire to the control of their own craft. 'Modern Seamanship' is very readable in places. Its injunctions for rescuing the crew of a wreck, for example, are enlivened by short accounts of appropriate and thrill- ing episodes. Broadly speaking, any one can handle a steamer when the sea is smooth, the sky clear, and there is nothing in sight. It is in times of storm, emergency, disaster that knowledge and experience are of supreme importance. For the latter, familiarity with what has been done before by others under similar circumstances is the only substitute. In this respect, 'Mod- ern Seamanship' is most valuable, the best thought and practice of competent seamen having been culled and woven into sug- gestions which should be studied by all who go down to the sea in ships. This fea- ture of the book inspires a confidence which an ex-cathedra tone would repel. The manoeuvres of the sailing ship receive due attention, but rather affectionately, as by one who regrets the passing away of the old order of things, than as the propagand- ist of a new faith. The reviewer would be false to his trust did he fail to point out that "gammoning," once an art in itself, is unmentioned, and that the faithful student of the 'Bab Ballads' will seek in vain through the pages of 'Modern Seamanship' for the key to Sir Blennerhasset Portico's perplexity over the "Mystic Selvagee." We believe that "gammoning" still survives, but on shore principally, and in its grosser sig- nification. While the book is modern in scope, It Is also modern in method, for the long, ver- bose descriptions which overweighted many of its predecessors are replaced by numerous illustrations which make things clear at a glance, without sacrificing any matter of importance, and gain space for the discus- sion of current problems. There are, nat- urally, a few points wherein nautical men will not all agree with Lt.-Comdr. Knight, but consideration of them would be out of place here. The book is a notable, valuable, and timely contribution to naval technics, and it should find a welcome, as a trust- worthy work of reference, in all large li- braries, public or private, besides serving as an approved manual of the sailor's art on board of yachts, merchant vesstels, and men- of-war. THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BIBLICA. Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Dictionary of the Bible edited by the Rev. T. K. Cheyne and J. S. Sutherland Black. Vol. II. E— K. The Macmillan Co. 1901. Pp. 772. Volume by volume, this great work is of a growing significance. In spite of all that can be said against its attitude, it stands ab- solutely alone in width of learning, in exact- ness of scholarship, in acuteness of insight and fertility in conjecture and hypothesis, and in precision of statement. Very seldom do the writers permit themselves an edifying touch; we have not noticed in this volume anything resembling the betises of that kind which appeared in the first. Dr. Cheyne's remark in col. 2577, on the spiritual ex- cellence of the Jordan, seems to stand very nearly alone. The Arabic scholarship, too — the only side of scholarship which we criti- cised in the former volume — seems in this to be untouchable. It must be confessed, however, that none of the learned contribu- tors has ventured any further disport to speak of in these perilous fields. What has been said already of the gen- eral plan and scope of the first volume ap- plies, and perhaps still more strongly, to this. Over it all there broods the presence and influence of the editor. Out of 127 arti- cles of greater importance, Dr. Cheyne has entirely written or weightily collaborated in no less than thirty-five. In the case of the smaller articles, his contributions must mount still higher. By far the greater pro- portion of those which bear any signature at all have his initials. Finally, to reckon up the notes and comments in square brackets, signed and unsigned, which he has seen fit to add to the work of his contributors would be a hopeless task. Only articles which are the barest statement of fact and carry no responsibility of suggestion or interpretation have been left unsigned. The number of formally collaborated articles is compara- tively large, and the combination has some- times produced the happiest results. "Ex- odus," by Cheyne, S. A. Cook, and W. M. Muller, may be adduced as an example. But, in other cases, the results are by no means so fortunate. That is especially so in the articles taken over from the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica.' Where the writer still lives to revise his own work — C. g., Wellhausen, on "Hexateuch" — it has been successfully brought up to date. But it would have been much better if the others, including. In spite of all pietan, those even by Robertson Smith, had been freely recast or entirely rewritten. The patchwork renovation whioh they have undergone is neither satisfactory in itself nor easy to read. It is a beautiful illustration of the documentary hypothesis; but that is all that can be said for it. In some cases, too, it is highly inadequate. The article, "Hebrew Language," should have been at least twice as long to meet its own importance and the scale of the rest of the book. Another of the few examples of inadequacy of treatment is the article "Jesus," by the late A. B. Bruce. It is short (only twenty columns) and vapid to a de- gree. We are actually left in doubt at the end as to whether or not the writer accepted the historicity of the Resurrection. This is one of the cases in which the "Hastings Dic- tionary' has an easy superiority; Sanday's article on the same subject is excellent. To Dr. Bruce's article it could also be ob- jected that it has no place in the scheme of the book. Biblical theology was ruled ex- pressly out in the preface to the first vol- ume, and this sketch consists really of Biblical theology, though of the wateriest. The same criticism applies still more to the article on "Faith"; that it says nothing about the Faith does not save it from being theological. But it must not be thought that weakness and indefiniteness characterize the New Tes- tament articles generally. It is rather the case that they take up an extreme "critical" position, and are worked out with great detail and thoroughness. Dr. Cheyne has evidently determined to apply vigorously the methods of Old Testament criticism to the New, and to introduce to English readers the most advanced results of German scholars. In this he has not been contented with let- ting his New Testament authorities go their own way, but has mingled in the fight him- self, and has written several articles which we should hardly have looked for from a Hebraist, or, on another side, from a high dignitary in the Church of England. For, in truth, if this dictionary is under the strict over-lordship of its editor, that over-lordship is revealing in him a wealth of miscellaneous and many-sided learning that must fill us with astonishment. Dr. Cheyne seems to have claimed all theological knowledge for his portion, and to be making good his claim. It is also revealing a freedom from preju- dice— to put it mildly — which will strike many people with consternation. In all this, it need not be said, is an ele- ment of danger. This book, however excel- lent it is, must be regarded as representing — and that especially in the New Testament— a single school. Whoever consults it in or- der to gain some idea of the perfectly assured results on any subject, must do so cautious- ly. A good basis and reason, without doubt, can be given for everything here, but, equal- ly without doubt, there is here an enormous mass of contentious matter. And when, with- in the authority of a single school, we have the authority of a single man dominating It all, there is still more need to repeat, "Ca- veat lector!" Dr. Cheyne turns from his light- hearted emending of Hebrew texts and criti- cism of Hebrew sources to no less light- hearted Greek efforts. These things must come and go and come and go again, but it is well to remember the fate of Bentley, how happily he emended corrupt texts, and how

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53 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1881 brilliantly he failed when he applied the same methods and spirit to texts relatively .sound. And even in dealing with most cor- rupt Hebrew texts, it is well also to remem- ber that a conjectural emendation which may have been the original reading, can by no means be treated as the certainly original reading. Such guesses as those of Dr. Cheyne on Jael (col. 2313) and Qoheleth (col. 2686) may be right, but cannot be proved right, and have large odds against them. It remains to note some of the articles of most outstanding importance. High among these must come that on the Gospels by E. A. Abbot and P. W. Schmiedel. It is by far the longest, running to 134 columns, and could not easily be overpraised as an elabo- rate development of a certain position. Of course that position is most extreme, even from the standpoint of an anti-supernatu- ralist. The historical skepticism and subtlety of evasion displayed in it would be laughed out of court if applied to any documents or figures of "profane" history. Yet we must be grateful for it; after it nothing can come but a reaction. Equally weighty, if not so long, is that on John, son of Zebedee, also by Schmiedel (59 columns) . John the Baptist is taken by Cheyne. "Israel" (72 col- umns) is by Guthe, and "Eschatology" (55 columns), already noticed in its larger book form, by R. H. Charles. Cheyne has treated Isaiah, Job — an illuminative article, but dis- appointingly indefinite in certain particulars — Esau, Isaac, Jacob, Jephthah, Jonah, and very many other rubrics. All his articles are of such a character as to make us look with impatience for his promised 'Critica Biblica.' It will evidently contain the length- ier treatment and justification of much that now seems scrappy and baldly daring. One of the best articles in the book is that on Egypt by W. M. Miiller (45 columns), which stands easily first among recent Eng- lish treatises on the subject. By the same author are several other Egyptological arti- cles. Noldeke has treated Edom, Esther, Hagar, Ishmael, etc., most fully and learn- edly; A. B. Davidson, Ecclesiastes; M. R. James, Esdras; Kautzsch, Kings; G. F. Moore, many articles, including Genesis, Ex- odus, Historical Literature, etc.; N. Schmidt, Jeremiah; Toy, Ecclesiasticus and Ezekiel. Such, in a dry catalogue, is part of the con- tents of a deeply interesting book. We have here not only a thesaurus of Bib- lical information — perhapsratherone-sidedin its presentation — but also a clear indication of a theological drift. This drift of the whole is unmistakable, and it helps us far into the light as to the ultimate outcome of the extreme critical school. How such scholars as Professors Davidson, Driver, and G. A. Smith feel themselves in their present com- pany must remain dubious; a certain hack- neyed quotation from Moliere about a galere rises to the mind. But the path before Dr. Cheyne and his confreres is clear. The Prot- estant doctrine of Scripture is for them ut- terly shattered; no fine fence over the word "inspiration" can help them. For a positive religious attitude they have no basis left, except authority, expressed either in the tradition of a church or in the mystical per- ceptions of the individual. They have moved far beyond the distinction between the his- toricity of the Old and of the New Testa- ments, to which the English critical school so long clung, and which was expressed so ably by Driver in the preface to hi.; 'Literature of the Old Testament.' The Gospels are going the way of the Pentateuch; the Epistles, the way of the Prophets; and Driver's plea of difference between the "Song of Hannah" and the "Magnificat" has been whistled down the wind. The figure of Jesus fades into a misty uncertainty like that of Apollonius of Tyana, and we shall soon be back at a point where Blount's sev- enteenth-century comparison between the Gospels and Philostratus's life of the same Apollonius will again have weight. Under these conditions the Church of Rome will undoubtedly draw many into its shelter, and others will soothe themselves with vague phrases and mystical aspirations. For those who hold, however broadly, to an historical revelation, it is now time to face a crisis. There are several maps, some of which are good and clear. Those of Palestine itself are small in scale and inadequate in details; they cannot compete in any respect with the maps of G. A. Smith's 'Historical Geography,' which seem to have been their model. The Story of My Life. By Augustus J. C. Hare. Vols. III. and IV. London: George Allen; New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1901. Mr. Hare informs us in his preface that, with the exception of the last two chapters, these two volumes were printed at the same time with the first two in 1896. They were not published then, presumably, because of a fear that others might not share his pref- erence for a very long book if it be at the same time a pleasant one. The change from the temper of those first volumes to that of these is cer- tainly remarkable. Mr. Hare takes back no- thing, and here and there he devotes a page to the repulsive traits of his ancestors and relatives, but time and death have softened the outlines of his denunciation of the Hares and Maurices, who did most to make his early life a torture and a shame; and as the story leaves behind the dramatis persona; of the earlier years, and new actors take new parts upon the crowded stage, the prevailing note is that of generous appreciation. Mr. Hare is himself the most persistent charac- ter, and he proves much more attractive as he advances from middle life to the borders of old age. He permits himself "the delights of admiration" without stint. Of personal vanity there is less than we might naturally expect in one having entrance to so many noble houses and acquaintance with so many people of importance. Best of all is his relation to his servants, and especially to Mary Lea Gidman, who nursed his infancy and remained with him until her death when she was full of years. Mr. Hare informs the public that it is under no obligation to read his book at all, if it is thought too long; or it may be read skippingly. But the matter for the most part is so entertaining that only the most serious-minded will care to omit many pages. It can hardly be complained that the writer makes too much of his own affairs, so intent is he on those of other people. For future students of the social life of England in Victoria's reign, Mr. Hare has written an invaluable memoir. Places are described with the skill we should expect from the practised hand which wrote 'Walks in Rome' and many similar books. He seems to be always on the go, passing from one town or country house to another in an endless round of visits and festivities. He does well to remind us that this nomadic life is not exhaustive of his time; that it was periodic, and, between its recurrent seasons, there were others of quiet study at his beloved Holmhurst, and yet others of working travel, when he was engaged in preparing his lit- erary guide-books or personally conducting the royal Prince of Sweden or some other more or less docile pupil on a course of mi- gratory instruction. It was the ethereal gust and not the carnal feast which attracted him to "rich men furnished with ability, living peace- ably in their habitations." He counted that day lost on which he added nothing to his stock of amusing stories, or his store of personal talk. His stories, which are num- berless, are good, bad, and indifferent. Many of them are of that kind which his American friends called "chestnuts." Two, at least, of the best have been associated in this country with Phillips Brooks, and the scales are only partially redressed by the attribution to Phillips Brooks of what is— so we have heard — a happy phrase of Sydney Smith. The setting of these familiar sto- ries, as Mr. Hare repeats them, is so par- ticular that we should be obliged to think it the genuine original setting were not our American variants equally particular. In regard to things American, there is a general contempt, qualified by particular admirations, with that degree of inaccuracy which makes us wonder if our American blunders about English matters are more frequent or absurd. Dr. Cyrus Bartol fig- ures as "Silas" in a story which is not flattering to Mrs. Fanny Kemble. We have not only Mr. Hare's own stories of his con- temporaries, which seem inclusive of all recent reputations, but reminiscences of older people to the second and third gen- eration, which are often quite as good. In this secondary fashion the Grotes are prom- inent, while with Carlyle the touch is both immediate and reminiscent. Mr. Hare was often meeting Lord Houghton at one place and another, and he represents him as the embodiment of good-natured vanity. "Even I," he said of a good thing, "never said anything better than that." His bon- mots were only less numerous than Sydney Smith's. To Gladstone, saying that his own was a dog's life, Houghton answered, "Yes, a St. Bernard's; saving many lives your business." Sydney Smith's reply to Land- seer, who wished him to sit for his por- trait, "Is thy servant a dog that he should do this thing?" is represented as an after- thought which the wily dean was glad to substitute for his actual and commonplace reply. Did Smith say that Whewell's "foible" was omniscience, or his "pas- sion," as here represented? It is amusing to read of George Ticknor, that typical Boston aristocrat, as "of the most lowly origin." Lord Beaconsfield was not attrac- tive to Mr. Hare, who takes pleasure in re- lating that Lady Beaconsfield was original- ly a factory girl. Her first husband found her with bare feet, married her, and, dy- ing, left her rich. When asked why she married Disraeli, she answered: "My dear, he made love to me while my first husband was alive, and, therefore, I knew that he really loved me." No one is touched more lovingly than Hugh Pearson, Dean Stan- ley's dearest friend. He would have had Mr. Hare write Stanley's biography, but one of Stanley's executors interfered. One of Pearson's contributions to Mr. Hare's

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July 1 8, 1901] The Kation. 57 collection of felicities was the following quatrain of Mr. Justice Bruce: "The ladles praise our curate's eyes; I cannot see their light divine: He always shuts them when he prays, And, when he preaches, closes mine." But as yet we have not mentioned one note of Mr. Hare's story which recurs more frequently than any other — so frequently that the sub-title of his book might very properly have been, "A Collection of Ghost and Murder Stories, with Many Remark- able Coincidences and Premonitions." There are dozens and scores of these things in Mr. Hare's volumes. His predilection for them was remarkable, and wherever he went they gravitated to him like steel fil- ings to a powerful magnet. The Society for Psychical Research would find In them much food for reflection. The trouble is that most of these stories could not be verified at this remove from the actual occurrences. What they prove is the abun- dance of their kind and of the popular belief in them. Some of them are grim and ghastly enough to bring back the ghost of Poe; some of them curious enough to persuade Hawthorne to revisit the pale glimpses of the moon. The judicious read- er will not read them just before going to bed. The Diplomatic History of the Southern Con- federacy. [The Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History, 1900.] By James Mor- ton Callahan, Ph.D. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. 1901. Pp. 304. It has long been known to scholars in- terested in the history of the civil war that the almost complete diplomatic archives of the Confederacy are in the Treasury Depart- ment at Washington, and they have been ex- tensively used by biographers of Lincoln and of Seward and by Mr. Bigelow in his 'France and the Confederate Navy.' However, there was still room, need even, for a systematic narrative showing how the Confederate hopes of early recognition and independence came to nothing. Dr. Callahan has under- taken to supply this. He has read the Con- federate, the United States, and the British diplomatic correspondence perhaps as close- ly as any predecessor; he has gone- through a large number of histories, biographies, and diaries about the Confederates; he has made excellent use of several files of Southern newspapers; and from all these sources he has taken good notes. In gathering his ma- terials he has been even zealously indus- trious. Where he is disappointing is in con- struction. He marshals on his printed page apparently nearly all the notes he made, rele- vant or irrelevant to Confederate alms; hun- dreds of facts, rumors, suspicions, and guesses are distributed among eleven chap- ters, and are given hasty and imperfect ar- rangement. The first two chapters, one-fifth of the book, describe the Confederate diplomatic archives, tell how they came to be acquired by the United States, and give a fragmentary sketch of "The Confederate Government, Politics, and Finances." There la no inten- tion to depreciate the Confederacy and its most serious leaders, but Dr. Callahan has been so much Impressed by the criticisms, fears, and discontent of weak-kneed Con- federates that he has forgotten to explain to his readers what it was in Davis and Lee and Benjamin and Slldell and nineteen-twen- tieths of the people of the Cotton States that gave the Confederacy vigorous life and ex- tensive European sympathy. At least the chapter on "The Confederate Foreign Pol- icy" ought to open with sentences designed to excite the reader's curiosity, and make him feel that the diplomatic history of the Confederacy is worth serious consideration. The first paragraph, however, is as follows: "James L. Orr, Chairman of the Confed- erate House Committee on Foreign Rela- tions, once said that the Confederacy never had a foreign policy, and never attempted any high diplomacy. Whatever may be thought of this statement, the failure of the Confederacy was certainly not due to any deficiency in the number of its agents abroad. Jefferson Davis commissioned many diplomatic, consular, and secret agents to watch every opportunity to negotiate treaties or to press Confederate Interests." Here, as In other places, the author dis- plays a lack of literary tact; and there are very few signs that he has digested his ma- terial or done much careful thinking about it or his own composition. It is notorious that all but a few of the Confederate leaders were confident that, in the event of war with the North and a consequent blockade of Southern ports, the need of cotton for the manufactories of England and France would compel one or both of them at least to break the blockade. This would probably lead to war between the United States and the inter- vening Power or Powers, and such a war would surely and speedily give the Confederacy inde- pendence. Robert Barnwell Rhetthadanequal- ly complete and much more energetic plan of shaping the foreign relations of the Con- federacy. He proposed, says Dr. Callahan (p. 84), on the authority of Yancey's biog- rapher: "(1.) A treaty of commercial alliance In- volving reciprocal obligations, offensive and defensive, for twenty years or more, during which the Confederacy would impose no im- port duty higher than 20 per cent, ad va- lorem, no tonnage except for maintaining har- bors and rivers, and would permit European parties to the treaty to enjoy the privileges of the coasting trade free, subject only to the police regulations of the State. (2.) A dis- criminating duty of 10 per cent, on all goods of all nations refusing to accept the treaty. (3.) The commissioners to have power (as Franklin in 1778) to form alliances with Eu- ropean Powers and guarantee their North American possessions." Of course, if there was a good basis for the conviction that "King Cotton" would be all- powerful, it was better to be content with the natural alliance with him. But would a wise and sober-minded statesman have be- lieved implicitly in him? Were there not de- velopments that were vital and yet beyond the range of human foresight? Would it have been safer to start with Rhett's programme? Would that have attracted France or Great Britain? or would it have been a confession that the Confederates recognized that their own strength was wholly inadequate for their task? These are questions of the first im- portance in the diplomatic history of the Confederacy, and any author possessing originality and grasp of his subject could hardly have failed to furnish instructive speculations in regard to them. "Let the facts tell their own story" is a saying accepted by many persons. Yes, but what are "facts"? What is evidence? What is a probability, even? The most that can be done here is to give a few exam- ples of our author's poor judgment as to these questions. "Benjamin," ho calmly states (p. 79), "in a letter [written in 1860] to the English Consul in New York, said that the conditions might arise which would even induce the South- ern States to resume their former al- legiance to England." The sole authority for this sentence is a letter printed in Barnes's 'Life of Thurlow Weed.' This letter is absurd on its face, and is made more so by Mr. Barnes's explanation that it came from the British Consul to the British Min- ister, and subsequently ceased to be a secret. Since it was printed by Mr. Barnes, seventeen years ago, scores of scholars have read it and would have referred to it if they had regarded it as genuine. As far as we know. Dr. Callahan is the first to be 60 bold as to give full credence to an ap- parently spurious document, in which Mr. Barnes himself had so little faith that he felt called upon to say, "This letter is pub- lished on what is believed to be trust- worthy authority." This meant nothing less than that it was not copied from a man- uscript in Benjamin's handwriting, and therefore may have been somebody's hoax or guess, like many other "bits of secret history" of all times of excitement. In a dozen other places the merest suspicions and rumors, which meant next to nothing, are quoted as if they were significant his- torical evidence. This peculiarity reach- es a climax in the chapter entitled "The Last Effort— Kenner*s Mission." Upon the authority of the recollections of two or three very old men, try- ing to recall what they were told had occurred a third of a century before, we are furnished with a minute account of Duncan F. Kenner's being given full pow- er to negotiate a gigantic deal In cotton and make a treaty with either Great Brit- ain or France, or both, promising eman- cipation in exchange for recognition or sub- stantial assistance. His powers, we are told, were so great, although orally bestow- ed, that he could even displace or remove Slidell or Mason. That the Confederacy was about to change its diplomatic policy to correspond with the enlistment (and practical emancipation) of slaves as sol- diers is very probable. That Kenner car- ried oral and written instructions to Mason and Slidell is all but certain, for one of Mason's dispatches of the time indicates as much. But it is like throwing away compass and rudder to accept as historical evidence what one man thought he recol- lected, long afterward, of what another man had told him had happened several years before. The author states that shortly after the Kenner chapter was first printed — very prop- erly in a newspaper — an editorial writer in the Washington Post affirmed that Prince Polignac, a Frenchman in the Confederate military service, was sent, early in 1865, to offer to Napoleon III., in exchange for the use of an army to gain Confederate in- dependence, all the territory of the Louis- iana Purchase within the borders of the Confederacy. This was important secret his- tory, and was well authenticated; for one Major Moncure, who accompanied Polignac on the mission, told the editorial writer after his return. But Polignac himself, al- though still alive and vigorous, was so poor a judge of well-authenticated history as to cable a prompt and effective denial. Had he chanced not to hear the story— as might easily have been the case, for he divides his year between Paris, winter resorts, and chateaux in different European countries —

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58 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1881 it would have had as good an historical foun- dation as many of the statements in the Kenner incident. Problemcs Politiqucs du Temps Present. Par fimile Faguet, de l'Academie Fran- Caise. Paris: Armand Colin. 1901. It would seem as if French critics of to- day, not finding enough to work upon in the literary realm, all felt the need of widening their range of activity. In re- cent years we have seen them, one after another, deserting literary criticism for politics, invading the forum, and addressing the crowd on all the issues of the day. To be sure, this interest in public affairs on the part of litterateurs is not altogether new. Villemain was a Minister of Public Instruction. St.-Marc Girardin was a Dep- uty. Sainte-Beuve and Edmond Scherer be- longed to the Senate. But those great critics, while deeply interested in their civic duties, did not, like their successors of to- day, who have become rabid partisans, re- gard politics as coming within the control of their critical power. M. Brunetiere was the first to start the movement when, ten years ago, he assumed the part of a lay apologist of religion as opposed to science, and a defender of Roman Catholicism as opposed to other forms of Christianity. Gradually he worked himself up to the point of making others and himself be- lieve that he believes what he does not be- lieve, and he is now a favorite lecturer with all theological seminaries, where he expatiates, with his unrivalled rhetorical gift, on the necessity of supporting both the Church and the army, le sabre et le gou- pillon. M. Jules Lemaitre, the ingenious, skeptical, and witty critic of contemporary writers, has, ever since the Dreyfus affair, devoted all that is left of his exquisite talent to the cause of a cheap nationalism and to scathing denunciations of the Wal- deck-Rousseau Ministry. M. fimile Faguet is too well-balanced and lucid a mind to throw himself into militant party politics. "As everybody knows, I belong to no par- ty," is a statement with which he begins one of his chapters, and which he is fond of repeating. He contents himself with be- ing a well-informed, clever, and impartial writer on political topics. No one, more- over, has been better fitted to deal with those problems than a man who has had such a profound and extensive knowledge of all the great political and economical writ- ers of the eighteenth and nineteenth cen- turies. This new book, if anything, is timely. It goes deeply into each and every one of the questions which confront, at this very hour, the people of France. Of the five chapters which compose the volume there is but one which is not a burning question of the day in French politics. Whether the French Revolution was socialistic in its acts or its tendencies may be of great historical in- terest, but it has no practical bearing on the social problem of our time. M. Faguet. nevertheless, has invested the subject with the interest he knows so well how to im- part to every question he discusses. He has satisfactorily demonstrated that the Revo- lution was not in the least socialistic, in the collectivistic meaning of that word (which is the only plausible one), but that its measures intended for levelling fortunes, though socialistic in spirit, actually strength- ened the old system by increasing the num- ber of land-owners. Moreover, while the most representative orators of the Constitu- ent Assembly never dreamed of suppressing a right which they wanted to extend to all, the "Declaration of the Rights of Man" considered property as "sacred and inalien- able." The chapter devoted to the French Parliamentary Regime is easily the most amusing of the volume. M. Faguet recites, in his terse and witty manner, all the griev- ances often charged against the parliamen- tary system as we have seen it work in France since 1870. The waste of time, the confusion of powers, the tyranny of petty politicians, the instability of government, the weakness of the President, are the criti- cisms which, besides many others, M. Faguet directs against the political system of his country, and which he develops with his keenness of observation and in his vivid style. "I do not believe that any factory is more badly managed than political and ad- ministrative France," sums up his estimate of the whole institution. As to the standard of French politicians, this is what he has to say: "France is governed by a class of Frenchmen who are incapable of doing any- thing else" — which is more witty than true. M. Faguet does not, like M. Deroul6de and a score of other Frenchmen, stop with criti- cising; he has framed a Constitution of his own for the benefit of his countrymen, who, alas, will not be able to avail themselves of it because he will never find legislators self- sacrificing enough to reduce their number from 581 to 200, nor willing to share their Presidential vote with the 61ite of profes- sional and intellectual citizens whom he wants to join with them in order to strengthen the President's power and authority. Further- more, it may be said, and M. Faguet is too fair to deny it, that, with all its defects, French Parliamentarism has given to the country thirty years of democratic govern- ment, countless laws which make for human enfranchisement and progress, and a colonial empire the growth of which has been the most remarkable achievement of the Third Republic. The chapter on "Army and Democracy" is merely a clever commentary on one of M. Brunetiere's pamphlets, In which our au- thor shows, without great novelty, that patriotism must find its embodiment in a strong love for the army, which both rep- resents and protects the country. This brings us back to the period, now three years old, when half the writers of France were fight- ing either for justice or for the fatherland. The instinctive feelings of M. Faguet, and, perhaps, his interest as an academical can- didate, did not allow him to be on the bet- ter side of the crucial fight. On the Free- dom of Public Instruction, a topic which, all through the century, has been a great issue, and which is now being revived by the As- sociations Bill and the bill on the Stage Scolaire presented by the Waldeck-Rous- seau Ministry, M. Faguet has nothing but sensible and convincing arguments. This chapter, as well as the final one, on the re- lations of Church and State, show our au- thor at his best, with his remarkable apti- tude for seeing every side of every question, his breadth of view, his independence and sincerity. Those who are curious to know how the educational and religious problems which are before the French Parliament present themselves to-day, will find in M. Faguet's book not merely a clear resume, but a brilliant discussion of both questions. M. Faguet is, above all, a Liberal. He is, moreover, a man of common sense. Thus, he was able to demonstrate victoriously, with historical arguments and examples drawn from experience, that liberty and fair play are the best policy in both educational and religious matters. The French univer- sities will gain nothing by trying to ham- per denominational instruction, and the Church, which clings so desperately to its State privileges, would gain everything by conquering its entire independence, and imi- tating the churches of America whose ex- ample has so deeply impressed M. Faguet. Unfortunately the trend of politics in France is not towards Liberalism. The old fight between the parties of the past and those of the future is still raging as strong aa ever, and the country seems to pass merely from one clericalism to another — since Ja- cobinism is, in the words of a French writer, nothing but a clericalisme a rebours. M. Faguet, though by temper an optimist, can- not refrain from expressing his apprehen- sion in noting that the general movement is not towards more freedom, but more com- pulsion, and that the triumph of democracy and of socialism will be characterized by a reign of absolute and tyrannical "egalita- risme" which will be another name for a new era of barbarism. Andromache: A Play in Three Acts. By Gilbert Murray. London: W. Heinemann. In writing this play, Mr. Murray has ven- tured on one of the boldest experiments that can be made in literature. His con- tention is that "a simple historical play, with as little convention as possible, placed in the Greek Heroic Age, and dealing with one of the ordinary heroic stories, ought to be an interesting experiment." Interesting it certainly is — a most interesting failure. It is a curious hybrid production, essentially un-Greek in form and treatment, though the actors wear Greek dress and the action takes place in Phthia, the kingdom of the dead Achilles. The points of unlikeness to a Greek play are partly connected with structure, partly with the conception of character. In the first place, Mr. Murray has used the modern division of three acts, and, recognizing that it is impossible so to resuscitate the Greek point of view in a modern audience as to succeed in making the Greek chorus inter- esting or even tolerable, he has cut out the chorus altogether. To write such a play as this in English verse that would satisfy the ear was possible to Shakspere; and we could imagine M. Rostand, if his genius were not so essentially romantic, achieving it in French. But Mr. Murray has realized his own limitations to the extent of confining himself to prose, and prose, moreover, that has a strong flavor of Ibsen's staccato man- ner, as befits a play dedicated to Mr. Wil- liam Archer. The Greek convention, accord- ing to which death scenes on the stage should be avoided, is here disregarded, and both Pyrrhus and Andromache are slain in sight of the audience. We are told by those who saw the single performance of Mr, Murray's play when it was given by the Stage Society in London last spring, that, whether owing to bad acting, or to the fact that Horace was right and the thing can- not be effectively done, the effect was ludi-

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July i8, 1901] The Kation. 59 crous, so that the phrase "moon-struck butchers" evolved by a London critic sticks fatally to the play. Mr. Murray's appeal Is, In any case, to an esoteric audience, and the "Andromache" is like a Greek play at any rate in assuming that the spectators know the legend and can follow the plot without explanations. The bases of all the later literary versions of the Andromache legend are the sixth book of the Iliad and the third of the Aeneid. It was the Virgilian passage that Racine took as his text; but neither he nor Mr. Murray ventured to tell the truth according to Virgil. Racine ignored the fact that An- dromache bore sons to Pyrrhus, and finally married her brother-in-law Helenus — "pa- trio Andromachen iterum cessisse marito." The very existence of Molossus would have alienated French sympathies from Hector's widow; so, in "Andromaque" Astyanax still lives, and Andromache still resists the ad- vances of Pyrrhus. To every age its peculiar squeamishness. The Athenians felt only a comfortable sense of the conventional adjust- ment of things when, at the close of the "An- dromache" of Euripides, Thetis hands over to Helenus the widow of Hector and of Pyr- rhus. Mr. Murray has had the courage to in- troduce Molossus, but even he could not tol- erate a third husband for Andromache, so she dies at the hand of Hermione, "that wild beast," as Orestes, most improbably, is made to describe her. The whole tragedy is written in a different tone from that of antiquity, transposed to suit the century, which is no more than Euripides did in order to make his "Andro- mache" intelligible to the Athenians. In Racine's second preface he says, "J'ai cru me conformer a l'idee que nous avons main- tenant de cette princesse." Even so Mr. Murray gives us a Christianized Andro- mache, who turns the other cheek and al- most quotes Scripture. The subject of the play is the coming of Orestes, with the in- evitable Pylades, to Phthia, about fifteen years after the fall of Troy, to see whether Hermione, the daughter of Helen, wedded to Pyrrhus, "is indeed so passing beautiful." Hermione is drawn as the jealous and vin- dictive woman, the barren queen of Racine and Euripides. Orestes is the conventional figure, tristis, pursued by the Furies whom he alone can see; his is the most convincing character in the play except that his sudden abhorrence of Hermione's character is an es- sentially modern touch — in fact, the Odi et amo tone of the last scene is far too complex for the atmosphere of the Greek stage; Orestes gives the effect of having read too many novels. The play will, we fear, fail to please either an audience of scholars or the general pub- lic. We do not say that Mr. Murray has attempted the impossible; only that he has proved it to be impossible to Mr. Murray, and demonstrated that it is not enough for this purpose to be a most accomplished Greek professor and man of letters, unless one is also a great dramatic poet and a master of the grand style. tin Greek Thinkers: A History of Ancient Phi- losophy. By Theodore Gomperz. Vol. I. Translated by Laurie Magnus. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. Professor Gomperz's 'Griechische Denker' has been, for several years, a recognized classic in the field of philosophical literature. The first instalment of the authorized Eng- lish translation Is a volume of some 600 pages, and will be welcome to all English- speaking philosophical students. Professor Gomperz's style, brilliant as far as is pos- sible to German prose, and heavily charged with metaphor, is by no means easy to translate. His cooperation with Mr. Magnus has secured what will, no doubt, remain the standard translation of this important work. The English is excellent, and we have no- where discovered such failures of the trans- lator to think himself out of the German idiom as usually disfigure the translations of German books. This first volume deals with the early Greek thinkers before Soc- rates, and, as a refreshing change from the stereotyped histories of the Pre-Socratics, includes studies of the historians and physi- cians of Greece; Professor Gomperz's range being, as the title indicates, wider than that of the regular historian of philosophy. The method usually employed by such historians has been to give a life of the man, an out- line of his system, and its relation to the systems of his predecessors and successors. Professor Gomperz aims at disentangling all the varied influences of climate. Oriental philosophies— above all, the influence of the Greek colonies on the intellectual life of Greece. "Greece may be said to look east and south. Her back is turned to the north and west with their semi-barbaric conditions. . . . There was Greece in her infancy on the one side, and the immemorial civiliza- tions on the other: who was to ply between them? The link was found ... in those hardy adventurers of the sea, the mer- chant people of Phoenicia. . . . Thus it happened that the Greeks acquired the ele- ments of culture from Babylon and Egypt without paying the forfeit of independence" (p. 5). Following his exhaustive discussions of the systems of the pre-Socratic philosophers, Professor Gomperz turns to the physicians, whose schools furnished a "third source from which the spirit of criticism derived its nourishment"; the other two being the metaphysical and dialectical discussions practised by the Eleatic philosophers, and the semi-historical method which was ap- plied to the myths of Hecatseus and Herodo- tus. The beginnings of mental and moral science he traces in the work of the Sophists, and his lengthy studies of Protagoras and of Gorgias are an invaluable contribution to the history of the mental development of the Greeks. Nearly a hundred pages of ex- planatory notes and an excellent provisional index complete the volume, whose printing and paper are admirable. Mr. Magnus is unable to continue the work of translating the second volume, which deals mainly with Socrates and Plato, and will be most welcome to Platonic stu- dents. This is much to be regretted; when the three volumes of which the work con- sists appear in English, it will be a decided defect that they are translated by different hands. Moths and Butterflies. By Mary C. Dicker- son, B.S. (University of Chicago). With two hundred photographs from life by the author. Boston: Ginn & Co. 1901. Pp. 344, fig. 233. "The book 'Moths and Butterflies' is entirely untechnical in its treatment of the subject. It will identify by means of photo- graphs from life forty common forms, in caterpillar, chrysalis or cocoon, and adult stages. It makes clear the external structure adapting the creature to its life; it describes and illustrates the changes in form from caterpillar to chrysalis, from chrysalis to butterfly. It is adapted to give quick in- sight into the secrets of the group." The above is the author's own statement concerning her work, and in a measure it Is justified. The last sentence should bo amended, however, by changing the word "quick" to "a slight," and inserting the words "a very few of" after "into." For of moths and butterflies, as a whole, little is really said; and of a very few species much is said that has been said over and over again by writer a.fter writer since Harris and Yaeger. The photographs, and the reproductions from them, are mostly good— some even very good— and generally characteristic. The author has evidently seen it all herself, and has devoted a great deal of time and work to securing life-like pictures. Many features and positions are shown that have not been previously figured, and the life histories are accurately and as a rule interestingly writ- ten. The book starts with a detailed account of the common milk-weed butterfly or "Mon- arch," and this is used as a basis of refer- ence in the Accounts given of other kinds. No particular system is followed in the or- der of species, and 113 pages are devoted to nine butterflies, though incidentally three others are figured as adults. And here it may also be said that the author's claim with regard to "forty common forms" ap- plies really to less than thirty, though enough to make up the designated number may be figured in one stage or another. While preaching accuracy of observation, the author occasionally allows herself little lapses, as when, on p. 17, she speaks of "hundreds of tiny sharp hooks" on each pro-leg of the milk-weed caterpillar. The number ranges from 35 to 50 by actual count. And again, on page 46, we have "hundreds of tiny hooks," where only tens exist. Sure- ly nature is wonderful enough without ex- aggeration, and surely, too, the tendency to exaggerate, naturally found in children, for whom the author writes, should not be encouraged by such manifestly erroneous statements. Further, on page 194, in thu account of the "yellow bear," the cater- pillar is referred to as "having passed through many moults," while really there are no more than is normal throughout the group to which it belongs. The description of the cocoons of tiger moths on page 191 would be more interesting and more ac- curate if the character of the larval hair and their real felting structure were men- tioned. The book will be useful to New England school -children, for whom, apparently, it is mainly designed. All the species referred to occur in that section, and some occur only in the faunal region to which this sec- tion belongs. The book is excellently print- ed from large, clear type, on good paper, with a full table of contents and very com- plete index. Egypt and the Hinterland. By Frederic Walter Fuller. Longmans, Green & Co. 1901. Map, 8vo, pp. xv, 333. The British occupation, what has it ac- complished for Egypt and the Egyptians?— this is the question which Mr. Fuller en- deavors to answer. He accordingly tells, often in Lord Cromer's own language, how

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eo The Nation. [Vol. 1$, No. 1 88 1 the national finances have been put on a sound basis, and what steps have been taken and with what success to relieve the peas- ants from their indebtedness to the village usurers. He shows by numerous statistics the improvement and enlargement of the ed- ucational system and the progress of eman- cipation. Then he passes to a review of the methods by which the courts have been re- modelled so as to bring justice within the reach of the poorest, and describes at length the irrigation-works by which the natural wealth of the country has been indefinitely increased. These "facts and figures" are prefaced and followed by a re'sume' of the events which led to the occupation, and a sketch of the recent Sudanese campaign. There is also a chapter, the most original in the book, on the native Christians, in which the author corrects some statements unfavorable to the morality and intelligence of the Copts to be found in certain books on Egypt. Mr. Fuller is evidently familiar with his subject, and has brought together much val- uable material, but he has not the literary faculty to put it in an interesting form. Though he has travelled extensively in the country, he rarely enlivens his dry details by illuminating facts drawn fvom his per- sonal experiences. He gives no information in regard to the improvement of the ma- terial condition of the fellahin, of which a comparative analysis of the imports of the last two decades would have afforded abun- dant proof. He makes no reference, in fact, beyond a few cotton-crop figures, to the commercial expansion of the past twenty years. The chief merit of his book is that it gives the latest information on the sub- jects which it does treat, and no one can read it without increased admiration for the Englishmen who, under the stimulating leadership of Lord Cromer, have made Egypt what she is to-day. An account of the Coptic cult is to be found in an appendix. There is an excel- lent index and an admirable map of the Nile Valley. Qiambattista Yico, Primo Scopritore della Scienza Estetica. Da Benedetto Croce. Naples: Detken & Rocholl. Some time ago we had occasion to mention very briefly the work of the Neapolitan scholar, Benedetto Croce, who had just pub- lished a thin volume on the foundations of aesthetics as the first instalment of a com- plete 'Storia dell' Estetica.' A second instal- ment of this important work has been ap- pearing as a series of articles in the Italian periodical Flcgrea, and of these the volume before us is a reprint. It Is presented to the world of scholars as an historical Introduc- tion to the more extended work, and as a first or preparatory resume1 of the author's researches. The title of the essay, however, scarcely indicates the wide scope of its general in- terest. A dozen pages or so are devoted to Vico himself, In support of the author's thesis that, ten years before the appearance of Baumgarten's first book, the Italian phil- osopher had already laid the foundations of modern aesthetic science; but it is not mere- ly as a monograph on a single theory of art that the essay makes its real appeal to the student of aesthetics and of literary criti- cism. Partly, but not wholly, in support of the main theme, Croce has given a rapid but luminous survey of aesthetic theory from the Greeks to the beginning of the eigh- teenth century, bringing out with great clearness the trend of Hellenic discussion, the vital deficiency of mediaeval theorizing, and the positive contributions of Renaissance thought to this particular field. It is here, perhaps, that the essay is most valuable, for the historians of aesthetics, like Zimmer- mann and Schasler, have failed to realize the importance of Renaissance theory, and the latest historian, Bosanquet, airily dis- misses the long line of writers from Thomas Aquinas to Baumgarten in a para- graph or two. Croce has utilized the latest researches of Renaissance scholarship, and has made them more vital by connecting them with the general movement of critical thought. The Greeks had understood the problem of aesthetics, but had failed to solve it; in attempting the solution, however, they had prepared an element that was to serve as the narcotic of all aesthetic discussion. This narcotic was the pedagogic theory of art; and, while Croce has misunderstood or underestimated the universal elements in the Aristotelian 'Poetics,' he is right in finding here the general trend of ancient thought. The Middle Ages accepted and re- fined on the pedagogic theory of art, and, as a result, we have the allegorical exposi- tions of Fulgentius and the "tour meanings" of Dante. The Renaissance did not do away with this conception of the end of art, though it refused to accept the mediaeval perversions; but,' with the recovery of Aris- totle's 'Poetics,' the fundamental problem of artistic truth or verisimilitude was more rightly apprehended, and it was here that the future of aesthetic science was pre- pared for. A century of modern critical theorizing produced a more thorough comprehension of these problems, and by the seventeenth century had effected a general scheme of procedure as well as created a number of technical terms, which were coined or at least gained currency about this time. Such were the now familiar terms: Im- agination, taste, sentiment, fancy, and the like. These were all-important factors, for, without a well-understood terminology of its own, aesthetic science could not work. Croce has briefly but clearly sketched the history of each of these terms, and it Is here that the Information will be found most interesting and novel by the general reader. Here, too, the essay best supple- ments the standard histories of the sub- ject; Bosanquet, for example, fails to take account of some of the most important of these terms, which have become part of cultivated speech as well as of technical theory. Vico's contribution to the subject lay In his original conception of the veri- similitude of art. It Is needless to enter Into this question at any length, and to point out precisely how he anticipated by some years the studies of Baumgarten and later German aestheticians. If the author has not convincingly justified the title of his essay, he has at least shed light on the art theory of an important thinker, and performed true pioneer work. The essay is not without deficiencies, and Its briefness alone will not account for some of the more hasty generalizations. But It is al- ways suggestive, and particularly so when connecting critical theory with the wider fields of aesthetic science. Their relation Is not unlike that which ethics bears to meta- physics, and both literary critics and aestheticians are more and more prone to forget this. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. American Supremacy. Charles A. Bates. Conder. Arthur R. The Seal of Silence. D. Apple- ton & Co. $1.00. Diehl, Charles. En M£diterran6e. Paris: Armand Colin. Gurdji, V. Oriental Rug Weaving. F. Tennyson Neely Co. Harris. Frank B. The Road to Ridgeby's. Boston: Small. Maynard & Co. $1.60. Llebkneeht, Wilhelm. Karl Marx. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. MacMechan, Archibald. Carlyle on Heroes. Hero- Worship and the Heroic In History. Boston: GInn & Co. Niebuhr, Carl. The Tell el-Amarna Period, ton- don: David Nutt. O'Rell, Max. Her Royal Highness Woman. Abbey Press. $1.50. Sheldon, W. L. A Scheme for Class Study and Readings In the Bible. Chicago: Unity Pub. Co. The Book of the Horace Club, 1898-1901. London: B. H. Blackwell. 5s. Verne. Jules. Dne Ville Flottante. Henry Holt & Co. 40 cents. Waters, Henry F. Genealogical Gleanings In Eng- land. 2 vols. Boston: Rockwell & Churchill Press. White. John. Exercises in Qualitative Chemistry. Henry Holt & Co. 80 cents. "A review of all that science knows about memory, told in a way that the most un- scientific will understand; its pages teem with curious facts. "-CRITIC. Colegrove's Memory. 369 pp., 12mo, »1.50 net. Henry Holt & Co., N.Y. Autobiography of a Journalist. By W. J. Stillman. 2 Portraits. 2 vols., 8vo, $6.00. HOUQHTON. MIFFLIN ft CO. TJfAVE YOU EXAMINED OUR 1 J. line of Juvenile Publications? Send for Cata- logue. DANA ESTES & CO., Boston. Fiander's Widow. A Novel. By M. E. Francis (Mrs. Francis Blundell), author of "The Duenna of a Genius," "Yeoman Fleetwood," etc., etc. Crown 8vo, $1 .50. LONGMKNS.GREEN. & CO. 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. AUTOGRAPH LETTERS or FAMOUS PERSONS Bought and Sold. WALTER R. BENJAMIN, 1125 Broadway, New York. SEND FOR PRICE LISTS. STUDY AND PRACTICE OF FRENCH by L. C. Boname. 258 S. 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. A carefully graded scries for preparatory schools, combining thorough study of the language with prac- tice in conversation Part I. (60 cts.) and Part II. (90 cts.) for primary and Intermediate grades, contain sub- ject matter adapted to the minds of young pupils. Part III. ($1.00, irregular verbs, idioms, syntax and exer- cises) meets requirements for admission to college. Part IV. Handbook of Pronunciation (35 cts.) is a concise and comprehensive treatise for advanced grades, high schools, and colleges. r By E. L. VOYNICH $1.50 Author of THB GADFLY j J«xck Raymond L J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 882. THURSDAY, JULY 25, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. "Will probably stand for all time as the most exhaustive and authoritative description of the campaign of the Great Powers in China." — Philadelphia Public Ledger. CHINA AND THE ALLIES "These two volumes read with the dramatic interest of a strong novel and yet give you history with the stamp of absolute verity." — San Francisco Call. A COMPREHENSIVE AND AUTHORITATIVE WORK 'By A. HENRY SAVAGE LAN DOR As England sees it <<T TNDOUBTEDLY the most extensive, elabo- rate, and complete work on the subject which has appeared in the past, or is likely to in the future. The painstaking care with which the book is compiled, the close attention to detail, the evidences of unusually fine opportunities for gathering the scattered threads of the history of the Boxer troubles, the undoubted ability of the author, are surely sufficient recommendation." — London Daily News. 269 ILLUSTRATIONS including 5 reproductions of Chinese prints in full color, and 16 full pa.ges in two tints "He has given us a valuable record, and we have found it one of absorbing interest.'' — New York Tribune. " The most elaborate, authoritative and satis- fying account of the Chinese imbroglio." — Chi- cago Record-Herald. "Told with a rare gift of absorbing narration. Historically valuable." — Army and Navy Register. " Two volumes that are of unquestionable value apart from their extraordinary readability." — ■ Philadelphia Press. " Mr. Landor displays a zealous desire to be accurate and fair in his judgments and narra- tions."— Washington Star. In two large octa.vo volumes, with a total of 136 chapters and 876 pa.ges, the cover design in colors by the author Price $7.50 net Charles Scribner's Sons

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11 Tlie Nation. [Vol. J3, No. 1882 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the Nev> York City Post-office as second-class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 61 Editorial Articles: Politics and the Strike 64 The Isthmian Canal Outlook 64 The Northern Pacific Cataclysm 65 Germany and the United States 66 Special Correspondence : The Glasgow Exhibition 67 Fouche.— 1 69 Correspondence : Imperialism Versus Union 70 Hessians 70 Notes 70 Book Reviews : Landor's China and the Allies 73 East India Company Letters 74 Ten Years in Cossack Slavery 78 The History of Medicine in the United States 76 The World of Graft 77 Le Nouveau Don Juan 78 First on the Antarctic Continent 78 Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx 79 The Improvement of Towns and Cities 79 Books op the Week 80 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 insertions 5 per cent 8 " 10 13 " 12V£ 2B " 15^ 30 " 20 52 " 25 Amoitnt- SI 00 within a year 10'percent 250 " |; 12^ 500 750 1,(1110 1,500 2,000 15 20 25 80 33« The NA TION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentauo's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B F. Stevens & Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. Educational. Educational. EC0LE LIBRE DES SCIENCES P0LITIQUES, 27, Rue Saint-Guillaume, a PARIS ( Trente et unieme annee, iqoi-iqo2. ) I.— DIRECTEUR. M. Emlle BOUTMY, membre del'Institut, membre du Conseil superieur de l'lnstruction publique. II.— COMITE DE PERFECTIONNEMENT. MM. Ie general BEZIAT; LABEYRIE. premier president de la Cour des Comptes ; CAMBON, ambassa- deur; COULON, vice-president du Conseil d'Etat; Baron de COURCEL, senateur, ancien ambassa- deur; FLOURENS, ancien ministre; HANOTAUX, del' Academic francaise, ancien ministre; JANET, del'Institut; LAFERRIERE, ancien gouverneur-eeneral del'Algerie; P. LEROV.BEAULIEU.de l'ln- stitut; MAONIN.vice-presidentduSenat; NISARD.ambassadeur; le general NIOX ; PALLAIN, gou- verneurdelaBanquede France: RAMBAUD, del'Institut, ancien ministre; A. RIBOT, depute, ancien president du Conseil des ministres. III.— CORPS ENSEIGNA.NT. MM. LEVASSEUR. de l'Institut: Albert SOREL, de l'Academie francaise; H. OAIDOZ, directeur a l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes; LYON-CAEV de l'Institut, professeur a la Faculte de Droit; RENAULT, de l'Institut, professeur a la Faculte de Droit; FUNCK-BRENTANO; Anatole LEROY-BEAULIEU, de l'Institut; Albert VANDAL, de l'Academie francaise; E. BOURGEOIS, maitre de conf. a l'Ecole Normale supArieure; Charles BENOIST; J. FLACH, professeur aii College de France; Gabriel ALIX; LEVAVASSEUR DE PRECOURT, mattre des requetes honoraire au Conseil d'Etat; CHEYSSON, del'Institut. inspecteur general des Pontset Chaussees; DE FOVILLE, de l'Institut. conseiller maitre a la Cour des Comptes; Rene STOURM, de l'Institut. ancien inspecteur des Finance*; Aug. AR- NAUNE, directeur del'administration des Monnaies; 80ULAN0ER. cnn^eiller referendaire a la Cour des Comptes; COURTIN, PLAFFAIN, inspeeteurs des Finances; SILVESTRE, ancien directeur des Affaires civiles au Tonkin; J. CHAILLEY-BERT, etc. TABLEAU SOMriAIRE DES COURS Geogranhle et Ethnographic— Geographic commerclale et statisque. Droit des gens. —Droit International conventionnel. Hlstolre parlementaire et legislative de la France, de 1789 a 1875. , Hlstoire constitutlonnellede l'Europe et des Etats-Unls. Hlstolre diplomatique de l'Europe, de 1713 a 1878. Hlstoire politique de l'Europe pendant les qulnze der- nieres annees. Politique colonlale des Etats europeens depuls 1783. Hlstoire des Etats-Unls d'Amerlque de 1775 a 1900. Questions politlques et gconomlques dans l'Asle Orien- tate. Organisation et administration colonlales comparers. Geographle et organisation mllltalres.— Geographle des possessions franchises. Organisation et matlores administrates en France et a I'etranger Legislation algerlenne et colonlale.— Droit musulman Legislation des chemins de fer. Economie politique.— Economie soclale.— Legislation ouvriere. Hygiene puhlique et grands travaux publics. Finances francalses et Ctrangeres. La monnale. le credit et le change— Affaires de banque. Commerce extedeur et legislation douaniere. RENSEIGNEMENTS GENERAUX. L'Enseignement de l'Ecole des Sciences Politiques est Ie couronnement naturel de toute Education liberate. Chacune de ses grandes divisions constitue en outre une preparation complete aux carrieres d'Etat et aux examens ou concoura qui en ouvrent l'entree (Diplomatic, Conseil d'Etat, Cour des Comptes, Inspection de« Finances, Inspection des Colonies), et a des postes d'initiative ou de controle dans les grandes entreprises privees. Les Sieves sont admis sans examens, avec l'agrement du Directeur et du Conseil de l'Ecole; il n'ont a justifler d'aucun grade universitaire. L'enseignement comprend un ensemble de cours repartis en deux annfies, mais la duree des ("■tildes peut etre fiteniue a trois ans. Un diplome est delivre, en fin d'etudes, aux Sieves qui ont suoi avec succes les examens. ANNEE SCOLAI RE, 1001-1903.— L'ann^e scolaire commencerale 11 novemorelflOl et finirale7 juin 1902. On s'inscriraau Secretariat a partir du 4 novembre 1901. Inscription d ensemble dormant entree a tons les cours et conferences regulfers et complementaires et a la Bibliotheque (environ 25,000 volumes et 160 revues et journaux frangais et etraneers) Par Annee : 300 fr. Une Brochure speclale dow des renseignements detailles sur V organisation de l'Ecole et sur les cam'eres auxquelles elle rrre'pnre. S'adresser d I'ECOLE, 37 Rue Salnt-aulllaume, PARIS. Delaware. Wilmington, Tranklln Street. 'T'HE MISSES HEBE'S 1 Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. r?DGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA V JL^ School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefedvre, ) p.,-.,-,,. Mis» E. D. Huntley, \ Principals. Maryland, Baltimore, 91 5 N. Charles Street. SOUTHERN HOME SCHOOL FOR O Girls. MIssDcpp. Miss Pendleton, successors to Mrs. W. M. Cary and Miss Cart. Oct. 1, 1901. 60th year. Massachusetts, Boston. DOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. ■LJ Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Easthampton. 1J/ILLISTON SEMINARY.— Prepares Vv boys for any college or scientific school. Library. Physical, chemical, biological laboratories; gymnasium, etc. New athletic field with U-m\\e track. Opens Sep- tember, 1901. Joseph H. Sawyer, M.A. Principal. Michigan, Detroit, 73 Stlmson Place. f)E TROIT HOME and DA Y SCHOOL, IS 2»th year. Prepares for all colleges open to wo- men. 20 received In the school family. The Misses Liggett, Principals. New Jersey, Englewood. Helicon Hall, on-the-Pallsades. The Englewood School for Boys. John W. Craig. New York, Tarrytown-on-Hudson. LTOME INSTITUTE. i-JL- A Boftrdln8 and Day School for Girls. College preparation. Miss M. W. Metcalf. Principal /-* ^°E?°£N,' Poland, Park and St. Clair Streets. C7- HELEN'S HALL. A School for >*-> Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts, Ph.D., Prin. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill AJRS. LUCIA POLK CHAPMAN and 7Zi .x?JJ9,!,^^E9' SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GTS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Germantown, 59 High St. ~VY HOUSE. Preparatory to Brvn Mawr and other colleges. Address Miss Mary E. Stevens. / Virginia, Lexlugton. JJ/ASHINGTON and LEE UNIVER- VV slty. Academic. Engineering, Law. Session opens Thursday, September 12. For catalogue, etc., address Geo. H. Denny, Acting President. ft/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1 VI School for Girls. Established in 1 848. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 20. 1350 PIneSt.,Phila.,Pa. l\/fISS RE YNOLDS' School, 66 W. 45th 1V1 St., New York — Special ttudenfs admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received into the family. Cornell's Largest Fitting School. ITHACA, N. Y., HIGH SCHOOL. Gets its students from England, Russia, Italy. Ire- land, Brazil, Cuba. Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico, thirty-one (31) States, and from twenty-four (24) counties in N. Y. State. Has won 61 State and 12 University scholarships in 7 years Sends 40 to 60 students annually to Cornell. Tuition, $75 for 40 weeks. Free text-books. Gymnasium. 7-acre ath- letic field. Both sexes. Registration 670. Fall term begins Sept. 9. For catalog, address F. D BOYNTON. M.A.. Principal. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residentla' College for the Women Students of McGIll University For conditions of entrance, scho- larships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDED, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. THE HIGHLAND MILITARY ACADEMY, Worcester, Mass. 40th session begins Sept. 11th. Training for University, Scientific School, Business Life. The Rt. Rev. William Lawrence, D. i>., Visitor. Joseph Alden Shaw, A. M., Head Master.

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July 25, 1901] The Nation. 111 Educational. •v National Cathedral School FOR GIRLS. The Rt. Rev. HENRY YATES SATTERLEE, D.D., LL.D. President of the Board of Trustees. Fireproof building, the gift of Mrs. Hearst. Park of 30 acres, overlooking the National Capitol. Preparation for College. Unrivalled advan- tages in Music. Individual teaching in every grade. Instructors College Graduates. Modern Gymnasium, Tennis, Basket-ball and Golf. Miss BANGS and Miss WH1T0N, Principals, Mount Saint Alban, Washington, D. C. rf^M ■■■I Massachusetts, Concord. MIDDLESEX SCHOOL. Anew boarding Sviiuui .o] boys. Opens October 3d. 1901. Seven classes. Boys received into tbe four lower classes only. _ TRUSTEES : Charles J. Paine, President, Henry L. Hlgglnton, Robert. Winsor, LeBaron It. Brlggs, W. Cameron Forbes. A fi r\ pP£)4 FREDERICK WINSOR, Head Master, Concord, Mass. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College MissFlorekcb Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred aud twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given in both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine flre-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. GEORGE SCHOOL. Under care of Friends. Thorough Equipment. Ample Grounds. 227 Acres. Address JOS. S. WALTON, Prin., George School, Bucks Co., Pa. GIRLS' CLASSICAL SCHOOL, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 20th year opens Sept. IStn. Best equipment for College Preparatory aud full Academic work. Fine, separate buildings for school and residence. Twenty-two In- structors. Catalogue on request. Theodore L. Sew- all, Founder, May Wright Skwall, Principal, Fre- donia Allen, Assistant Principal. Clinton Preparatory School CLINTON, N.V. (9 miles from Utica). 15 Boys. • Teachers. Prepares for any College. Bo y n 1 0 1 0 1 1 at time of entrance preferred. References:— Bishop Huntington, Bishop Whitehead, four College Presidents. J, B, Wheeler, A.M., Prin. The Browns and Nichols School Cambridge, Mass. 19th year. Course. 8 years. Classes limited to 10. No subordinate teachers; pupils continuously under head teacher In each department. Exceptional facilities for fitting for Harvard. Illus- trated catalogue. Rogers Hall School For (.iris. Certificate admits to Smith, Vas- sar, Wellesley, and Wells. Four acres for out- door sports. Golf. Basket Ball. Tennis. Address Mrs. E. P. UNDERBILL, M.A., Prin., Lowell, Mass. School Agencies. ^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fi*k & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; .505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 156 fifth Ave.. New York; 4 14 ' ent. Bid., Minucapolls; 588 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans bldg., Oskaloosa; 208 Mich. Blvd., (Jhicago; 525 Stims'n Bk„ Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building. San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, J~~L 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. T.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. (PCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. v_J Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huyssoon & Rockwell, Mgrs., A E. 14th St., N. Y. An A^Anov1' valuible in proportion toltsiuflu- **" **&*',,^'J ence. If it merely hears of vacancl s and tells you that is something, out if It is asked to about them fc,,c,fc recommend a teacher and recom- mends you that is more. Outs — . ._ c.w.BAR0EEN,syracuse,N.Y. Recommends College Entrance Examination Boarb of tbe fllMbble States anb flfoar^lanb. QUESTIONS SET AT THE EXAMINATIONS HELD JUNE 1702, 1901. NOW READY. This volume, which is issued in our Department of Special Publication, will contain by arrange- ment with the College Entrance Examination Board for the Middle States and Maryland, the examina- tion questions in all subjects set by the Board at the examinations held June 17-22, 1001 . This is the first successful attempt at cooperation between colleges and secondary schools in con- ducting examinations for admission 10 college. These examinations have been accepted as satisfactory substitutes for their own separate admission examinations by nearly every college and scientific school in the United States. These facts render these questions of unusual educational significance to teachers in colleges as well as to those in secondary schools. The volume will contain also a brief description of the organization and plan of the Board, together with a list of the examiners who framed the question papers in each subject, and of the readers who rated the answer books in each subject, for 1901. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Columbus London /n\i» 'i/NK** *lf takes P'easure i° informing the public that 1IIJU jvnil Italic his publishing offices, hitherto at 251 Fifth Avenue, are now situated at 67 jf tftb Bvettue, New York. He desires to draw attention to the fact that he has taken over the publication of those books hitherto issued by Messrs. Truslove, Hansen & Comba. SPECIALTIES, 1. Belles Lettres. 4. t ooks 2. Books for Theosophical Publishing Society. 3. Books in All Languages — French, 5- Spanish, Italian, &c, &c. 6. for Architects, Decorators, House Furnishers and Those Inter- ested m the Arts and Crafts. Books of the Yale Press. THE INTERNATIONAL STUDIO. JOHN LAN E.67 FIFTH AVENUENEW YORK STUDY AND PRACTICE OF FRENCH by L. C. Boname, 358 S. 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. A carefully graded series for preparatory schools, combining thorough study of the language with prac- tice in conversation Fart I. (60 cts.; and Part II. t90 cts.) for primary and Intermediate grades, contain sub- ject matter adapted to the minds of young pupils. Fart III. ($1 00, irregular verbs, Idioms, syntax and exer- cises) meets requirements for admission to college. Fart IV. Handb ok of Pronunciation (35 cts.; is a concise and comprehensive treatise for advanced grades, high schools, and colleges. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., bet. 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books ; Agents for the leading Paris publishers; Tauchuitz's British authors. Teub- ner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as Issued. Teachers, etc. COMPANION.— A lady experienced in foreign travel, speaking French, would like to go abroad with a lady, or would chaperon and teach young girls. Highest references. Address M., 40^8 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 7 'CI TOR IN G IN MATHEMATICS, Astronomy, and Physics. Address F. H. SaPfoed, Ph.D (Harv.), Box 543. Andover, Mass. Financial. We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transftrs of money on Eu- rope, Australia, and South Africa ; also make collections and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available In all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Travel. "A great deal in a little space." — Uhe Press. "THE FOUR-TRACK SERIES " This is the title of a series of books of travel and education issued by the Pas- senger Department of the NEW YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. These small books are filled with in- formation regarding the best modes of travel and the education that can best be obtained by travel. They relate specifically to the great re- sorts of America— to trips to the islands of the sea and around the world. They also contain numerous illustra- tions and new and accurate maps of the country described. A copy of the 40-page Illustrated Cata- logue of the "Four- 1 rack Series" will be sent free, postpaid, upon receipt of postage- stamp, by George H. Daniels, General Pas- senger Agent, New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, Grand Central Station, New York. LETTERS OP CREDIT. High-Grade Securities. SSJ&.M5 SeStftiS: Mailed on request. E. H. GAY & CO.. i3i Devonshire St., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., New York. OOINO ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." IPVIANUIIVP Every Wednesday, LElLAilU LINE Boston to Liverpool, First Cabin, $40-$45 upwards after August 1, depending on steamer. S. S. "Winif redian " 10,500 tons (new), July 24; S.S. "Lancastrian," August 7; 8. S "Devonian" (new), 11,000 tons, August 14; S. S. "Cestrian," August 21. "Iberian," to London July 25. P. O. HOUOrirON & CO.,aen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston.

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IV The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 By the author 0/ EVELYN INNES and ESTHER WATERS ^ister Teresa By George Moore The two previous books by Mr. Moore were of the most talked about of novels. Cloth. I2mo "Sister Teresa " is a powerful story of the $1.50 struggle between the worldly inclinations and the spiritual yearnings of a beautiful singer. From the H00K. "My heart, Evelyn, is like a mirror in which nothing changes and nothing passes." " But I am spoiling your life! 1 can give you nothing ior yoar love." " You give mc all my inspiration — you are the source of all of it." " I beseech you," he said after a long silence, " do not separate yourself from me because you think that." She promised him she would not, and an indefinable sensation of joy passed into their hsarts, and it lasted while they looked into the sunny interspaces. IJV ITS TWRV EVITIOJSf By the author <*T A THE GADFLY mi TdLck Raymond By E. L. Voynich Robert Hinchens, in The Westminster Gazette: "Jack is certainly magnificent and most truly human. . . A strong and noble book. " Pall Mall Gazette London : " The strongest novel that the present season has produced." Boston Courier: "It is wonderful and terrible ; wonderful in its intellectual ef- fect, terrible for the intensity of feeling that it effects." From the HooK. As Jack swung his arms, clashing the dumb-bells behind his back, the collar button of his gymnasium shirt snapped off; when he stepped back it slipped down a little from the left shoulder. " What a queer mark you've got on your shoulder, Raymond?" said the boy behind him. " Is it a burn? " He put out a hand to draw the shirt lower, but sprang back with a cry. jack had turned on him, whire to the lips with rage, the heavy dumb-bell lifted above his head. " I'll kill you if you touch me! " 12mo, cloth. $1.50 IN ITS SIXTH EDITION 1 haJ I^laiiYwaLring Affair By A. Ma.yna.rd Barbour Town Topics, New York, says : "The book that reminds one of Anna Katherine Green in her palmiest days. Illustrated KeePs the reader on the alert ; deserves the Cloth applause of all who like mvstery." Life, $1.50 New York, remarks : " 'That Mainwar- ing Affair' is all right. The thrill is there, lull measure, pressed down and running over. ' ' From the HooK. Mrs. LaGrange lay upon the low couch, her fea- tures scarcely paler than a few hours before, but now rigid in death. Upon the table beside her the supper stood untasted, while on the same table a small vial bearing the label of one of the deadliest of poisons, but empty, told the story. Underneath the vial was a slip of paper, on which was written : "I have staked my highest card — and lost! The game is done." Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO. Philadelphia

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The Nation NEW YORE, THURSDAY, JULY 25, 1901. The Week. It would be interesting to know what the real feelings of the "high priest of protection" are when he proclaims free trade with Porto Rico to-day. We all remember how ready Mr. McKinley was to recommend unrestrained inter- course with that island to Congress as "our plain duty," and with what charac- teristic grace and true devotion to prin- ciple he found it proper to advise a tar- iff within a few weeks thereafter. It may possibly occur to him at present that what it is right to do now it was right to do two years ago, if only for the reason that the Porto Ricans would have been so much better off during the inter- vening period. Difficult as it must al- ways be for him to pronounce those hate- ful words, free trade, it is well that he accustom his lips to them. He may yet have to use them frequently, coupled with such adjectives as moderate and partial. It may even occur to him that, if there is advantage to be gained, as there is be- yond dispute, in taking forto Rico into the customs limits of the United States, we might find our account in free trade elsewhere. Moreover, if he achieves his wish of adding the island of Cuba to the United States as a Territory before the expiration of his present term, he will have dealt a knock-down blow to the sys- tem which he has championed so long. Meanwhile Porto Rico is to be congratu- lated upon this improvement in its status and prospects. There seems to be some little differ- ence of opinion as to how many Cuban forts this Government is going to oc- cupy after the establishment of that free and independent republic for which it has worked so hard. That whole-souled advocate of Cuban independence, the Tribune, announces that the American flag will fly over the forts at Havana, Cienfuegos, Santiago, and Matanzas even after the republic is established. It kindly explains, in true Machiavellian style, that this is not explicitly called for by the Piatt law, and that very little was said before about this plan "because it was feared that it would give additional excuse for delay at Havana of compli- ance on the part of the Constitutional Convention with the Piatt law." Now that the Cubans have accepted that docu- ment, it is, of course, the proper time to let everything that was hidden behind it come to the light. Fortunately, other Washington dispatches declare that things have not yet gone quite so far as the Tribune would have it, and that ne- gotiations for naval stations, the only sort permitted by the Piatt law, will not be begun until the new republic is es- tablished. It might be well, indeed, to consider the feelings of the Cubans in this matter. Does any one believe that the sight of the American flag flying over Morro Castle would give unlimited joy to the Cubans, or help them to believe that the independence granted to them is any- thing more than a sham and a pretence? That is sad news which comes from the Philippines in regard to the four provinces of Batangas, Cebu, Samar, and Bohol. Civil governments were installed in each of them in April and May last with a flourish of trumpets which gave ground for genuine hope that blood- shed might soon be a thing of the past in those districts. In Samar, for instance, as far back as February, Washington's Birthday was celebrated with an ardor and enthusiasm which proved beyond doubt that the true meaning of the great- est American's life had at last penetrated the dense soul of the Filipino. In Cebu, on April 17, Judge Taft himself implored the Visayans with all the eloquence at his command to be good, and to recall to the town the 200 insurgents who were evading one thousand American troops. Then the island was promptly organized under a civil government. At Catbalo- gan, on April 23, Judge Taft promised additional troops and a vigorous cam- paign to the "loyal" natives. Now we learn that the new-formed governments have come to an untimely end, and that the military arm, in the person of Gen. Chaffee, had to be invoked. The Com- mission has turned over the provinces, the dispatch reads, "for the severest kind of warfare," and the unhappy story of burned villages, wasted fields, and blood-spilling is to go on again. The deaths of all four of the officers shot in the last skirmish with Filipinos show that the losses on the American side may still become very costly. A remark made by Judge Day, the predecessor of Secretary Hay in the De- partment of State, a few days since, in an address to the Ohio Bar Association, causes some rumbling in the Expansion- ist newspapers. The paragraph in ques- tion reads as follows: "We must never lose sight of the funda- mental principles of our Government. This obligation is all the more binding now that a decision of the Supreme Court of the Unit- ed States has made the government and disposition of the islands practically one of policy to be determined by the American people." The words "and disposition" point to the possible separation of the Philippines from the United States by the voluntary action of the latter, and this thought leads one of our morning contemporaries to say: "In our humble opinion the thought of abandoning or 'disposing' by gift or sale of a single square inch of territory over which the American flag now flies as an em- blem of sovereignty, is as far from his [Judge Day's] idea of American policy a is from the ideas of ninety-nine out of every hundred of his fellow-citizens." This shows that our esteemed contem- porary is not familiar with Judge Day's record as a member of the Paris Confer- ence. On the 25th of October, 1898, a long telegram was sent by the P( Commissioners to the State Department giving their views of the points that should govern in the settlement with Spain. Three members were for taking and holding the whole of the Philippines. Two members dissented from this policy and sent separate dispatches. Judge Day said: "I am unable to agree that we should peremptorily demand the entire Philippine Island group. In the spirit of our instructions and bearing in mind the often declared disinterestedness of purpose, and freedom from designs of conquest, with which the war was un- dertaken, we should be consistent in our demands in making peace." So it appears that Judge Day is not now giving ex- pression to new ideas, but holds the same views that he held when he was in a position of responsibility. His attitude as regards the future destiny of the isl- ands and of ourselves is not inharmoni- ous with that of the address published by the Anti-Imperialist League on the Fourth of July. It is something to get a statement about the steel strike which clears the air of rumors and defines the issue sharply. This is the merit of Mr. Mor- gan's clear-cut announcement on Friday, in behalf of the United States Steel Cor- poration, that there can be no com- promise on the only question in debate with the Amalgamated Association. From the first, the employers contended that it was a matter of principle, affect- ing their honor, both as men and as mas- ters, not to consent to the forcible "unionizing" of mills at present non- union. This is now the naked issue, and it will be in vain for President Shaffer to try to cover it up with talk about Wall Street speculation, the tyranny of Trusts, political intrigue, and so on. He has elected to make his fight on an in- defensible and outrageous claim, going to the heart of the rights of free labor; and everything else that he may say, or that the newspapers may allege, is whol- ly beside the main point. This is simply the serious question whether a union tyranny may be set up which will deny to men the right of selling their labor as they will. If that had to be fought

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62 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 out some day even at frightful cost, the battle might as well come now as later. Another ill-considered strike has reached a timely end through the refusal of the United Mine Workers to support the firemen employed in the coal mines of the anthracite region, in their effort to force their employers to grant them an eight-hour day. The strike, which began about ten days ago, seemed to be based more upon the belief that the mine operators could be coerced by danger of stoppage of their pumps than upon any real grievance. It was, in fact, typical of the strikes for trivial causes against which the leading coal operators pro- tested last spring when they were asked to recognize the United Mine Workers as a body with which to deal in all ques- tions arising between the employers and the miners in the coal districts. The failure of the representatives of the miners to secure at that time the recog- nition which they desired resulted chief- ly from the fact, which they were forced practically to admit, that they could not control the miners, who, despite agree- ments to the contrary, were likely to walk out of the mines on trivial pretexts. That the United Mine Workers refused to support the firemen in this strike, and even went so far as to send their own men to take the place of the strikers and prevent the stopping of the pumps, in- dicates that they have learned a valua- ble lesson. Their action renders the fire- men's strike an absurdity. It constitutes one hopeful instance at a time when hopeful instances are not too plentiful. The spirit of the unionist striker, who claims a proprietary right in the em- ployment he abandons, and who is ready to fight for that claim, finds its extreme but logical development in the unpoliced mining sections of the Far Western States. This was illustrated in the Cceur d'Alene district of Idaho, two years ago, and has been again shown within the past thirty days at the Smuggler-Union mine in Colorado. There the Idaho scenes of pillage and murder were paralleled, resulting in the capture of the mining property and the killing or wounding of five of its non-union defenders. Here however, the parallel with Idaho ends. Unlike the fearless Gov. Steunenberg of Idaho, the Populist Gov. Orman of Col- orado temporized, threatened to send the soldiers, but did not, and left the mining company the alternative of abandoning its property or compromising with the strikers. It chose the latter course, and the striking miners substituted the pick for the rifle, with no fear, according to the Denver papers, that any of their number will be punished, and with en- couragement to further pillage and mur- der if they cannot dictate the terms of their employment. It would be quite characteristic of the present chaotic condition of the public mind as to what constitutes the proper attitude towards other nations in other climes, if there should be a determined effort to put up the bars against the Japanese and exclude them from this country, as the California labor-unions wish. That such a proposition would receive no really serious support from the country as a whole is plain on its face. It was the United States which forced Japan to open her gates to the Westerner. If there could be anything more inconsistent and ridiculous than our declining now to receive the people whose acquaintance we forced at the point of the sword some fifty years ago, it would be our forbidding the Chinese to enjoy here that civilization which we are forcing upon them in their own coun- try against their desires. A counter- proposition on the part of China to ex- clude Americans we all know would be blocked by battle-ships. We need not point out what an outcry there would be if Japan decided to put a ban upon Americans and American manufactures by way of reprisal. Notoriously her citi- zens are among the best of those that come to us, being sober, industrious, ef- ficient, saving, and intelligent. A good piece of work has been done by the investigating committee of the Civil Service Reform League, which went through the testimony taken by the House committee that was appointed last winter to overhaul the system of employ- ing subordinate officials for that body. It is not too much to say of the report made by Representative Moody of Mas- sachusetts and his associates on the House committee that its revelations would have created a great sensa- tion except that similar disclosures had repeatedly been made before. Subordinates are nominally appointed by the clerk, the doorkeeper, and the other higher officials who are elected by the House, but actually these officials do nothing but name the persons who are picked out by the Representatives (chief- ly of the dominant party), according to a system devised by the latter for the distribution of the patronage among themselves. The consequence is that no official feels the slightest responsibility for a subordinate, and no subordinate has any respect for his nominal superior. Abuses of every sort naturally flour- ish without the slightest check. A man is appointed to one position, as teleg- rapher, the duties of which he does not understand, and then transferred to a place in the stationery room, while the real telegrapher — who in this case was appointed because a number of Demo- crats said that he had a very large fam- ily, and must have something to do — is paid from a $900 appropriation for "hire of horses and wagons and cartage," $40 a month being paid to the teamster who actually does the cartage. Men are ap- pointed to the House library who spend very little time there, with the result that the library is in such condition that "it would require years of intelligent labor to put it in proper order." Men are sometimes appointed to places who never appear except to get their pay, and even this requirement may be waived and the checks sent by mail. One man had been upon the roll as an em- ployee in the cloak-room since the summer of 1897 whom the other em- ployees had never seen and knew noth- ing about. These are only a few illustra- tions of a scandalous state of things which calls not only for exposure, but for speedy rectification. Postmaster-General Smith has taken the question of postal reform into his own hands, so far as the law allows him to do so, and has issued orders cutting off some of the most glaring abuses of the present system. The Government has been spending millions of dollars in carrying "fake" publications and lottery schemes at much less than the cost of freight. Congress has been struggling to rid the service of these parasites for years, but in every instance the schem- ers have been too strong when the final vote was taken. After successive con- vulsions over the Loud bill, it succeeded at last in putting an end to the pneu- matic-tube delivery in the large cities, which was the most important advance in postal service of recent years, and which the Postmaster-General earnestly desired to continue and extend. But it could do nothing to stop the tremendous abuses prevailing under the head of "sec- ond-class matter." It is to be hoped that Mr. Smith will carry out the reform which he has initiated, with unyielding purpose. He may not reach the desired goal of one-cent postage for letters, but it is not impossible to make the Depart- ment self-sustaining, which is the first step towards the contemplated reduc- tion and towards other advantages. Apparently unmistakable signs that this season's corn crop will fall consid- erably below the average yield, have re- vived the usual theories of recurrence of crop shortages. A rather general no- tion exists to the effect that the volume of grain harvests in a given country ex- pands and contracts in a more or less fixed cycle — much as the general move- ment of trade activity advances and de- clines. This is true, so far as market prices are a stimulus to, or a correc- tive of, large harvests. In the nature of things, extreme high prices for an agri- cultural product during one season will be followed by more extensive planting in the next: and if weather favors, a crop exceeding even the average will be

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July 25, 1901] The Nation. 63 harvested. Our own planted area of wheat, for instance, increased five mil- lion acres in the first year after the high prices of 1879; the increase in one year after 1890 was nearly four million acres. In the three years following the sud- den rise in wheat during 1896, the farm- lands extended nearly five million acres beyond the highest previous record. The corn failure of 1894, with the attendant "famine prices," was followed the next year by addition of fully ten million planted acres. On the other hand, the reduction of not quite six million acres in the American wheat-farm area, dur- ing the years of depression and slow markets after 1891, is a familiar recent incident. Those were the years when the Farmers' Alliance was clamoring for smaller acreage. The present Government of Newfound- land was elected principally to revise the famous railway and transportation con- tract with Mr. R. G. Reid, a task of con- siderable difficulty, which, when the present preliminary agreement becomes law, it will have successfully accomplish- ed. Gaining control of the transporta- tion and telegraph franchises at a time when the island was virtually bankrupt, Mr. Reid appeared in the light of a public benefactor. When, however, these enter- prises had prospered under his direction, it was found that he had driven a sharp bargain with the Colonial Govern- ment. His contract carried with it the ownership of some millions of acres of land, and the reversion after fifty years of all the railroad properties under his control. The plan to unload these great properties on a stock company aroused the opposition of the islanders, who last autumn returned a parliament almost unanimously opposed to Mr. Reid's proj- ects. Premier Bond has negotiated an agreement by which Mr. Reid sells the 2.800,000 acres acquired under the pres- ent contract to the Government, relin- quishes the telegraph lines, and, being indemnified for his initial outlay, en- gages to run the railroad lines for fifty years, and to expend on works within the colony che $5,000,000 capital of his projected stock company. Under the old contract eventual owner of the most im- portant public utilities of the island, he becomes, under the new arrangement, only the temporary holder of certain val- uable franchises. The achievement is a personal triumph for Premier Bond. Lord Rosebery's description of the Liberal plight has the pungency of phrase which we expect from him. It is something for the sick man to be told so neatly what is the matter with him. even if no hope of cure is held out. In this detached attitude, however, this in- ability to rally his party to a watch- word, or to offer It an Inspiring and unifying command, we see Lord Rose- bery's fatal disqualification for political leadership. Yet what he says of the need of the Liberal party making haste to find its function and its efficiency is very much to the point. However, the real question is, just what function? and how is it to be made effective? It certainly is not, just now, the holding of office. A party must have not only unity and good leadership, but numbers, if it is to take office. As long as the Liberals have neither, they must look for their func- tion for some time to come, at least, as a party out of power. What should that be? Why, it should be the function of criticism and ex- postulation and agitation; and that function, we must say, the dominant section of the Liberal party now seems to us to be discharging very commend- ably and successfully. Mr. Morley and Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Sir William Harcourt and Mr. Bryce and Mr. Lloyd-George — to mention only the leaders— are, in the first place, manfully asserting the ancient Liberal doctrine of free speech. They decline to be gagged by the miserable pretence that criticism of the Government is giving aid and comfort to the enemy. That of itself is a great service, at this juncture, not only to England, but to all the world. Fur- thermore, these leaders insist upon telling the truth about the war. They show how it has passed from its first pretended aim of repelling invasion and establishing equal rights for all white men south of the Zambesi, into a war for the destruction of Boer indepen- dence, and then into a war for the erec- tion of Crown Colony government. To proclaim the falseness and folly of this course, and to cry aloud for concilia- tion and for humanity in dealing with the Boers; to stand firmly by the estab- lished principles of justice and generos- ity and self-government in the manage- ment of colonies; to protest against ap- plying in South Africa the methods which lost America to England, and to call, rather, for such a wise adjustment as that which saved Canada to the Brit- ish Empire — all that, surely, is no mean work, and it is the work which the Lib- erals are doing with more and more energy and success. According to the most recent dis- patches, Lord Roberts is to receive from Parliament a grant of £100,000, "in rec- ognition of his services in South Africa, and to enable him suitably to maintain his peerage." If there is to any mind a sardonic suggestion in this, the fault is not that of Gen. Roberts. If his march to Pretoria, which will long rank ae a brilliant achievement, has passed into temporary eclipse, the reason Is that the Government did not second his dashing military operations with the requisite statesmanship. English mili- tary critics, even some army officers writing anonymously, have pointed out this great error in the general conduct of the South African campaign. It is not only that ,the lustre of Lord Rob- berts's feat of arms is dimmed. The Government, by its failure to grasp the situation in its diplomatic aspects, not merely lost the natural fruits of victory, but turned the whole campaign into a military blander. If there was to be no large measure of conciliation and gen- erous reconstruction ready to be of- fered the Boers the moment Roberts reached Pretoria, then his march thither was a mistake. He never should have left the Orange River. If slow attrition and the gradual hunting down of every Boer in arms was to be the true policy, it should have been prosecuted foot by foot, district by district. The rapid rush to Pretoria, after the army had been pulled out of its wreck at Bloem- fontein, was bad strategy unless the whole war were to be settled by negotia- tions at Pretoria. Presumably, Lord Roberts counted upon healing measures being ready to supplement the work of his troops. He could not say, but other military men have said it, that an inept Government has done its best to make his successful campaign appear one long and huge blunder. "We trusted in God's help and foreign intervention." So wrote President Steyn of the Orange Free State, in the official correspondence with the Transvaal au- thorities, which the British have captur- ed and published. It is not exactly a pleasing variant of the old exhortation to trust God and keep your powder dry. The Boers looked after their pow- der carefully enough, but that such as- tute men as their leaders should have believed for a moment, unless they were basely deceived by Dr. Leyds, that any great Power would forcibly intervene on their behalf, one would have said in advance to be impossible. They knew, or if they did not, they were the only ones in the world who did not know, that Germany was out of it. The Anglo-Ger- man agreement was an open secret. From France, it is true, the Boers may have thought they had something more than polite good wishes. It has been pretty angrily asserted by men professing to be in Kruger's confidence, that the French Foreign Office promised him "moral and material aid." But this has been given a formal d6menti by M. Delcass6, and would scarcely, in any case, deserve to be credited. President Steyn's confes- sion is, however, the first one that has been officially and explicitly made that the Boer ultimatum would never have been launched except in the hope of for- eign Intervention. This is the crowning proof of Its folly.

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64 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 POLITICS AND THE STRIKE. President Shaffer's address to the men at Wellsville on Thursday was, in gen- eral, moderace in tone, and bore out the reputation he has had of being a man ■who has a bridle on his tongue. Yet his speech unconsciously revealed the two things upon which he has really pinned his hopes in the steel strike. These are the Stock Exchange and politics. Surely there never can have been a great strike before in which the labor leaders kept their eyes glued to a stock-ticker. Not re- ports from the works, not telegrams tell- ing of more mills closed, more men taken into the union, further crippling of the employers, but the rise and fall of steel shares in Wall Street! Mr. Shaffer evi- dently believed that it was safe to make unreasonable demands upon the steel corporation because its financial inter- ests were so vast. The directors, he thought, could not afford to let their securities be clouded even for a day, and so would yield anything rather than fight. But il appears that they saw, even if he did not, the necessity of thinking about to-morrow and next week and next year in Wail Street as well as to-day, and determined to resist extreme de- mands so as to protect the future of their property. President Shaffer now undertakes to hide his disappointment over the absence of a crash in Wall Street by his delightful tale of $200,000,- 000 reserve kept by the steel corpora- tion expressly to bolster stocks in case of labor troubles. The stock market having failed him. Mr. Shaffer now turns to the politicians. "Some of the political leaders will have something to say," he told the strikers at Wellsville. Whether or not this hope proves to be as hollow a staff as the other, it must be confessed that labor agitators have only too much to go upon when they assume that politics will fly to their aid. The political influence in the settlement of the great coal strike last year was too plain for the wayfaring man not to perceive it. And the way in which Republican politicians have made use of Amalgamated Association officials for campaign purposes has long been noto- rious. John Jarrett was for years a kind of electoral agent of theirs, and had his due political reward. Another former President of the iron and steel workers is now Collector of the Port at Pitts- burgh. Labor men can see the signifi- cance of such things as quickly as an- other. Nor did they, we may be sure, omit to ponder on the Babcock bill for taking off the duties on iron and steel. In that they saw the trail of politics. Doubtless they also reflected that many powerful politicians have their fortunes so tied up with the continuance of pros- perity that they will move heaven and earth sooner than see it impaired. So they lift up their eyes to politics, whence they think cometh their help. It may, and again it may not; but how far afield all this takes us from the original and os- tensible grounds of the strike! President Shaffer returned to the sub- ject in an interview published on Mon- day: "If the Republican party is going to ob- tain power only to foster institutions that will destroy labor, it cannot longer rely on the support of labor. I have always been a Republican, but if the worst comes to the worst, and the Administration stands idle and allows the Trust to crush us out of existence, in future I shall be all things to all men. Suppose that the Administration should become offended at J. Pierpont Mor- gan and his adherents and coadjutors, and, in order to punish them, should present re- strictive measures to Congress or laws that will tend to confine the Morgan power, could the Administration have those laws passed? You grant that it could. Then the Administration is all-powerful, and will be responsible for the results of the conflict to labor and to the Republican party." Exactly how the Republican party is going to help the strikers is not clear. Mr. Shaffer's remarks imply that Presi- dent McKinley ought to be offended at Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, and, in order to coerce him, ought to recommend "re- strictive measures" to Congress, and that Congress ought to pass them. This does not mean that Mr. McKinley ought to wait till the first Monday in Decem- ber, and then advise Congress to pass laws "tending to confine the Morgan power," but that he should take Mr. Morgan into a corner now and tell him that, unless he yields to the demands of Shaffer, he (McKinley) will, in some way, make it hot for the steel combina- tion next winter. We are very sure that Mr. McKinley will do nothing of the kind, and that if he should do so Mr. Morgan would be utterly unaffected by such threats. However yielding the lat- ter might be by nature, he would say to himself that a great many things may happen in four months, that strikes do not generally last so long, and that he can take the chances for that length of time as well as the strikers can. He might say to Mr. McKinley, in the im- probable event of the interview which Mr. Shaffer imagines, that it does not follow that Congress would pass the laws aforesaid, "tending to confine the Morgan power," even if Mr. McKinley should recommend them. We observe, also, that Mr. Shaffer does not indicate the kind of laws which he would like to have passed in this emer- gency, or tell us how they would tend to confine the Morgan power. He had already said, in the speech to his fellow- workers at Wellsville: "You know that, but for our organization, we should have no better wages than common laborers." So it seems that it is not the tariff that makes high wages for workingmen, but the power to strike. This has always been the contention of the free-traders. Mr. Shaffer calls himself a Republican. If he had spoken his full thought at Wellsville, he would perhaps have said: "The tariff law enables the employers to pay high wages, but they will pocket every cent that the law gives them if we are not so organized that we can demand our share." That would be a true statement, and we wonder that Mr. Shaffer did not give some hint of it when he was talking about laws of Congress tending to re- strict Mr. Morgan. There is one way in which the Republican party can attack the Trusts effectually, and that is by re- pealing the duties on articles which have been made the subject of monopoly or of attempted monopoly. Some Republi- can statesmen of position and influence have declared their intention to intro- duce measures of this kind. Why does not Mr. Shaffer seize this opportunity to scare, if not to "confine," Mr. Morgan and his colleagues? Perhaps Mr. Mor- gan thinks that he can stand tariff re- duction as long as Mr. Shaffer can. Per- haps he thinks that the tariff is of less importance to the Steel Company than some other things now threatening it. However that may be, we insist that the only legislation by Congress that can stir the Republican party from its pres- ent lethargy on the subject of the steel strike is tariff legislation. If Mr. Shaffer is really serious in what he says about making the strike a political is- sue and holding the Republican party responsible for its successful outcome, let him inscribe on his banner, as Chair- man Babcock has done, "Free trade in steel and its products." If he will do this, he will "make things lively" in the party at all events. If he does not, the Republican leaders will think he is not in earnest. They will see no terror in his threats, and will not even take the trouble to answer him. THE ISTHMIAN CANAL OUTLOOK. Lord Pauncefote is too old a diplo- mat to be caught sinning against the commandment, pas de zcle. We may, therefore, accept as very important and pleasing news his statement made in London about the bright prospects for agreement between Great Britain and the United States on a new Isthmian Canal treaty. As he intimates, there are practically three powers to be brought into harmony — the British For- eign Office, the American Department of State, and the United States Senate. That the nesv instrument has been draft- ed so as to meet the views of all three, is the significant fact of Lord Paunce- fote's interview. It foreshadows agree- ment on the main point of a canal neu- tral in peace and war. Of course, the Senate may again upset the whole ar- rangement. Its capacities for mischief in meddling with treaties are so great as to draw even from ex-President Cleve- land a flash of sarcasm. In his Century article on the Venezuela controversy he remarks thai it was well the final treaty of arbitration was solely between Eng- land and Venezuela, and. so did not have

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July 25, 1901] The ISTation. 35 to run the risk of the "customary dis- figurement" at the hands of the Senate. But granting that there will be a new treaty, that it will be ratified without disfigurement, and that there will be a canal, at what point on the Isthmus will it be cut? Ten years ago everybody in this country would have said at Nicara- gua. Two years ago a few people began to say at Panama. Last December, when the report of our own engineers clearly set forth the superiority of the Panama I'oute, on grounds both of location and of economy, a decided revulsion of popular sentiment on the subject set in. It has since gone on increasing in power, until now even the politicians are willing to admit the feasibility and possible de- sirability of a Panama Canal. The Ohio Republicans, for example, left out of their platform last month the old uncom- promising Nicaragua plank, and called simply for a ship canal "across the Isthmus." One reason for this evident chilling of our Nicaraguan enthusiasm is the dis- covery that all previous estimates of the cost of a canal from Greytown to Brito have been far too low. Only $100,000,000, it used to be said in the cocksure days of Warner Miller, or, to be perfectly safe and cover all contingencies, $125,000,000. But the preliminary report of our engi- neers last December put the figure at $200,000,000, exclusive of what it might cost to buy the right of way. And there have been plain hints that even this es- timate will prove much too low. Some of the engineers who remained on the Isthmus to make further tests of rock and soil, and river and rainfall, are un- derstood to have brought with them data which will compel pushing up the cost of the Nicaragua Canal to $250,000,000. Sir Weetman Pearson, who dug the huge drainage canal in Mexico, and who thus has had large experience in engineering work in tropical countries, has given it as his opinion that, if the engineers' esti- mate for a canal at Nicaragua is $200,- 000,000, the ultimate cost will prove to be little under $300,000,000. This is a way canals have. When Thiers was Minister of the Interior, the authorities of Marseilles asked permis- sion to cut a canal at a cost of $2,000,000. "If the engineers," said Thiers, "declare that it will cost but $2,000,000, the real cost will be $4,000,000." The good Mar- seillais complained of the "indecent ex- aggerations" of Thiers; but when the canal came finally to be built, the actual cost was $6,000,000! Of course, we are aware of that fine patriotic frenzy which leads Congressmen to cry out, "Let the cost be $500,000,000, if you please; still, this country is big enough and rich enough to furnish the money, and we'll do it, too, if Europe so much as hints her displeasure." But that was the talk only so long as the canal was supposed to be somehow a terrible engine of war. If it would, in some mysterious way, enable us to crush the combined fleets of the world, no price could be too high. But those crude notions have been dissipated. Admiral Dewey threw the weight of his authority against them, and Col. Peter C. Hains, in his exhaustive paper be- fore the American Academy, showed that an exclusive canal would be, in time of war, a military weakness. Besides, the new treaty is to make the canal absolute- ly neutral. It will, therefore, become a very serious question for Congress to de- cide whether it is prepared to spend $250,000,000 or $300,000,000 in building a canal on which the commercial return is doubtful, and which other nations may use as well as we. For our part, we think it will be a long time before Con- gress votes the money on those condi- tions. All these considerations call attention more sharply than ever to the Panama alternative. That route, it is confessed by our own engineers, has the manifest advantage in point of cost of construc- tion, speed of completion, and ease of operation. There is no need to labor this question. Ah, but our Commission reported in favor of Nicaragua, neverthe- less, since it said it could get no satis- factory answers from the Panama Com- pany to the questions how much it would cost to buy out its plant, and on what terms control of its concession could be secured. But there has been a great change in all this since last December. When the Commission comes to make its final report to the President, it will tell him that the Colombian Government and the Panama Company are ready jointly to make over the Panama concession to this country on the fairest terms; and that it has in writing from the Panama Company an offer to sell its plant and dispose of its rights in the work actual- ly done at a price to be fixed by disin- terested appraisers. This should make a vast difference in the Commission's re- port. It should also have a powerful ef- fect on public opinion. In fact, we may say that the present drift of engineering sentiment, as of financial and diplomatic belief, is that if any canal at all is to pierce the Isthmus, it will be at Panama, and not at Nicaragua. THE NORTHERN PACIFIC CATA- CLYSM. Nearly six months ago a series of events began in the stock market which transcended experience, turned the heads of a large part of the community, led to the wildest rise in prices that ever took place hsre on a specie basis, and culminated in a panic equal in magni- tude to the speculation that had preced- ed it. The peculiarity of the movement was the profound secrecy with which the movers veiled their operations, and the surprises that they encountered dur- ing their progress. Of course, people do not go gunning with a brass band. If ii man has a plan of campaign in the stock marker., he does not publish it in the newspapers. He uses disguises. He covers his tracks, puts out misleading signals, throws people on a false scent, and some persons have even been known to tell downright lies in the buying and selling of stocks. The trouble generally is that there are too many sharp-eyed men looking on. Wall Street is not eas- ily deceived. However delusive appear- ances may be, somebody is pretty sure to discover the truth, and then it speed- ily becomes common property. In this case, however, although the buying, which set the whole country wild, was protracted for three months, the secret never came out until the panic forced it out. The wisest men in the Street were as much at fault as the simplest. In fact, some of the oldest heads, the most conservative leaders, men usually the best informed, were "caught short" of Northern Pacific in a way to slow that they had wholly misinterpreted events which had been occurring around them for weeks. Even directors and presidents of the compa- nies concerned were profoundly igno- rant of what was going on. The old stagers of Wall Street had seen certain stocks advancing by steady gains to in- credible heights. They had seen the country gradually "taking hold" and pushing prices still higher, without con- cert of action, but by sheer force of numbers. They got an inkling at last that somebody was buying St. Paul in order to amalgamate it with Northern Pacific, but just as this truth began to dawn, the quotations of St. Paul came to a standstill, and then began to sag. Nobody wanted it any more, and the Street was pretty well agreed that what- ever might have been the original pur- pose of the buyers, they had abandoned it. The reason why the Street had not discovered the truth earlier was that nobody could discern any reason why the Northern Pacific should want the St. Paul, or should want it enough to pay a fancy price for it. The Northern Pacific's eastern terminus is St. Paul, where it has half a dozen important connections and feeders. To choose one of these as its special favorite, said the wise heads of the stock market, would make enemies of all the others and com- pel competition west of St. Paul. Espe- cially would these consequences follow if the Great Northern should be a part- ner in the St. Paul purchase. In that case the only way that the Northwest- ern, the Burlington, the Wisconsin Cen- tral, and the Great Western could se- cure their share of business west of St. Paul would be to construct lines of their own. So the wise men argued, and for these reasons they refused for a long time to believe that there was any foundation for the story that the North-

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36 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 era Pacific and Great Northern people were seeking the ownership of St. Paul. When it became known that this plan had been dropped, the Street assumed that it had been dropped not because the price of St. Paul was too high, but because it was not founded on good bus- iness principles. Consequently, the wise men were still more deceived by the next ground swell in the market. There was an unex- plained movement in Burlington shares. This stock began to rise in a manner quite as mysterious as the movement in St. Paul. The advance was persistent, in- dicating either a very strong purpose to control it or an increase in its earnings. Other stocks advanced by sympathy. If Burlington was worth so much money as the quotations implied, then Rock Island and Union Pacific and Atchison must be equally valuable. So the public con- strued the situation, and, by buying to take advantage of the rise, the public produced the situation which it expected. The buyers outnumbered the sellers from day to day and from week to week. This made the boom. Some people said that it was due to our great export trade, others that it was in consequence of the election of McKinley and the settle- ment of the gold standard. The appetite for stocks grew with what it fed on, and the general list continued to rise under the lead of Burlington. There were some people doing business in Wall Street who had a greater inter- est to learn the truth about this rise in Burlington than the speculating public had. These were the large holders of Union Pacific. Nothing could deceive them in the long run. They could not understand any better than the public why the Northern Pacific and Great Northern should desire to control the Burlington Road, which was quite out of their field of operations, but they could not be deceived as to the fact that this was the aim and intention of the two northern companies. The Union Pa- cific people did know, however, that they were paralleled at most points, and were liable to be paralleled at all points, by the Burlington, and that if this property came under the control of -a transconti- nental rival they would thereafter be very much at the mercy of that rival. They saw that, in a case where vast capi- tal had already been embarked in the en- terprise, it would be useless to reiy upon argument or to expect benevolence on the part of the rival. It was now too late to defend themselves by buying Burlington away from the other side: negotiations had been carried to a point which made this impossible. The only thing to be done was to buy Northern Pacific itself out of the hands of their opponents. This was a movement which the North- ern Pacific people themselves had not dreamed of, and it was the third sur- prise that awaited the Street, and the third great impulse given to the general market. The buying was so carefully arranged for in New York, London, and Berlin that the real source of the strength of Northern Pacific was not sus- pected by anybody. Most people attribut- ed it to the carrying through of the "Burlington deal," which had by this time been made public. The Burlington deal might be a source of weakness rather than of strength to Northern Pa- cific in the long run, looking at the price paid for the former by the latter, but the speculating public did not look be- yond the present quotation, and so the dance continued. The Union Pacific peo- ple continued to buy Northern Pacific regardless of cost. They forced up the price till the magnates who had arrang- ed the Burlington deal knew that some- thing was wrong. They discovered too late that, although they had acquired Burlington, they had no longer an undis- puted control of their own property. Whether they could command a majority of votes at their next stockholders' meet- ing was a matter of doubt. Now comes the fourth surprising event of the series. The trading in Northern Pacific, which had been quite breezy be- fore, soon became a gale and presently a hurricane. Orders came into the mar- ket for 10,000-share lots. The buying was furious and the price went sky- high. As the amount of shares was not unlimited, the market was presently cor- nered without design on the part of any- body. The promoters of the Burlington deal, being committed to carrying it through, must do so at all hazards. They could not afford to be short one single share when the time came for closing the trade. So they bought right and left, in New York, London, and Berlin. How the two opposing lists of shares footed up at last is not publicly known, but a situation was created for the short sell- ers of Northern Pacific which may be imagined, and which has been frequent- ly described. The cornering of Northern Pacific was the immediate occasion of the cataclysm on the 9th of May, but the cause was the enormous and artificial uplifting of prices due to the purchases for control which had been going on for months, but which the public knew no- thing about. The situation was now well suited for compromise. There was no money to be made by further fighting. Much had been lost already by the pur- chase of shares at higher prices than they were worth, and here the original holders of St. Paul, Burlington, and Northern Pacific had been gainers. A compromise was effected, and the public said that it was an extension of the com- munity-of-interest plan to a vast group of transcontinental roads. It was no- thing of the kind. The community-of- interest plan was adopted, not as a choice, but as a matter of necessity, after the opposite plan had failed. GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES. "Theodore von Holleben, ambassador of the young and lusty German Empire, representative of an ancient people whose racial and institutional roots are intertwined with our own — of a people whose scholars and universities have for a century given example and inspira- tion to the learned world." It was in these words that President Eliot be- stowed the degree of LL.D. upon the eminent German diplomat at Harvard's Commencement. The university could not have chosen a better time, nor its head more fitting phrases, to honor the official mouthpiece of a country bound to us by a hundred different ties. The graceful act followed significantly on the efforts of unscrupulous mischief- makers to set the two nations by the ears. When one considers the historic rela- tions of the two countries, it would seem impossible that there could ever be a serious misunderstanding between them. Yet for the last three years there has become noticeable a feeling of irri- tation which dates back to the Spanish war, and which is by no means attributa- ble to their healthy mercantile and in- dustrial rivalry. That the Germans were aghast at the unnecessary war into which the United States plunged in 1898 is but too well known. But with this disap- proval came no such feeling of bitter re- sentment and hostility as has marked the German attitude towards England in re- gard to the Boer war. It is therefore im- possible for the mass of the German peo- ple to realize to-day that, in certain cir- cles here, they are regarded as secret plotters against the welfare of the United States. The ebullitions of a Lodge amaze as much as they pain. The announce- ment that a United States naval board of policy finds it necessary to plan to build one battle-ship and cruiser for every sim- ilar ship constructed for the Emperor's fleet, leaves the German public somewhat stunned and quite uncomprehending. For more Ihan a hundred years they have re- garded their neighbors on the west as their greatest menace, for which they must arm ro the teeth at any cost; and the revelation that they are considered so free of European complications as to be able to plot against both South and North America comes as something con- siderably more than a surprise. A review of the incidents which have been eagerly seized upon in this country shows their triviality and their slight foundation in fact. The lack of tact dis- played by a German admiral in Philip- pine waters becomes a threat of war in the columns of a sensational press and in an equally tactless after-dinner speech of an American naval officer. Without a single fact to go upon, the Imperialists early announced that the evacuation of the Philippines by the United States

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July 25, 1901] The Nation. 67 would mean their conquest or purchase by Germany — thus crediting the Emperor with their own taste for bad bargains. The story that the Emperor's fleet was being swelled merely in order to cope with the American was promptly con- futed by a naval officer of high rank, who demonstrated that the German- battle- ships were being built with too limited a coal capacity to cross the ocean. It failed, too, in its purpose of drawing large addi- tional appropriations from Congress. Next came a tissue of falsehoods and exaggerations in regard to the German colonists in South America, daily dis- played in that fantastic newspaper which pretends to represent American journal- ism in France, the Paris New York Her- ald, and feebly echoed by cable in the Herald of this city. The Emperor was planning, it seemed, to subvert the Mon- roe Doctrine, with the most diabolical ingenuity, by the creation of a great German state in Brazil, and probably by similar ones elsewhere in South America, or perhaps by obtaining control of Brazil herself. These stories being promptly and conclusively denied by the Brazilian Minister in Berlin as "the merest twad- dle," as well as by the German Foreign Office, it next became necessary to turn the harmless visit of a German man-of- war to Margarita Island into a surveying expedition preparatory to the purchase or seizure of the island as a base for an aggressive naval attack upon the United States. Here was indeed a bonne bouche for the scandal-mongers, and it duly served its turn until completely disposed of by the American Ambassador, Mr. White. It had, however, together with Senator Lodge's outburst in Buffalo, aroused the German press to no small de- gree, in their ignorance both of the true status of the Paris Herald (a journal without news, influence, character, or standing) and of Senator Lodge's rec- ord. To complete this midsummer mad- ness and the utter confusion of the un- masked German people, it was next only necessary to assert that, in the event of war, the German-Americans would fight for America. After that only the war remained to be declared. If there is a comic side to this, the serious one must not be forgotten. It is not only that we have to go to Ger- many more than to any other country for those university ideals and that in- spiration to which President Eliot re- ferred. So close have the trade rela- tions grown between the two countries that, as Mr. Mason, the United States Consul-General in Berlin, has pointed out, "The German empire is, next to England, our best customer," and there- fore anything which affects the pros- perity of Germany will directly affect that of the United Staes. Both on the intellectual and commercial side the United States can and should gain enor- mously by closer relations with the motherland of so many of our citizens. Any attempt to disturb the pleasant and satisfactory relations which have so long existed between the two countries merits immediate condemnation. Such actions as Harvard's in presenting the degree to Herr von Holleben, and Mr. Andrew D. White's repeated public utterances on be- half of friendly relations between the two countries, make enormously in the other direction. They cannot be too heartily welcomed. Serious friction with Ger- many would not only be inexcusable and indefensible, but a national misfortune. THE GLASGOW EXHIBITION. Lowdon, June 26, 1901. I might as well say at once that the Glas- gow Exhibition interested me chiefly be- cause of its Art Gallery. One big interna- tional exhibition must necessarily be very like another, and Glasgow — though I should not have ventured to hint it while I was there — is a trifle overshadowed by memories of Chicago and Paris. Everything has been done, and (it must be admitted) successfully within the limits, to make the show attractive. It is held in Kelvin Grove Park, the most delightful part of Glasgow. Pleasantly wooded banks rise gently from either side the Kelvin. The University and rows of Glasgow's gray houses overlook the open space from the surrounding heights, and the Exhibition buildings are distributed so as to interfere as little as possible with the pretty walks and shady corners of the Park. These build- ings are, of course, mostly white; Chicago was the model it will take many long years to supplant. Only, it is curious to note how much less appropriate the white seems here than on the shores of Lake Michigan or the Seine. Under Glasgow's low, gray skies, all the brilliancy and gayety has gone out of it. Indeed, in the end, in every country, the color people have chosen, perhaps un- consciously, for their architecture, will usu- ally be found the color demanded by their climate and atmospheric conditions; the gray of Scotland's castles and cottages strikes one as less gloomy than this ex- panse of white, dull and hard without the sunshine of the South or the fierce dry heat of an American summer. As for the archi- tecture, it is of the distinct Exhibition style, a little less extravagant than in Paris, much less stately than in Chicago; a medley, partly rococo, partly Spanish Re- naissance, partly Oriental, partly eccentric, leaving one with an impression of domes and towers and gilding and flamboyant sculpture, amusing perhaps for the moment, but irritating if destined to be permanent. The exhibits in the buildings are what such exhibits usually are. I know little of machinery, but I fancy much is included that would interest the man of a mechanical turn of mind. In the main building there is the accustomed industrial display. Rus- sia has put up two or three pavilions apart, Canada one, Japan one; Austria, France, and other countries contribute to some small extent. But, throughout the industrial sec- tion, the exhibitors are chiefly Scotch; even England contributes as little in proportion as to the Paris show last summer; and, it seems to me, the bazaar element, always present more or less on such occasions, be- comes overprominent. Indeed, since I have come away from Glasgow, the shopkeepers in the town have protested against the brisk trade done in different stalls. Then there are the inevitable amusements — music, di- versified by bagpipes; a water-chute, a switchback, an Indian theatre. If there bo no gay Rue de Paris, surely this proves a small surprise in a land where men take their pleasures sadly, and do not know how to be frivolous with grace. So far, the Glasgow Exhibition conforms to the all but invariable type. The En- glishman who crosses the border for the first time may find novelty in the daily per- formance of the pipers, and the variety of scones and solid cakes in the tea houses, for Glasgow has managed to give a local flavor to many details. But the one important feature of the show, a clue really to the his- tory of Glasgow's development during the last fifteen or twenty years, is the Art Gal- lery. Of late, the corporations of most of the large provincial towns In England and Scot- land have been trying to turn themselves into art patrons. Already, people begin to go to Liverpool not only to take the steamer, but to see the Rossetti and other things in the Walker Art Gallery, or to Manchester for the Madox Brown frescoes in the Town Hall, or to Birmingham for the Pre-Rapha- elite pictures in the permanent collection. But even these three big centres, where something substantial has been achieved, are eclipsed by Glasgow, though nowhere, perhaps, would so little be looked for as in so essentially commercial, rather gloomy and squalid, decidedly money-making a town. But it is Glasgow that can boast, as every one knows by now, a school of painters who, if they have not fulfilled their first promise, are still the most accomplished group of artists in Great Britain; Glasgow that had the intelligence to buy Mr. Whis- tler's beautiful "Carlyle" at a time when the world had not yet awakened to its value; Glasgow that, emulating Paris, has commissioned its most distinguished paint- ers to decorate the new Municipal Building; Glasgow, in a word, that not only gave so successful an exhibition in 1888 as to make a good profit by it, but determined to invest this profit, increased by voluntary subscrip- tions, in a new Art Gallery and Museum Building, "to be the future home of the art and science collections of the Corporation." This building, now finished, stands at the southwest corner of Kelvin Park, and its inauguration was really the most important ceremony at the opening of this year's Exhi- bition. In Paris last summer, while the architect was allowed any excess so long as there was question only of temporary buildings, he was kept, or kept himself, well in re- straint when it came to the two Palaces of the Fine Arts. Much the same is true of the Glasgow architect. He has been flamboyant after his own fashion in the Main Build- ing, the restaurants, and so on, but he has been careful to chasten his style in design- ing an Art Gallery that is to remain a mon- ument to Glasgow's artistic enterprise. He has maintained the same discretion in the matter of color: the building is of a red sandstone from Scotch quarries, in keeping with the atmosphere and the characteristic severity of the town. The Glasgow archi- tect in this case happens to be a London architect, Mr. J. W. Simpson, and the orna- ment is the work of sculptors collaborate

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68 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 ing under the immediate superintendence of Mr. Frampton, and, in certain special de- tails, the work of Mr. Frampton himself. One's standard is very different in judging a permanent building. It seems, therefore, a matter of regret that the Gallery, stand- ing as it does, is somewhat dwarfed by the University, which, at least, produces a greater effect of height and size, and has the further advantage of towering above the new building from higher ground. From the southern side the Gallery is just now screened its entire length by a covered- in "Grand Avenue," useful enough in rainy Glasgow, but architecturally an excrescence. But for that matter the big staring white pal- ace and smaller houses and pavilions so sur- round the Gallery as to interfere with, if they do not belittle, the architectural effect, and I should hesitate to pronounce an opin- ion until their disappearance at the end ot the fair. But I must confess myself disap- pointed with the sculpture. To intrust it entirely to the superintendence of a man of Mr. Frampton's position and ability was something of an experiment, and it may be too much was hoped for. The central arch of the double stairway leading to the main entrance is not only filled but crowded by Mr. Frampton's group of St. Mungo with the figures of Art and Music; his bas-reliefs in the spandrels modestly efface themselves, as if he had been only too determined to avoid the French sculptor's over-emphasis; while the allegorical figures perched abovo the central and end pavilions are the designs, I believe, of another artist, who seems to have quite forgotten the angle at which they would be seen — an angle that reveals only an unfortunate clumsiness of pose and draper- ies. But the interior of the building is more disappointing. A fine, well-propor- tioned central hall is connected by two long courts with four pavilions, two at either end. The galleries run round these courts, and occupy the pavilions. Down stairs the side light makes them useless for pictures; up stairs, they have been narrow- ed for the sake of an arcaded promenade opening upon courts and central hall. If the object of the building was, as one thought, the exhibition of works of art, then it is hardly a success. Space has been so reck- lessly wasted that I have heard the building described as a Casino, with a few odd cor- ners for pictures; and the description, if ex- aggerated, is not wholly unmerited. The loan collections that all but fill it explain, by their arrangements, how little room there is to spare. These collections are, practically speaking, four. One of the long courts and the sur- rounding galleries on the lower floor are de- voted to "Scottish archaeology and history," a wonderful series of pictures, sculptures, relics, papers, any and everything that could help you to follow the development of Scot- land, from the days of arrowheads to the yesterday of Gordon and Livingstone and the country's latest heroes. Here is an un- rivalled opportunity for the student of Scotch history. Then, in one of the long galleries at the other end of the building, and here, there, and everywhere, in odd rooms and passageways, are what the cata- logue calls "art objects," a series re- calling, on a smaller scale, a very much smaller scale, the Petit Palais of last summer. Finally, the other courts and gal- leries are filled by retrospective and contem- porary collections of painting, sculpture, and drawing, "formed with the view of illustrat- ing the progress of art during the nineteenth century." Considered by the standard thus set, they fail lamentably; they illustrate chiefly the amiability of certain collectors in lending their treasures, and, apparently, the directors' readiness to take whatever fell in their way with least trouble to them- selves. But, considered merely as loan col- lections, got together for the purpose of giving pleasure, not instruction, then their success is beyond dispute. Certainly, many of the centuries' masterpieces are scattered through the galleries. You begin with the "Deceased British Ar- tists." To the opening years of the nine- teenth century belong the last of the one distinguished school of British portrait paint- ers— Romney, Hoppner, Lawrence, and Rae- burn, who is just commencing to be appre- ciated, and who, though I do not think jus- tice is fully done to him, reveals his power in two portraits of elderly, gray-haired men, marvellous as renderings of character and triumphs of technique. But, after all, the portrait painters of this group carried out the traditions of the eighteenth century, and cannot be said to have influenced the art of the nineteenth. The new inspiration came from the landscape-painters, and what is there to represent a genuine movement, felt not only in Great Britain, but in France, and therefore throughout the entire Continent? I say nothing of the several examples of Turner, for Turner also, at his best, has more in common with the eighteenth cen- tury; at his most original, he inspired no one but himself and, perhaps, Ruskin. But what of Constable, Bonington, the Norwich men? Bonington is the most fully rep- resented— two paintings and four water-col- ors. There are, however, only a couple of Constables, a single Cotman, two Ciomes; though, at almost every step, you chance up- on a landscape by Chalmers, of Alexander Fraser, both second-rate artists, who happen to have been Scotchmen. Another distinct movement, even if its in- fluence ended with the men who originated it, was the Pre-Raphaelite, and this is amply represented. To Dyce, who deserves to be more famous than he is, the Pre-Ra- phaelites owed something, and Dyce, fortu- nately, has not been forgotten. Millais's "Carpenter Shop" and "Lorenzo and Isa- bella," Rossetti's "Mariana," Ford Madox Brown's "Work" — the most genuinely "Pre- Raphaelite" picture, and the most extra- ordinary of them all — characteristic ex- amples of Mr. Holman Hunt, Mr. Windus, Mr. Brett (the latter three, however, appear- ing in another section) — are here, but so scattered as not to tell half as well as they should. Indeed, the hanging of this histori- cal series is forlorn. Only upon reaching the water-colors do you find any attempt at chronological order, or the grouping to- gether of the same men and same schools. But how keenly the improvement is realiz- ed when a screen is reached with, on one side, a number of drawings by the Pre- Raphaelites, on the other, the work of Pin- well and Fred Walker, who owed their scrupulous minuteness to the Pre-Raphae- lites, and who were in such close sympathy in their own aims and methods. In the "Living British Artists" section it looks as if the hanging committee had not been without a pleasant sense of humor. One of the three galleries is full of the pictures of Academicians and their friends, hung in the established Academical fash- ion, very suggestive of Burlington House. In the other two galleries the Academical element is less obvious; harmony has been observed in the general treatment of the walls; though, because of the restricted space, there is more crowding than there should be, many of the canvases overflow- ing to the arcade, where, so poor is the light, they can barely be seen. This contem- porary collection is far more representative than the British section was in Paris last summer. But the selection still seems due largely to chance, and numerous omissions could be pointed out. Even the Glasgow school is not as complete as might have been expected. Mr. McTaggart, practically unknown outside of Scotland, but honored in Glasgow as one of the pioneers — a paint- er of the sea, with a fine feeling for light and atmosphere and the movement of wa- ter— may be studied in almost every phase. But Mr. MacGregor, one of the leaders, and essentially one of the most accom- plished, has absolutely nothing. And here, again, one would have liked to see all the Scotchmen grouped together. It is a plea- sure to note that Mr. Whistler, who appears with British artists, as there is no Ameri- can section, and who received such scant courtesy in Glasgow in 1888, is now given the centres that are his by rights — one for the beautiful "Princesse du Pays de la Porcelaine," the other for the stately "Fur Jacket." It is curious that Mr. Sargent should be among the absent. The only painting by him is a portrait of Mr. Pen- rose, hung down stairs with the architec- tural drawings. Space, however, has been found for Mr. Abbey's large "Trial of Queen Catherine" from last year's Academy. The collection ends with a "foreign" section, absurd if it were considered as rep- resentative of the development of anything but the taste and knowledge of collectors in Scotland. "Foreign" here means Dutch and French. There is a solitary Lenbach, a chance Fortuny, but all the other pic- tures and water-colors are the work not only of Frenchmen and Dutchmen, but, with not very notable exceptions, of one school of Frenchmen and Dutchmen. How- ever, if you want to study this school, if you want to know something of the artists, now called the Romanticists, in their most masterly performances, no better opportu- nity could be had. Paris, last summer, could show more Corots, but nothing to compete with that most exquisite of all his idyls, "Le Rond des Enfants," or with the dignified "Don Quixote," or the lovely little study of the nude in open air, "The Bath- er." Nowhere else could so many fine Monticellis, or such delightful examples of Matthew Maris, an artist who grows shyer and shyer of exhibitions, be found in one and the same gallery. And it seemed to me I had never before understood the full glory of Millet as a colorist, or of Jacque as a pastoral poet. Of the artists who fol- lowed the Romanticists in France, there is next to nothing. But, when the little that is shown is so splendid, one can afford to forget the much that is not shown. The sculpture is gathered together chiefly from recent Academies. Save for M. Rodin's John the Baptist and one of the figures from the Calais group, Mr. Macmonnies's horses and one or two smaller works by M. Meu- nier and M. Vallgren, the "foreign" sculp- tor might be supposed not to have existed

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July 25, 1901] The Nation. 69 during the century. For the Arts and Crafts, only a down-stairs gallery in one of the pavilions has been reserved, though up- on photographs about three times the space has been lavished. The Black-and-White shares the faults and virtues of the other sections. Many fine drawings and prints are included, but the omissions are only too conspicuous, if you accept as serious the desire to illustrate its development throughout the last hun- dred years. The hanging is bewildering. Old work and new jostle each other. Etch- ings, woodcuts, lithographs, and drawings are all mixed up together in hopeless con- fusion, and the individual artist's work is scattered from one end of the badly lit gal- lery to the other. Take one instance: two of Goya's famous lithographs of bullfights hang side by side so low it is almost impos- sible to see them; you go further on, and discover a third badly skied; further still, and a fourth looks down also from the sky line. Nor is this an exceptional case. But, as I have said, in the midst of the con~ fusion are many things you are glad to see. There is an important series of Mr. Whis- tler's etchings. Other American artists well represented are Mr. Abbey and Mr. Pen- nell, but better and more characteristic examples could have been found of Mr. Howard Pyle and Mr. Remington. If I add that two small reception-rooms have been hung with a few well-chosen "Old Masters," I have said enough to explain tnat the Art Gallery, unsatisfactory in some re- spects, is still more than worth the journey to Glasgow. N. N. FOUCHE.— I. Paris, July 3, 1901. The most important historical work pub- lished lately on the Napoleonic period is the 'Fouche,' in two octavo volumes, of M. Louis Madelin, former member of the French School at Athens, and professor of history in the French University. M. Made- lin has not avoided the error, which is com- mon to all biographers, of magnifying their heroes and finding excuses for their faults. In the case of Fouche these errors are too often crimes; and when M. Madelin defend- ed his thesis before the professors of the Sorbonne (for his remarkable book was originally a thesis, which he had to produce and defend in order to obtain the degree of agrege of the University), after long discussions, one of the professors became impatient, and said, much to the amusement of the audience: "This is all very well, M. Madelin, but, after all that has been said, your Fouche was a scoundrel (gredin)." This gredin played such an important part that history cannot neglect him, and throw him away among all the criminal charac- ters that sprung out of the confusion of the revolutionary times. He may well be said to have been, with Talleyrand, the most im- portant civil servant of Napoleon; and, strangely enough, as both owed their great fortune to him, so both betrayed him and became the agents and servants of the Bour- bons. They both appear to us, at a dis- tance, as arch-traitors, and both covered and colored their treason with patriotic rea- sons. They both have something Mephis- tophelian in their character which justifies the great severity of the judgment passed upon them by Napoleon at St. Helena. Tal- leyrand has been judged more leniently by history than Fouche; he had not been one of the cruellest actors in the Revolution, and he was so fortunate as to be able to render great services to his country in the lat- ter part of his life. Fouche ended his days in disgrace, while Talleyrand died in a sort of apotheosis, after the London Con- ference, where he presided at the creation of the new kingdom of Belgium. On the 17th of November, 1781, the sem- inary of the Oratory of Jesus In Paris re- ceived a new pupil, a young man, twenty- two years old, of humble aspect, coming from Nantes. His name was Joseph Fouch6. He belonged to a family of sailors, and, like almost all his future colleagues In the Con- vention, to a middle-class family In easy circumstances. The tradition -will have it that Fouche was a priest; the tradition 13 wrong — he never was a priest, nor even en- gaged in the major orders; he was only ton- sured and a "confrere de l'Oratoire," a title which he kept till 1792. On leaving the sem- inary, he became a semi-lay professor at the college at Juilly where the aristocratic families of Paris sent their children. He was afterwards sent to Arras, where he was professor of physical science, and made the acquaintance of a lawyer, Maximilian Robespierre, and of Lazare Carnot. It Is said that he made an offer to Robespierre's sister, Charlotte, which she accepted, and that he did not fulfil his promise. Did he try to repair a fault when, afterwards, be- ing already Minister of the Empire, he pro- cured a pension for Charlotte? In 1789 Robespierre was appointed a mem- ber of the States-General, and borrowed money from Fouche to pay his expenses at Versailles. Fouche early became imbued with the ideas of the Revolution; sent back to Nantes, he threw himself completely into the movement, and became a member of the club of the Friends of the Constitution. As there were at Nantes many families liv- ing by the slave trade, these Friends of the Constitution thought it necessary to pro- test against a speech by the Girondin Bris- sot, who had eloquently attacked the slave trade, and Fouche made himself their mouthpiece. He was already what we call now an opportunist, conforming his ideas to the circumstances of the case. Brissot de- nounced him justly. "The public," he said, without doing him the honor to name him, "will see with indignation a priest, and a priest who calls himself a patriot, becoming the apostle of the most revolting brigandage, which is condemned by the Scriptures." Fouche was elected, in September, 1792, a member of the Chamber; he married and went to Paris, where he took lodgings in the Rue St. Honored He took his seat on the right side of the Assembly, as he represented Nantes, with Daunou, Condorcet, and Ver- gniaud, the Girondins. He spoke little at the Convention, alleging as a pretext the weakness of his voice, but in reality prefer- ring to witness the course of events rather than to control it. When the trial of Louis XVI. began, Fouchg hesitated between his desire to please his constituents at Nantes, who held the opinions of the Girondins, and his desire to vote with the majority. He even prepared a speech in which he pro- nounced against capital punishment. This he read to Daunou, and told him to place himself in the centre in order to hear it when he had to give his vote. When FouchS showed himself at the tribune, on the 16th of January, Daunou was at his place; but he heard Fouche utter only one word, "La mort," with his feeble voice. The next day FouchS published a violent pamphlet, 'Re- flections of J. Fouche on the Judgment of Louis Capet.' The Girondins had joined the Mountain, and Fouche was in the majority. He often spoke afterwards of "the unfortu- nate monarch," "the virtuous monarch" — especially after 1814; he pretended to re- pent his "fault" even a few weeks before his death; he had been deceived; he had con- demned the "horrible phantom which had been presented to the Convention," not the real Louis XVI. M. Madelin justly protests against these utterances? "He never was more cold-blooded during a crisis. . . . If it be true that he changed his opinion on the day when he had to declare himself, it was because the majority was changing from day to day; he followed it and swelled it." The day when he became a regicide was a turning-point for Fouche. He now be- longed to the Mountain, that bloodthirsty and cruel party which inaugurated in France the Reign of Terror, and has left in history a name that can never be forgotten. Fouch<§ became one of the most systematic Terror- ists, and the chronicle of the missions which were confided to him by the Convention in the Provinces is among the most repug- nant pages in the history of France. Fouche played the part of proconsul in the year 1793 at Nantes, Troyes, Lyons, in all the departments of the west and of the centre of France; he was responsible for the whole- sale executions at Lyons. Ex uno disce omnes. On the 14th Frimaire, in the plaiu of Les Brotteaux, between two parallel ditches, destined to be graves, sixty-four young men, in chains, were placed; in front of them were placed the guns of the Revo- lutionary army. The victims sang the ad- mirable "Chant du depart." At a signal given from the stand where sat the Com- missioners of the Convention, the guns were fired, and the martyrs fell. M. Madelin finds an excuse in the fact that Fouche was accompanied at Lyons by the furious and half-mad Collot-d'Herbois; he also contrasts the tone of his correspondence with the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety and his real action in some places. "When one reads this correspondence, one is really stupefied, terrified, especially when one reflects what the man really was, what he must have been. Written by a madman like Carrier [the Carrier who drowned his victims in the Loire], such letters are horri- ble, but not surprising. But Fouche — that cold, skeptical, ironical, shrewd man! The mask is abominable, but it is a mask. His letters written from Lyons are atrocious in their cool ferocity; the literature of the pro-consuls in their mission offers hardly any more revolting, The Deputy from Nantes appears in them like an executioner intoxi- cated by the blood which he sheds. What an account he gives of the mitraiUadcs at Lyons, of the executions in the Place des Terreaux! Expressions of a mild humanitarianism serve as an accompaniment to the discharge of the guns which mow down in an instant a hundred, two hundred, five hundred vic- tims. . . . With all this, we have anti- religious declamations." All this correspondence, all the decrees issued in various cities, are, in the opinion of M. Madelin, but a screen behind which Fouche conceals his real want of demagogio faith. "He knows that Robespierre watches him from the Committee of Public Safety. He will not incur the terrible reproach of mod- eratism. He is committed to a road which

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TO The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 882 he must follow. He Is of the most radical group, has adopted Its Ideas, defends them, since Hebert, Chautnette, Coll- t, Billaud retain power under their influence — for this is the persistent character ff Fouche: he is the man of the victorious faction, and the victorious faction in the summer and the autumn of 1793 is the Hebert faction. Ro- bespierre trembles before Hubert, who Is master of Revolutionary opinion, thanks to his I'iic Duchesne, which sells sometimes 600.000 copies a day. Chaumette proclaims Atheism as the official religion, and cele- brates the Feast of Reason in the Church of Notre Dame; Ronsin is at the head of the Revolutionary army, Bouchotte is Min- ister of War; and a little later, at the end of 1793, at the beginning of 1794, Collot and Billaud balance in the Committee the Influ- ence of Robespierre and of Couthon. Under these guarantees of protection, the man of circumstances reveals himself suddenly as the boldest theorician of the party, giving lessons in Jacobinism to Hubert, In Atheism to Chaumette, in Communism to the Com- mune of Paris." On the 17th Germinal (April 8), 1794, Fouche came back to Paris, after his bloody proconsulate of seven months, with his wife and a young child dying of consumption. He returned the next day to the Convention. He took his seat with the Mountain, and could see the empty seats of a hundred Deputies who were there no more. Vergniaud had been guillotined on the 30th of October, Daunou was in prison, awaiting death; Con- dorcet was in hiding. Neither was Danton any longer there, nor Camille Desmoulins. Robespierre had decimated the Convention, and what remained of it was in a state of abject terror. Fouche knew himself to be an object of hatred and of contempt to Robe- spierre; all he had done in the provinces would be vain if Robespierre had condemned him in his mind. Correspondence. IMPERIALISM VERSUS UNION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I am cited as saying that the spec- tacle of the United States "going in for tropical islands and subject races has greatly cooled the ardor of those Canadians who had advocated union with their neigh- bors on the south." There can be no doubt what the effect of such a spectacle must be. You dominate Cuba and Porto Rico. You annex the Philippines, in this case burning the Declaration of Independence. The pro- cess is not likely to end here, especially as your own Southern States are apparently reverting to the social relations, which carry with them the political tendencies, of slavery. The impelling force, apparently; is the craving of the capitalist for new fields of exploitation to be operated with servile labor. It is not unlikely that the vision of the slave-owner will be fulfilled. Cuba, prime object of his desire, you control. You will have the West Indies, San Domingo, Mexico, probably everything north of Pana- ma. The Nicaraguan Canal will be a lure. From all these extraneous sources unrepub- lican influence will flow. Then one of two things, apparently, must happen: either your Commonwealth, with or without change of form, must become an empire, or there must be a severance of the Union. Prudence en- joins Canada to await the issue. In the meantime, the question of commer- cial reciprocity is independent of that of political union. One is glad to see that in this respect the dictates of nature, long thrust out of sight by monopoly, have once more a chance of recognition. Yours faithfully, Goldwin Smith. Toronto, July 22, 1901. HESSIANS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Permit me to call the attention of your readers to a request of Prof. Edward Schroeder of the University of Marburg. Professor Schroeder is making a study of the repute of the Hessians in America, and he is desirous of obtaining every scrap of information upon the subject. He is looking particularly for popular expres- sions mentioning or referring to the Hes- sians, and is prepared for vulgar or in- sulting terms or phrases. Any information about the matter should be addressed to Herrn Prof. Dr. Edward Schroeder, Mar- burg, Germany. — Very truly yours, George Hempl. Ann Akbor, MIch., July 17, 1901. Notes. 'Secrets of the Woods,' by W. J. Long, is on the point of publication by Ginn & Co. Thormanby's 'Kings of the Rod, Rifle and Gun' is promised for next month by E. P. Dutton & Co. Cassell & Co. will soon publish 'An Eton Boy's Letters,' by Nugent Bankes. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia Company of this city will issue next month 'A History of the Precious Metals, from the Earliest Times to the Present,' by Alexander Del Mar. The Philippine Information Society, No. 12 Otis Place, Boston, announces that its first series of pamphlets will be finished in Sep- tember, bringing the history up to July, 1901. A second (monthly) series of "Facts about the Filipinos " will be begun in October, and will be a repository of current informa- tion derived from Government reports, Con- gressional debates, etc., in addition to spe- cial correspondence from the islands. The subscription price is $1 per annum; but the membership fee of $5 covers all the Society's publications. The late F. Max Miiller died before com- pleting his autobiography, which has been published since his death as a torso ('My Autobiography: A Fragment,' Scribners). The book is full of lively anecdotes, and has a certain value in depicting University life in Germany and at Oxford half a century ago. The characteristics of the author's Auld Lang Syne are conspicuous in the pres- ent volume, which gives a somewhat pain- ful impression of the author's vanity. But the book is well written and entertaining, though Muller's attitude toward his con- temporaries is unpleasing, and his state- ments in regard to his own importance as a scholar must be taken cum grano. The same writer's 'Last Essays' (First Se- ries; Longmans, Green & Co.), also publish- ed since his death, contain papers (repub- lished) on language, folklore, and other sub- jects. The editor, Professor Muller's son, announces in the preface that another vol- ume of selected essays will appear in the autumn of this year. It is a pity that the author did not live to revise these essays, which, in their present form, repeat each other to a certain extent, and even con- tradict each other's views, as in the estimate of Tacitus's 'Germania.' Historical students will be interested in the paper on the Schleswig-Holstein Question, and in that entitled Coincidences; while the essay on Kant and that on Thought and Language will attract the student of philosophy. As all the essays have either been delivered as addresses or appeared in print in recent years, between 1887 and 1899, no extended notice is necessary; they are very welcome in their new and convenient form. There is a class of persons whom 'Knowl- edge, Belief, and Certitude,' by Frederick Storrs Turner (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: Macmillan), will pre- cisely suit. Let a man, with no intention of seriously studying philosophy or of form- ing any decided opinions about it, wish principally to kill time, and incidentally to gain from some candid and fair informant so much acquaintance with the doctrines of Riehl, Hegel, Lotze, Wundt, Bradley, Hodg- son, and other philosophers whom he some- times hears praised as can be gained with- out the inconvenience of his being called upon to do any thinking, or of being im- portuned with paradoxes, and we do not know what author we could recommend to him so confidently as Mr. Turner. For a young student of the subject, however, no teaching could possibly be worse. As for the trained metaphysician, he may have his reasons for looking into the book; but he will not do so in any hopes of improving his comprehension of epistemology, after the first five minutes. Let nobody attempt this book whom either twaddle irritates, or who attaches the slightest value to his time. Publishers do not shrink from putting on the same list works which compete with each other. Henry Holt & Co., who brought out Gasc's excellent French and English Dictionary in 1898, already issue another by Prof. Hjalmar Edgren of the University of Nebraska and Percy B. Burnet, formerly an assistant professor in the same institu- tion. The new volume is somewhat squat in form, and mounts up to 1,252 pages, in double columns instead of the triple col- umns of Gasc's 956 pages. Its arrangement is much more condensed, and ease of alpha- betical reference is sacrified to derivative grouping. Ferme, for example, is to be sought in the section introduced by fer- mant. The wisdom of this will always be doubted, as the first resort to a dictionary is most frequently, beyond comparison, for definition and idiom. In neither of these respects is the new candidate for public favor so full as Gasc. Fer is a word in point; fenetre and ferme still more strikingly so. Honors are divided In the case of fete. (We are running through a single letter.) On the other hand, Edgren and Burnet indicate pronunciation, etymol- ogy, and century of first appearance; mat- ters disregarded by Gasc. They also, as under fcindre, show the irregular parts of a verb. On the whole, the two dictionaries supplement each other, and the later one has had the advantage of the complete Hatzfeld-Darmesteter-Thomas 'Dictionnaire General.' They will not quarrel on the same shelf any more than they do in Messrs. Holt's list. The later work has the more open typography. 'The Story of Bruges,' by Ernest Gilliat- Smith, is the latest addition to the Dent-

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July 25, 1901] The ISTation. 71 Macmillan "Mediaeval Towns." After a some- what elaborate historical sketch of the history of Bruges, from the earliest times to its incorporation in Maximilian's empire, the architecture and paintings in the pres- ent city are dispatched in some hundred pages. The author reminds us that, though the records of Bruges are practically com- plete from the end of the thirteenth cen- tury to the present day, the history of the town is yet to be written. Craving a pioneer's indulgence for himself, he pays a deserved tribute to the illustrators, Edith Calvert and Herbert Railton, whose work notably enhances the attractiveness and value of his book. A new treatise on the 'Conflict of Laws, or Private International Law,' by Raleigh C. Minor (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.), merits attention on account both of the nov- elty of the analysis underlying it and of the conscientious care with which the author has attempted to work out his theory. He finds the great foundation of private internation- al law in Situs. This leads to rather cu- rious results, for we have not only the "Situs of Status" and "Situs of Contracts," but the "Situs of Remedies." If this view is correct, the conflict of laws might more properly be called the Law of Situs, a rather startling conclusion to those familiar with the subject as treated by Story and Dicey. The treatise Is a valuable addition to the learning on the subject. Frederick N. Judson of the St. Louis bar is the author of 'A Treatise upon the Law and Practice of Taxation in Missouri' (Co- lumbia: E. W. Stephens). The book is a review of local law and decisions, and em- bodies the conviction of the author that the Missouri system (not unlike that of other States in principle) is a confessed failure so far as securing equality of taxation is con- cerned. There is also some discussion of suggested reforms and remedies. It seems that at some points the taxpayer is better off in New York than in Missouri. He can, at any rate, invoke the power of the courts to correct inequality of assessment, while in Missouri the assessors, if they know what they are about, can make this impossible for him (p. 311). John S. Ewart's 'Exposition of the Prin- ciples of Estoppel by Misrepresentation' (Chicago: Callaghan & Co.) is a learned and very acute treatise, which deserves more extended examination than we can here give It. It can be tested only by detailed com- parison with Mr. Bigelow's work. It seems to us, so far as we have been able to look into it, to throw a great deal of new light on the subject, as, for instance, in the discus- sion of estoppel as a rule of evidence (pp. 188, 195). Charles P. Norton's 'Hand-book of the Law of Notes and Bills' (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., Horn-Book Series) has reached a third edition. This has been pre- pared by Francis B. Tiffany, and contains, in an appendix, the Negotiable Instruments Statute now adopted by so many States. The current Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society (Burlington) contain Dr. Matthew H. Buckham's address last Novem- ber on the late Edward J. Phelps, with a good portrait. The appendix gives particu- lars of the acquisition by the Society of the sword of Lord Byron, through the heirs of the late Col. Jonathan P. Miller, one of the American Philhellenes. A portrait of Col. Miller, also a prominent abolitionist, has likewise been presented to the Society. In the 23d annual report of the Providence Public Library, just published, attention may be drawn to original statistics of Amer- ican public libraries, showing their order by volumes (above 20,000) and by annual book expenditure; the above institution ranking (with its 93,368 volumes) seventeen in the first list and only forty-seven in the second. Even Boston falls to third place in expendi- ture, being outranked by the Free Library of Philadelphia and by the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. The Hmiitcur, one of the oldest and, in earlier days, one of the best known of the world's journals, ceased to appear last month after an existence of more than a century. Founded In 1790, it was the official Govern- ment organ till 1868, when the Journal Officiel was founded. For the last thirty years it has been a Royalist newspaper. A brief autobiographical sketch of Sofia Kovalevsky, in the July Rundschau, should be brought to the notice of those whose in- terest in that remarkable woman has not ceased with her death. It is a translation (by Sophie von Adelung) of an account which the great mathematician gave of herself at the house of a friend during her last visit at St. Petersburg, in May, 1890, and which was, with her consent, taken down in short- hand. The editor of the Journal of Pedagogy (vol. xiii., No. 4) welcomes, as a gratifying sign of progress in public-school administra- tion, the tendency toward greater centrali- zation of power. He holds that all authority on educational matters in any locality should be concentrated in one officer, the Superintendent, whose tenure of office ought to be secure at least during a fixed number of years. To the reader the question natu- rally suggests itself, What if the officer in question is a political wire-puller, who has obtained his position not because of any distinction as an educator, but through his "influence" with members of the Board? Un- fortunately, a large proportion of the school superintendents in the country are men of this class. But even so, as long as they are in position, is it not better that the re- sponsibility for the condition of the schools should rest upon them, instead of some- where between the Superintendent and the Board, in consequence of continual "spe- cific mandates" by the latter? The New Radcliffe Library, a building for the reception of scientific books, is a re- cent noteworthy gift of the Drapers' Com- pany to the University of Oxford. Hereto- fore a considerable proportion of the rev- enues of this ancient guild has been devoted to technical and scientific education in Lon- don and the great manufacturing and min- ing centres, but this is the first contribu- tion which it or any of the great London companies has made to the educational re- sources of the older universities. The Vice- Chancellor, in accepting the gift, called at- tention to the fact that, through the reduc- tion of rents, the revenues of the colleges and University amounted now to about 60 per cent, only of their former income; and, "with the enormous increase of the calls upon them through the multiplication of the subjects of study, and especially through the rapid growth and constantly increasing subdivision of the natural sciences, they were barely able to maintain their edu- cational efficiency without incurring pe- I cuniary obligations beyond their power to meet." The Oxford Local Examinations, which are being held this month at more than two hundred places throughout the empire, in- cluding Hongkong, Malta, and Natal, are an indication not only of the interest in the higher education, but of its changes and direction. The number of senior, junior, and preliminary candidates is 10,583, an increase of 500 over last year. Of the subjects chosen by the seniors, the Scriptures and Sbakspere are still taken by the majority. There is an increase in the number taking geography, but in natural science there 13 a considerable falling off, except in chemis- try and electricity. It is interesting to note that, notwithstanding the disturbance of the war, Natal offers 89 preliminary candidates, being exceeded only by Liverpool (with 92) in the 199 centres or places for examination. The Gordon Memorial College at Khar- tum is nearly ready to open its doors to the Sudanese youth. For some time the en- dowment has supported a preparatory school, with more than 150 pupils, at Om- durman, where the bulk of the native popu- lation still reside, and one with about 90 pupils at Khartum. A recent English visi- tor, Mr. H. S. Wellcome, in view of the considerable possibilities for technical edu- cation in that region, has presented to the college a bacteriological and analytical laboratory, which will be specially adapted to the requirements of the population and fitted with every modern appliance. It is also proposed to put a museum of Sudan products in the college building. The preliminary work for the Internation- al Congress of the Historical Sciences, ap- pointed to meet in Rome in the spring of 1902, has been practically completed, and the prospects for a successful convention on a grand scale are excellent. King Victor Emanuel III. has accepted the protectorate of the Congress, and has directed that the Government authorities cooperate in the matter with the savants. Prof. Dr. Garriani, Director of the Archives in the Foreign Of- fice, is also the General Secretary of the Congress, and he has sent out the invitations to the foreign academies, institutes, and sa- vants. The Ministry of Public Works grants the participants special rates on the rail- roads, and the Ministry of Education has promised free admission to all the museums and other collections for four weeks. Hun- dreds have already accepted the invitation, Germany alone being represented by 117 names, including all her leading historians. The Congress will do its work in sixteen sections, viz.: (1) Classical Archaeology; (2) Numismatics; (3) History of Classical and Oriental Antiquities; (4) History of Ancient Literature; (5) History of Ancient Jurisprudence; (6) Diplomatics, Ancient and Modern; (7) History of Mediaeval and Mod- ern Literature; (8) History of Ancient and Mediaeval Art; (9) History of Laws; (10> History of National Economy and the Social Sciences; (11) History of Philosophy and Pedagogics; (12) History of Religion; (13) History of Geographical Sciences; (14) His- tory of Mathematical and Experimental Sci- ences; (15) History of Music and Dramatic Art; (16) Methodology of Historiography. The managers of the Congress emphasize the fact that this movement has no connec- tion whatever with the International Con- gress of Historians having headquarters at The Hague and in Paris.

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72 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 The Archaeological Congress planned for Athens has now been practically decided upon, King George, on his recent return from abroad, having given final orders to this effect to the Department of Education. Only financial matters remain to be adjust- ed, and as the Congress will deal largely with problems of international concern, such as the restoration of the Parthenon with the fragments found in such abundance in the Athenian Museum and on the grounds, it is hoped that contributions from abroad will come to the aid of the exhausted Greek Treasury. A preliminary programme has been made, and the exact date for the con- vention, to which the leading representatives of classical antiquities in Europe and America are to be invited, will be deter- mined in the near future. — Upon the appearance of the first volume of Mr. Russell Sturgis's valuable 'Diction- ary of Architecture' (Macmillan) we made a somewhat lengthy report of the work in general. The publication of the second vol- ume cannot be allowed to pass without a brief note of its more important features. It covers the alphabet from F to N, a space which includes many articles of the high- est interest. Perhaps the most notable of these is one of great fulness upon the architecture of Italy from the pen of Prof. Arthur L. Frothingham, jr. The same author also contributes an extremely lucid article upon the Memorial Arches of the Romans, in which he approaches the subject in a way as unusual as it is searching. The architecture of France, largely from the hand of the editor; of Germany, by H. W. Brewer; of Japan, by Ralph Adams Cram, who treats his subject con amove; and of North Africa, by Alexander Graham, all fall within the present volume and add greatly to its usefulness. In practical mat- ters the volume is not lacking, as it has, for example, articles on structural steel- work and on masonry by Mr. W. R. Hut- ton, while, in purely decorative affairs, it includes Fresco and Mosaic, by Frederick Crowninshield, and Mural Painting, by Ed- ward H. Blashfield. The great number of minor articles, upon the most varied sub- jects, contributed by the editor, are fresh evidence of his remarkable versatility and of his firm grasp on all that he under- takes. The third and final volume of the work is expected during the autumn. —'American Diplomatic Questions' (Mac- millan) is the title of an octavo volume of 529 pages by John B. Henderson, jr. The author deals with the Fur Seals question, the Interoceanic Canal problem, the Samo- an imbroglio and its solution, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Northwest Fisheries. The greater part of the book is historical, and will be found to contain much informa- tion not otherwise easily accessible; for the general reader the author's conclusions would be of great interest, but here we are rather baffled by Mr. Henderson's impar- tiality. He prefers to put before the reader a picture of the discussion as it stands, with the arguments, pro and con, and leave him to find the way out. But, if we are not mis- taken, the weight of the argument as to the Canal question is allowed to develop itself by giving the upholders of a neutral canal the "close" in the debate. At any rate, this is his concluding paragraph, ad- mirably put: "With the neutrality of the canal guaranteed by international agree- ment between the great maritime Powers, there would be no need of fortifications, because, in the face of so powerful a com- bination, none would dare to violate the freedom of the route. American armies would not be needed to defend its banks; American ships would not be called upon to raise a blockade or disperse a threaten- ing squadron. The United States would escape the many pitfalls of foreign entan- glements which the selfish policy of sole political control must inevitably place in her path; and thus — the advocates of neu- tralization maintain — by the adoption of a more liberal policy in Central America, an 'inexhaustible source of international con- flict' would be avoided." — "Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature," by Prof. George Brandes, has long enjoyed an honorable repute among scholars qualified to judge it in the ver- nacular. It is, therefore, with pleasure that we welcome an authoritative version in English (The Macmillan Co.). Of the six projected volumes, the first, which is now in hand, has as its subject 'The Emigrant Literature.' It is not important to revive here the discussion of the many interest- ing and troublous questions of which Pro- fessor Brandes treats. In this, as in all his work, the reader nurtured upon the best English criticism may sometimes feel the lack of fineness of scholarship, of perfect delicacy of taste, a defect in poise. But all this amounts to saying that he is not persistently devoted to the furtherance of the dry light of letters. He has the ad- vantage of multifarious learning, the vir- tues of catholicity and geniality, and his writing is always pregnant with meaning. It may be well to remind the reader that, in Professor Brandes's classification, 'The Emigrant Literature' comprises the work of Chateaubriand, Senancour, Nodier, Con- stant, and Barante; all grouped about the historic personality of the amiable Madame de Stael. The stormy and stressful writing of this group, perturbed by the impact of romantic ideas upon the rationalism of the previous age, constitutes in his discussion "the prologue to the great literary drama of the century." It is interesting to note that, like all Continental critics, Brandes is disposed to regard the romantic and revo- lutionary turmoil in the early years of the nineteenth century as the true golden age of literary history, whereas the more con- servative English mind seems more and more to consider it as a very significant but still distinctly subsidiary eddy in the general course of letters. The work of trans- lation has been ably done; this, coupled with the romantic field of the book, and Professor Brandes's rather exceptional skill at retelling a story, render the volume one which should tend to the pleasure of the general reader as well as to his edification; while the peculiarities in the point of view of the study make it of extraordinary in- terest to the reflective student. — Dr. A. von der Leyen, a well-known au- thority on railroad affairs, discusses in the June Rundschau the results of "Ten Years of State Railway Management in Prussia." The Prussian State railway system comprises at present more than 30,000 kilometres of track, and represents an investment of 8,000 million marks; its annual budget amounts to nearly 1,500 million marks, and the officials and laborers in its employ number not far from 350,000. That such a gigantic concern, by far the largest in existence, could be suc- cessfully managed by one central administra- tion, was not thought possible a quarter of a century ago. It appears that twenty-one years ago scarcely one-half of the Prussian railroads were under Government control, while to-day less than one-tenth remain in private hands. The change was nearly ef- fected ten years ago, and a few figures will show the increase of business during the decade 1889-99. Number of passengers, in- crease 135 per cent.; distance travelled over by passenger trains, 59 per cent. ; passenger kilometres, 94 per cent.; receipts from pas- senger traffic, 70 per cent. — the discrepancy being due to reduction in fares; freight, ton- kilometres, 63 per cent.; receipts for freight, 52 per cent. — reduction in rates representing a saving to shippers of 60 million marks dur- ing the period; number of coal cars furnished in the Rhenish-Westphalian district, 60 per cent.; increase of employees of all classes, 32 per cent. ; increase in salaries and wages, 72 per cent. One hundred and forty-three million marks were expended on fourteen of the larger new station buildings; and the annual average for improvements of the roads, for new rolling-stock, etc., is 73V& mil- lion marks. The rate of interest on the in- vested capital rose from 6.26 per cent, in 1889 to 7.28 per cent, in 1899, and the excess of receipts over expenditures from 1882 to 1900 amounted to 6,083 million marks. — 'Von Quarto zum Volturno' (Berlin: Alexander Duncker) is a faithful translation from Italian into German of Cesare Abba's diary kept during the eventful months from May to November, 1860, of Garibaldi's expe- dition with his thousand volunteers to free the two Sicilies from the yoke of the Bour- bon. Abba had already fought for Italian independence in 1859; and as the unity of Italy was his ideal, he joined the legendary hero at Quarto just in time to win the glo- rious title of "One of the Thousand." Si- gnora Sofia Guerrieri Gonzaga, whose pater- nal forbears are famous in the annals of Mantua, and whose names figure honorably in the modern history of Italian indepen- dence, has chosen wisely this simple narra- tion of the hourly and daily actions of the heroic youths who followed in the footsteps of the martyrs, the brothers Bandiera, those "hearts devoted unto death," of Pisacane and his noble companions "who died that Italy might live," whom Garibaldi in his hour of triumph acclaimed as the "true pioneers." Most of the so-called histories of the Mills are one-sided narratives, the writers being fierce partisans of Cavour or of Mazzini, of Victor Emanuel or of Garibaldi. Abba does not concern himself with politics; neither does he write to exalt this or that politician or general, still less to put himself forward as a hero or chief actor in the great drama. A modest student, he returned to his stu- dies at the University, then reappeared in the Tyrol, and fought splendidly the last battle of the volunteers at Bez- zecca, where it was touch and go for the Austrians, whose general de- clared himself beaten. But for the order to abandon the blood-stained and hard-won heights where the Italians left over two thousand dead and wounded, the Italian Ty- rol would not now be separated from the mother country. We yet hope to see a me- moir o£ Benedetto Cairoli and of Gabriele Rosa from Abba's pen, and he may think himself fortunate in finding a translator who

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July 25, 1901] The Nation. 73 writes with equal fluency her paternal and maternal tongues. — In view of the work which it has under- taken and is doing, the Vorderasiatische Ge- sellschaft deserves to be more widely known. The organization is five years old, and has now a membership of about one hundred. Its headquarters are Berlin (Wolf-Peiser Terlag). The annual subscription price is 10 marks ($2.50). How, out of this sum, the Society contrives to publish its numerous Mitteilungen is a mystery. For the year 1900 five appeared, averaging 40 pages or there- abouts, and illustrated with numerous plates and facsimile reproductions of inscriptions. The first number, by Prof. Max Miillcr of Philadelphia, dealt with the original home of the Philistines, correcting in some points his well-known book 'Asien und Europa.' He believes that the Philistines came for the most part from the southern shores of Asia Minor, from western Cilicia westward, although some, the Cherethites of the Bible, may have come from Crete. Caphtor he be- lieves to have been a term equivalent to "the far west," including the Asia Minor coast lands and the JEgsean Islands. He is inclined to think that the Philistines were Indo-Europeans, at least in the main. In the same number he published a translation of "The Papyrus Golenischeff," and, largely on the basis of this document, reached the conclusion that the Philistine invasion of Syria and Palestine took place as early as the latter half of the thirteenth century b. c. The second of these Mitteilungen, by Dr. Peiser, under the title "Studien zur Orientalischen Altertumskunde," presented a new theory of the Babylonian origin of the Semitic alphabet, in opposition to that set forth by Friedrich Delitzsch a few years since. In the fourth and fifth numbers L. Messerschmidt commenced the important and desirable work of collecting all the so- called Hittite inscriptions, now scattered through all sorts of publications, under the title "Corpus Inscriptionum Hettiticarum." Forty-five plates, containing more than as many inscriptions, are published, with a de- scriptive text giving such information as exists with regard to the place where each inscription was found, on what material written, present resting-place, former pub- lication, etc. In addition to these official publications, the Society commenced last year the issue of "popular presentations" (Gemeinverstdndliehe Darstellungen), to be sold at low prices (15 cents apiece, or two marks a year), for the purpose of arousing and informing public interest with regard to the Orient. This series is entitled "Der Alte Orient." — The last number of the Mitteilungen, by Otto Weber, just published, deals especially with the question of the age of the South Arabian Minasan kingdom. In general he agrees with Glaser and Hommel as to the antiquity of the inscriptions. He endeavors to prove that the Minsean kingdom antedated the kingdom of the Sabasans, reaching its highest point of prosperity about 1000 b. c. At this time the Minseans had the commerce of Southern Arabia in their hands, while by means of a colony in the northern part of Arabia, Musri, frequently confounded in the Bible with Egypt, they were in close com- mercial intercourse with Mesopotamia, Egypt, Edom, and the Mediterranean coun- tries. The Minaean inscriptions carry us back, he believes, at least as far as 1200 b. c, and, of course, the Minsean alphabet was developed much earlier. The Minsean kingdom lasted until about 600 b. c, when it was overthrown by the Sabseans. Al- most by the same mail we received the sec- ond part of the first volume of Lidzbarski's 'Ephemeris fiir Semitische Epigraphik,' which deals with the same subject from an- other standpoint, that of epigraphy. Lidz- barski discusses the relations of the south Arabian script to the north Semitic script, as found in the Phoenician, Moabite, and similar inscriptions. In opposition to Hom- mel, who supposed the Minsean script to have been the parent of the Phoenician, Lidz- barski reaches the conclusion that the south Arabian script was derived directly from the north Semitic or Phoenician. Now, that the latter was not in existence in 1400 b. c, is shown pretty clearly by the Tel el-Amar- na tablets. It meets us fully developed pos- sibly as early as 1000 b. c, and was probably developed somewhere between that date and 1200 b. c. in Phoenicia or the neighboring re- gions. From there it was carried at about the same time to Greece and Arabia. Al- lowing time for the very considerable de- velopment shown in the oldest of the south Arabian inscriptions yet discovered, Lidz- barski concludes that they cannot antedate 800 B. c, thus supporting the view generally entertained of the date of the Minsean-Sa- bsean civilization, in opposition to Glaser, Hommel, and Weber. Some space is given to the pottery with royal markings found by Dr. Bliss at Zakaria, Safi, and Judeideh, in Palestine. Lidzbarski argues very effective- ly that these markings must be pre-exilic. Incidentally he discusses the forms of the letters of the famous Siloah inscription from Jerusalem, and on epigraphical grounds con- cludes that this inscription is very ancient, as was at first supposed, and not of the Herodian period, as has recently been claimed. LANDOR'S CHINA AND THE ALLIES. China and the Allies. By A. Henry Savage- Landor. 2 vols., illustrated. Charles Scribner's Sons. At last, in a brace of octavos weighing nearly eight pounds, we have Mr. Landor's story of the Boxer uprising and the battle summer of 1900 in China. In yellow bind- ings, stamped with black letters and the symbol of the Boxer brotherhood clenched and supported by the five-clawed imperial dragon, it fills over 800 pages. The end papers between cover and frontispiece are facsimile reproductions from a Chinese army drill-book. It is the story of a lucky and a plucky war correspondent, who, in the nick of time, was on the field with pen and cam- era, seeing much of the fighting at Tientsin and around Peking, and whose brief preface is as follows: "The aim of this book has been to give a record of events as they occurred and to avoid national or personal preju- dices." Having read the book through, we must acknowledge that Mr. Landor has fairly suc- ceeded. Perfection could hardly be expect- ed. Naturally the man who was tortured by Buddhist priests, and, even worse, was baffled in his quest and purpose to enter their sacred capital in Tibet, charges the blame for the Boxer uprising upon these gentry of the yellow robe. Indeed, he con- fesses to having gratified his personal feel- ings so far as to offer personal violence to a peaceful Buddhist priest, "shaking him by the neck" and sending "him sprawling into the middle of the courtyard." After this, one can scarcely avoid thinking that some quite human prejudice may yet disturb his vision. His strictures upon the British Min- ister, Sir Claude MacDonald, have the flavor of a personal grievance, and one feels all the way through, as his severe condemna- tions of Gen. Chaffee are freely and re- peatedly expressed, that the true inward- ness of his relations with this officer is not revealed. Standing out with the clear- ness of a lighthouse, amid much that is as dark and as puzzling as are the features of an unknown shore in twilight, is the action of the American Admiral. After reading this fresh confirmation of the wisdom and right- eousness of Admiral Kempff's refusal to at- tack the Taku forts, before the Chinese Gov- ernment was known to have committed a warlike act, we wonder why the American people do not give him an ovation. Mr. Landor's literary style is simple, clear, and straightforward. He gives in several chapters a careful account of the Boxer movements, both hidden and phenomenal, showing how absurdly blinded were the diplomatists in Peking, even when the mis- sionaries at the outposts and among the people kept repeating their warnings. His- torically, the case suggests Braddock and the American militia. Mr. Landor's wit and sarcasm do not fail him in showing much British a.nd American stupidity in high places. The story of the events in Peking, down to the investment of the legation by the Boxers and the attack on Tientsin, is told with fulness and in the vivid style of one who has actually seen much, and has been very near to most, of what took place. The author's personal courage seems un- doubted. One can see in the photographs themselves, taken on the battle-field, the results of the concussion of the air and the shaking of the ground made by the dis- charges of cannon. Blurred and indistinct, as many of these pictures are, they are tre- mendously suggestive. Beside the most realistic pictures of car- nage, even to the feasting of the dogs upon human flesh, Mr. Landor reproduces the documents found in the yamen at Tientsin showing the secret support given by the Government to the Boxers. Some of the papers had drops of candle grease on them, suggesting that the transactions of rewarding Boxer ruffians and assassins took place at night. Only the day before the city of Tien- tsin was captured, the viceroy's day-book proved that a sum of ten thousand taels was paid to the head Boxer, Cheng. In one case the female Boxer Society had presented the head of a foreigner, for which the viceroy had handed over fifty taels. The chapters describing the capture, destruction, and looting of Tientsin close with a description of the famous book-store from which, in 1898, during the period of reform, the Em- peror had ordered 140 scientific and relig- ious books. During the brief dominance of the Reform party, 47,000 such books had been sold in one year in the four northern prov- inces. Fourteen of the staff of sixteen of Mr. Gammon's book and Bible distributors were slaughtered in the Boxer uprising. Be- sides the historical Bible store, Mr. Gam- mon had "an historical wife," who, when a child in 1870, escaped from the massacre at Tientsin, and in 1890 from the bombardment of the same city. When the reports of this

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74= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 American gentleman's helpers were given at his country's legation, they were received ■with patronizing hilarity, as not heing offi- cially gathered by the employees of the le- gation. Between his narrative of Tientsin and that descriptive of the advance of the allies on Peking, the author interjects a description of his journey, in 1891, to the quaint mon- astery of La Trappe in the interior of Chi- na. He shows hearty appreciation of the scenery, and describes the great wall, which is largely a tumble-down structure. He gives, with almost superabundance of vivid details, a moving account of the march of the allies to the rescue of Peking. He was with the composite army, often taking pho- tographs under fire. His description of the battle of Pei-tsang, in which the Japanese bore the brunt of the fighting, is wonder- fully realistic. Besides the artistic temper- ament, which makes the author sensitive to many insignificant matters that lend charm and color to his narrative, he is highly appreciative of humor, and many of his pages sparkle with amusing incidents. He chuckles over the American Consul's July telegram to Minister Conger, which, besides advising the advance of troops, reported the results of the political nominating con- ventions in America. This keen sense of humor helped the author over many dif- ficulties and dangers. Volume second begins a day-by-day nar- rative of the siege in Peking. The author derived his information from many sources, chiefly eye-witnesses, and was able to check his information. It appears that the civil- ians and diplomatists had become utterly hardened to threats and rumors, probably thinking that they would end as had the same vain breath of the foreign-haters and alien-expellers in the Japan of the early seventies; but., after the dinner-ball on Queen Victoria's birthday at the British legation, the danger seemed to be but a ^stone's throw off, for news came of the at- tack on the European railway employees at Feng-Tai. Then it was that the French- man Chamot and his brave American wife, at the head of a small party of foreigners, forced their way for miles through a men- acing mob, freed the Europeans, and con- veyed the twenty-seven men, women, and children to Peking. The Boxers immediate- ly, on their retreat, set fire to everything Western and combustible. One engine, with steam up, on being tampered with, started at full speed down the line with a load of Boxers on it, who, at the end of the rails, were dumped with the engine down a steep embankment. Resisting all temptations to quote strik- ing passages, we can only say that the full, thorough, and for the most part un- prejudiced account of the siege, first by the Boxers, and then by the imperial army- let loose immediately on the declaration and act of the allies in making war on China by attacking the Taku forts— is worthy of all praise. It is followed by an ample narrative, critical, as well as descriptive in mass and detail, of the behavior in war, in battle, and camp, on the march, and in all circum- stances, of the various nationalities that made up the rescuing force. Mr. Landor only confirms the judgment of other writers in declaring that, of all the troops, the Japanese were the best equipped for the par- ticular work In hand. While he praises the American soldier, officer, and private, as In- dividually the best of all fighting machines, he seems to demonstrate that, in practical hygiene, and in the care and selection of camps, the higher officers of our army are decidedly lacking in either will or judgment, while the waste of life and health in the American service, as compared with the Japanese, for example, to speak of none others, is disgraceful. He does not think that khaki has the advantages of whole or partial invisibility claimed for it, and thinks that white clothing makes men more sensi- ble in seeking reasonable cover. His respect for the Russian soldier is very great. Nevertheless, it does seem that, in deal- ing out his various judgments, Mr. Lan- dor is sometimes too nicely expert in bal- ancing, as though keeping an eye on the probability of his books being translated and copyrighted in other than English- speaking countries. In discussing the subject of loot Mr. Landor is clear, calm, and philosophical, showing especially how national traits re- veal themselves even in the manner and pur- pose of plunderers. With more intimate knowledge of Chinese civilization, the Japanese officers know just where to go to get the stores of rice and silver, while even the common soldiers dallied in artistic de- light and appreciation over what less suscep. tible looters from "civilization" smashed at once. That part of the book which will be perhaps most interesting, because covering less trodden ground, contains a full account of Pe-Tang, or the northern part of Peking, where stands what is left of the new French cathedral. Its defence was contemporaneous with that of the legations, on which the chief interest of the world was and has been centred. The Chinese appear to have employed against the Roman Catholics not only the usual fire-arms and methods of assault, but also the terrible rocket, in the manufacture and discharge of which they showed special abilities, and which seems to have been most destructive in effect. Sev- eral chapters are given to the recent history of China. Those in conclusion treat of the occupation of Peking by the allied army, and more particularly the formal entrance into the Forbidden City. EAST INDIA COMPANY LETTERS. Letters Received by the East India Company from its Servants in the East. Vols. I. -IV. 1602-1616. London: Sampson Low, Mars- ton & Co. 1896-1900. The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as Narrated in his Journal and Correspondence. Ed- ited by William Foster. London: The Hakluyt Society. 1899. The Hakluyt Society recently finished its first series of one hundred volumes, and bravely began a second with the issue in two parts of Sir Thomas Roe's Journal. More formidable still in their forecast of ultimate dimensions, the letters received by the East India Company from its servants in the East are now appearing with regularity. The ed- itorial speed is not high, for if we reckon from 1893, when the late Mr. Quaritch pub- lished 'The First Letter-Book of the East India Company,' the volumes have been is- sued at the rate of less than one a year. The series which we now notice began in 1896 as a continuation of the work just mention- ed, and took for its general title "East In- dia Company'! Records, Vol. I." So far the I "records" have been restricted to corre- spondence, though we may assume that other documents will be given at a later stage. The undertaking has the official sup- port of the India Office, and unusual care is taken to secure a faithful copy of each man- uscript. With an accumulation of four vol- umes at hand we may call the enterprise well started. How far it will extend or how long a time the task of publication will occupy, we can only conjecture. The letters for 1615 fill one large volume, and those for 1616 fill another still larger. We therefore infer that, should all the correspondence between 1602 and the days of Clive (when business broad- ened out into politics) be published, the next century will possess a stupendous mass of information about "John Company," its methods, and its results. It is often stated by those who make no pretence of admiring England, that she has sent her traders with their cargoes of rum and her missionaries with their Bibles into valuable parts of the earth as advance agents. A little later along comes the Government and annexes a new province upon some plea of damage to its subjects or other like sub- terfuge. This theory derives no color what- ever from the early annals of the East India Company. If any race grasped the idea of securing wealth from the Far East by means of political pressure, it was the Dutch. The natives of the Spice Isles were made to feel very soon after the Hollanders came that the open door between them and the rest of the world was closed by artificial means. Until Dupleix's success in the Carnatic showed what political management could do, the East India Company kept pretty strictly to com- merce. One great exception is furnished by Sir Josiah Child's ill-fated design of coercing the native states in 1684, long after the pe- riod with which we are now dealing. The Scotch have the name of being cau- tious, yet, when they undertook the com- mercial and colonial adventure of Darien, they embarked on the largest scale and lost everything at a single blow. The London merchants were much more canny than that when they began the India trade. Taking the year 1601, when Lancaster sailed forth on the Company's first voyage, we need not compare the English with the Spaniards, whose fleet had been so badly damaged dur- ing the decade 1588-1598, nor, on the con- trary, with the Portuguese, whose long dealings in the East enabled them to employ a large number of ships with a sense of con- fidence. But if we compare them with the Dutch, a nation like themselves new to the Malabar Coast and the Malay Straits, we shall see that the English were decidedly outnumbered. Thus they lost their chance of dividing the pepper trade and the still more profitable traffic in cloves, nutmegs, and mace. Each of the first twelve voyages was a separate venture, supported by a special subscription and concluded after the inward cargo had been sold. A systematic policy was rendered impossible by this ar- rangement, and, as an example of the ano- malies which it caused, a single case may be cited. Sir Henry Middleton was placed in charge of the sixth voyage, and Capt. John Saris of the eighth. Owing to a series of misadventures Middleton was detained long- er than usual on his way out, and Saris overtook him. Friction then arose between the two officers over the division of trade and profits, as both fleets would be trading in the same waters at the same time. After

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July 25, 1901] Th.e Nation. 75 some debate, it was agreed that two-thirds of the goods procured by trade should go to the credit of the sixth voyage, and one- third to that of the eighth. But fresh trouble began at Mocha (May, 1612), and Saris sailed out of the Red Sea "without paying the usual courtesies to Sir Henry Middleton." We need not enter into the details of the Company's organization at the start. It was very primitive and admitted of no political designs. Even after the different interests had been consolidated, it took many years for a persistent, corporate spirit to make it- self felt. Mr. W. H. Woodward, indeed, in his excellent book, 'The Expansion of the British Empire' (1899), says of the East In- dia Company, p. 72: "The records of its earliest years show the extreme care which was bestowed upon its ventures both at home and afloat. The steps taken to raise capital, to secure freedom of action from the Crown, to maintain the cor- porate nature of its trade, to select, to fit out, and arm vessels suitable for an adven- turous traffic, to appoint captains, masters, and factors of skill and integrity, to prepare letters and presents to native princes — in- deed, all points of business detail indicate the keen practical judgment which was at that time characteristic of the English and Dutch, as contrasted with their rivals in France, Spain, and Portugal." We find much evidence in these four vol- umes of letters which would lead us to qualify this statement. The Company, we admit, made great efforts, especially after the renewal of its charter in 1609, when it built the largest English merchant ship of the day, the Trades Increase. But often it appears niggardly and penny-wise. Thus, a splendid sailor, Nicholas Downton, who brought the Peppercorn through her terrible homeward voyage of 1613, writes: "Out of my desire of the prosperity of your business I could wish that both sails, ropes, and cables for your ships this way were proportioned and appointed by some one that understands the voyages, rather than by such, though otherwise very honest, whose experience enables them no further than in home short journeys, for they are subject to many things which cannot be foretold, as in case by the suddenness of a gust of wind, by the disability of men's strength, part or most of one's sails should be blown away." And a greater man still, Sir Thomas Roe, criticises unsparingly the presents which have been placed in his hands for the Great Mogul and his courtiers: "The Presentes you have this yeare sent are extreamly despised by those who have seene them; the lyning of the Coach and Cover of the Virginalls scorned, beeing vel- vett of these parts and faded to a bast. Tawny; the Knives little and meane, soe that I am enforced to new furnish the Case of my owne store; . . . the burning glasses and prospectives such as no man hath face to offer to give, much less to cell, such as I can buy for six peence a peice; your Pictures not all worth one Pen- ny, and finally such error in the chooyce of all things, as I thincke no man ever heard of the Place that was of Councell. Here are nothing esteemed but of the best sorts: good cloth and fine, and rich Pictures, they comming out of Italy overland and from Ormus; soe that they laugh at us for such as wee bring." The captains and traders who represented the Company were doubtless selected with more care than the presents, and some of them showed much talent. It was an enor- mous risk to place one man in supreme authority at a distance of twelve or eighteen months' journey from home, but the danger of trusting the head of the expedition proved less than that of checking and thwarting him by a system of espionage. Though cer- tain individuals were a disappointment, the English merchants succeeded in awakening a genuine loyalty among their agents which Spanish and Portuguese methods could not arouse. Apart from Sir Thomas Roe (a polit- ical envoy more than a commercial travel- ler), we meet with no man of genius be- tween the establishment of the Company and 1616. But a large number could be named of those who did their duty well and work- ed hard to double or quadruple their five talents. This class includes James Lancas- ter and Nicholas Downton, among the ship captains; Thomas Aldworth, the first Eng- lish agent in Western India, and Thomas Kerridge, among the factors and negotiators ashore. The worst error made in the early years of the venture was the appointment of Richard Cocks to the control of the Japanese business a,t Firando. Sir E. Maunde Thompson has already edited his Diary for the Hakluyt Society, and it is abundantly proved that he was the wrong man for an important post at a critical moment. "Easy- going and unpractical, he was a singular- ly inefficient head for a factory where the strenuous competition of the Dutch and many other difficulties had to be encounter- ed." On the whole, however, the really in- ferior agents seem few. Where the profits of a good voyage amounted to 234 per cent., the competition was naturally severe — not so much between rival companies of the same nation as be- tween different nationalities. On this continent the Hudson's Bay Company was for a while in wholesome dread of the Northwest Com- pany, but Sir Thomas Smith and his asso- ciates trading to the East found their worst obstacle in the hostility of the Dutch and Portuguese. Concerning the latter little need be said, for their power had culminat- ed before the English appeared on the scene. They caused some trouble at Surat by threats and diplomacy, but, after Down- ton's victory in Swally Roads, 1614, they did little to retard English progress in the do- minions of the Mogul or elsewhere. With the Dutch the case was quite otherwise. They came to the Malay Archipelago in strong force, and possessed of the valuable idea that the natives might be compelled to guarantee them a monopoly of trade. De- spite the political troubles at home which sprang from the Arminian controversy, the jealousy between Holland and the other provinces, etc., Dutch traders chose their zone of influence cleverly, and (if we can overlook their treatment of the natives) showed positive genius in keeping it to themselves. The islands of the Molucca group would have welcomed competition and a larger market, but they could not se- cure these advantages alone, and the Eng- lish did not give them effective help. The East India Company was simply following the line of least resistance when it took to the Malabar Coast. The massacre of the English merchants at Amboyna, which es- tablished Dutch supremacy in the Spice Isles, did not occur till 1623, and so has no part in our survey. It is seldom that a Pow- er driven as England was from the Archi- pelago finds such ample indemnity in other quarters. Holland won the extremely profit- able Spice Islands, England won the Indian Empire. The letters published in these volumes are not official dispatches alone. Many ot them are private letters (how very private may be judged from Nos. 149 and 155A), and one is surprised that they should have found their way to the Company's archives. Even the official reports are full of life and color, deriving strength in every sentence from the rich Elizabethan speech which is the com- mon possession of the Bible and Hakluyt's 'Principal Navigations.' The mixture of slightly archaic English with the names of Eastern islands and the Hobson-Jobson of Oriental words which are becoming a kind of sailor's slang, gives mellow tones to the most practical business report. The letters embrace all kinds of trading interest along the littoral, and disclose the nature of trading methods. Where there is friction between English and natives or between the Company's servants themselves, it comes to the surface. The style is very free, and what was written has not been mangled by insincere editing. Each document is given verbatim. We have placed a second title at the head of our paper for two reasons. 'Sir Thomas Roe's Embassy' has been recently edited for the first time in ungarbled form by the same scholar, Mr. William Foster, who edits three volumes of the correspondence. More- over, it runs parallel with many letters from Roe and others which are printed in the correspondence. We wish that we could write at large upon Roe's mission to the court of Jahangir, what he saw there and what he did. This journal of an expedition to the Hinterland, with its vivid description of Mogul society and its portrait of Roe himself — a splendid envoy if ever there was one — deserves its place at the head of the Hakluyt Society's new series. We can only point to the uncommon interest of Roe's career, and of the record which he left con- cerning English operations at Surat and thereabouts. TEN YEARS IN COSSACK SLAVERY. Ten Tears in Cossack Slavery, or Black Russia. By Julian Jasiencyk. Translated by Marie de Mankowski. New York: The Abbey Press. 1901. Rightly judged, this book should take a high rank among the Problem Novels— un- less the observant reader should prefer to consign it to the category of practical jokes. The problem (joke) begins on the cover and frontispiece, which are adorned with the name and portrait of the translator in- stead of the author. The title-page is prob- lem-joke number three, after which the comic mystery thickens so fast and fu- riously that we must decline to keep tally of the successful efforts in both lines. We must disabuse the reader's mind of any com- monplace ideas which he may heretofore have entertained as to ethnographical or geo- graphical distinctions. The title-page does not refer to any one of the famous bodies of Cossacks; neither does "Black Russia" constitute a well-defined section of the coun- try, either as to race or situation, like White Russia, Little Russia, or Red Russia. Both words are used in the sense of impreca- tions of the most violent order— being Po- lish—and signify, respectively, merely Rus- sians and their land in general, though in a few passages of the book itself the intention is to allude to the specifically registered bodies of Cossacks in the Russian sense. Precisely what the coroneted cat-o'-ten-

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76 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 tails on the cove.i- may mean, it is difficult even to conjectuie, unless it be regarded in the light of a pictorial "scare-head" al- lurement to the mythical horrors within the covers. It is not a Cossack naga'ika, nor yet the official plet; and by what right it arrogates to itself the "nobility crown" it is difficult to divine, as it was not used upon the person who appears as author, either nobly or otherwise, or on other in- dividuals in the queerly composed volume. But before we reach the main line, we are side-tracked again by a "Biographical Note," wherein the publishers — most unfor- tunately for the reputation of our vaunted public-school system — explain that the translator, born of Polish parents in Hous- ton, Texas, and educated in the public schools there and in San Jose, California, is "fond of Polish literature," and, after reading this book, "was so enraptured with it, and with its many objects, that she un- dertook to translate it into English, for the benefit of other nations, in order to make them acquainted with Polish literature." No more deadly blow could have been aimed either at Polish literature or at the English language than this. But of the latter here- after. The book professes to be the diary of a Pole who was arrested in Warsaw in the year 1S46 for some sort of plotting, in which his friends have also been implicated. Just how far to blame this Julian Jasiencyk and his imprisoned comrades were, he never informs us; though when, at last, after several months of confinement, the list of his iniquities is read to him by the authorities, he admits (to his Diary) that about one- tenth of the accusations were- true. That the prisoners underwent hardships is, no doubt, quite true; it is not the object of any Government to render prisons palaces of pleasure. But it is difficult to reconcile the record of these severities with the liberties hinted at when convenient; and, in any case, the "persecuted" Pole should have been grateful for his opportunities to indulge in coarse violence of language. Af- ter a time, several prisoners, including Jasiencyk, are assigned to military battal- ions, at Orenburg and elsewhere, and the intermittent account of the journey thither is far from clear in many places, though everything which can be scored up against the "Cossacks" (meaning ordinary Russian soldiers) is carefully set down, while the indulgences are passed over lightly. This point is worth noticing because of what follows. When Orenburg is reached, the story be- comes more incoherent than ever. Instead of narrating the details of the "Cossack slavery," Jasiencyk spends thirty-seven pages— one-sixth of the whole — in an histori- cal account of Russian campaigns in "Chiiwy" (Khiva), "Buckary" (Bukhara), and Kokand, between 1839 and 1853. Possi- bly, this is done in order to laud a Polish captain concerned in the Kokand campaign, with references to other Poles, as the writer does not seem to have taken part in any military operations himself. Just how, in the course of this hated "slavery," he became an officer, travelled to St. Peters- burg (which seems to be an error, as no ob- ject is alleged), to the central governments and so forth, on Government business, play- ing the great man, journeying in style, and the like, he does not allow the reader to guess. One can but perceive that he fared better, reached a higher rank, in "slavery" than he would have done had he remained in Warsaw, in all probability; and the ob- ject of telling either side of the story, under the circumstances, is a puzzle, since each in the very nature of things casts doubt upon the other or upon the man's inconse- quence of mind and conduct. It will be seen that the choice of this rambling, incoherent effort as a representative work of Polish literature, as one over which any one accus- tomed to real literature could grow en- thusiastic or offer to the cultivated nations of the world in translation, is a serious blun- der. There are vivid passages, it is true; but the style is abrupt, art is entirely lack- ing, and the interesting portions are so few and brief that they do not make up for ab- solute absence of literary quality. As translation the work certainly merits the booby prize; as a specimen of English it can hardly be surpassed, and the same may be said of the amazing unintelligence as to geography and other matters of or- dinary knowledge. Here are a few quota- tions: "During that time the head of a policeman was in the door, which seemed as if it was truncated, who watched every movement of the dumb servant." On page 34 we read: "Rap; they will give you a tea- pot, put that grass in it, the soldier will pour some boiling water on it, and after- wards drink it." The steeped "grass" (mean- ing herb) must have been very refreshing to the prisoner. In several places, untrans- lated Polish words and expressions are used, probably because the translator did not know their meaning. One such case (p. 92) is the following: "Those are the Can- dalyszke, who are going to hard labor . . ."; and a few sentences further on: "Then Candalyszk approached the balcony and scattered his clothes. The Colonel examined to see if his chains were locked good. . . ." Precisely what the man did with his clothing we leave to the reader's imagination; but the mention of the chains should have suggested to Mme. de Mankowski that "candalyszk" was not a surname; and that, in short, it simply meant "the fettered men . . . the fettered man." All the names of places and persons are spelled in Polish fashion, which often renders them almost unrecognizable to the public at large; Tolodzimir for Vladi- mir and 'Nyninovgorod for Nizhni-Novgorod are specimens; also Mount Wrobel for the Vorobei or Sparrow Hills, on the outskirts of Moscow. Another instance is: "For whom are those genuflections? Are they for the Greek Church or for Kremel?" Kremel is not a surname, but the Kremlin (Kreml, Russian) at Moscow. "Fate placed upon our road one more noble person and that was our ordinator," meaning orderly. On p. 120 we find a gem: "Quite often a footman in gold livery carries a golden tray with eggs filled preceded by an armorial lady." Page 14C contains an interesting bit of history and matter for the statisticians of life-in- surance companies: "There was one station named Maryka, established by Mary Mnis- chowne, wife of Dmitra, an impostor. It was rumored that she resided there yet." The allusion is to Marya Mnichek, wife of Dmit- ry, the First Pretender to the throne of Mos- cow during the Troublous Time, just preced- ing 1612. Comment is superfluous. An- other extraordinary statement occurs on p. 152, in connection with the historical account of the Khiva expeditions already referred to. Gen. Perovsky is making preparations to start from Orenburg for Khiva; and among these preparations, recorded in a single, detached sentence, is this: "A regi- ment of soldiers was sent to St. Peters- burg." That is to say, the clever General strengthened his scanty forces by sending part of them about three thousand miles northwest, instead of a few hundred miles southeast, to the goal! Is geography taught in Texas and California, or is this the re- sult of arbitrary "editing"? Precisely why "clubs" should be used for rods, in recording the number of blows decreed for punish- ment, is a riddle; so is the use of "russet" for coat. The genitive case is persistently used in the wrong form, and counterbalanced by employing the same word as a proper noun of person immediately afterwards. "Orenburg's battalion" is a case in point; and on page 217 there is a good instance of the double error: "With the greatest as- tonishment I observed Jumkrow's Academy students stretched out on the benches smok- ing cigarettes. In the gloomy Orenburg steppe, Jumkrows were not allowed to be seen walking publicly." The allusion here is, in all probability, to the Yunkers' (cadet) school. In this "gloomy Orenburg steppe" the writer saw something curious: "I turn- ed toward a shady alley, which led to a cas- tle, in which grew lime trees." A little lat- er, we are informed that "Pan [the Polish Mr.] served in Caucus" — a very upsetting performance as here recorded, since there is no such thing as a Caucus in Russia. If Kavlcas, the Caucasus, had been intelligent- ly rendered, the wonder would cease. But is it possible that the translator's dictionary, or her general reading, left her ignorant as to this word, and as to one on a subsequent page — "An archiery came and found a place" — otherwise, an archierei or Bishop? This volume, as to contents and execution, is very far from meriting the space we have devoted to it, except that it furnishes a ter- rible example for the benefit of our public schools all over the land which contain mul- titudes of foreigners, who, together with the native Americans, should, first of all, be taught to use decent, intelligible English, and because the honor of Polish literature requires some defence after the over-ambi- tious prefatory note. The History of Medicine in the United States. By Francis Randolph Packard, M.D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1901. The supplementary title, "A Collection of Facts and Documents relating to the His- tory of Medical Science in this Country . . . to the year 1800," is a truer name for the above work. The welding art of the historian has not been exercised, and the preface frankly represents that what is of- fered is a series of essays and compila- tions, three of which have already been published in medical periodicals, rather than a continuous historical work. The original conditions of American med- icine were what might be expected. A few men skilled in the medical art of the day accompanied or followed the earlier set- tlers; but they were very few and some were merely sojourners. Much of such service was in the hands of the matrons whose prac- tical information came from domestic asso- ciation with the sick, and the more serious

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July 25, 1901] The ISTation. 77 general cases were treated by the clergy, with whom, as among other primitive or isolated people, the higher learning rested. This was especially so in New England, where, indeed, as with the medical mis- sionaries of to-day, many of the ministers formally studied medicine as well as the- ology, and had a care for the bodies joined to that for the souls of their parishioners. Is it atavism that still leads the cloth, no longer learned in medicine, to encourage with a faith that in others might be credu- lity the nostrums of the hour? Two of the earlier Presidents of Harvard (Chauncy, 1654-'71, Hoar, 1672-'5) were graduated and practising physicians, the former a clergy- man as well. Gov. Winthrop of Massa- chusetts did not hesitate to prescribe as with authority from his general knowledge; and his son. Gov. Winthrop of Connecti- cut, was famous for his medical skill and its exercise. Anne Hutchinson and Anneke Jans, both chiefly remembered for very dif- ferent reasons, exercised functions in par- ticular aid of their own sex which men did not assume until long afterward. The successive medical generations, not imparted, either were pupils of individual practitioners or acquired independently, to their own and their neighbors' satisfac- tion, a working knowledge of the art. As the settlements grew older, but had no professional schools, medical students inden- tured themselves to established practitioners; and, upon the expiration of their appren- ticeship, these pupils began practice for themselves with varying standards and ac- quirements. Those who could afford it crossed the water for wider study and di- plomas, but it is reckoned that of thirty-five hundred actually practising when the Revo- lution began, the academic title did not belong to more than one in nine. Never- theless, as Morton points out, this small group had much better classical education and was more strengthened and polished by travel than a great majority of the doctors of to-day. The collective study of medicine commenc- ed slowly. In Philadelphia Dr. Cadwalader gave anatomical lectures to physicians in 1750, and in New York the first dissection for professional study in the colonies was made the same year. The Pennsylvania Hospital, opened in 1752, immediately placed an excellent field for clinical observation at the disposal of its staff and their pupils, and it has continued this valuable public office ever since. There followed next "The Society of the Hospital of the City of New York," chartered in 1771; but, from the obsta- cles of fire and war and poverty, the institu- tion was not opened for permanent occupa- tion by patients until 1791. The efforts of Drs. Morgan and Shippen, both native Amer- icans and both conspicuous later in the Revolutionary army, graduates in medicine of Edinburgh, led to establishing the medi- cal department of the University of Penn- sylvania in 1765. From that mustard-seed has grown a tree of knowledge, or at least of teaching, which in 1900 was represented by 119 medical colleges. Within that year these, exclusive of any of irregular faith or of none, taught nearly 23,000 and grad- uated 4,700 students. A crop so extensive and quickly grown can hardly be nutritious and full-flavored. In view of the infrequency with which the medical profession now passes outside its clinical province, except occasionally in let- ters, the number and importance of those who were really public men in the early days of the republic are remarkable. Five physicians were among the Signers; Wol- cott, Irvine, and Mercer were generals, and others were Continental officers of rank; many, like Warren and Brooks, were in the more or less active provincial militia; and numerous legislative and high administra- tive positions were filled with credit by those whose formal profession was medicine. Excepting for the engrossing nature of his usual pursuit, the cultivated physician, ro- bust in body and alert in mind, should lead his fellow-citizens as well as others who temporarily assume military duties. The History contains essays upon yellow fever at the North, upon inoculation for smallpox, and upon the Pennsylvania Hos- pital (which may be taken as the best type of the older charitable institutions), that are interesting as history and valuable as abstracts, and indicate besides where the original memoirs may be found. It contains also general information as to the difficulties that enveloped the medical affairs of the Continental army, which simply prefigured those of every establishment where men not organized by discipline are called soldiers because they are armed. Those who do not insist on learning only by their own ex- perience may understand from what hap- pened in 1777 what will happen In 1977, if the conditions are the same. There stands by itself (pp. 150-'l), extracted from Morton's 'History of the Pennsylvania Hospital,' a narrative of one of those singular dreams of premonition in which the Society of Friends seems peculiarly rich. In view of that body's constant sobriety of speech and honesty of motive, this vision, in anticipa- tion of a tragedy which did occur, is com- mended for the files of the Society for Psychical Research. Laudable pains have been taken to name the authorities drawn on in this compilation, but unfortunately the page, and sometimes the volume, is frequently omitted. Where quotations are at first hand it is so easy to facilitate verification and further study by exactness of reference that such omissions are inexcusable. The text opens (p. 11) with an incorrect and incomplete statement that Mr. Pratt was appointed under contract by the Court of Assistants as surgeon for the plantation March 5, 1682. The plantation, which is left for inference, was that granted by the Council of New England to Endicott and others. The date is an obvious error for 1628, but it shows little antiquarian in- terest in an historian that it should not have attracted attention in the proofs, and espe- cially that the subject's Christian name should not appear. John Pratt seems to have arrived in 1629, settled at Newtown (Cam- bridge), took part in the Connecticut migra- tion led by Thomas Hooker in 1636, sailed for England by way of Spain on the Seafort, John Hawkins, master, in the autumn of 1645, and was one of the few lost in the WTeck of that ship near Cales (Cadiz). The erudite Samuel Latham Mitchill (pp. 220-'6) appears, as often happens but should not, as Mitchell. Braintree is "Baintree" (p. 37). There is no warrant for describing Jonathan Dickinson of New Jersey as a physician; and Toner, who is given as authority, does not mention his name. This Dickinson was born in 1688, was graduated at Yale in 1706, studied iheology, commenced preaching at Elizabethtown, N. J., 1708, was ordained there in 1709, and retained that charge until his death in 1747. He has possibly been con- fused with Dr. John Dickinson of Connecti- cut, who is mentioned by Toner and barely referred to here (p. 239). Such errata, casu- ally observed and not sought for, throw dis- credit upon the minute accuracy of a book which, speaking generally, is a useful con- tribution to early medical history. The World of Graft. By Josiah Flynt. Mc- Clure, Phillips & Co. 1901. Pp. 221, in- cluding a Glossary. This book is not simply a curious book of travel in a portion of the social under-world, like Mr. Flynt's 'Tramping with Tramps'; it is also a severe arraignment of the police in large cities— perhaps the severest arraign- ment that they have received. A descriptive sub-title of the book might run — "What the professional thief knows and thinks about municipal corruption." It is a record of a number of conversations with professional thieves "in the open," in circumstances in which there was no reason why a man should falsify or conceal what he knew. In- deed, in the majority of cases the thief sup- posed himself to be talking freely with a "pal," and in almost all cases he was sure that his confessions would not be used to make trouble for himself or for any other individual. The point of the arraignment is that the police do not, and as at present selected and organized will not, and indeed cannot, do their duty of suppressing theft, without becoming in some measure sharers in its profits. The police force in great cities con- sists, in Mr. Flynt's judgment, on the evi- dence before him, partly of honest men, who with few exceptions possess little of the special knowledge that to men in their po- sition is indispensable, and partly of rogues who make arrests for theft when they are obliged to, and at other times show them- selves little better than receivers of stolen goods. A still celebrated ex-member of "Mother Mandelbaum's gang" bears witness that he did business for twenty years as a bank-robber and never got arrested or did a bit of "time"; and that his ultimate arrest was due to the Pinkertons. "Durin' those twenty years it was the crooked municipal copper that kep' me from gettin' sloughed up, an' I'd be on the turf yet 'f I'd only him to deal with. As a rule, when the city copper ain't a dead one, he's a crooked one, an' neither of 'em ever kep' me awake o' nights, cause the dead one doesn't know anything an' the crooked one forgets everything after you've bribed him." The way in which he managed in New York city, for example, he says, was this: "If we made a get-away all right an' knew that the police wasn't on to us, 'course we didn't cough up any coin to 'em; but if there was any trouble about the get-away— if the holler was big— one of us used to go straight to the percentage coppers on the force, tell 'em our tale o' woe, whack up the plunder, an' stop worryin'." The root of the evil lies in the tolerance of the so-called "mouthpiece system," and in the dishonesty and false economy on which the tolerance of that system sets a premium. The mouthpiece system amounts to nothing less than a detective's making a bargain with a professional thief, to the effect that, in return for certain favors, the thief shall point out to the detective cer- tain men whom it will profit him in repu-

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78 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 tation or in money to find. Thieves know the members of their own fraternity, and where they are to be found, and which one of them did what; and can, if they will, relieve the detective of the labor for which he is paid; the favors which they receive in return stretch all the way from a detec- tive's simply permitting them to live undis- turbed in a city, so long as they do busi- ness elsewhere, shutting his eyes to all in- formation that they are "wanted" for thefts committed in other cities, to his deliber- ately protecting them in thefts committed in his own city and sharing their plunder. An honest man can learn the faces of the thieving fraternity, their haunts, their dis- tinctive modes of workmanship, only by an immense amount of labor and travel that lie wholly outside of the duties for which at present members of the force are paid; a dishonest man can make a bargain with a thief, take a part of his winnings, and without labor make such arrests from time to time as will benefit him personally. Both by the organization of the force and by the practice of his rivals, the scales are weighted heavily against the honest police- man; and the public pays for what in- evitably it will not get. The honest po- liceman cannot suppress theft because his routine does not permit him to gain the nec- essary knowledge; and the dishonest police- man at first will not suppress it, and later dare not even if he would. "As the American police are now managed," it is the deliberate opinion of Mr. Flynt, who, by the way, has been an officer himself, that "the mouthpiece is an unavoidable neces- sity." It is difficult to conceive how a graver charge could be made against a police management than that it does little towards making honest officers efficient, or towards enabling them to make themselves efficient, and harbors dishonest officers, whose effi- ciency depends on their being in league with and protecting and sharing witb the very men they are employed to arrest. The charge, in a late article by Mr. Flynt in McL'lure'8 Monthly (here reprinted as a chapter), which made Capt. Titus so indig- nant— the charge, namely, that there is a man with a well-known criminal record at this time on the detective force under his control — is a bagatelle by comparison. That the police, and the political clubs and organi- zations which dictate the government of this city and the conduct of the police force, should share the profits of saloons, gambling houses, and houses of prostitution, has ex- cited no small indignation on the part of people other than Capt. Titus; but grave as this offence may be, there is a plain differ- ence between sharing the profits of men who encourage or minister to vices, and sharing the plunder of men who commit crimes. About the ultimate responsibility of politi- cal bosses and clubs for this sharing of plun- der neither Mr. Flynt nor his informants are in doubt. "I've known Tammany ever since I struck the turf," the ex-thief quoted above says; "I've been protected by it, 'n' helped protect it. ... As a gun I used to like Tammany. Every organization like that makes a town easier for a gun to live in, an' if I were on the road to-day an' ex- pected to live in York, I'd want Tammany to hold the offices." "The league [between law-breakers and those whose business it is to restrain them] could not exist in New York," Mr. Flynt says in a summary, "with- out the consent of the ruling political bosses. and the bosses could not remain in power if they refused the under world the chance to live, which means to graft." In regard to the expense for the taxpayer entailed by the league, "It is the universal opinion of all [sic] the men I talked with that New York could be managed on an honest basis at least one-third more cheaply than it now is with the league in force." Le Nouveau Don Juan. Par Marcel Barriere. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre. 1900. Among recent attempts at the revival of romantic fiction in France, the three vol- umes comprising the above work do more than any others to justify Matthew Arnold's epigram which places the imaginative writ- ers of that country among the worshippers of "the great goddess Aselgeia." While reading 'L'Education d'un Contemporain,' 'Le Roman de 1'Ambition,' and 'Lies Ruines de l'Amour,' one is irresistibly carried back to the days of Gautier's vogue, to an at- mosphere which, in the words of the Duchess in 'The Gay Lord Quex,' may be euphemis- tically described as consisting chiefly of "warm evenings." It argues a certain te- merity on the part of a novelist to seek to adapt the Don-Juanesque legend to the con- ditions of contemporary French society, to substitute for the picturesque garb of the romantic hero the uniform of a modern cav- alry officer, and to overlay the whole story with a comprehensive philosophical purpose to which the various episodes contribute each a share. For the central personage of this trilogy is neither the gay heart-breaker of tradition nor the mere "depraved Cherubino" of Byron's poem; he plays his double rdle of reussisseur and homme a bonnes fortunes with all the solemn unscrupulousness of Casanova or Bel-Ami, and with unflaggingly wearisome priggishness. The combination is, momentarily, piquant enough, but, when carried through eleven hundred pages, it loses its savor. Two elaborate prefaces set forth the gen- eral design of the whole work, which is to be completed by the addition of a "philo- sophical trilogy" and the analytical history of the synthetic scheme. The author warns his critics against hasty conclusions, and disclaims any intention of following the lead of either Balzac or Zola, though he re- mains discreetly silent about D'Annunzio. In its general conception, the "heptalogy" of the French author, however, suggests a very close resemblance to the divisional plan adopted by his Italian compeer, while the motto of "Habere, non haberi" will apply indiscriminately to the principles and prac- tice of the leading characters in both cases. This ethical, as well as structural, affinity, together with the total absence of wit or humor in either writer, enables the critic to dispose summarily of the present work un- der the convenient rubric of the first ambi- tious contribution of a French novelist to the loudly heralded "Renaissance Latine." We may note a further correspondence in the too frequent obtrusion of the respective authors' predilections for this or that school of art, as well as in the padding-out of al- most every chapter with pages of bravura description. To discuss seriously the philosophical plan of which these volumes form a part would lead at once to ex-parte judgment. It Is suf- ficient to say that the avowed purpose of their author is to represent a purely individ- ualistic type, endowed with gifts all but god- like, pursuing his chosen career of a profes- sional lover of women and master of men in the midst of modern conditions; the author meanwhile complacently playing the part of a highly literary Leporello. But, up to the present point, we fail to see now any of the more serious mishaps that befall the votary of pleasure and ambition can be interpreted as the consequences of his conduct, and hence as illustrative of the moral and social principles announced in the preface. The fascinatingAmerican woman hemeetsat Monte Carlo (scented, by the way, with win- tergrcen,"le parfum favorides Americaines"), is whisked away by the brutally monopoliz- ing jealousy of a husband too much attached to his own rights; the magnificent duchess who absorbs Don Juan's exclusive regard for many months is accidentally drowned; and the cantatrice who gives up all for his love falls a victim to a mysterious disease. Other unnamed frail ones are "like ships that pass in the night." Various reverses of fortune, chiefly the result of prodigality, are set right in the nick of time through unexpected leg- acies or by restitution of Russian estates; for it should be added that, apparently out of politic compliment to the Franco-Russian alliance, the modern Don Giovanni is repre- sented as closely connected with the imperial family of the Romanoffs. The whole plot of the story is, indeed, so incoherent that we await with some curiosity the "synthese" that is to unite its now ravelled threads. In the concluding paragraphs of his Intro- duction, the author lays some stress on the importance of style as contributory to the worth of a book. Fortunately for his readers, practice in his case keeps pace with precept. If M. Marcel Barriere will but undertake subjects less enslaved to the conventions of one school in French fiction, and work on canvas of less ambitious proportions, the facility and richness of his own style will undoubtedly recommend him to the more fa- vorable notice of future reviewers. First on the Antarctic Continent: Being an Account of the British Antarctic Ex- pedition, 1898-1900. By C. E. Borchgre- vink. London: George Newnes. 1901. 8vo, pp. xvi, 333. Maps and illustrations. The voyage described in this column is one of the "reportorial" class, and, in the main, was sustained financially by Sir George Newnes, the well-known British publisher. The vessel used was the Southern Cross, a bark of 521 tons with auxiliary steam pow- er, drawing eighteen feet of water. A crew of fourteen persons (chiefly Norwegians), two Norwegian Lapps, and fourteen officers, including Mr. Borchgrevink, in charge, com- prised the personnel of the expedition. Dr. H. Klbvstad, surgeon; Nikolai Hansen, taxi- dermist; H. B. Evans, assistant zoologist; Louis Bernacchi and William Colbeck, mag- netic and meteorological observers, formed the scientific staff of the party. The vessel left the Thames on the 22d of August, 1898, touching at Madeira, Ad- venture Bay, and Hobart, Tasmania, and entered the pack in the vicinity of the Bal- leny Islands, in January, 1899. After a more or less successful struggle with the ice, the Southern Cross dropped anchor off Cape Adare, South Victoria Land, February 17, 1899. Here storehouses and huts wera erected, and the wintering party, consist- ing of the commander, the scientific staff,

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July 25, 1901] The Nation. 79 cook, general utility man, and the two Lapps, were landed, with outfit, dogs, and sledges; and March 2, 1899, the vessel de- parted for Australia. The winter passed without remarkable incident, the party being occupied with the usual observations, short sledge journeys, and collections. On the 14th of October Mr. Hansen died, from causes apparently not connected with the expeditionary work. About the end of January the vessel returned, the camp was dismantled, the party with their records tak- en aboard. The expedition then proceeded southward along the east coast of Victoria Land and beyond it, along the northern bor- der of the ice-cliffs, until on February 16, 1900, a break in the barrier was discovered. Here a natural harbor had formed, with low shores of ice, and was entered with great precaution. It was situated in west longitude from Greenwich about 164° 10', and the vessel was able to reach south latitude 78° 34'. Here Borchgrevink landed with a sledge and out- fit, and, accompanied by Colbeck and the Lapp, Per Savio, succeeded in reaching about sixteen miles further south over the sur- face of the ice. No land was discovered in this region, but animal life, penguins, and seals were not infrequent, and the ter- mination of the trip marked the southern- most point yet reached in the Antarctic regions. On February 19 they proceeded; touched at Franklin Island; on the 21st an- chored in Port Ross, and on the 30th reach- ed New Zealand. The experiences of the expedition were less trying than those of the party on the Belgica. It doubtless gives comfort to feel that the solid earth is actually under one's feet. "Violent gales blew for a large part (more than a quarter) of the time, some- times reaching ninety miles an hour; but the hut seems to have been comfortable, the party generally increased in weight, and the conditions were endurable. During much of the time animal life was abun- dant, seals and penguins abounded, and fish, of several species and reasonable size, were secured not only for the collection but in sufficient plenty to supply the larder. No predacious animals existing round about, the supplies of food required no protection except from the weather. The mean temperature for the year was 7.05 degrees F. The extreme minimum, on August 4, was 43.1 degrees below zero. The maximum temperature at Cape Adare was 48.9 degrees F., on the 23d of January, 1899. The sun was invisible May 15 to July 29, and was above the horizon con- tinuously from November 16 to January 26. The best weather was during the month of November. The frequency and force of the gales, the persistency with which they blew from one direction, E. S. E., with an invari- able marked rise of temperature; the sud- den changes of the barometer; the dry- ness of the winds; and the motion of the upper clouds from the northwest, accord- ing to Bernacchi indicate that the South Pole is covered by what may be regarded as practically a great permanent anticyclone, more extensive in the winter months than in the summer. Nothing can be imagined more appalling than the gales, which, car- rying tons of dry drifting snow, blew at Cape Adare for ninety-two days with a velocity of more than forty miles an hour, and on several occasions over ninety miles an hour. The precipitation was trifling, that for the whole year being the equivalent of not over three inches of rain. The total number of hours of bright sunshine record- ed during eleven months was 703. The observations of the expedition will be of permanent value. Owing to the death of Mr. Hansen, the zoological notes printed are confined to records of birds seen or killed. The marine collections are stated to have been rich. The additions to geography are not strikingly important, but credita- ble. The maps do not show the relation of the wintering-place to the rest of the world, which would have been convenient, and one of them is misleadingly entitled "Track of Southern Cross over Wilkes Land"; Wilkes Land being situated to the westward of any area covered by this particular map. The author of the volume is neither a scientific man nor a trained explorer, but he seems to have been a lively companion and en- thusiastic in his work. He has written an interesting book, often amusing, and never more so than on the occasion when he at- tempts a philosophical flight (see pages 232-4) of darkly mysterious character. Many of the illustrations are good, and the book will occupy a respectable place among the volumes of Antarctic literature. Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx. By John Rhys, M.A., D.Litt. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: H. Frowde. 1901. 2 v., pp. 718. For the second time within a year it is our pleasure to record an important contri- bution to Celtic studies by the professor of Celtic at Oxford. The earlier work, 'The Welsh People,' was produced in collabora- tion by Professor Rhys and Mr. D. Bryninor- Jones, and took its place at once as the best existing book on Welsh history. The second, which now follows so closely upon it, furnishes the most considerable treat- ment of Welsh folklore that has yet been attempted. Neither of these books was en- tirely a new production, both being based to some extent upon earlier publications of the author; and in the case of the second this patchwork character here and there an- noys the reader, and seriously impairs the unity of the work. Still, the material is very valuable, and, though plenty of contri- butions have been made before to the study of Welsh folklore (as is apparent from the extended bibliography prefixed to the book), none of Professor Rhys's predecessors had produced anything approaching the dignity of a treatise upon the subject. The work falls mainly into two parts. In the earlier chapters Professor Rhys brings together a large collection of the fairy sto- ries current among Welshmen and Manx- men, and relates at length their traditions about goblins and witches, their cave legends, and their superstitions about sacred wells. This makes a very interesting body of popu- lar narrative, and it is all reported with scrupulous scientific accuracy. In the later chapters, which form substantially the sec- ond volume, the material collected in the first volume is analyzed and discussed in the light of general folklore; an attempt is made to trace the origin of the different types of fairies; and the relation of the modern tales to the older sagas of both Brythonic and Gaelic Celts — as well as to those of more remote races — is considered at length. This second portion of the book has special interest for the student of eth- nology, comparative mythology, and the his- tory of mediaeval romance. Professor Rhys sets forth with new arguments various doc- trines that are already familiar to the read- ers of his earlier books, in dealing with the Picts he reiterates his opinion that they were not Aryan in race, and it must be granted that he has. made out a strong case. In discussing the Goidelic elements in early Welsh stories, particularly in the 'Mabino- gion,' he adheres to the view (called in ques. tion of late by Prof. Kuno Meyer) that these traditions came down from the Goidelic in- habitants of Wales, rather than that they were imported from Ireland. The chapters in which old sagas of the Irish and Welsh are compared are particularly interesting, and point the way to a line of promising in- vestigations. In this field of study the evidence is just beginning to be collected and sifted, and Professor Rhys's whole discussion is by no means free from bold conjectures. But if he appears to be over-confident now and then in the identification of gods and heroes, or in marking out just the part that each an- cient race contributed to the superstitious stock-in-trade of the modern Celt, it should always be said for him that he neither him- self forgets, nor allows his reader to for- get, the line between knowledge and opin- ion. Professor Rhys is usually courageous in the formation of theories, but he does not take his theories too seriously. In other words, he combines a pretty vigorous scien- tific imagination with a sense of humor and a sense of fact. The Improvement of Towns and Cities; or. The Practical Basis of Civic Esthetics. By Charles Mulford Robinson. Pp. xii, 309. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1901. The subject of civic assthetics is one which, at least in America, is attracting to its study a constantly increasing number of people. Our artists are keenly alive to its importance, and no congress of architects, painters, or sculptors is held nowadays which does not give some of its time to a consider- ation of the city's beauty. Citizens in general are at work for the betterment of the places in which they live, in countless associations such as improvement societies, civic clubs, and municipal leagues. Even city governments show some signs of re- sponding to an increasing pressure on be- half of beauty. Mr. Robinson's book, there- fore, if it had little but its timeliness to commend it, would be welcome. But it has more than mere timeliness; it is a sincere attempt to reduce to small compass a sub- ject of great breadth and complexity, and it is a much more successful attempt than one would imagine possible. The variety of the topics treated may be gathered from the naming of a few of them. The book proper- ly opens with some consideration of how to make the most of a city's site and how best to plan its streets. Then follow such details as bridges, street pavements, street cleaning, lighting, etc.; then things to be suppressed or rendered less annoying, as wires, poles, smoke. Next the question how to make advertisements less hideous and utilities more beautiful, claims much space. Parks and public gardens, squares and play- grounds, trees in cities — these and a dozen other matters fill separate chapters. It has been maintained that the subject of civic aesthetics is not yet sufficiently ad-

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80 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1882 vanced to permit of the preparation of a sat- isfactory digest of it, but Mr. Robinson's book gives us at least the best general state- ment of its many problems and of the known ways of solving them that any author has offered. It shows great care in preparation. To have assembled the facts in regard to what has been done both in Europe and in America along any chosen line, such as rules governing the display of advertisements, is a task involving much inquiry, but to apply such inquiry to all the branches of civic aesthetics represents vast labor. The facts thus ascertained are not dryly presented, and the book may be read with a lively in- terest by all who feel a definite impulse to help our towns and cities to become pleas- anter and more seemly places of abode. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. A Handbook of the S. P. Avery Collection of Prints and Art Books in the New York Public Library. Privately printed. Bradley, A. 0. Poetry for Poetry's Sake. Henry Crockett,' R. S. Cinderella. Dodd, Mead & Co. De Gubernatis. Prof. A. Su le Orme di Dante. Rome: Tipografia Cooperativa Soeiale. Fane, Violet. Two Moods of a Man. London: J. C. Nimmo; New York: Scribners. $2. Goodell, R. R. L'Enfant Espion, and Other Stories. American Book Co. 45 cents. Hartshorn, M. A. On the Threshold. Abbey Press. Hope E. W., and Browne, E. A. A Manual of School Hygiene. London: C. J. Clay & Sons; New York: Macmillan. $3. • Kinglake, A. W. Eothen. (Temple Classics.) London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Macmil- lan. 50 cents. Lang, Andrew. Magic and Religion. Longmans, Leigh9"1 Lenn'ard. ' Bridge Whist. Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates & Co. Lennox, Cuthbert. The Practical Life-Work of Henry Drummond. James Pott & Co. $1. Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre. Les Nouvelles Societes An'glo-Saxonnes. Paris: Armand Colin. 4 fr. Llovd Nelson. A Drone and a Dreamer. J. F. Taylor & Co. $1.50. Marston, E. Sketches of Booksellers of Other ' Days. ' Scribners. $2. . Matthews, F. S. Familiar Trees and their Leaves. ' New ed. D. Appleton & Co. Maxey, Edwin. Some Questions of Larger Politics. Abbey Press. $1. Milroy, Elizabeth. A New Version of an Old Story. Abbey Press. 25 cents. Moore J. T. A Summer Hymnal. Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates. $1.25. Morlson. William. Johnston of Warrlston. (Fa- mous Scots Series.) Scribners. 75 cents. Peters, D. M. Songs from Nature. Abbey Press. 50 cents. Peters, F. N. Modern Chemistry. Maynard, Mer. rill & Co. $1.10. Prune, Nat. Wedding Bells. Abbey Press. 75 Rigby, C. S. Toydom ABC. W. B. Conkey Co. Ripley, N. B. Cordelia, and Other Poems. Abbey Press. 50 cents. Rural Science Series: (1) Watson, G. C. Farm Poultrv ; (2) Jordan, W. H. The Feeding of Animals. Macmillan. $1.25 each. Sehultz, Jeanne. La Neuvaine de Colette. Ameri- can Book Co. 45 cents. Selous, Edmund. Bird Watching. (The Haddon Hall Library.) London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Macmillan. $3. Sendall, W. J. The Complete Works of C. S. Calverlev. George Bell & Sons. Skeat, Rev. Walter W. Notes on English Etymol- ogy. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Smith, A. W. A New Theory of Evolution, Abbey Press. Stockwell, G. A. Our Choir. Abbey Press. Stuart, R. M. The Snow-cap Sisters. Harpers. The Letters of her Mother to Elizabeth. John Lane. The Living Age. Vol. 229. Boston: Living Age Co. Tracy, Lucy. Like the Lilies. Abbey Press. 25 Verstoog, Dingman. The Sea Beggars. Continental Pub. Co. $1.50. Winslow, I. O. The Natural Arithmetic. Books I., II., and III. American Book Co. 50 cents. "For students of music who want to know something about all branches of the art and can afford to buy only one book, this is the thing."— Nation. Lavignac's Music and Musicians. 3d Edition, revised. 504 pp. 8vo, $3. "A style which can fairly be described as fascinating." — W. J. Henderson in N. Y. Times. Henry Holt & Co., N.Y. LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private. School, College, and Club Libraries with all current Books promptly and cheaply. It is our specialty. We deal in nothing but books. Our Monthly Bul- letin of all the publishers' new, noteworthy, and popular books mailed on application. THE BAKER- nd special slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 10-cent stamp. F. E GRANT, Books. 23 W. 43d St.. ----- NEW YORK. {Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) RARE OLD VIOLINS Remarkable values in fine solo instruments from $50 to $10,000. Largest and finest collection in the world. Send for new catalogue containing Biographies ; f ac-simile labels ; &c. Easy terms. LYON & HEALY, 16 Adams St., Chicago. R EMINGTON Standard Typewriter 327 BROADWAY, MEW YORK

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 883. THURSDAY, AUGUST i, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. THE HAGUE Arbitration Treaty is just issued as No. 1 14 of the Old South Leaflets. The full text of the treaty is given. Price, five cents. Send for Catalogues. DIRECTORS OF OLD SOUTH WORK, Old South Meeting-House, BOSTON. ON HEROES, HERO WORSHIP and the HEROIC IN HISTORY By Thoma3 Carlylb. Edited, with Notes aDd an Introduction, by Archibald MacMkchan, Professor of English in Dalhousie College, Halifax, N. S. $1.25. Athenaeum Press Series. Carlyle's Heroes has a special Interest on account of its popularity and the peculiar manner of Its composition. In the case of the present edition, the text has been collated with that of the nrst three editions and the results placed at the foot of the page. The commentary has been compressed as much as possible, in order to keep the nook within due bounds; but, at the same time, it is believed that no important point nas oeen overlooked. In the composition of the Introduction, the editor has received Important aid from Carlyle's letters, hitherto unpub- lished, which were kindly supplied by a member of the author's family. Boston GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Columbus London Travel. THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION Will, it is believed, prove a great- er success than any previous expo- sition on this continent. It is reach- ed from every direction by the NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES. In one of his advertisements Mr. Daniels says: "All you need to have is a ticket by the New York Central Lines; all you need to say is ' Put me off at Buffalo.' " The Sew York Cen- tral Lines are the New York Central, Boston & Albany, Michigan Central, Lake Shore, Big Four, Pittsburg & Lake Erie and Lake Erie & Western Railways. For a copy of the New York Central's Pan-American Exposition Folder, " Four- Track Series" No. 15, send a postage stamp to George H. Daniels. 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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the Nev> York City Post-office as second-class mail matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Thi Week 81 Editorial Articles: The Moral of Porto Rico 84 A Republican Shorter Catechism 84 The Negro as Soldier and Officer 85 The German Tariff Project 86 Every Author His Own Press Agent 86 Special Correspondence : The Slovaks at Home 87 Fouche.— II 89 Correspondence : The Magazine of American History 90 Notes 90 Book Reviews: The Confederate Finances 93 Berkeley's Works 95 The Relations of Geography and History.... 96 Beverley Town Documents 97 Jesus Christ and the Social Question 98 Life in Poetry; Law In Taste 98 The Paston letters 98 Bibliotics 99 Books of the Week 100 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per yea-, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the Uni'ed States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, ft, CO. 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Aug. i, 1901] The Nation 111 Financial. Investors of experience know that a sure income is provided by purchas- ing solid bonds. This class of security we handle exclusively. We should be glad to send you our list, which will aid you to make an investment with an assured income. E.H. Gay & Co. BOSTON 131 DEVONSHIRE ST. PHILADELPHIA 421 CHESTNUT ST. NEW YORK I NASSAU ST. MONTREAL CANADA LIFE BLOC r $1.50 "A story of mystery without a. peer.'' That Mainwevrins Affair By A. MAYNARD BARBOVR J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia. L 1 J Read the new Anting-Anting Stories A Sample Story Free Ask Tour Bookseller for One. Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray's Works and Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper. Large type, easy to read. Size 4H by 6U inches and only % inch thick. Bound In cloth, $1.00 each. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. THOS. NELSON & SONS, 87 East 18th St., New York. We buy and sell bills of exchange and LITTERS make Cable transfers of money on Eu- nP rope, Australia, and South Africa; also , jJ1T make collections and Issue Commercial CKKUII. and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., HO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt of postal card specimens of paper, type, Illustration and binding will be sent. KNIGHT & BROWN, 150 Fifth Ave., New York. ANY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- Jj. piled to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly filled. Liberal discounts. I. Baylies, 418 Putnam Ave. (Brooklyn), New York City. R emirvgton. Typewriters are used by the hea.vy users This is the supreme test of a type- writer. Good work on a brand new machine proves little or nothing. But it takes a first-class typewriter to keep doing good work, year after year, under the heaviest kind of service. This is the secret of Remington supremacy. It accounts for the uni- versal preference shown for the Rem- ington by experienced users. Wyckoff, Seamans <& Benedict. New York. AN EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY. I.— The Nation stands alone in its field. It has the largest circulation of any literary and political journal published in this country, going to all the principal libraries and reading-rooms, and into thousands of families. II. — The circulation is chiefly among the thinking and well-to-do classes — lawyers, phy- sicians, bankers, and other professional men — and in the homes of cultivated people, where the education of children is a matter of careful consideration. III. — The School List in The Nation has been a representative one for many years. It includes cards of most of the prominent educational institutions everywhere, during the season of school advertising, and a considerable number are inserted in the paper throughout the year. IV. — The rate is reasonable, and discounts are made on continous insertions, of which most of the school advertisers avail themselves. School advertisements are printed in a uniform typography, with the address in the first line, classi- fication being made by States, alphabetically, unless especially ordered displayed on other pages. Advertising rates, 15 cents an agate line each insertion, with the following discounts: 5 per cent, on 4 insertions, 10 per cent, on 8 insertions, 12 1-2 per cent, on 13 insertions, 15 per cent, on 26 insertions, 20 per cent, on 39 insertions, 25 per cent, on 52 insertions. The Nation is sent free while advertisement continues. Orders may be forwarded through any responsible advertising agency, or directly to The Nation, 206 to 210 Broadway, N. Y.

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IV The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY'S New Standard Books The Cambridge Natural History Edited by S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S., and A. E. Shipley, M.A. VOL UME VIII. NO W READ Y. 8vo, cloth, fully Illustrated, $4.00 net. Scheme of classification in this volume: Part I. — Class Amphibia Stegocephali, Sissampbibia. Part II. — Class Rep- tilia, Proreptilia, Prosauria, Tberomorpba, Cbelonia, Dino- saur ia, Crocodilia, Plesiosaura, Lbtbyosauria, Pterosauria, Pytbonomorpba, Sauria. The Limits of Evolution AND OTHER ESSAYS Illustrating the Metaphysical Theory of Personal Idealism. By Q. H. Howison, LL.D., Mills Professor of Phi- losophy in the University of California. 1 zmo, cloth, $1.60 net. Contains: The Limits of Evolution; Modern Science and Pantheism; Later German Philosophy; The Art-Principle as Represented in Poetry; The Right Relation of Reason to Religion; Human Immortality; Its Posi- tive Argument; The Harmony of Determinism and Freedom. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts By Mabel Osgood Wright, author of "Birdcraft," " Citizen Bird," "The Friendship of Nature," etc., etc. With illustrations from photographs by the author and J. Horace McFarland. 1 zmo, cloth, $2. 50 net. A book about the wild fljwers written from a new point of view— their relation to the landscape. The illustrations are novel and interest- ing. There are over fifty full-page half-tone plates, and over one hundred drawings in the text. American Diplomatic Questions By John B. Henderson, Jr. 8vo, cloth, $3.50 net. I. The Fur Seals and the Behring Sea Award. II. The Interoceanic Canal Problem. III. The United States and Samoa. IV. The Monroe Doctrine. V. The Northwest Coast Fisheries. War Impressions Being a Record in Colour by Mortimer Men pes. Tran- scribed by Dorothy Menpes. 8vo, cloth, $6. Tins volume contains nearly one hundred illustrations in color, in- cluding sketches of Lord Roberts, Sir Alfred Miluer, Cecil Rhodes, Rud- yard Kipling, Conan Doyle, the Duke of Marlborough, and others. There areals > several facsimile letters. Experimental Psychology By Edward Bradford Titchener. A Manual of Labora- tory Practice. Volume I. — Qualitative Experiments. Part 1, Student's Manual; Part z, Instructor's Manual. 8vo, cloth, $1.60 net. The general purpose of this book is sufficiently indicated by its title. The author has selected a number of classical experiments of Experi- mental Psychology, and has presented them in such a way that their performance should have a real disciplinary value for the undergraduate student. He has sought to show, in th3 first place, that psychology is above the laboratory, that instruments of precision are employed not for their own sake, but solely because they help us to a refined and more accurate introspection. Chemical Lecture Experiments By Francis Gayno Benedict, Instructor in Chemistry in Wcsleyan University. 1 zmo, cloth, gz.oo net. The material here presented has been in a measure prepared with reference to its use by students desiring collateral reading in connection with experimental lectures. An elaboration of the Laboratory Manual, the book may also be used by students for the preparation of many com- pounds not considered in elementary text-books. Lectures on the History of Physiology DURING THE SIXTEENTH. SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES By Sir M. Foster, K.C.B., M.P., M.D., D.C.L., Sec. R.S., Professor of Physiology in the University of Cam- bridge, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo (Cambridge, Natural Science Manuals: Biological Series), cloth, $2.25 net. Life in Poetry; Law in Taste Two series of Lectures delivered in Oxford 1895-1900. By William John Courthope, C.B., A.M., Oxon. 8vo, cloth, $4.00. The Adversaries of the Sceptic OR THE SPECIOUS PRESENT A New Inquiry Into Human Knowledge. By Alfred Hod- der, Ph.D. izmo, cloth, $1.50 net. A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities MYTHOLOGY. RELIGION, LITERATVRE, AND ART From the German of Dr. Oskar Seyffert. Revised and edited, with Additions, by Henry Nettleship, M.A., and J. E. Sandys, Litt. D. With more than 450 illus- trations. New (Sixth) and Cheaper Edition. 8vo, cloth, $2.25 net. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Avenue. New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, AUGUST 1, 1901. The Week. A newspaper correspondent, writing with becoming awe from the President's home in Canton, describes the way in which he is there engaged in "working out some of the broad policies of his Ad- ministration." Trade and the tariff are, it is admitted, giving Mr. McKinley as much concern as anything ever causes his Olympian calm, and he does not quite know how the reciprocity treaties are to be got through the Senate. However, he has struck out the happy thought of presenting reciprocity as "a national policy," and so overcoming the "ten- dency to regard it as a local issue for each Congressional district." This is a great truth, but the very men who will receive it with guffaws are those Con- gressmen who have learned from Mr. McKinley how to make a protective tar- iff. What was the McKinley Bill but the local issues of 164 Congressional districts log-rolled into one act, and passed tri- umphantly over the 142 votes of the rep- resentatives of the Congressional dis- tricts which had no part in the spoil? Every one who had a decrepit mill or a losing manufacture rushed to Washing- ton in 1890 and got McKinley to put something for that local issue in his bill. It was a monster aggregate of petty sel- fishness. That is what protection always is in its essence; and its beneficiaries cannot really be blamed now if they con- sider it very like apostasy in their teach- er to have the President tell them at this late day that they ought to sink their "local issues" in the general good. The question of reciprocity or possi- ble free trade with Cuba has suddenly assumed great public importance, but there has never been a moment, since the war with Spain began, when it did not figure largely in the minds of in- fluential persons and classes in this country. Two events have given it fresh interest at this time. One is the en- largement of the capital stock of the Sugar Refining Company, commonly called the Sugar Trust, by $15,000,000 of new cash subscriptions, which points to the acquisition of properties in Cuba for the production of sugar. The an- nouncement of this addition to the capi- tal of the company was accompanied by a published interview with Mr. H. O. Havemeyer, in which he said that an application would be made to Congress for the admission of raw sugar from Cuba free of duty, and that in his opin- ion the application would be successful. The other fact of immediate interest is the energetic protest issued by the do- mestic sugar producers, both beet and cane, against any such proceeding. We are not prepared to say that Mr. Have- meyer was too confident in his predic- tion that free sugar would win the fight at Washington, although it may not win the first battle. Of course, the beet-sugar and the cane-sugar interests of the United States will demand that the other protected interests make com- mon cause with them. One kind of arrangement to put in- ordinate gains in the treasury of the Sugar Trust would be to admit raw su- gar free and to put a duty on refined. Another would be to admit sugar from Cuba free and to tax the article grown in other countries. Presumably the bulk of the sugar industry of Cuba will be in American hands before long, the Trust having the lion's share. To admit the sugar of Cubans free and to tax that of the other 'Rest Indies, would make the Trust rich beyond the dreams of avarice, and would ruin the British islands, with the possible exception of Jamaica and Barbados, which are not wholly depen- dent on sugar. The sugar islands of the Lesser Antilles are at the point of star- vation all the time, and this blow would finish them. Of course, there is a mid- dle ground between Cuban sugar free and the present duty of about two cents per pound. There have been hints at Washington that the President would recommend a reduction of 20 or 25 per cent, in favor of Cuba. All the princi- ples which govern the traffic apply to a reduced duty as well as to an entire repeal. - The domestic producers will op- pose the reduction as stoutly as they will oppose ihe repeal, and it remains to be seen how much the Administration really desires to favor Cuban interests. The latter have the suspicion that reci- procity will be kept dangling before them just beyond their reach, as a lure for annexation, and that the pecuniary temptation will eventually overcome what remains of the desire for indepen- dence in the island. Alone of all United States officials, the judges in the Philippine Islands omit the oath to support the Constitution, for which is substituted an oath to main- tain the laws of the island. The fact has excited no little wondering comment, which has stirred Commissioner Taft to the explaining point. The explanation is characteristic. To be sure, he says, the Philippine Islands may or may not be under the Constitution, but then it is eminently unfair to say that they are not; for if, as it appears, they are not under certain clauses, they are probably under others; and in any case the islands are under Congress, which is under the Constitution. Thus, almost axiomatical- ly, is the mouth of the caviller stopped. But, continued Commissioner Taft, these matters are dark for the native intelli- gence. "The statement that the Consti- tution is in operation In these islands may thus mean one thing to one person and another thing to another. Why, therefore, introduce into an oath of of- fice a form of statement which might lead to misconstruction?" This is very like demonstrative proof of the sound- ness of his decision, but to a man of Commissioner Taft's personal and legal attainments it must be a little humiliat- ing to blanket the commission under which, presumably, he serves, and to talk about misconstruction, when, if he were not in official position, he might say manfully: "Of course, we make no Phil- ippine official go through the hollow form of swearing to uphold a Constitu- tion which, protecting neither him nor his people, does not even restrain his conquerors who are sworn to maintain it." Aguinaldo is cutting up rough again. He refuses to urge any more insurrec- tionists to surrender, and signs himself "the prisoner of Malocan." "The pris- oner of the Vatican" could not more studiously nourish and display a griev- ance. We shall look to see the Impe- rialist press come down heavy on him for this. He had been so "sensible," so much a "brave man accepting the inevi- table," that he bade fair soon to be canonized in the Jingo calendar; but this latest nonsense of his marks him as a poor creature. Then there is Paterno, "the brain of the insurrection," and re- cent founder of that wonderful "Federal party" which was to cooperate with the Americans. What has the ungrateful beggar done but abandon that party! Of course, when the brains are out, the party dies, and Paterno is organizing a new one, yclept National, which takes for its platform ultimate independence of the Philippines, and proposes to nom- inate Aguinaldo for President! Pater- no's true place is evidently in jail; and the censorship should at once be re- established to keep back such news, so that the American Imperialistic editors may be free to denounce Lord Salis- bury's monstrous proposal to destroy the last shred of Boer independence. Persons in close touch with South American sentiment have been for some time predicting that the Pan-American Congress would never meet, as proposed, in Mexico next October. Chili's attitude, as revealed on Thursday, seems to clinch that prophecy. She insists upon having the programme of discussion definitely marked out beforehand, and upon ex-

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82 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 eluding from it any project of arbitra- tion except for "future questions only." Otherwise, she plainly intimates, she will not send delegates to the Congress. If Chili remains aloof, it is probable that Argentina will also. On the other hand, Peru and Bolivia will not participate if Chili's demands are met. Thus, at best, the "Pan" of the Congress would be a very cracked utensil. We think that, even so, it could be made as useful as the first gathering of ten years ago, for that was of no use at all. The treaty of arbitration which was then agreed upon, and over which Mr. Blaine waxed so eloquent and the poet Whittier pa- thetic, was contemptuously killed by the Senate, and buried in its private grave- yard of good treaties, without even a headstone to mark its last resting-place. All that could have been hoped for at Mexico was a certain amount of palaver leading no whither. The United States would have been glad to take part in a ceremony of nothing but empty gush, just to prove that the South American republics do love and trust us, in spite of the Monroe Doctrine and the Spanish war. Further to conciliate them gra- ciously, we now speak of the Chilian note as a "bombshell" and also an "ulti- matum," and say that Chili's attitude is "intolerable." She wants to pursue her own way and consult her own dignity, instead of imitating the United States in always leading "a sweet submissive life." American protectionist newspapers will have a fine time making fun of the new German tariff. Think of a cus- toms law filling a pamphlet of 167 pages, and containing no less than 918 special tariff groupings! Why, this is German metaphysics gone mad. The absurd measure also contains retaliatory clauses, and goes to work to hamper trade and increase the cost of living with a deliberate brutality known before only to the tariff laws of — the United States! That is the =iting of the new tariff law, which appears to be aimed peculiar- ly at American products; it is copied al- most ostentatiously after our legislation. Americans in business in Berlin express "keen disappointment" at the proposed new tariff rates. They say that Ameri- can exports to Germany will suffer greatly. The duties on machinery are more than doubled; in the case of saws they are quadrupled; American woods are also "hard hit"; the rates on dyna- mos and motors and telephone and tele- graph apparatus are pushed to dizzy heights. But what of this" Are we going to mind loss of business as long as we can see our ideas conquering? Germany has gone over to McKinley- tariff methods — that ought to be glory enough for us, even if our German ex- port trade is killed. man steamer in the port of Cartagena, despite his wrapping himself melodra- natically in the German flag and claim- ing its protection, gives us Americans an opportunity to take a useful little les- son in international law. The Washing- ton authorities have already intimated that there is nothing for the Germans to get excited about, since the arrest of Col. Murillo was legal, and his claimed right of asylum on a merchant ship something not recognized by interna- tional law. This is, in so far, a gratify- ing indication that our Department of State is now prepared to abandon the position rashly assumed by Mr. Blaine and Gen. Tracy in 1890. That was the year in which a political refugee from Guatemala, one Barrundia, was killed while resisting arrest on an American steamer in a Guatemalan port. The American Minister in that country, as well as the American Consul-General, advised the captain of the Acapulco that the arrest was legal; but, for this, Minis- ter Mizner was severely censured and afterwards recalled by Mr. Blaine, while Commander Reiter of the war-ship Ranger, which was in port at the time, was publicly disgraced by Secretary Tracy for not interfering to prevent the Guatemalan authorities from making the arrest. Our readers will remember the immense stir which the affair made at the time. Mr. Blaine's argumentation on the law of the case was regarded as one of those curiosities of reasoning with which, as in the diplomatic corre- spondence about the Isthmian Canal and the seal fisheries, he delighted to befuddle the legal issue. His effort was regarded even by Lodge as in need of re- inforcement, and that statesman pro- ceeded to give it by gravely maintain- ing that international law did not really apply to so small a country as Guate- mala. He said he had looked it up on the map and, as soon as he saw what a tiny bit of a nation it was, perceived the absurdity of supposing that a great republic like the United States would have to observe the law in its dealings with such a miniature one. The arrest of Col. Murillo on a Ger- For many years Danish politics have shown the unique condition of a party remaining in power in spite of a stead- ily increasing majority against it in the popular house. Under the Estrup Min- istry, the anger of the Opposition was annually aroused by the passing of pro- visional budgets, made necessary by the refusal of the Folkething to grant sup- plies in the regular way. Of late years both parties have shown a spirit of com- promise, and now, when the Conserva- tives in the Folkething have dwindled to a bare half-dozen members, the King has finally consented to the formation of a Liberal Cabinet. The new Premier, Dr. Deuntzer, is a professor of law at the University of Copenhagen, and a man of marked ability, and in general the new Cabinet may be regarded as strong. The greatest surprise is undoubtedly the selection of Horup, the editor of Poll- tiken, the leading organ of the extreme Left. It would seem as difficult for him to leave the Opposition as for the typical Irishman to cease to be "agin' the Gov- ernment." The difficulty of his position is increased by the fact that he is asso- ciated with Alberti, his chief journalis- tic opponent. In more respects than one the new Danish Ministry would seem to realize the ideal agreement be- tween the lion and the lamb, though in the present case it would be difficult to determine which is the lion and which the lamb. This event in Danish politics is of special interest to Americans, as the Ministry is reported, and with every appearance of truth, to be strongly in favor of the sale of the Danish West In- dies to this country. While there is no question of rivalry between the Danish Agrarians and the planters of St. Thomas, the tendency of the peasant mind would be to prefer solid American dollars to uncertain West Indian crops. Democratic delegates to the Alabama Constitutional Convention were chosen under a party pledge that negro disfran- chisement should be accomplished with- out disfranchising a single white man, but as the session progresses the dif- ficulty of carrying out the programme becomes increasingly apparent. Clear- headed men in Alabama see the danger and the injustice of the proposed course, and do not hesitate to make their views- plain to all. It is evident that the logic of the advice of ex-Gov. Jones, who has spoken repeatedly for impartial restric- tions upon the suffrage, and against re- moving from the negro a great incen- tive to improvement, is having its ef- fect. Even Senator Morgan, from whom, in view of his frank and unblushing hostility to political equality for the negro, one does not expect enlightened views on this question, opposes the use in Alabama of the expedient of the "grandfather clause," adopted by Lou- isiana and North Carolina. He insists that "to make blood the medium of trans- mitting the electoral power is to uproot from its foundations the whole system of democratic government." In the dis- cussion by the Convention, on Thursday, the opposition to an hereditary basis for the suffrage was strong and clear. The attention paid to the mosquito since a member of his family became known as the purveyor, or "intermediate host," of malaria, has begun to be re- flected in books and magazines. Few contributions to the subject possess greater scientific or popular interest than the article on yellow fever by Surgeon- General Sternberg in the Popular Science Monthly for July. Two things are here proved beyond the possibility of doubt:

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Aug. i, 1901] The Nation. 83 (1) That yellow fever may be communi- cated to human beings by mosquitoes; (2) that it cannot be communicated by contact of healthy persons with sick ones, or with the clothing or belongings of sick ones. The experiments to establish the latter fact, as described by Dr. Sternberg, were exhaustive and conclusive. They prove that all the elaborate steps taken and expense incurred to disinfect ships and their cargoes coming from ports where yellow fever has prevailed, or was suspected, have been utterly useless, since nobody could possibly take yellow fever from such a source, however much he might be exposed to it. It does not follow that quarantine is unnecessary against yellow fever, since a patient suf- fering from it may, on his arrival, be bitten by a mosquito which may after- wards bite other persons; but the disin- fecting of ships and goods is superflu- ous. It is not yet proved that the mos- quito is the only propagator of yellow fever, but the evidence is strong that the disease is communicated only by an intermediate host, and that the mosquito is the principal culprit. It is a curious but well-authenti- cated fact that the hot, dry weather which lately parched and shrivelled corn, gave the wheat farmers of the northern corn belt a chance to gather in their entire crop untouched by damp- ness. Some wheat was doubtless hurt in the Dakotas. But the loss, running from one-fourth to one-third of the large crop which in early June was reckoned above seven hundred million bushels, was trivial. Even with a loss of twenty or thirty million bushels, the yield would still run far beyond the largest in our history. Nor is this huge production like- ly, as has happened at other times, to glut so suddenly the domestic markets as to force down prices to extreme low figures. On the contrary, Europe, whose own growing crops do not promise well, has bought here in such quantity as thus far to prevent any home accumu- lation. In April, wheat exports from the United States ran six million bush- els beyond 1900; in May there was an equal increase; in June last year's total was exceeded by four million. These were average gains of 50 to 100 per cent.; last week the shipments were ex- actly three times as great as they were a year ago, reaching a total never but once exceeded in any week of our his- tory. There is nothing surprising in Lord Salisbury's "pessimistic" speech in the Lords last week, when the Finance Bill was under discussion. That is his way of cheering up his party when it is in the dolefuf dumps. He has always rev- elled in cynicism, and rolled pessimism like a sweet morsel under his tongue. His plaint just now is national extrava- gance, which he thinks is awful, but cannot be checked. A "tide" of swollen expenditures is running, he says, and who is he to stem it? The idea that any especial obligation rests on him as lead- er of a great party and British Prime Minister, he evidently considers wholly irrelevant. His Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, however, is not so limply fa- talistic. He lifts up his voice, in Par- liament and out of it, to warn the Eng- lish people against the lavish ways of their representatives in control of the public purse. In his recent speech at the Lord Mayor's banquet, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach declared that if he were to listen to professional experts who came forward to tell the Government what it was absolutely necessary to spend, the Treasury would be gutted and the coun- try ruined in a year. Of this kind of professional army and navy expert, Sir Michael said pungently that "he is al- ways cocksure, he always differs from another expert, he is always expensive, and he is not always infallible." Although, as Mr. Brodrick announced in the House of Commons on Thursday, the English Government cannot see its way clear to giving American rates of pay to its soldiers, the War Office has found it necessary to take a long step in the direction of the American pension system. As a result of the Boer war, an army order has been issued granting pensions to the widows and children of private soldiers killed in action. Hith- erto no pensions of any kind have been given to such widows, no matter what the circumstances under which a soldier met his death. Now the pressure has become so great that the "War Office has consented to a pension of five shillings a week to the widow of a private, which is increased slightly if there are chil- dren, and becomes ten shillings a week in the case of a non-commission- ed officer's widow. Up to this time pri- vate charity and "patriotic funds" have always cared for the dependents of sol- diers who lost their lives in a campaign, and Secretary of State after Secretary of State has declined to be responsible for finding the means for their support, although officers' widows have long been cared for. In pensions, as in other mat- ters, it is often the first step which costs, and it will be interesting in the light of our American experience to see whether the British Government can stop with this concession, or whether the public appetite, whetted by this first taste, will make it necessary for other Secretaries to yield as gracefully as has Mr. Brod- rick. The bankruptcy proceedings held re- cently in the case of Sir Ellis Ashmead- Bartlett contained an instructive revela- tion. Sir Ellis is well known to have been for years a pronounced Turkophile. The idea of England, or any civilized Power, interfering with the Sultan, on account of the Armenian massacres, was abhorrent to him. In the war between Greece and Turkey his sympathies were actively enlisted in behalf of the Turk. Well, in the course of his examination the other day by the Official Receiver, Mr. Grey, the following colloquy took place: "Mr. Grey — Did you become acquainted with the Sultan? "The Debtor — I have been received by the Sultan. "Mr. Grey — And you had some personal influence with him? "The Debtor — Only because I had always taken the side of the Turkish people. "Mr. Grey— Did he promise you certain concessions? "The debtor replied in the affirmative. When he found that his Australian proper- ties were not realizing his expectations, he went to Turkey. Before doing so he enter- ed into an agreement with the Exploration Company (limited), under which they were to work or dispose of any concessions he might acquire, and to pay him one-half of any profit which might accrue. When in Turkey he secured concessions relating to electric traction and lighting in Salonika and electric traction in Smyrna. These con- cessions were the first granted for the use of electricity in Turkey. Some delay oc- curred in obtaining the confirmation of the concessions, and it was not until Septem- ber, 1899, that the Sultan published his trade." This certainly leaves Sir Ellis looking as virtuously disinterested in his Turkish attitude as did Messrs. Dodson & Fogg in the Pickwick trial. The Odessa correspondent of the Lon- don Times has given to that journal some facts about the completed Siberian rail- way which will serve to reassure timid Englishmen who have seen in this line a serious menace to English and Japanese interests in the East. For years past we have heard of the ease with which Russia could pour troops into Port Arthur or any other Eastern point near the completed railway. It now appears that, even un- der the most favorable circumstances, the journey from Moscow to Port Ar- thur will average twenty-eight days. In- deed, allowing for storms on Lake Baikal and ice on the Shilka and Amur during certain portions of the year, the railway officials will not guarantee ar- rival in Port Arthur from Moscow un- der a month and a half. How much long- er it would take to make this trip if the line should be choked up by heavy troop trains no one can estimate, but it is plain enough that water transportation would still be the chief reliance should Russia become involved in a great war in the East. That there is consider- able public dissatisfaction in Russia with this condition of affairs is only natural. Merchants and manufacturers and travellers generally are so impolite as to remember that a seven days' trip in trains de luxe, going at a rate of thirty-five miles an hour, was what the Government promised when it began this enormous and costly undertaking. The different outcome is largely due to the hasty and flimsy construction of the line, which will undoubtedly be improved as time goes on.

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84: Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 THE MORAL OF PORTO RICO. President McKinley's proclamation establishing free trade with Porto Rico is confined to the barest recital of the facts and of the authority under which he proceeds. Least said, soonest mend- ed, he apparently thinks. Certainly neither he nor his party can be blamed for wishing to draw a veil over their last year's dealing with Porto Rico. "It is not the dealing I object to, but the shuffling," said witty Archbishop Magee, when Lord Salisbury was explaining how he proposed to "deal" with the tem- perance question; and so might have said an observer of the extraordinary backing and filling of the Republicans in Congress when they attempted to legislate for Porto Rico. But we do not mean to traverse that weary round again. It would be easy, by citing names and dates, and speeches and messages, to make the defenders of the Administration bolt from every hole in which thoy now take refuge. But what would be the use? They would only scurry into another. A single one of their glib misrepresentations, how- ever, it is worth while to expose in pass- ing. They now coolly assert that the whole affair turned on the ability of the island to raise a sufficient revenue from internal taxes. Until that was demon- strated, it would have been madness to make sea-borne trade free. Now, in re- ply to this, it is not necessary to show that it is pare afterthought, as far as the President's recommendation was concerned; tftat this explanation breaks its teeth on the fact that the first bill of the Republican Ways and Means Com- mittee of the House provided for free trade; or that the real motives and movers in the denial of free trade are perfectly well known. It is enough to point to the terms of the act of Con- gress. That instrument recites that "in no event" — that is, self-sustaining island revenues or not — should the establish- ment of free trade be delayed beyond March 1, 1902. That marks the mea- sure of concession which an indignant public opinion wrung from a protec- tion-ridden Congress. We do not recall the melancholy ex- hibition made in that affair by the President and his party for any purpose except the single one of driving home the legal and moral lessons which it contains. In their "serious departure from right principles," as ex-President Harrison called their Porto Rican act, we see the more clearly what the right principles are from which we should never depart. One of them is that lib- erty, including equal property rights of all citizens, cannot be left to the benev- olence of an arbitrary ruler, however well-meaning, or put at the disposal of a Congress, however well-intentioned. We need the assurances and the safe- guards of charter and Constitution. As Guizot said at the time the Spaniards were trying to protect themselves against Queen Isabella by a Constitu- tion: "The great use of a Constitution is to make good sovereigns out of bad men and women." He meant that a written guarantee of personal rights and immunities removed the subject from the perils of executive whim or of the caprice of Cortes and Congress. It was such bulwarked liberties that we sup- posed that we and all men under the American flag enjoyed in the specific pledges of our Constitution; and their temporary denial to the Porto Ricans was a blow not merely to our inherited conception of law and justice, but to our sense of civic security. If their fundamental rights could thus be trampled upon, which of ours were safe? The Porto Rican intrigue of 1900 also served to uncover the essentially sel- fish and inhuman principle which lies coiled in the doctrine of protection. The revelation was, no doubt, a surprise to President McKinley himself. He is a kindly man, and to his overflowing be- nevolence it appeared the most natural thing in the world, as well as a "plain duty," to grant the Porto Ricans a free market for their products. But he did not reckon with the spirit of inveterate selfishness and greed which, under the name of protection, he himself had done so much to foster and make insolent. He appealed \.o humanity. But the men who had learned of him that no argu- ment was worth while which did not reach the pocket, snapped their fingers at his recommendation of free trade. As they openly boasted, they swarmed to the White House and "read the riot act" to the President, whom they compelled to retreat ignominiously and in shame- faced silence from his own brave words. He must have realized then, if never be- fore, what a dangerous thing it is to give to one class the right to tax their fellow- citizens for their own profit. Such a priv- ilege, swollen by long exercise into a sense of vested right, would stop at no extreme of cruelty or oppression, Mr. McKinley then saw, to preserve its money-making power intact. And it was only the uprising of an angry peo- ple, amazed at such an effrontery of self- ishness, which frightened the tariff beneficiaries into agreeing to relax their clutch to the extent that we see it done to-day. Nor can we leave this subject without saying that the Porto Rican legislation is a supreme illustration of President Mc- Kinley's method. Secretary Long has been praising him recently for his won- derful success in "getting along with Congress." In this respect, the Secretary said, and with a grave face, so far as the reporters depose, McKinley was greater than Washington or Lincoln. Mr. Long left it an open question, apparently, whether Washington had not more per- sonal courage, or Lincoln a more pene- trating intellect and a greater gift of winged speech, but in the art of "getting along with Congress" McKinley overtop- ped them both. The Porto Rico case shows how the thing is done. Take a moral position, urge Congress in the most explicit and moving terms to come to it, but if it will not — what then? Say, "Here I stand, God help me. I can do no other"? No, only keep still, allow yourself to be driven by Congress, offer not one word of explanation or justifica- tion, and prepare some more moral senti- ments to be in like manner abandoned when the time comes. A REPUBLICAN SHORTER CATE- CHISM. Swift, in one of the letters which he wrote from his Dublin exile to Pope, spoke ironically of the vacillations and uncertainties of the Cabinet of the day. He said they ought to issue a catechism every four months, in order to let their bewildered supporters know what to think and write and speak on the leading political questions. The idea is not a bad one for a party doubtful about its own changing policies in changing times; and, while confidently expecting the is- sue of something official, we humbly volunteer a few touchstones of Republi- can orthodoxy to-day: Question. What is the chief end of prosperity? Answer. To glorify the Republican party and keep it in office for ever. Q. To what was the crop failure of 1894 due? A. To the Wilson tariff and an im- becile Administration. Q. What are we to think of the dam- age to crops in 1901? A. That it is the dispensation of an all-wise Providence, intended to try our faith and cultivate the grace of patience. Q. What is a labor union? A. In Presidential years it is a noble band of workers, seeking the common good. Q. What is it in other years? A. A nuisance. Q. What is a strike? A. When an election is pending, it is the dignified appeal of laboring men for the redress of intolerable grievances, and Mark Hanna sees that the employ- ers give it to the men. Q. Why does he not do it at other times? A. He is too busy. Q. What is reciprocity? A. It is an arrangement by which we invite other nations to sell us if they will buy of us. Q. What is the protective tariff? A. The law devised to keep other na- tions from selling to us. Q. Then is not protection inconsistent with reciprocity? A. No. Q. Why not?

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Aug. i, 1901] The ISTation 85 A. The Republican platform says it is not. Q. Is there any other reason? A. There is. Q. Can you state it? A. The Republican Senate refuses to ratify reciprocity treaties. Q. Is that for the purpose of keeping reciprocity consistent with protection? A. No, it is for the purpose of keeping bogus jewelry and shoddy cloth from competition. Q. Then where does reciprocity come in? A. It comes in the platform. Q. What is a platform? A. It is a formal promise to do cer- tain things if you are elected and do not change your mind. Q. If you cannot carry out your own plans by the help of your own party, what do you do? A. Get Democrats to assist you. Q. What are such Democrats called? A. They are called "commercial Dem- ocrats." Q. What is a commercial Democrat? A. He is a politician familiar with buying and selling. Q. Do you know what the Constitu- tion is? A. Yes, it is the supreme law of part of the land. Q. In what part is it not supreme? A. Where it does not apply. Q. How do you know where it ap- plies and where it does not apply? A. We know that it does not apply where it would be inconvenient to apply it. Q. Does it apply to the Philippines? A. No, because the Filipinos are bet- ter off without it. Q. What are we going to do for the Filipinos? A. We are going to educate them. Q. Does that mean teach them to read and think? A. It does. Q. Should we let them read and study the American Constitution? A. No. Q. Why not? A. It would only confuse them. Q. May they read the history of the Republican party? A. It would be better not. They might want to add a chapter. Q. Will the Declaration of Indepen- dence be studied in Philippine schools? A. No; it would merely disturb them. Q. May they read the Bible where it says that God hath made of one blood all nations of men? A. No. Q. Why not? A. That would disturb us. THE NEGRO AS SOLDIER AND OFFI- CER. The mustering-out last month of two negro volunteer regiments after nearly two years of creditable service in the Philippines, and the recent appointment of three colored men as officers in the enlarged regular army, have again called public attention to the negro as a soldier. Sufficient praise has not, however, been accorded to the President for appoint- ing these men, or to the army examin- ing boards, which found two of them qualified for promotion from the ranks, and recommended them for advance- ment, in spite of the prejudice existing in the army against the negro officer. That the colored soldiers have fairly earned this representation among the commissioned ranks by brave work be- fore Santiago and in the Philippines, does not detract from the merit of the action. The experiences of Cadet Whittaker and of ex-Lieutenant Flipper in the eighties, and the difficulty of ad- justing the relations of white and negro officers within the same garrison with- out injury to discipline or substantial injustice, would have been sufficient ex- cuses for a Secretary of War or a Presi- dent who wished to shirk his duty. Hitherto such colored officers as have been in the army were lieutenants in negro regiments, and therefore the sub- ordinates of nearly all the white of- ficers and unlikely to exercise command over them. But now that the one colored officer who has been in the army dur- ing the last few years has risen to be an extremely efficient captain of cavalry, and a colored man has been appointed a major in the Pay Department, a genu- ine test of the discipline of the army is at hand. For the last three years the War De- partment has dodged the issue by keep- ing Capt. Charles Young of the Ninth Cavalry on duty at a colored men's col- lege in Ohio. He cannot be kept there for ever, nor can the two colored lieu- tenants just appointed be kept from rising to higher rank, provided that they are guilty of no misconduct. It re- mains to be seen whether the white offi- cers will have the good sense and still better taste to recognize that it is the uniform and rank which they have to obey in following the commands of a superior, and that for military purposes the color of that superior's skin is of as little importance as his personal and private character. What social relations there will be between white and colored officers will depend on the manliness and the training which the white officers have received, as well as on the tact of the colored. There have already been striking examples among the latter of good judgment and a proper recogni- tion of the difficulties of their position. Capt. R. Ij. Bullard, a regular army officer, who commanded an absolutely raw Alabama regiment of plantation and town negroes during the Spanish-Ameri- can war, contributes to the current is- sue of the Journal of the Military Ser- vice Institution an account of his ex- periences with them, which throws much light upon their value from the mili- tary point of view. It is their light- heartedness and happiness which im- pressed him most. "From daylight until far into the night, a negro camp is a steady hum of laughter and talk, dance, song, shout, and the twang of musical instruments. It is a scene full of life and fun, of jostling, scuffling, and rac- ing, of clown performances and cake- walks, of impromptu minstrelsy, speech- making, and preaching, of devilling, guy- ing, and fighting, both real and mimic." Such social natures have they that Col. Bullard could not keep his sentinels by themselves. "Colonel," said a visitor, "your sentinels are sociable fellows. I saw No. 5 over at the end of his beat entertaining No. 6 with some fancy manual of arms. Afterwards, with equal amiability, No. 6 executeda most artistic Cakewalk." But the chronic complainer is practically unknown in a negro regi- ment, provided that the cook "gives them a square deal." Otherwise there will be trouble right away. But nothing else worries, however exhausting and com- fortless the exigencies of the service, however trying the climatic conditions. The colored cavalrymen had hardly dug their trenches under the tropical rains of Santiago before smuggled mu- sical instruments appeared and the sing- ing began. From the outset the negro recruit rec- ognizes the authority of his officers as a white one does not, but he wishes those officers to be far above him in rank and social standing, and only the most un- qualified backing up of the non-commis- sioned officers gives them the influence and authority they need. In his captain the negro soon learns to have " a most remarkable trust and reliance," and that officer has to become banker for the en- tire company if all is to go well. For the negro soldier loses all his money at once, in gambling or otherwise, and must be tided over judiciously to the next pay day. One of his difficulties is his irresisti- ble propensity for carrying concealed weapons; and here it is not the razor, but the pistol, which attracts. Another is his susceptibility to the contagion of passions and excitement. It is through example and ridicule, and not through scolding, that he is best reproved. But the most powerful aid in getting disci- pline Col. Bullard found to be the appeal to him for the honor and advancement of his race — his "most sensitive point."' Touching him here, the Colonel found that this appeal "made the dirty clean, the ragged whole, the crooked straight, and the lazy work, the ignorant learn, and the disorderly and riotous quiet." In conclusion, Col. Bullard affirms that the average negro volunteer "comes to the colors with more of the first urgently needed qualities of the soldier and readi- er for service than the white." The same favorable testimony has

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86 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 long come from the regular army. Ex- cellence in drill, pride in the service, passionate devotion to just officers and of officers to them, contentedness and happy endurance — these are to be found in the negro regular, as well as in the volunteer. For years the colored regi- ments, and particularly the Ninth Cav- alry, stood at the head of the army in tlie Inspector-General's reports, being espe- cially distinguished for their few deser- tions. As brave soldiers the colored Americans won their spurs the day Shaw died on Wagner's walls to be "buried among his niggers." Their valorous con- duct at Santiago was but a repetition of Civil War and Indian campaign achieve- ments, even when their beloved white of- ficers were shot down and they went ahead under their sturdy sergeants — with their eyes to the front. THE GERMAN TARIFF PROJECT. For nearly ten years the Agrarians, or land-owning party of East Prussia, have been demanding pecuniary assis- tance through some action of the Gov- ernment. The low price of grain result- ing from cheap supplies imported from Russia and the United States has low- ered land rents there in the same way as in England, and has reduced the land- lords to what they consider penury. It has curtailed their luxuries and brought the estates of the more improv- ident ones to sale under foreclosure. This has been to them the very over- turn of society. Being a powerful fac- tion in politics, and regarding them- selves as the chief support of the mon- archy, they long ago made an appeal to the Government to relieve them from the consequences of slow-moving, irre- sistible economic forces, for which the Government was in nowise responsible. The chief factor among these forces consists of improvements in transporta- tion by land and sea. On the one side lies Russia with vast wheat fields and a growing railway system; on the other the North American continent and an open waterway with constantly improv- ing steamship lines. During the past ten years it may be fairly said that Ger- many has lea the way for other na- tions, both in carrying capacity and in speed of movement. Every cent of re- duced cost in transportation has been an additional sting to the Junkers of Prussia. In their desperation they first demanded the free coinage of silver as a relief. They conceived that the low price of grain was due to an insuffi- cient supply of money, and that a rem- edy could be found in the remonetiza- tion of silver. Chancellor Caprivi so far yielded to them as to order an official investigation, which resulted in no- thing. The Agrarians then made a motion in the Reichstag for a new international silver conference, and act- ually obtained a majority vote for it, but the Bundesrath did not agree to it. Since the failure of this attempt, the Agrarians have been frantically demand- ing a higher tariff on cereals, in order to raise the price of home-grown wheat and rye. They have all the time been working to exclude American meat from the German market by raising questions as to its healthfulness, but these endeavors have not yielded any large percentage of profit to themselves, although they have created much irri- tation in the Jnited States. A protective tariff is certainly a much more rational scheme to accomplish the end they have m view, and it has the further advan- tage that we Americans cannot reason- ably object to it, since that is our way of accommodating the interests of the home producer. It seems now that the German Chancellor has yielded to these demands so far as to frame a new tariff schedule, in which increased duties on agricultural products hold the leading place. Addi- tional duties have been allowed to man- ufacturers also, but are not acceptable to them. Being exporters, they are oblig- ed to sell in competition with England, Belgium, aud the United States, while the increased duties on food products will surely add to their costs of production. It is probable that the new tariff bill has been put forth as a test of public opinion, rather than as a settled plan or the Government, and that it is liable to be abandoned or modified according to the reception it meets among the con- stituencies, and in the press, and in the foreign chancelleries. Looking at the schedules as they stand, we cannot see anything that we have a right to complain of. The proposed duty on Indian corn and barley is four marks per metric hundredweight, t. e., 96 cents per 220 pounds, or less than half a cent per pound. Our duty on bar- ley is 30 cents per bushel of 48 pounds, or about three-fourths of a cent per pound. The proposed German duty on rice is the same as on barley. Ours is two cents per pound on cleaned and one and one-quarter cents on uncleaned, i. e., three or four times higher. Fresh meat is to pay about three cents per pound. Under our tariff the rate is two cents, but bacon, hams, and dressed poultry are here taxed five cents per pound. Wheat flour is to pay about one cent and a half per pound. With us the duty is 25 per cent, ad valorem, or about half a cent per pound. This is merely nominal, as none is imported. Any duty at all would De prohibitory in this country. Although we shall have nothing to complain of if the new German duties apply to all countries alike, it seems certain that Russia and Austria will have much to complain of. The new tariff will interrupt established lines of trade of great local importance, and will cur- tail the earnings of Government railways in a marked degree. It is already inti- mated that the Russian Minister of Fi- nance will retaliate in kind promptly and decisively, and that Austria will not stand idle while her trade is attacked in the manner proposed. The other European countries, Rumania, Italy, and the Netherlands especially, will be hurt also, but none will be hurt so much as Germany herself. Whatever adds to the cost of living of the workingman (and this is the precise aim of the bill) will stir up hatred against the governing class, and add to the political power of the Socialists, besides lessening the abil- ity of the manufacturers to compete in foreign trade. EVERY AUTHOR HIS OWN PRESS- AGENT. A Boston publisher has been divulg- ing trade secrets to a London reporter, and the reporter has in turn been try- ing to give light to them that sit in darkness. The unprecedented sales of some recent books, says the Boston au- thority, are not due to the vast superior- ity of living writers over those of fifty years ago; no, Mary Johnston is not six- ty per cent, better than George Eliot, and Irving Bacheller one hundred per cent, greater than Dickens. The dif- ference in sales, declares the modest publisher, is to be ascribed less to the skill of the author than to the publish- er's unexampled resourcefulness as an advertiser. Doubtless the modern pub- lisher is justified in taking credit to himself; but evidence is not lacking that in this race for fame the author has cheerfully, if not eagerly, consented to serve as his publisher's pace-maker. The change in the attitude of the au- thor is illustrated by a little incident which occurred in London in 1858 — a prehistoric age, as far as the art of ad- vertising is concerned. Edmund Yates then wrote, for a periodical called Town Talk, a short account of Thackeray's per- sonal appearance and his literary suc- cesses. To be sure, the sketch was not wholly flattering, but so much the bet- ter, for no one could then accuse it of being simply a puff. What was Thacke- ray's proper course under the circum- stances? No enlightened man in this year of grace 1901 will hesitate for a moment to say that he should have clipped the article and sent it with his own photograph to his publishers, Brad- bury & Evans. They should have order- ed immediately five hundred proof-slips and mailed one to each newspaper in the United Kingdom, with some such circu- lar as this: Dear Sir: Since we advertise freely in your columns, you will probably wish to re- print in whole, or in part, with proper credit to Town Talk, the enclosed sketch of Mr. Thackeray, whose popular novel, 'The Vir- ginians,' we are now publishing In month- ly parts at Is. each. The sale of this work is, as you doubtless know, absolutely un- precedented in the book-trade. If you can use a cut we shall be happy to send you.

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Aug. i, 1 901] The ISTation. 87 carriage prepaid, an excellent electrotype portrait of Mr. Thackeray. [Was this before the days of electrotypes?] Trustiug you will do your best for us, and will send us a marked copy, we remain, your obedient servants, Bradbury & Evans. Incredible as it may seem, however, nothing of the kind happened. Thacke- ray did not even offer Mr. Yates an autograph copy of 'The Newcomes.' In- stead, he demanded that Mr. Yates should apologize for printing facts about the color of his hair and his manner of speech, learned in the privacy of the Garrick Club, of which both were mem- bers. Evidently Thackeray was labor- ing under the delusion that an author is a member of a learned profession, bound by some such fantastic code as that of reputable doctors and lawyers. It is conceivable that if he had seen on every bill-board the legend, "Read 'The Virginians'! A Great Historical Novel! Incidents of the French and In- dian War! Brilliant Characterization of George Washington!" he would have felt as horrified as the President of the New York Academy of Medicine if he saw his name on a poster in every street- car, with the advice, "Go to Dr. for Appendicitis! Operations While You Wait!" But we have left Thackeray's benight- ed notions far behind us. Authors no longer fly in the face of Providence by neglecting their opportunities, for they justly reason that it is useless to write if your books do not sell; your books will not sell unless they are advertised; and they will not be well advertised unless you lend a hand in the good work. Already some of our most pop- ular novelists have begun to play the part of the theatrical press-agent, and play it with improvements of their own. Certainly in comparison with the crude and silly tale about the theft of the beautiful Miss Dancer's ten-thousand- dollar diamond necklace, Hall Caine's confidences about his barrels of notes for the local color of 'The Christian' are an artistic job. Then one should set against the stories of the thousand and one hotel-keepers with whom Sara Bernhardt has quarrelled because they will not admit her pet panther to the dining-room, the following choice bit: "It is a rather novel idea for an author to call in his family physician in consultation regarding the symptoms of one of his char- acters. But this, it seems, is just what Mr. Harold McGrath did while writing 'The Pup- pet Crown.' He had just finished the chap- ter describing the 'fight on horseback,' and, feeling that the situation had got rather beyond his own powers, detailed the facts to the doctor, and asked what could be done to save the hero. 'Save him, my boy?' replied the old gentleman, gravely. 'He is beyond the power of human aid. Sci- ence can do nothing for him. Art can only put him out of his misery.' Mr. McGrath adds that after the publication of the book he received a bill from his physician for professional services." That closing sentence is convincing proof that while Madame Bernhardt's lit- erary agent is a dull bungler, Mr. Mc- Grath, who is his own master, is a ver- satile craftsman in fiction. And, then, in the interviewing — that great device for giving publicity to valueless opinions — the result is vastly more satisfactory when the interviewee (to coin a much-needed word) does it all himself. He can put it just as he wants it. The chances for interviews are, of course, innumerable. Wherever the author goes, he can persuade a com- plaisant editor to print a few remarks about realism and idealism or the prop- er function of the "problem novel"; for apparently there is no limit to the amount which a public, eager to get cul- ture, and get it quick, is willing to swallow on such stimulating subjects. The public is equally willing to learn how the poet happened to write "The Man with the Hoe" — indeed, with char- acteristic depravity, it actually prefers the exposition to the poem itself. But the author need not confine him- self to shop, for the less he knows of a question the more amusing his observa- tions on it. If he has achieved a repu- tation for sketches of bucolic character, he is naturally expected to toss off a half-column on the Boer war. If his forte is light and agreeable literary crit- icism, he can be certain the public is panting to hear him deliver a fierce de- nunciation of the steel strike. In short, he finds everything grist which comes to his mill; and he can grind it out into most attractive advertisements, which will be inserted in those comic sheets by courtesy called "literary supple- ments" exactly in the form of real reading matter. What is more, the au- thor can get it put in for nothing, whereas two dollars a line is the price for printing the far abler and wittier articles which celebrate the virtues of Liddon's Liver Lifter. THE SLOVAKS AT HOME. Turocz Szent Marton, June 26, 1901. In the coal-mines and factories of Penn- sylvania, especially at Pittsburgh and Con- nellsville, may be found the largest aggre- gations of Slovaks in America, but they are commonly called Hungarians, with whom ttey have nothing in common but the coun- try of their birth. They have not been long in their new homes, and have not yet ac- quired that respectability which comes with wealth, but there are many signs of their material and social progress in the air, and the time is not far distant when they will enjoy the same degree of respect that their racial brothers, the Poles, have won for themselves in Buffalo, Chicago, and other Polish centres. Much of the opprobrium cast upon them by Americans is due mainly to their almost Oriental looks and ways, and to their choice of the lowest occupations In mines and factories, though their sturdiness is not denied by any. Generalizations are easily made, and the public has at once de- cided that all Slovaks are of the same cast and belong to a decidedly inferior civiliza- tion, hardly worthy of any consideration. It will, therefore, , appear as a surprise to many that, in my peregrinations through northern Hungary, I have met Slovak uni- versity professors in the mountainous sub- urbs of Pressburg, have watched with curi- osity and amazement their artistic and cost- ly national costumes at Tyrnau, have found a famous Tolstoist at Silleln, have passed my time in Slovak museums, club-houses, printing-offices, editorial rooms, in their literary centre, the village of Turdcz Szent Marton, right in the heart of the Carpathian Mountains, and have moved in refined Slovak society, which, but for its language and pa- triotic sentiments, might as well be of St. Petersburg or Boston. If there were a Slovakia as there is a Bohemia, Bulgaria, Servia, the fate of the Slovaks would have been more fortunate than that of many of the other Slavic na- tions, for they are endowed by nature with many admirable qualities. But the Slovaks have no country of their own, no self-gov- ernment, no historical past. Up to the end of the eighteenth century their language was regarded as a corrupt dialect of Bo- hemian, fit only for the peasants. The aris- tocracy and gentry of northern Hungary, though recruited from the Slovak land- owners, had no nationality. For centuries they had attached themselves to the Hun- garian crown by means of the Latin lan- guage, which was the common speech of all the educated in the realm. Unfortunately for the native population, the Magyar re- generation began earlier than that of the Slavs, for the aristocracy exchanged the Latin for the Magyar, so that, when the na- tional consciousness of the Slavs was awak- ened at the end of the eighteenth century, the higher classes had already been alien- ated by Hungary. The country population spoke its native dialect, but listened to Bo- hemian religious instruction. At the end of the eighteenth century, when the idea of nationality began to fer- ment in Slavic countries, a Catholic priest among the Slovaks, by the name of Ber- nolak, published a six-volume dictionary of the Slovak language, and wrote some tracts in a dialect not far removed from the Bo- hemian. Others followed in his footsteps, until Stur, in the first third of the last century, created a new school by the in- troduction of the dialect of the middle coun- ties into literature. The Slovaks, though only two and a half million strong, of whom but a small fraction is not Magyarized or intelligent enough to read belles-lettres, have developed a more beautiful and varied literature than their more fortunate breth- ren, the Croatians, Servians, Bulgarians. But no field has been so successfully cul- tivated by them as poetry. Of the poets now living, the greatest are Orszagh-Hviezdo- slav and Hurban-Vajansky. The latter is of particular interest, since he is also their best prosaist, and because he is the son of the writer Hurban, who was Stur's partner in most of his undertakings, and thus brings down in direct line the best traditions of the older school. Before leaving America, I visited the Slovak quarter of New York, which centres on East Second Street, and provided myself in the Slovak Bank with a letter of intro- duction to Mr. Hurban-Vajansky. The Slo- vaks began to come in evidence at Vienna. Peasant women in short fluted skirts, under which there must be half-a-dozen more skirts, though uot of the airy texture of a

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88 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 ballet-dancer's garments, and barefooted or In heavy boots, may be seen anywhere in the streets selling cherries. These came from neighboring villages, for Slovakia reaches down almost to the gates of Vien- na. An hour and a half's ride along the Danube to Pressburg brings us to the older seat of Slovak literary activities. This beautiful city is now completely Magyar- ized, though Slovak names are abundantly met with over stores. There still exists here an Evangelical Slovak seminary, and one of the best scholars of Slovak language and literature, Dr. L. Wagner, is connected here with a variety of learned institutions. I visited him in his beautiful summer res- idence in the mountains, within a short walk from the centre of the city. Dr. Wag- ner is a Magyaron, as the sympathizers with the Magyars are called here, though he loves the Slovaks platonically. He pre- sented me with a few copies of his pam- phlet, entitled 'Talvj: A Biographical Sketch in Memory of her Hundredth Birthday,' for distribution in a few American libraries. So I found here in Hungary a link between the two continents, for Talvj was the great Slavic scholar who married Prof. Edward Robinson of Andover: they were both of them, later, active at Boston and New York. From Pressburg I sped to Tur6cz Szent Marton through the valley of the Vag, with the Carpathian Mountains on both sides towering higher and higher. This village is situated very much like Sofia in Bulgaria, of which it seems to be a diminutive re- production. One is surprised to find so small a place, in an almost inaccessible region, far away from large centres, to be the seat of culture and the chief repre- sentative of national unity. Pressburg and Pesth may appear objectionable, as they are too thoroughly Magyar to be eligible; but Tyrnau, for example, which is sur- rounded by prosperous Slovak villages, might have been chosen as the proper spot for their propaganda. In fact, the selec- tion of Tur6cz Szent Marton is purely accidental. When, some fifty years ago, the propagandists of the Slovak idea made an appeal for a national gathering and the establishment of a national museum, only two villages responded to the call, and thus the insignificant Szent Marton (there are dozens of Saint Martins in Hungary), in the county of T«r6cz, became the rendezvous of literary men, and still is the only pal- pable proof of the existence of a Slovak nation. The first thing that strikes one's eyes as one walks the main street of the vil- lage is a large, commodious building, which would not be out of place in the main street of a populous city. It is the Magyar Government building, post-office, etc., but the Magyars did not build it. The Slovaks had erected it as their national home, and the Magyars, who love them as little as they love the Magyars, confiscated their works of art, library, building and all, carried away the best things to Pesth, ana left the rest to rot in cellars and garrets. For a time it seemed as though there was no hope, as though the poor people could not make new contributions to the national cause. And even If the money could be got together, what guarantee was there that the Magyars would not again blight their fair hopes? And there was again found a way out of the difficulty. A new, commodious building, only second to the first, was built on fifty-florin shares, and this, being now private property, is more easily exempt from Government in- terference. The name of National Museum was avoided, and it is simply called "Dom" — that is "House," or "Hotel Dom," for a small hotel has been installed there. A few Slovak newspaper offices, four printing- presses, one book-store, a bank axe the only other signs of national life. The bank re- ceives deposits and transacts business mainly for the American Slovaks who send their earnings home. It does a business of 30,000,000 florins a year, which speaks well for the emigrants or for America. The proprietor of the small book-store (one of four or five in existence) has managed to accumulate enough money from the sale of books to build himself a substantial house for these regions. The printing-presses furnish nearly all the literature for home consumption, while the newspapers eke out an existence between the periodic incarcer- ations of their staffs in Magyar prisons for supposed breaches of the law. By far the most interesting building, as I have said, is the Dom. Here there is a na- tive library composed of private donations, brought togother from long-forgotten hid- ing-places in distant parsonages. Not only does it contain the more modern Slovak books, but books in other languages, writ- ten by natives or printed on native presses, have been brought together here. Unfor- tunately, there are no means at hand prop- erly to classify and arrange the vast ma- terial of some twenty or thirty thousand books, and much of it lies in heaps upon the floor. There are a number of duplicates and triplicates, of which many, in Slovak, will soon find their way into the Harvard library. Such, at least, is the result of my visit in Slovakia. The National Museum, in no better order than the library, and owing its origin to similar donations, deserves a better hous- ing. Leaving out such gifts as mounted crocodiles and doubtful paintings of doubt- ful masters, there is enough there to give a good idea of the past and present of the country. The archaeological department is rich in excavations from historic and pre- historic times. The ethnological division harbors curious specimens of native work- manship, but is especially interesting on ac- count of its collection of native costumes, many of which not only are artistic, but surprise one by the wealth which they rep- resent. I have seen in Tyrnau, in the streets and in some of the stores, women's garments which cost not less than seventy- five or one hundred dollars, but which could not be reproduced for three times the money if the work were paid for according to American ideas. In the Dom there is also a casino, where the prominent Slovaks of Szent Marton and their visitors may be found of an evening. Beer and wine are served here only surrep- titiously, as the Magyar Government will grant no license, although wine flows freely in the Magyar casino of the village. Here the patriots passively discuss the evils of the day and prognosticate the future. The room in which the gatherings take place is the only one in which an attempt has been made to in- troduce art into the construction of the native house, or, more correctly, to employ artistically the simple adornments of the village house. The result is very pleasing and does credit to the artist. The high dado of woodwork is fluted along the edges of the narrow boards that run down vertically, and the flutings end above in simple rosettes. The ceiling is made to imi- tate planks resting on heavy beams, and is again fitly decorated in two or three col- ors. There are also representations of chimney-corners, niches, and doorways, and native crockery of a most elegant design is hung along the wall, over the fireplace, and above the doors. Here again, in the town, is the only thea- tre Slovakia possesses. Amateur perform- ances may be seen in other places, but here alone there is a pretty stage with prosce- nium boxes and sufficient room to hold a large village audience with its visitors from near and far. Performances are given only once a month, but the singing society meets oftener. It was my good fortune to be pres- ent at a rehearsal of the musical programme which is to be part of the national festivities that will take place on August 7. None but native songs, nearly all in Gregorian keys, were sung, and the voices of the young la- dies, daughters of the best society the village can muster, rang out pleasantly through the empty hall. One of the peculiarities of the August festivity is that all the ladies appear only in native costumes, which have also been adopted by them on all occasions when a balldress is worn elsewhere. When I reached Tur6cz Szent Marton, I made at once for the office of the Narodne Noviny, the largest native publication, where I found Mr. Hurban-Vajansky. His appear- ance is as striking as his whole personality. Of more than medium height, heavily beard- ed, with a stentorian voice, he is a giant among his people. The New York banker had written him about my intended visit, and the formalities of introduction were there- fore short. He went with me to Hotel Dom, to find a room for me there, but it happened to be the day of manoeuvres, and the village was filled with the Magyar military, not less than six generals being the thorns in the Slovak sides, and all rooms were taken. So I was lodged in Mr. Hurban-Vajansky's private home, which gave me an insight in- to Slovak family life. It is rather a humble home for a literary man that the poet oc- cupies. He has sacrificed all his aspirations for the chosen purpose of serving his people. His father before him was an evangelical preacher and a literary man, and he him- self comes by right to the literary Inherit- ance. In the arbored hallway of the house he has sketched some verses on the wall as his spirit has moved him, and his young son promises to continue the tradition, for his verses are intermingled with those of his father. Though the appointments of the house are strikingly simple, there is a large private library of the world's best literature, mainly Slavic, in which Russia occu- pies the lion's share. Not less interesting are the pictures that adorn the wall. They are all the work of prominent Slovak artists, and some are first prints after such as could not be procured by him. Many are the goings and comings in the house. There came Sultety, the leading Slovak philologist, and Dula and Mudron, prominent lawyers; and, best of all, his old mother had just returned from a visit to her son who is a parson in a Slovak commu- nity in Croatia. Though seventy-five years old, she looks as if she might outlive her sons, being livelier than a child. She said

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Aug. i, 1901] The Nation. 8© she did not wish to stay in the village in Croatia, as the cemetery there looked too empty and uncomfortable. Nor is Mrs. Hur- ban-Vajansky less interesting. She takes a vivid interest in all the affairs of her hus- band and nation, and is a most charming hostess. I had some compunction about ac- cepting their hospitality, as, being a vege- tarian, I feared I should cause them incon- venience. But no, was not their country- man. Dr. Makovicky, a famous vegetarian, and why could they not feed me like the tame little rabbit that ran around the room? Mr. Hurban-Vajansky's family is as cultur- ed as any I have met. But there is a special flavor to all his sympathies. Of course, he is a Magyar-hater and a Panslavist. He belongs to that older generation of men, like Aksakov in Russia, who believe in the ex- istence of a Slavic idea. What that idea is, neither he nor his friends could well define, but it finds expression in a general hatred of everything German, Jewish, Magyar. There is growing up a young Slovakia which, like young Bohemia under the guid- ance of Professor Masaryk, is more reason- able in its aspirations, and seeks a solution of the perplexing question of a Slavic na- tionality in self-improvement according to Western ideas. Apart from these Panslavist tendencies, which are alienating the young- er generations from him, Hurban-Vajansky Is broad-minded and thorough. He has not that unconditional admiration for Tolstoi that some of his countrymen and others pro- fess to have, for he regards his teachings as contradictory and "academic," while his 'Resurrection' is a "youthful" error. Nor does he speak of Sienkiewicz with uncondi- tional praise. He has no use for the heap- ing of bloody incidents in which the Polish author revels. Some years ago the American Slovaks in- vited Hurban-Vajansky to cross the ocean and lecture to them. Unfortunately he could not accept their invitation, for fear of of- fending the Catholics at home. Soon after, he passed three months in a Magyar prison for a supposed demonstration in favor of a Slovak editor who had just returned from a year's incarceration. When he left his cell, in which he wrote a long novel now printing, he found the American Slovaks had deposited one thousand florins for him in the bank. It Is quite possible that he will come to Amer- ica; at least he would accept such an invi- tation from his American countrymen. After leaving Szent Marton, I went to Sillein (Zsolna, in Magyar) to see the famous Tolstoist and friend of Tolstoi, Dr. Mako- vicky. He ha3 translated many of this au- thor's works into Slovak, possesses a very large Tolstoi album and correspondence with the master, and lives up to his principles. Here in Sillein there also lived a lawyer, I.ombardini, who was a great bibliophile, and who owned the most complete Slovak library. After his death, four years ago, his books found their way to a bookseller in Pressburg, where they were never un- packed. They are now on their way to the Harvard Library. F0UCH6.— II. Paris, July 14, 1901. Nobody in the Convention was in more danger than Fouche in the period which pre- ceded Thermidor. Robespierre hated him; their friendship in the old days at Arras had changed to a deep aversion. Fouchg paid a visit to Robespierre, in the hope of coming to some sort of understanding with the mas- ter of the Convention. Robespierre kept him long waiting, and saw him only to utter a violent diatribe against Fouche's policy in Lyons. Fouch6 did not reappear in his house, and open warfare began between them in the Convention and in the club of the Jacobins. Fouche became the instigator of a coalition against Robespierre; he did not show himself much, as he was not a good speaker, but he was behind Barras and Tal- lien, and he finally gave them the signal for the decisive attack. The famous sitting of the 9th Thermi- dor was so dramatic that Sardou had noth- ing to do, in his "Thermidor," but to trans- fer to the stage the official account of it. Fouche, though he did not appear at the tribune, was, after Saint-Just, Billaud, Tal- lien, Vadier, Collot-d'Herbois, Thuriot, one of the most energetic actors in the great drama. Of the date of his triumph he was all his life very proud. When, in 1815, he was threatened with the effect of the anger of Napoleon, he simply said: "On a certain day Robespierre exclaimed, 'Before a fort- night passes, Fouche's head or my own must roll on the scaffold.' It was his head that rolled there." The history of the quarrels of the Thermidorians among themselves after their victory is somewhat tedious. Fouchg had to defend himself against the attacks of many who had been his allies. He was assailed on all sides for his con- duct during his sanguinary missions. The Thermidorians were all Terrorists, and they found themselves the first victims of the reaction against the Terror which began after Thermidor. Fouche was finally de- clared ineligible to the new legislative body, and for a time fell into oblivion. For three years he led a miserable life. He asked for a place which would keep him from starving, he received an obscure mis- sion from the Directory to the frontiers of Spain. He was forbidden to remain in Faris, where he maintained relations with the worst Jacobins, and was exiled to Montmorency. When allowed to return, he became an agent of the financiers and army contractors. He offered his services to the Abbe de Montesquiou, the agent of Louis XVIII. in France. They were disdainfully refused. Of all his colleagues in the Con- vention, one only took some interest in him; it was Barras, who employed him oc- casionally unofficially, and recommend- ed him to the attention of his colleagues in the Directory. Fouche undertook the de- fence of the coup d'etat of Fructidor, which was made against the majority of the Cinq- Cents, and he was recompensed with the post of French Minister to the Cisalpine republic. His nomination caused a great sensation at Milan. Fouche, who had ceased to believe in the permanence of the republic, thought he had found in Gen. Joubert, who commanded in Lombardy, the instrument of a coup d'etat. His intrigues at Milan caused his recall, but he forced the Directory to give him another post in Holland. He there showed great activity in preparing resistance to an Anglo-Rus- sian invasion when he was called back to France and intrusted with the Ministry of General Police. Fouchfi was now in his element; he had at last, after six years of poverty and uncertainty, found a pedestal on which he resolved to build for himself an immense fortune, a mysterious and for- midable power; and while he was on his way from Tho Hague to Paris, Gen. Bona- parte was on the Mediterranean, approach- ing the coast of France. Fouchg owed his new post to Barras. They were both regicides; they were both bound to the cause of the Revolution; and If, in a moment of despair, Fouch6 had offered his services to the agent of the Bourbon, he feared more than ever a restoration. At the same time he was not, when he be-> came Minister of the Directory, in favor of a Jacobin policy. Segur, in his memoirs, attributes to him this cynical declaration; he wished "to arrest the march of a revolu- tion which was now, in his eyes, without an object, as he had obtained all the per- sonal advantages which he could claim." This was said to Segur in 1809, but it un. doubtedly represents Fouche's state of mind after he rose to power. His policy was clearly proclaimed by him the very day after he entered upon his new functions. It was a policy of equilibrium, consisting in opposing both parties, the Jacobins and the Royalists. But it was not to the weak government of the Directory that Fouche intended to give the task of fixing for ever the ideas of the Revolution, and of re- assuring its partisans at the same time against the excesses of the Terror and against the return of the monarchy. Fouche felt that France, tired of the Directory, needed a strong hand to direct its destinies. In Italy he had looked to Gen. Joubert, and he remained in correspondence with him; but Joubert was killed at the battle of Novi. He thought of Bonaparte, and made the acquaintance of Josephine; he helped her with money, and obtained com- munication of the letters which Bonaparte wrote to Josephine from Egypt. When Bonaparte landed at Frejus, Fouche was ready for him. His part in the preparation of the coup d'etat of Brumaire was not very apparent; it was none the less effective. Fouche affected astonishment; he made re- serves. He was ready for any emergency, and prepared to arrest Bonaparte if he did not succeed; to give him his powerful aid if he did. He lost no time In announcing to France, when Bonaparte was made First Consul, the constitution of a "powerful and strong Gov- ernment." He gave to Bonaparte at once the formula of his policy: "No reaction." "It was," says M. Madelin, "this thought which inspired in Fouche the attitude which he took after the 20th Brumaire, and which he kept till his downfall in 1802." We may well ask ourselves if this policy of "No re- action" was inspired in Bonaparte by Fou- che, or in Fouche by Bonaparte. They had the same interest in protecting the ideas and to a certain extent the men of the Revolu- tion; it is probable that they felt at once this community of interest. Napoleon no more than Fouche desired the return of the Bourbons; they both followed a personal policy; but circumstances were such that their policies coincided exactly. Fouche gave to the general and to the secret police a powerful organization; he instituted the Prefecture of Police and the General Commissioners of Police, and at- tached the gendarmerie to his administra- tion. His policy, as we have said, was one of equilibrium. He reassured at the same time the partisans of the Revolution and the

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90 The ISTatioii. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 Royalists, on condition that they would not conspire. He was in favor of the return of the emigres, and became almost popular in what remained of aristocratic society. He took strong means for the reestablishment of order in La Vendee, in Brittany, in Tou- raine, and instituted in twenty departments military commissions which made short work of all who lived by brigandage. In one of his reports, we find that there were still 145,000 emigrts on the 18th Brumaire; in a short time, the names of 12,000 were struck from the terrible list. The increasing power of Fouche was compromised when the lite of Napoleon was threatened by the celebrat- ed infernal machine of the Rue Saint Nicaise. The First Consul was saved; he appeared a moment at the opera and on his return to the Tuileries, where he found Fouche. There was no doubt that the attempt was the work of the Jacobins. Bonaparte was much excit- ed; he accused Fouche of leniency towards his enemies: "Ce sont vos Terroristes qui ont fait le coup" (Memoirs of Miot de Me- lito). Fouche remained silent, unmoved; the next day Napoleon accused again, before the Council of State, the remnants of the evil days of the Terror. Lucien, the brother of Bonaparte, openly upbraided Fouche ; all the high functionaries, the ministers, the cour- tiers, joined in the same cry. In the midst of this universal emotion, this phlegmatic man astonished his adver- saries by his calm. He felt, he knew, that the infernal machine was not the invention of the Jacobins, but of the royalists. His police was at work; he kept a mysterious silence till all the proofs were in his hands and some of the members of the conspiracy might have been arrested. Meanwhile, a list of 130 Jacobins had been made, and the Senate had approved of their deportation without trial. FouchG was asked to sign this iniquitous condemnation. He knew that refusal would be equivalent to dis- missal; he knew, also, that a few hours after- wards he should triumph, for he was on the point of arresting one of the conspir- ators. "FouchS did not hesitate. He coun- tersigned the proscription of 130 men accus- ed of terrorism between 1792 and 1795. He still was the Fouche of Nantes, of Nevers, of Lyons. He signed, and kept his place. Four days afterwards, he triumphed." He was so sure of his victory that he dared to ar- rest at midnight, at the very door of the Tuileries, Bourmont, who had conferred for an hour with the First Consul, and had tried to prove to him that the royalists had noth- ing to do with the plot of the infernal ma- chine. Napoleon heard of the arrest at once and summoned FouchG at one o'clock in the morning. In the presence of Cam- baceres and Lebrun, he made a terrible scene, threatening with disgrace and death the man who was so bold as to arrest a friend of the chief of state, as he came out of his room. The Minister seemed al- most indifferent to all this noise. "There will be time," he said coldly, "to hang me In a few hours." In the early morning Car- bon was arrested, and confessed that the royalists alone had prepared the infernal machine. All the important royalist chiefs wera arrested. FouchS was master of the field. Napoleon was literally subjugated; he never forgot these events of Nivose, and Fouche sometimes reminded him of them. Correspondence. THE MAGAZINE OF AMERICAN HIS- TORY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The proposed reestablishment of the Magazine of American History by Mr. Wil- liam L. Stone and myself has been already noticed by the Nation, and I desire to add that, while the old subscribers have evinced their interest by sending me a considerable list of subscriptions, and various historical writers have promised to furnish contribu- tions, it is yet necessary that a reasonable amount of capital should be obtained before reestablishment can be made possible. About $5,000 will secure this, and firmly establish this old and valuable historical publication, with which Mrs. Martha J. Lamb was so long identified. Towards this amount, in it- self so small when the object to be attained is so important to our literary community, I have received $500 from the Rev. Dr. Eugene A. Hoffman. I wish to appeal to all your readers who are interested in our national history for the amount remaining to be raised. I shall be glad to furnish such with any further details they may desire. Very truly yours, William Abbatt. 281 Fourth Ave., New Tork, July 24, 1901. Notes. At Winchester, the capital of King Al- fred's kingdom, is to be held during the third week in September the international commemoration of his death a thousand years ago. There is to be, besides, a per- manent memorial, consisting of a colossal statue (well under way) by Hamo Thorny- croft, and possibly a Hall, to be used as an Educational Museum of Early English History. To complete the statue, some ten thousand dollars will be needed. Americans desiring to participate in this memorial are invited to send their subscriptions to Pro- fessor Bright of Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, or to the Mayor of Winchester, Mr. Alfred Bowker. The Shakspere Press, Westfield, Union County, N. J., announces the resumption on September 1 of Shakcspercana, in quarterly issue. About November 1 it will have ready 'The Sonnets and Shakspere's Rival Poets,' with a reprint of Chapman's related poems, by Arthur Acheson. Frederick A. Stokes Co. will have the American market for the Edinburgh Shak- spere in ten folio volumes, edited by W. E. Henley. The issue will be in forty parts, and will contain ten "authentic" portraits. 360 of the 1,000 numbered sets are reserved for this country. G. P. Putnam's Sons have nearly ready 'The Science of Penology,' by Henry M. Boles, M.A. In October will appear, with E. P. Dut- ton & Co.'s imprint, 'A Wonderful Duchess,' being the biography of Anna Amelia, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach, compiled from the private papers in the Archives at Weimar by Frances Gerard. 'Falstaff and Equity: An Interpretation' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) Is the rather forc- ed title of an Ingenious and learned mon- ograph by Charles E. Phelps. The subject is Falstaff's remark (I. Henry IV., act ii., sc. 2), "An the Prince and Poins be not two arrant cowards, there's no Equity stirring" — a line so obscure that even Ma- lone, if we remember right, gave it up. Mr. Phelps is not only a lawyer, but a judge-, and has made a special study of the law reports of the period to which the play belongs; he arrives at an interpretation of this allusion of Falstaff's which, to say the least, is plausible. It requires some imag- ination to transport one's self to a period when the mere mention of Equity, as a sys- tem at variance with the common law, would be enough to set an audience laugh- ing; but undoubtedly such a day would have been just that in which this play was written. The major premises of Mr. Phelps's book may be said to be that any legal term, however neutral in itself, may come through circumstances to have a comical "content." Writers for the press employ the device continually, though they may never have analyzed the process. Ad in- terim and aliunde are two legal terms as technical as any, yet, in the time of An- drew Johnson, the first made us laugh, and in the time of the Electoral Commission the second. It is not often that a lawbook runs through six editions in twenty years; the appearance of the seventh edition of the 'Law of Torts,' by Melville Madison Bigelow (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.), is evidence of an extraordinary and merited success. Some additions and changes have been made, and the whole field of Tort is now covered, and the work for the first time completed. It is, we believe, the most com- pendious book, of any note, on the subject treated, the text being comprised in some 400 pages. Among other lawbooks, we have received a treatise relative to 'Taxpayers' Actions to Redress Municipal Wrongs, under the Statutes of the State of New York,' by John C. Thomson (Albany: H. B. Parsons). The statute is now buried under a body of decisions which make this treatise a ne- cessity to the practitioner. A little 'Manual of School Hygiene,' by Prof. Edward W. Hope and Edgar A. Brown, in the 'Cambridge [Eng.j Series for Schools and Training Colleges' (New York: Mac- millan), contains, among other fresh mat- ter, a section, under "Care of the Eye," on "Faulty Conditions Imposed by the Print- er." There is here some failure to grasp the typographical situation, as In the advice to make the dialogue the norm of the school-book page, the left-hand edge to be vertical as now, the right-hand "advan- tageously varied"— like the typewriter's. This would sacrifice taste, which is grati- fied by symmetry; but, of course, it is fur- ther open to the standing objection that a jagged edge would always be suggestive of dropped words or characters. Similarly, the authors would allow no division of words at the end of a line, either leaving a blank or tolerating uneven and gross spacing. But this would deprive the child of discipline in division by simple observation. What is said of glazed paper and of the forms and size of letters is sensible, and so is the re- mark that "the longer the lines, . . . the greater fatigue in reading a given num- ber of words" — and, we believe, the greater difficulty in comprehending and in remem- bering. That is, visualizing is made harder.

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Aug. i, 1901] Tlie ISTation. 91 Half a score of well-known German lyric poets, such as Von Liliencron, Bierbaum, Falke, Wedekind, etc., have jointly engaged in a novel kind of reform. To raise the per- formances at the varieties theatres to a higher artistic level, they have published in one small volume a. collection of their lighter songs, 'Deutsche Chansons — Brettl- Lieder' (Berlin: Schuster & Loeffler); while one, not of their number, Ernst von Wol- zogen, has undertaken the practical task of bringing them upon the boards (Brettl). "We imagine the variete of the future as a stage that shall claim to be, not a moral, but an aesthetic, institution," sa.y the au- thors in their preface; and it must be ad- mitted that many of their songs are not of a nature to elevate, at least not directly, the moral standard of the audience. Still, there is a chance that, through the removal of the coarsest features and the development of artistic taste, the moral sense may also ultimately be reached. The Current Encyclopwdia, bearing date July 1 and the imprint of the Modern Re- search Society (Chicago and New York), is the initial number of an illustrated month- ly publication whose title explains its pur- pose. It becomes an annual cyclopaedia when twelve parts are bound together, and meantime each successive part contains an index embracing the preceding indexes. This index is by no means "full," as the prospec- tus avers, for it is only to the rubrics and not to the contents; but it is convenient. Certain contemplated departments, such as Legislation and Art, are invisible in the present number; nor has the review of new books been begun. Some of the articles are signed, and three of the writers thus dis- closed (one an associate editor) bear the brunt of the collaboration. A bibliography is frequently appended. Personal sketches naturally abound — of deceased public characters and prominent living ones, generally with portraits. The brief ac- counts of Minister Conger and Comptroller Dawes are not favorable specimens of monthly cyclopaedic work. Australia, China, Cuba, Hawaii, the Philippines, the Supreme Court's Porto Rican decisions, the new East River bridge, Edison's new storage battery, a new clock-face, recent astronomy, the Pan-American Exposition, that at Glasgow, the Hall of Fame of New York University — these are some of the subjects treated, along with a financial review, etc., etc. The illus- trations are mostly very good. Later num- bers will develop the scheme more perfectly and show the strength of the staff. The success of the American Historical Review in drawing out for publication South- ern political correspondence is emphasized in the current (July) issue. Its Depart- ment of Documents consists wholly of let- ters of Dr. Samuel Cooper, 1825-1832 (which, though chiefly personal, are in line with what follows), and letters on the nullifica- tion movement in South Carolina in 1830- 1834. These read like strayed archives of the Confederacy, so minute are they in de- tails of military preparation for an armed struggle with the Federal Government. Has the date ever been fixed of the Southern, or perhaps we should write Southron, pre- paredness to fall back on secession in self- defence against assumed invasion of section- al rights? Hayne, who figures here as or- ganizing his nullification militia, was ready in 1826 for an exit from the Union upon "any interference whatever" in the South's "do- mestic concerns." "To assail our institu- tions [even by moral reprobation of the act of slaveholding] is wantonly to invade our peace." And this outburst occurred in a speech on the Panama question. The Geographical Journal for July opens with the annual address to the Royal Geo- graphical Society by Sir C. R. Markham. His chief topic was the Antarctic expedi- tion, whose "main objects are to deter- mine, as far as is possible, the extent and nature of the south polar land, to ascertain the nature of its glaciatlon and the condi- tion of the ice-cap, to observe the charac- ter of the underlying rocks, and to make a magnetic survey south of 40°." This in- cludes, of course, an inquiry into the source of the enormous icebergs which en- cumber the antarctic sea in such vast num- bers. Flat-topped, 150 to 200 feet high, they are sometimes one or two miles in length. The seven alternative routes by which the unknown area may be penetrat- ed were described, and reference was made to the recent conference of the representa- tives of eight nations — "all of those bor- dering the North Sea and the Baltic with the exception of France" — to arrange for the joint economic study of those seas: "to devise means for ascertaining whe- ther the supply of fish is declining, as is generally believed; what is the reason for such decline, if it is really a fact, and the best means of preventing or checking its progress." Dr. Robert Bell gives an account of the part which he took in an expedi- tion sent out by the Dominion Government to make investigations as to the naviga- tion of Hudson Strait. This involved a sur- vey of the southern coast of Baffinland and an exploration into the interior. Baffinland is an island, the third largest in the world, on the west side of Baffin's Bay. It is a bleak, treeless country, about 1,000 miles in length by 200 to 500 broad, apparently of no great value, being composed of barren rocks partly covered with ice. A number of single reindeer were seen, and, in the interior, a few birds. The population in this southern part consists of about 170 Eskimo, who proved to be brave, industrious, provi- dent, and honest. The males were fine spec- imens of manhood, their height being above the average of the human race. The Ethnike Agoge of Athens publishes the statistics of visitors at the museum in Olympia, from 1888 to 1900, as reported by the Ephor. In these thirteen years, 9,725 foreigners, more than one-half of whom were from England and America, were attracted thither. Germany stands third in the list with 1,524, and France fourth with 1,444, while the Russians, Austrians, and Italians together made a contingent of only 1,000. There were 31,711 Greek visitors. There has been a steady increase in the annual attendance from 201 to about 1,200 in recent years, the greatest increase being shown in the American contingent from 28 in 1888 to 419 in 1900. The annual report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for the year 1900 has two main portions of great practical interest. Mr. Lewis Woolman continues his unapproach- able record of artesian wells and water-bear- ing strata, while Dr. Henry B. Kiimmel re- views the Portland cement industry in con- nection with the State's natural deposits of limestone and cement rock, and the modes of manufacture. The growth of this industry has been very rapid and is far from having reached its height. The areas under dis- cussion ate mapped in detail by Dr. Kiim- mel, whose whole presentation is very clear and orderly. 'Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution,' volume i., is devoted to an exhaustive account of S. P. Langley's bolometric researches, the result of the discovery, made in 1881 with the then recently invented bolometer, of solar heat in a hitherto unknown spectral region now called the "lower infra-red spectrum." Of the solar radiations which reach the earth's surface, about three-fourths are invisible. The visible portion of the spectrum has been explored and mapped with great minuteness. The object of the investigation now publish- ed is to give for the first time the principal details of the important invisible portion ly- ing beyond the red. This region is shown to be the seat of the principal telluric absorp- tions of the solar energy. There seems to be evidence that the absorption of the earth's atmosphere is directly associated with sea- sonal changes, and it is thought that some progress has been made towards foretelling, by means of bolometric observations, the re- moter changes of the weather. Thus the study of solar energy may become, not sim- ply an interesting scientific pursuit, but one of material usefulness. The volume is illus- trated by over thirty plates. In discussing, some weeks ago, the re- lation between yellow fever and the mos- quito, we said: "With the culex subdued, the fever will be controlled." The vital sta- tistics of Havana for June confirm this. Yellow fever held over from 1900 as usual, and there were 31 cases with 12 deaths in January and February. Upon the publica- tion of the conclusions of the Reed Com- mission, Gen. Wood directed that every ef- fort should be made to carry out disinfection along those lines, and on February 16 the order prescribing the new method was is- sued. No fresh case has occurred since May 7, and no death since March 16, not- withstanding that within the last three months three cases were introduced sepa- rately from without. Major Gorgas, the sanitary officer, appears justified in believ- ing that the various foci were disinfected one after the other by killing off the con- taminated mosquitoes, and in the opinion that "by pursuing present methods not only can Havana be rid of yellow fever, but that its spread may be prevented when in- troduced from the outside." Certainly the existing condition of the city is far and away the best that it has enjoyed. —The opening article in the Centura for August is on "Midsummer in New York," by Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer. It un- dertakes to make out a case for remain- ing in New York during the summer, a thesis which, no matter how ably handled, revolts the human understanding. An ar- ticle on why New York is unfit for human habitation in July would be more to the point. Incidentally, Mrs. Van Rensselaer visits the Barge Office, and discusses the newly landed immigrant and the proper way to treat him. She says that at the Barge Office an ethnologist might feel happy, but how about "a philanthropist or a patriot"? She admits that there is a good deal of "fine human stuff" to be seen at the Barge Office, but, in the mass, "what wooden, bovine, hawk-like, passionate,

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92 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 crafty, timid, or neurotic faces!" "The one trait" which these unfortunates "have in common" is "an ignorance so deep that a New Yorker can hardly fathom it." Yet this is the material "out of which we must make New Yorkers, Americans." Such a spectacle would render most people hope- less, but not so Mrs. Van Rensselaer, who is an optimist. These animals all become noble Americans in time, through the agency of sympathy, and mutual helpful- ness, and kindergartens, and "the method of fraternal kindness" which leads us to aid the arriving animal to humanize him- self. This is all rather vague, but the fact is that sociological philanthropy is apt to be rather vague. "The Paris Commune, Thirty Years After," by William Trant and Archibald Forbes, is a symposium which discusses the question as to how far Paris brute was the work of petroleur and petro- letise. Mr. Trant maintains, and the weight of evidence seems to be in his favor, that the whole story of the organized attempt to use petroleum to fire the city was a myth. People were undoubtedly killed or found dead who were taken for petroleum incendiaries, and there may have been soli- tary petroleum incendiaries, but "there was no intention or attempt, organized by the Commune or any one else, to destroy Paris, and the petroleur and petroleusc had no existence in fact, but were the off- spring of the delirium of the moment." The matter might be worth looking into further, in connection with other historical conflagrations. — The tract surveyed in the .July section of the Oxford English Dictionary (H. Frowde) extends from Jew to Kairine, and now another section will bring the end of volume v., with volume vi. well under way. The verb "to jew" is traced no further back than Barham in 1845, and Irving used it in 1847. "Jiffy" remounts to Baron Mun- chausen in 1785, his phrase being "in six jiffies"; but the derivation of the word is still to seek. Equally obscure is that of "jiggered," which Marryat fathers in the 'Dog-Fiend' ("I'm jiggered"), 1837. "Jingo" is .an old word, here of 1670, as a conjurer's summons, "Hey [or High] Jingo!" — as op- posed to the fugitive "Presto!" The "par Dieu!" of Rabelais is rendered by Motteux in 1694 "by Jingo," and this enduring ex- pression finally in 1879 begot our political noun "Jingo" out of Mr. G. W. Hunt's music-hall chorus — "We don't want to fight, yet by Jingo! if we do," etc., of 1878. "High jinks" goes back to the beginning of the 18th century. The Western gift to the East, the two-wheeled carriage named by the re- cipients "jin-riki-sha," or man-power ve- hicle, was, says one of Dr. Murray's cita- tions, "invented by a missionary. W. Goble, about 1870." On the other hand, Westerners adapted names for "joss" and "junk," neither of these words being Chinese. "Jonathan" for the United States is found in English use in 1816, and four years later Sydney Smith made the still wholesome remark, "We can inform Jonathan what are the inevitable consequences of being too fond of glory: Taxes upon every article which enters into the mouth." Our "Jim-Crow" car for the victims of color prejudice is here encoun- tered only in English mention (1900) of the prevailing Southern practice; but the name came into being at the North in 1841, as may readily be found, to our shame. — An Americanism likely to escape detec- tion by the elect is the prefixing of "just" (=exactly) to a demonstrative in such phrases as "just this," "just what," "just how." It is certainly much older than 1884, the date of Dr. Murray's first quotation. The American use of "judge," as compared with the much more restricted and special- ized English use, is among the valuable his- torical illustrations of this section. Another is the exemplification of the origin of "jury," name and thing. Curious, as here unfolded, is the development of "jubilee," with the interlacing of the shouting Latin words "jubilum" and "jubilare" and the Old Testament word, whose foundation was the ram's horn, not for the purpose of mere noise-making, but of proclaiming the pe- culiar Jewish festival of rest and restitution. To the Latin "juncus," a rush or reed, we owe ultimately our "junket," first a rush basket, then cream-cheese served or made in such a basket, then a feast and a picnic. The invention of "joyance" is ascribed to Spenser, but the novelty took indifferently till Coleridge and Southey caught it up, when it became a favorite with the nineteenth century. "July" was stressed in Johnson's time on the penult. "Judgement" (the spell- ing preferred by Dr. Murray) appears to have obtained firmly to the middle of the seventeenth century, when "judgment" came in. Exceptions as shown are rare on either side of the line. Under the letter K, in- teresting is the account of its role in Eng- lish. The politics of the hour are connected with the use of "Kaffirs" on the English Stock Exchange to denote South African mine shares in 1889. — Some years ago the American Philo- sophical Society of Philadelphia offered a prize of two thousand dollars for the best essay on "The Development of Law as Il- lustrated by the Decisions Relating to the Police Power of the State." The prize was carried off by W. G. Hastings of Wilber, Nebraska, and is now reprinted by him in a volume of 196 pages (Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xxxix, No. 163). The essay deserves attention as the first serious attempt to discuss the "Police Power" — a doctrine developed by the American courts within the last fifty years — in a philosophical manner. The sub- ject, though of the utmost importance, is an abstruse and difficult one, and, if we un- derstand Mr. Hastings aright, no man has yet discovered the limits of the police power, because it has, in the nature of things, no limits, being nothing less than the invoca- tion through the judiciary (in a State gov- erned by a written Constitution) of the ultimate power of the State to deal with contract, property, and the individual in such way as it deems necessary for the public good. It is a fiction unnecessary in a State in which there are no written Constitution- al limitations, because it is used only to evade some apparently exclusive limitations or restrictions. Apparently Mr. Hastings, like so many other lawyers, thinks the views often expressed in these columns about the Granger cases and their sequelae are more or less wrong. This line of decisions in the Federal courts is, to our mind, however, admirably adapted to illustrate his main thesis, that the police power is a fiction. Here we have, first, decisions that the Legis- latures may control rates charged by ele- vators, railroads, etc., followed by other de- cisions that they may fix them only within reasonable limits, these to be determined by ordinary judicial methods. The true his- torical explanation of this is that a wave of socialistic sentiment swept the Supreme Court into an invocation of the Police Pow- er to permit assaults on property, while the danger to property brought about by the demon it had invoked, drove it subse- quently into limitations of the power suf- ficient to make it harmless. The essay is a valuable contribution to the literature of the subject. — Prof. Williston Walker of the Hartford Theological Seminary delivered in 1898 and 1899 two courses of lectures at Andover which are now published by Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston, under the title, 'Ten New England Leaders.' The ten are William Bradford, John Cotton, Richard Mather, John Eliot, Increase Mather, Jonathan Ed- wards, Charles Chauncy, Samuel Hopkins, Leonard Woods, Leonard Bacon. Prof. Walk- er's 'History of the Congregational Churches in America' and his 'Creeds and Platforms' were books that must have made the writ- ing of these sketches comparatively easy. Each separate figure stands out the more clearly because of this background of careful study. The salient points of his characters are seized with rare discrimination, and a due proportion is observed in relating them to each other and to the general course of New England theology. Bradford's and Eliot's courteous treatment of the Jesuit Missionary Gabriel Druillettes is perhaps exaggerated by the omission of the fact that he came as an ambassador seeking a reciprocity of trade between Canada and the New England settlements. Cotton's shiftiness with regard to Mrs. Hutchison is too graciously condoned, while in the affair of Roger Williams it is made plain that all the bigotry was not on Cotton's side. The good people of Dorchester, Mass., will be grieved by Professor Walker's judgment that their "First Church" which Richard Mather instituted, was, strictly speaking, the second, the first having gone bodily to Windsor, Conn. Eliot's Indian labors are not too highly appreciated. Particularly Interesting is the fight which Increase Ma- ther made with the liberalism of his day, one of its crimes being the "dumb reading" of the Scriptures in the churches — that is, without explanation. The sketch of Jona- than Edwards is, of course, the most impor- tant, and it is admirably done. So is that of Charles Chauncy, the heretic of Professor Walker's ten. the chief opponent of the Great Awakening. But in those times men found themselves heretics in the very act of try- ing to be orthodox — Hopkins, for example, whose anti-slavery career proved him will- ing to be damned for his humanity to man as well as for the glory of God. Like Ed- wards and Ezra Stiles, he began as a slave- owner, Stiles purchasing a slave in the West Indies for a hogshead of New England rum. The two Leonards — Woods and Bacon — were able ecclesiastics rather than pro- found theologians. The former was efficient in healing the schism of Old Calvinism and Hopkinsianlsm, the latter in minimizing the differences of Taylor and Bushnell from the received theology. It Is interesting to find Bacon going to school with John Brown in Hudson, Ohio. The popular conception was much at fault if Bacon's disposition was in general irenical. The abolitionists did not so conceive when he was issuing

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Aug. i, 1 901] The Nation. 93 papal interdicts against them of one kind or another. It would seem that Dr. Bacon was not sufficiently remote to be treated with the impartiality meted out to the nine earlier leaders. ' —'The Bolivian Andes,' by Sir W. M. Con- way (Harpers), is a "record of climbing and exploration in the Cordillera Real in the years 1898 and 1900." Bolivia still of- fers strong inducements to the mountaineer and to the geographer, for, though the re- gion around the mines is well known, the back country has been little travelled. Sir Martin Conway's entourage in the Andes was not nearly so large as that which he had when Pioneer Peak was climbed, and his South American volume is also less am- bitious than his account of mountaineering in the Himalayas. Mr. Whymper, when he went to Ecuador, took with him two guides from Val Tournanche, and Sir Martin Con- way was attended in Bolivia by two natives of the same Alpine village — Antoine Maqui- gnaz (who belongs to one of the most cele- brated families of guides), and Louis Pellis- sier, a faithful and competent second man. But the Aymara Indians who were impressed for porters were a poor substitute for the Gurkhas. At the same time we must con- fess that we have found the smallness of the author's retinue no obstacle to our en- joyment of his adventures. The element of pure sport becomes greater when three men go out alone to attack a new and important peak. When the result of independent climb- ing is not a tragedy, like Mummery's death on Nanga Parbat, the story is more attrac- tive than when the leader is followed by a caravan of guides, porters, and artists. In Bolivia, too, Sir Martin Conway had his vicissitudes, and did not subdue every mountain which he attempted. His chief triumph was the ascent of Illimani, 21,200 feet, and his chief defeat was encountered a little below the top of a still higher sum- mit, Ancohuma. Here he was beaten by fresh and powdery snow, not by the inevi- table difficulties of the mountain. When it came to a choice of taking a diagonal course across a steep slope where the chances were in favor of starting an avalanche, and beat- ing a retreat which meant failure, Sir Mar- tin Conway obeyed the voice of conscience. "I leave, therefore, not the highest point, but one of the finest and most historic peaks of the Andes untrodden. We overcame all its permanent difficulties and found the right way up, but a temporary impediment stop- ped us from actually standing on the top." Besides climbing, the author saw several of the mines, and learned something of the rub- ber industry. He thinks that Bolivia holds out excellent business prospects. There are Interesting notices of the Indians, and an appendix describes the rocks, minerals, fos- sils, and flora collected. We state with some regret that the illustrations of this volume are not what one expects to get in a modern book on mountaineering. Instead of being photogravures, they are half-tone reproduc- tions of rather poor quality. — 'Our Naval Heroes' (London: John Mur- ray; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.) is not a volume of patriotic effusion, but a series of short biographical sketches, extending from the reign of Edward III. to the middle of the nineteenth century. It recalls very strongly a book which was edited two years ago by Mr. Spenser Wilkinson, entitled 'From Cromwell to Wellington,' Mr. Marindin now does for the British navy what Mr. Wilkin- son then did for the army. Both books share the distinction of being brought out under distinguished patronage. Lord Roberts con- tributed an excellent introduction to Mr. Wilkinson's volume, and Lord Charles Beres- ford has been enlisted for a similar task by Mr. Marindin, the editor of 'Our Naval Heroes.' While Lord Beresford's pages are not so seriously considered as were those of Lord Roberts, they are marked by his robustness of spirit, and add an interesting feature to the collection. Carrying the com- parison a step further, we may say that in both cases the essays are written by dif- ferent contributors, and that only the most representative soldiers and sailors have been selected. In this book the list has been cut down to twenty names, and accordingly few seamen of the second class appear. Drake and Blake, Vernon, Anson, Hawke, and the other great admirals of the eighteenth cen- tury until Nelson, are the heroes selected. After Nelson (and his contemporaries like Troubridge and Hood) no one is taken ex- cept Sir T. Byam Martin. The articles of 'From Cromwell to Wellington' were largely written by Staff College officers and soldiers in active service. In 'Our Naval Heroes,' too, some of the writers are qualified by professional knowledge, but the chief cri- terion seems to be descent from the subject of the sketch. While this principle has sometimes yielded good results, the average quality of the articles has not been improved by departure from the rule which Mr. Wil- kinson observed. THE CONFEDERATE FINANCES. The Confederate States of America, 1861- 1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South during the Civil War. By John Christopher Schwab, Professor of Political Economy in Yale University. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. Pp. 332. Professor Schwab seems to have taken up originally the task of investigating the finances of the Confederate States, and to have been drawn irresistibly into the wider field of the economic and social condition of the South during the war. It could hardly have been otherwise. Closely linked with the finances of the central government were those of the States and municipalities. Then followed the operations of banks, railroads, and private corporations, all dovetailed with the public ones. Finally, the industries and morals of the people were affected more or less by the irredeemable currency that served as the medium of exchange during the period, and could not be left out of the account. Hence the title of the book is properly the Confederate States of Ame- rica, as the author has it, rather than the Confederate Finances. With military op- erations he does not concern himself ex- cept as they reflect upon financial conditions from time to time. We shall restrict ourselves for the most part to the Confederate finances, because this subject is susceptible of treatment with- in moderate limits, and because everything else pivoted on it; also because it is the subject about which least is known either North or South. While the finances of the Union have been subjected to very careful examination by Adams, Mitchell, Bolles, and others, those of the Confederacy have been scarcely glanced at. Capers's 'Life of Mem- minger' Is a meritorious work in biography, but it does not take the place of a history of the Confederate Treasury. The Confederacy first borrowed $16,000,- 000 at 8 per cent, interest for ten years. This was substantially paid in gold, or gold value, during the year 1861, and was expend- ed for supplies abroad. Confederate Trea- sury notes to the amount of $2,000,000 were issued at the same time. These bore inter- est at the rate of 3.65 per cent., and none of them were of denominations smaller than $50. They were not intended to be used as currency. An export duty of % cent per pound on cotton was enacted, and this was regarded as the sheet anchor of the Con- federate financial system; but, by reason of the blockade, it yielded next to nothing. Later in the same year, May 16, the Con- federate Congress authorized the issue of $20,000,000 of non-interest-bearing Treasury notes of denominations of $5 and $10, re- deemable in specie in two years. These were intended to circulate as money. The notes were fundable into 8 per cent, bonds. They became at once the currency of the Con- federacy. It was supposed that the funding clause would lift them above par, but, be- ing themselves the unit of value, they kept the bonds down to their own level. The bonds could not rise higher than their source. The 8 per cent, bonds were authorized to the amount of $150,000,000, and it was sought to make them, in part, a produce loan. Cotton, corn, flour, pork, beef, and tobacco would be taken in exchange for them, and agents were appointed to solicit subscriptions among the planters. Nine- tenths of all the subscriptions were in cot- ton. The reason why cotton was offered so profusely was that the Confederate Treasury was the only market open to the planter; his customary market was cut off by the blockade. Meanwhile he had his own obli- gations to meet, and these could not be satisfied with 8 per cent, bonds any more than with the cotton itself. There was an outcry in all quarters for relief for the planters. Some persons advocated an issue of Treasury notes with which to buy all the cotton offered for sale. Others proposed a loan of such notes on the cotton as security. Either of these plans, it was seen, would wreck the Confederate finances at the start. So It turned out that cotton, instead of be- ing King in the great emergency of the South, was a helpless, hydrocephalic infant. The Confederate Congress did nothing for the planters, but some of the separate Leg- islatures voted them Treasury notes of their own State issues on the security of cotton, which was left in the hands of the planters themselves. The State notes were "based" on this cotton. At the end of 1861 there were $105,000,000 of Confederate Treasury notes outstanding, and the premium on gold was 15 to 20 per cent.— the record is not exact. The notes were never made legal tender. The ques- tion of making them such was frequently under debate in Congress, but was always decided in the negative. The arguments pro and con were the same as those used at Washington, where a contrary decision was reached. The argument of greatest force at Richmond was the constitutional one. No such power had been granted, therefore it did not exist. The Southern men had been born and trained as strict constructionists. The ideas they had imbibed in their youth

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94= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 clung to them. It was argued strongly, al- so, that a legal-tender clause would add no- thing to the value of the notes, and so it turned out. True, the Confederate notes de- clined farther and faster than the green- backs, but that was because their volume was greater, while their field of circulation was smaller, and because the South was blockad- ed and cut off from the world's commerce. Although the Confederate Congress did not, and Southern State Legislatures could not, make the notes legal tender, the latter bod- ies, or some of them, deprived creditors of the remedies they had previously enjoyed for collecting their dues in the courts of law. These devices are minutely examined and suitably reproved in the work before us. On August 19, 1861, the Confederate Con- gress authorized an issue of $100,000,000 of Treasury notes of denominations of $5 and upwards. It was the opinion of the Southern bankers, who were then holding a convention at Richmond, that this might be safely done, but the limit was raised to $150,000,000 be- fore the end of the year. The notes were re- deemable "six months after the ratification of a treaty of peace between the Confederate States and the United States." These were convertible into bonds drawing 8 per cent, interest, or into call certificates drawing 6 per cent., the latter being reconvertible in- to notes at the holder's option. Internal taxation was not resorted to by the Confederacy in the first year of the war except by a direct tax on the States, which was paid mostly by issuing State notes. The customs yielded next to nothing, the ports being blockaded. It was Secretary Mem- minger's opinion at the outset that the war should be carried on by loans, with just suf- ficient taxation to pay interest. In this he was at one with Secretary Chase, who, how- ever, made a small allowance in addition for a sinking fund. The Confederate Con- gress did not go so far in the way of taxa- tion as Secretary Memminger advised. It preferred to rely on bond issues and note issues altogether. It accordingly passed an act in April, 1862, for $165,000,000 of 8 per cent, bonds and $50,000,000 of new notes. It also issued an attractive kind of note of the denomination of $100, bearing interest at the rate of 7.30 per cent., receivable for taxes. It was supposed that these would be held for investment, but they were soon found to be in circulation. Prices of com- modities were rising so rapidly that the notes were worth more in trade than in one's strong-box. Only 9 per cent, of the pub- lic expenses was met with bonds, 85 per cent, with notes, and 6 per cent, with taxes, donations, and the confiscation of Federal property. As early as September, 1862, every barrier to note issues was thrown down by the passage of an act authorizing issues limit- ed only by the appropriations of Congress. This system avoided present trouble and saved some bookkeeping, but it added to the anxieties of the Secretary of the Treasury, who knew that it was ruinous in the long run. Military success could alone prevent the Confederacy from falling a victim to financial madness. Produce loans were re- sorted to as a partial relief from currency Inflation, but currency inflation had now got such a start that it frustrated the benefits of the produce loan by the advance in prices which it caused. Still, the Government ob- tained the ownership of 430,000 bales of cot- ton during the war, and was able to ship 19,000 bales to Europe by blockade-runners. In December, 1862, the Treasury notes out- standing, including State issues, reached $500,000,000, and gold was worth three for one. The Erlanger loan Is the next incident. The idea was conceived of making cotton the basis of a loan abroad. After various negotiations the scheme was undertaken by the house of Erlanger & Co. of Paris. It was for £3,000,000 sterling, and was secured by cotton in the Confederate States at 6d. per pound. Erlanger & Co. underwrote the loan at 77 and were allowed a commission of 5 per cent. Cotton was then selling at 21d. per pound in England. The payments were to be made in monthly instalments, the first one being 5 per cent. The sub- scription was opened March 21, 1863, at the issue price of 90, and was said to have teen over-subscribed five times in England alone. That the subscriptions were mostly speculative was inferred from the fact that, after going up to 95, the price fell below 90 within one month, and there was dan- ger that the subscribers would forfeit the 5 per cent, paid in rather than complete their subscriptions. With the sanction of J. M. Mason, the Confederate envoy to Eng- land, Erlanger & Co. began to buy the bonds with the money of the Confederacy, in or- der to sustain the price. About $6,000,000 was squandered in this way, and the mar- ket price was held at or near 90 till the news of Gettysburg and Vicksburg reached Europe, when it fell to 65, and after the battle of Chattanooga to 37. What with brokers' commissions, interest on bonds, re- purchases to sustain the market, and other expenses, the net amount realized on the $15,000,000 of bonds was only $6,500,000; but this was clear gain to the Confederacy, as the principal was never paid. It was a gam- ble between Erlanger and the purchasers of the bonds, in which the former presumably won the stakes. The Confederate cruisers were paid for out of the net amount received by the Confederacy. At the beginning of 1863 Mr. Memminger addressed himself to the task of getting his Treasury notes funded into bonds. The notes were, by the terms of their issue, fundable into 8 per cent, bonds. An act was passed to hasten the process. It provided that notes not so funded by April, 1863, should be fund- t.l only in 7 per cents. This was akin to re- pudiation, but we of the North had perhaps best not challenge comparison at this point. Our greenbacks, by the terms of issue, were fundable Into 6 per cents, but were deprived of the funding privilege altogether a year and a half later. As funding was not pro- moted by an act of bad faith, Secretary Memminger next proposed compulsion. He recommended that a bill be passed providing that notes not funded before August 1, 1863, should cease to be currency and cease to be fundable. The Confederate Congress passed a bill with elaborate provisions to carry this plan into effect. It contained also pro- visions for issuing new notes to the amount of $50,000,000 per month. This attempt to brand the old notes while issuing new ones threw the currency into worse disorders than before. The Richmond banks refused to re- ceive the old notes as deposits, and the Vir- ginia Legislature ordered that they should not be received for State taxes. The news- papers denounced the act of Congress as re- pudiation. The noteholders, seeing that the old notes were likely to become worthless. now hastened to fund them, and actually turned in $125,000,000 in three months of 1863, but in these three months $150,000,000 of new notes had been issued. The total amount outstanding on the 1st of January, 1864, was upwards of $700,000,000, and gold was 20 for 1. Only $5,000,000 was raised during the year by taxation. The total debt of the Confederacy was now $1,221,000,000. In the year 1863 an abortive scheme was proposed for an issue of Confed- erate bonds to be guaranteed by the States separately. There were almost as many varieties of guarantee as there were States. It is interesting to note that Missis- sippi attached no conditions to her endorse- ment. North Carolina took the sane view that, being a member of the Confederacy, she was already bound for its debts, and therefore a second endorsement was not necessary. Texas passed a naive resolution that if she should ever withdraw from the Confederacy, she would pay her share of its debts. The scheme never matured. Various schemes of repudiation were now on foot, in Congress, in the State Legislatures, in the press, in the Secretary's report, and in President Davis's messages. They took shape eventually iD a bill (passed February 17, 1864), providing that all outstanding notes smaller than $5 should be fundable and receivable at par till the first of July, 1864, and thereafter be taxed 33 1-3 per cent, of their face value, and on the first of Jan- uary, 1865, be taxed 100 per cent. — that is, be wholly repudiated. Notes of denomina- tions between $5 and $100 were to be treat- ed in the same way except that the dates were different. Notes of $100 and upwards not funded before the first of April were to be taxed 33 1-3 per cent, at that date, and 10 per cent, per month till funded. Simultaneously another issue of notes was authorized (a sort of "new ten- or"), for which the old notes ex- cept those of $100 and upwards could be exchanged at the rate of $3 old for $2 new; $426,000,000 were so exchanged. The cur- rency had now become unmanageable. The $100 notes continued to circulate after they had been outlawed. There was active fund- ing for some months after the passage of this bill, and its effect was shown in a decline of the gold premium from $23 ta $17 for one; but when the new notes came out, it rose again to $23 in September, and reached $40 before the end of the year. The volume of currency was now fully $1,000,000,- 000. The old notes and the new ones "circu- lated side by side, were equally discredited, and continued to depreciate together." They passed in trade at the same rates. The credit of the Confederate Government was now wrecked, and Mr. Memminger recognized the fact by resigning his office in midsummer, 1864. He was succeeded by George A. Trenholm of Charleston. The latter was not slow to perceive that compulsory funding had been a tremendous mistake. "Apprehensions of ultimate repudiation," he wrote to Gov. Bonham, "crept like an all-pervading poison into the minds of the people, and greatly circumscribed and diminished the purchas- ing power of the notes." In January, 1865, gold was $53 for one. Secretary Trenholm proposed to reverse the policy of compul- sory funding, i. e., to discontinue taxing the old notes, in order to save the Government's credit. It was too late. A bill to carry Mr. Trenholm's plan into effect was passed by

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Aug. i, 1901] The Nation. 95 the House, but failed in the Senate. There ■was nothing to do now but to make fresh issues of notes, although the previous law for this purpose contained a pledge that that should be the last. In March, 1865, a bill for $80,000,000 of "new tenor" was passed over the President's veto. There was some talk about heavier taxes on exports and imports, although there were none to be taxed. The last scheme was for a specie loan of $3,000,- 000, failing which there was to be confisca- tion of 25 per cent, of the specie in the Con- federacy. The Richmond banks, which were most exposed to the application of force, ad- vanced $300,000, and almost immediately thereafter the Confederacy collapsed. The question how the Government expenses were met after the compulsory funding act was put in operation in the spring of 1864, is an- swered tentatively by the supposition that old notes sent in to be exchanged for new ones were reissued, although they should have been cancelled. "Moreover," says Prof. Schwab, "the evidence is conclusive that the Government expenses during the last year of the war were chiefly met by creating a huge floating debt, represented, for in- stance, by large arrears, $400,000,000 to $500,000,000 in the War Department, and by accumulated unpaid warrants on the Trea- sury." Every blunder that it was possible to com- mit in national finance was committed by the Confederacy, and on a gigantic scale. The initial one was the failure to tax. The idea that taxation to pay ordinary ex- penses and interest on loans would be suf- ficient for the emergency of a war was held in both Washington and Richmond at the beginning, but the North recovered sanity in time, and eventually enacted taxes nearly half sufficient to pay the war ex- penses without loans. The next blunder in Confederate finance was that of paying in- terest on loans in irredeemable paper. Some of our Northern men wanted to do so. Both Thaddeus Stevens, the leader of the House, and Elbridge G. Spaulding, the "father of the greenbacks," were in this category, but the country was saved from that abyss. The third and fatal folly of the Confederacy was the compulsory funding act. No casuis- try could disguise this step. It was repu- diation, and it brought its own speedy pun- ishment. If military events had not brought the Confederacy to an end in April, 1865. it must have collapsed financially about that time. In other words, the power to supply the army in the field with food, clothing, arms, and ammunition could not have continued much longer. The stage of impressment had already been reached, as It was reached near the end of the Revolu- tionary war. This was a resource which, as Washington foretold, could not last long. The blockade of the Confederacy, of course, intensified its financial difficulties. Secre- tary Memminger attributed his failure to it. Indeed, the Confederacy might have sur- vived the errors of its Treasury Depart- ment if it had had free communication with Europe; the war might have had a different ending. The separate State finances are of impor- tance in connection with those of the Con- federacy, as throwing light on the course of a paper currency unregulated by redemp- tion in specie and unrestrained by any- thing except the whims of Legislatures. The "wants of trade" in respect of money are never so imperious as when governments are issuing irredeemable notes. Prices of commodities, both North and South, ad- vanced faster than the price of gold. This was because coalers made an extra charge for goods, by way of insurance against fluc- tuations. The advance of prices absorbed the new currency and created an abnormal demand for 10 ore. This has been the ex- perience of all countries which have had recourse to such paper. In the South the appetite was imparted to the State gov- ernments, to cities and counties, to banks, tc railroad and other corporations, and finally the right of issue was assumed by private persons, such as tobacconists, grocers, barbers, and milk dealers, who Is- sued "shin-plasters" which they gave out as change in the ordinary course of trade and promised to redeem in goods or ser- vices. Alabama began with an issue of $1,000,000 of State notes as early as Febru- ary, 1861, and the amount was increased later to $3,300,000. These were receivable for State taxes. Georgia issued $18,000,000 of State notes redeemable in Confederate notes. Of course, these were in effect an addition of that sum to the Confederate cur- rency. Mississippi made liberal issues to relieve the distressed cotton-planters. All the States east of the Mississippi River is- sued notes. The city of Richmond issued scrip in denominations from 25 cents to $2. Charleston, Pensacola, Augusta, and other cities followed suit. Georgia granted "banking privileges," which meant the right to issue notes, to two railroad compa- nies. Factories, turnpike companies, in- surance companies, and others assumed this right either with or without legislative au- thority. In short, the ideal of the Green- backers was fully realized in Secessia be- fore any Greenback party existed in the United States. Money was as nearly equal to the wants of trade as the printing-press could make it. The State Legislatures at last attempted to prevent the circulation of personal and corporate notes, but the evil had grown beyond their reach. Virginia passed three acts for this purpose, but they could not be enforced. People considered these private notes as good as the public ones (as they were), and so continued to accept them. The banks issued their own notes freely, since they were not obliged to redeem them, suspension having been legalized in all the States. South Carolina, in her bank restriction act, prohibited the payment of dividends in specie. The remainder of Prof. Schwab's work treats of the Southern banks, of the prices of commodities, of speculation and trade during the war, of Southern industries, and of the military despotism of the Confederate Government. These chapters are much more attractive to the general reader than the financial history. As regards the Con- federate finances proper, Professor Schwab has left very little for any future gleaner in the same field. All available sources of information seem to have been searched. The Confederate archives and the State legislative records, the newspapers of the period, and the biographical and historical matter now in print, from which side lights are cast upon the Ways and Means of the Confederacy, have been laid under contri- bution, and the whole has been subjected to the analysis of a trained economist. Prof. Schwab does not fail to render his tribute to the tremendous energy put forth by the South during the war. "The South- ern cause," he says, "evoked as much de- voted loyalty as has been put forth by any cause in history; and that cause was sup- ported at a cost greater than in any similar conflict. The Southerner's sacrifices far ex- ceeded those of the Revolutionary patriots." That the author wins a high rank in both economical and historical writing, will, we think, be the verdict of all persons com- petent to pass judgment on a treatise of this kind. Moreover, the work needed to be done. It is remarkably free from errors, but we note one on page 128, where it is said that "on November 20 and 21, 1860, the Virginia banks suspended in company with the New York hanks." This is surely a slip of the pen. There was no bank sus- pension in New York at the date mentioned, but there was a severe commercial crisis following the announcement of Mr. Lin- coln's election to the Presidency. BERKELEY'S WORKS. The Works of George Berkeley, D.D., Formerly Bishop of Cloyne; including his Posthumous Works. With Prefaces, An- notations, Appendices, and an Account of his Life. By Alexander Campbell Fraser. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: H. Frowde. 1901. 4 vols., 8vo, pp. xc. 4- 527; vi. + 415; vi. + 412; viii. + 611. It was a rare event, and truly astonish- ing, that a man without anything like a transcendent intellectual power should make a decided impression upon the philosophical thought of every country in Europe, such as Mr. Fraser did make by his former edi- tion of Berkeley's works, which appeared in 1871. Berkeley was, there is no need to say, already very celebrated the world over; and in English-speaking countries no young metaphysician failed to read his 'Principles of Human Knowledge' or to talk about his theory of vision. His 'Theory of Vision, Vindicated and Explained,' had reached its second edition in 1860, only one hundred and twenty-seven years after its first publica- tion; but this second edition, a very pretty one, too, had been little read. In Germany, identically the same theory — dressed in modern conceptions, as no intelligent mod- ern reader would fail to dress it for himself — was attributed to Helmholtz, whose real services in the matter were analogous to those of Messrs. Harper & Bros, in 'Harper's Latin Dictionary.' The compartment of the brain in which men stored what little they fancied they knew of Berkeley was their cabinet of bibelots. Fraser's publication, which was not merely an edition, but an ex- position by a student burning with the con- viction of the present appositeness of Berke- ley's method, was a veritable event in the history of European thought. The present edition is not a revision of that other, but quite a new one, and, considered simply as an edition of Berkeley's works, distinctly a better one. Dr. Fraser is now in the eigh- ties, and so in condition to expound the 'Siris,' which breathes all the wisdom of a philosophical and learned old age, with greater insight than he could possess thirty years ago. It ought now to be a happiness to him to find that the generation which has derived from him an impulse into Berkeleyan studies has at last quite gone

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96 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 beyond him in the understanding of Berke- ley, in perception of his errors, and in rec- ognition of his effective eminence in philoso- phy. Berkeley is, in truth, far better entitled to be considered the father of all modern philosophy than is Kant. It was he, not Kant, who first produced an Erkenntnisstheoric, or "principles of human knowledge," which was for the most part correct in its positive assertions. It was he, more than any other single philosopher, who should be regarded as the author of that method of modern "pragmatism" — i. e., the definition, or interpretation, of concep- tions by their issues — which equally dis- tinguished the thought of Kant, but which neither philosopher grasped clearly enough to formulate it in general terms. With two exceptions, we can think of no great factor of Kant's method of attacking a question which is not more or less emphasized in Berkeley's. One of these two is the doctrine that existence is not a form to be con- ceived, but a compulsive force to be ex- perienced (which is prominent in Kant's refutations of Berkeley and of the ontologi- cal proof that there is a God; and indeed everywhere). This was of British origin: it is the doctrine of Scotus. Indeed, in Kant's thought, generally, there is hardly anything but his architectonic method that is not more in the line of English tradition and development than it is in the German line. Even where he appears least English, he is following Cudworth. There was, un- doubtedly, the Leibnizian influence; but, apart from its dogmaticalness and its un- clearness, that is not very German, either. One of the greatest weaknesses of Berkeley i:; shared by Kant in a lesser degree. We mean his Ockhamism, or refusal to acknow- ledge any being in fttturo, or any mode of being whatever except that of individual existence. Even the Ockhamist Stuart Mill defines matter as a "permanent possibility" of sensation; but, for the more consistent Ockhamist, Berkeley, possibility is absolute nonentity: material objects must, when men have them not in view, be all along actually present to the Divine mind, or they would collapse into utter nothingness. Berkeley's importance in psychology is best exhibited by setting down a few dates. It must be borne in mind that the associa- tion of ideas had never been lost sight of by students of Aristotle. Thus, the young- er Scaliger reports that his father used of- ten to say that the thing he most ardently wished to understand better was the causes of "reminiscence." Now, reminiscence was nothing but the Aristotelian name for the action of the association of ideas. Here is a little chronological table which exhibits in a nutshell more than we could find space otherwise to set down: 1661. Glanville in his 'Vanity of Dogma- tizing,' sketched in a word or two what sub- sequently became Berkeley's theory of vis- ion. 1687. Locke's 'Essay concerning Humane Understanding.' 1688. The 'Entretiens sur la Metaphysique et sur la Religion' of Malebranche, which somewhat develops Glanville's idea. 1709. Berkeley's 'Essay towards a New Theory of Vision.' 1710. Berkeley's 'Principles of Human Knowledge.' The 'Theodic6e' of Leibniz. 1713. Arthur Collier's 'Clavis Universalis,' which was a quite independent development of the same ideas as those of Berkeley's Principles. 1731. Gay's 'Dissertation on the Funda- mental Principles of Virtue.' This first put forward the principle of association as the one great law of all mental action, and is, therefore, one of the most epoch-making of works. Yet Gay does not appear in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' nor in Allibone nor in the supplement. His first name is unknown to us. Hartley (who calls him the Rev. Mr. Gay, and tells us that he wrote this anonymous 'Dissertation'), con- fesses that he had been put upon his line of thought by him. He published another little book on the subject in 1747, two years before Hartley's 'Observations on Man,' but probably after Hartley's 'Conjec- tural Quaedam,' the date of which we do not know. 1732. Wolff's 'Psychologia Empirica.' 1739. Hume's 'Treatise on Human Nature' (first two parts). Hume, who was directly influenced by Berkeley, first clearly distin- guishes between association by resemblance and by contiguity. 1749. 'Hartley's Observations on Man,' ful- ly developing the action of association. 1782. Kant's 'Critic of the Pure Reason,' which is psychologically, in some important respects, behind Berkeley. This table is enough to show that Locke, Berkeley, and Gay ought to be regarded as the three original precursors of modern psy- chology. Berkeley must, by all accounts, have been a man of extraordinary eloquence. His in- ducing Parliament unanimously to grant £20,000 for his Bermuda project is an ex- ample of this. His ardor was of the pur- est; and what he believed, he believed with his whole soul. We cannot, in this, at least, agree with what Fraser says of 'The Theo- ry of Visual Language Vindicated,' that "its blot is a tone of polemical bitterness di- rected against Shaftesbury." On the con- trary, it seems to us that that remark is a striking illustration of the decadence of Christian belief in our days. The courtesy and self-restraint of Berkeley's severe strictures upon the mischief done by Shaftes- bury's writings could not easily be paralleled by any utterance of the present generation coming from a man who was deeply in ear- nest about the evil he attacked. Every stoic, such as Shaftesbury was, was a thorough materialist; and. as such, an atheist to Berkeley's apprehension, whatever he might fancy himself to be. As for the majority of the free-thinkers, Berkeley, who had heard their private conversation, did not think them to be under any such illusion concerning their own position. But a man may easily think that he believes what he does not believe. For example, Berkeley himself, and Fraser for him, cannot admit that an opponent of Berkeley treats him fairly unless he begins by admitting that Berkeley believes in the existence of mat- ter in the sense in which the world at large believes in it. But for an opponent to grant that would obviously be to sur- render his whole position. The true ques- tion is whether Berkeley has not over- looked certain of the constituents of the ordinary, instinctive notion of matter. Fraser's own contribution to the develop- ment of the Berkeleyan doctrine is sufficient- ly indicated by the following sentence from his preface: "His Philosophical Works, taken collectively, may encourage those who see in a reasonable via media between Omniscience and Nescience the true path of progress under man's inevitable venture of reasonable Faith." To find the develop- ment of this idea, one must turn to the au- thor's 'Philosophy of Theism.' Then if one desires Berkeley's works as completely as possible, one will further procure his 'Life and Letters,' by Prof. A. C. Fraser. A thorough student of Berkeley will want all that. Whether for an ordinary reader of philos- ophy— putting aside the question of price — this edition or that in Bohn's "Philosophi- cal Library," published three years ago, is to be preferred is a delicate question. The text of either is excellent, although neither, we are sorry to say, respects Berkeley's punctuation, which is a part of his style. Probably the Bohn edition Is most scrupu- lously accurate. That it omits such things as the diary in Italy is really no objection. Its most serious omission is the common- place-book of notes for the preparation of the 'Principles.' This is rhetorically inter- esting; but it throws less light on the de- velopment of Berkeley's views than would be expected. The Bohn edition gives the Latin works (of which one, 'De Motu,' is not altogether devoid of importance), only in translation; the Fraser edition only in the original. Berkeley's Latin has a certain academical elegance; but it is a garb which does not set so comfortably on his thought as a homelier English. In regard to additional matter, each edition has something one re- grets to miss in the other. Much more is at- tempted in this way in the Fraser edition. Nothing is really indispensable but Berke- ley's own forcible and persuasive language; and the Fraser notes form sometimes an officious, one had almost said an imperti- nent, interruption to a philosopher who is quite able to manage the English language for himself. The new life prefixed to the Fraser edition is much fuller and somewhat more accurate than Mr. Arthur Balfour's capital biographical introduction to the other. Neither biographer has suggested that the good bishop's very sudden and very quiet death may — in view of the oceans of tar-water that he was accustomed to swill — have been due to an overdose of carbolic acid. It is quite certain that the Bohn vol- umes are prettier and lighter and more agreeable to read; but their editor, we feel sure, would concur in the judgment that the new Fraser edition is the most valuable that has yet appeared or is likely to ap- pear, for as long as one can foresee. The Relations of Geography and History. By the Rev. H. B. George. Oxford: The Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. 1901. Pp. 296. Mr. George, who is a Fellow of New Col- lege, Oxford, has been for many years as enthusiastic a student of military campaigns as though he were an army chaplain. Such researches necessarily induce a strong con- viction of the close connection between geography and history, and Mr. George has performed a real service by putting together in this volume the principal con- clusions to which his wide learning and accurate scholarship have led him. The book consists practically of two sections. In the first the- author discusses the general na-

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Aug. i, 1 901] The Nation. 97 ture of geographical influences, and then proceeds to deal with "Frontiers," "Towns," "Nomenclature," "Fallacies of the Map," "Sea Power in Peace and War," and "Geography in War." The second section treats of the several countries of Europe in detail, with a supplementary chapter on America. While this book is to be highly com- mended as far as it goes, its value is con- siderably diminished by the narrowness of its scope. Unfortunately, Mr. George's mil- itary studies have caused him to attach disproportionate Importance to the "drum and trumpet" side of history. The extrem- est Quaker cannot but admit the profound influence of great wars upon the develop- ment of human aflairs, and it is obvious that, in earlier ages especially, even such a detail as the site of a town has often been decided by considerations of attack and defence; but, after all, the life of man is not so largely made up of fighting as might be inferred from a comparison of the civ- ilian and military pages of this volume. The deeper question of the influence of cli- mate and physical environment generally upon the character of nations is but light- ly touched upon. Yet this is by far the most interesting and profitable phase of the relations of geography and history. Such fascinating books as M. Edmond Demolins's 'Lies Frangais d'aujourd'hui' and Prof. G. Adam Smith's 'Historical Geography of the Holy Land,' though dealing with the his- tory of individual countries, throw a much clearer light upon the general subject than is cast anywhere by Mr. George. For ex- ample, such an illuminating section as that in which Professor Smith discusses the in- fluence of the mountains and plains of Pal- estine upon the religion, the literature, and the social life of the Hebrews, has no par- allel in this volume. And what is history worth if it takes no count of such things as these? By those readers, however, whose su- preme interest is in marchings and counter- marchings Mr. George's treatise will be highly prized. And, in spite of its limita- tions, many of its pages — in the first sec- tion especially — will be read with profit by people who have little taste for soldier- ing. The chapter entitled "Fallacies of the Map" ought to correct a good many com- mon political misapprehensions, including the frequent confusion of thought respecting the real meaning of "nationality." With respect to the question of "natural fron- tiers," Mr. George has no patience with the French claim to the left bank of the Rhine. He shows not only that recorded history is against this pretension, but that "it is contrary to geography, whether the theory be based on purely physical structure or the practical results of historic and prehistoric human action, to treat a river as a natural frontier." The only exception is in cases where, in the modern apportionment of terri- tory, a large river is found to be a convenient boundary. Mr. George suggests that it would be almost as reasonable to assert that the Seine was the natural northeastern fron- tier of France as that the Rhine is the nat- ural western frontier of Germany. In the same chapter the author condemns with equally firm decision the hasty generaliza- tion— which, he says, "has been responsible for a good deal of irrelevant nonsense" — which declares that certain districts are marked out by Nature to be the cockpits of Europe. Wordsworth's famous apostro- phe to the sea and the mountains as the natural homes of liberty Is also keenly crit- icised, though in this case there is perhaps more to be said on the other side. Mr. George deserves special congratula- tion on his success in overcoming the temp- tation to political partisanship which must be a serious difficulty in the way of any writer who deals with such subjects as are treated here. Each topic is discussed with absolute impartiality in this respect, the historic and scientific conscience being everywhere followed as the only guide. It may be added that the practical usefulness of the book is increased by the complete- ness of the index. Beverley Town Documents. Edited by Ar- thur F. Leach, Barrister-at-law, Assistant Charity Commissioner. Publications of the Selden Society, Vol. xiv. London: Quaritch. Beverley, the county-town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, is a quiet little place nowadays, with nothing to attract the at- tention of the outside world but its two magnificent churches, the Minster and St. Mary's. And yet in the thirteenth and four- teenth centuries, before its foreign commerce began to pass to the upstart royal foundation of Kingston-upon-Hull, seven miles off, it was one of the great seaports of England; and as late as the time of Camden, though its once thriving cloth trade had already decay- ed, it was still "very populous." The mu- nicipal development of mediaeval Beverley has, therefore, an interest altogether out of proportion to the town's present figure in the world. Upon this subject the volume published bj the Selden Society, under the competent ed- itorship of Mr. Leach, throws an abundance of fresh light, which is all the more welcome because Poulson's 'Beverlac' (1829), the stan- dard authority hitherto, is so inadequate and misleading. Mr. Leach has selected and printed in extenso the most significant of the municipal and gild ordinances of the fourteenth and two subsequent centuries, pro- vided a translation on the opposite pages, and prefaced the collection with an instruc- tive introduction. He does not tell us just how large a part these documents constitute of the whole mass of material at his dispos- al; this we shall doubtless find in the report on the records of Beverley which he has been preparing for the Historical MSS. Commis- sion. There are two questions of interest to students of mediaeval institutions about which Mr. Leach, with the support of his documents, has a good deal to say. One of these is the nature of the change in municipal government which took place in the fourteenth century. In Beverley, as elsewhere, the government of the town, far into the fourteenth century, was in the hands of a narrow circle of "burgesses," forming perhaps not a tithe of the total number of male inhabitants. To overthrow this regime the populace made all sorts of efforts from time to time; and at last, in 1382-6, it suc- ceeded in superseding the oligarchic "Keep- ers" or "Wardens" by the democratic "Al- dermen and Chamberlains" chosen by the commonalty. But, as Mr. Leach acutely remarks, the names of the elected magis- trates are enough to show that by this time the "better sort" had captured the democratic citadel, and that the town con- tinued to be governed by its men of wealth. In all probability, the only significance of the change was that new commercia.1 and industrial wealth now succeeded in securing a place for itself by the side of the older patrician families. It is true that, during the course of the following century, the town council was put altogether into the hands of the "occupaclons." But, pari passu, the government of the crafts themselves was becoming increasingly oligarchic, and grada- tions of rank were growing up within them not unlike those in the "City Companies" of London. So, as the time had passed for any change of substance, it is hardly sur- prising that the people of Hull ceased to care particularly for the change of name, and quietly acquiesced in the restoration of "Keepers." As to what happened in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, we are now begin- ning to see our way; the real period of obscurity in municipal history in England, as elsewhere in Europe, is the thirteenth. Mr. Leach has been unable to furnish us with any records of Beverley between circa a. d. 1130, the date of Archbishop Thurston's celebrated charter granting the citizens their "haus-hus," and Archbishop Wykwane's grant of A. D. 1282, with one exception. That exception is the "Law of the Weavers and Fullers of Beverley," which found its way into various collections of London cus- toms, side by side with like "laws" for the same occupations in Winchester, Oxford, and Marlborough. It is a document, as is well known, which shows us these particu- lar craftsmen in an extraordinarily depress- ed condition, unable to become burgesses unless they first abjured their occupation, and meanwhile incompetent even to give witness against "freemen" of the towns in which they dwelt. Modern writers have sought to argue away the significance of its explicit statements in various ways. Pro- fessor Gross, for instance, has argued that this ill usage must have been local, since in Winchester and Leicester weavers could become burgesses. But Mr. Leach points out that the Winchester "Consuetudinary" is at least a century later than the "Laws" in question — of which he produces a copy a good deal earlier than that previously printed by Riley. As to Leicester, he calls our attention to the fact that in the earliest lists of admittances to the merchant gild (a. d. 1196-1225), recently printed by Miss Bateson, there is absolutely no mention of a weaver until the last year, and then it is the son of a weaver who appears; while there are many notices which seem to indi- cate a general exclusion of craftsmen. Dr. Cunningham, again, accepting the fact of exclusion from the burgess body, has tried to explain it by the supposition that the weavers and fullers were usually aliens. Mr. Leach replies that "there is no more reason for thinking the weavers to be foreigners than the butchers or the bakers." There are a good many other points for which the historian will do well to con- sult Mr. Leach's collection. We can but allude to such topics as the consolidation of the gild organization by the craftsmen's participation in pageants and plays, the ad- vent of "servientes, Anglice Jorneymen" as a permanent Industrial class, and the ex- clusion from Independent trade of all but "liverymen." We must congratulate the Selden Society and its editor on a piece of work worthy to be placed by the side of

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98 Tlie IsTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 Mr. Hudson's 'Leet Jurisdiction in Norwich,' for which we were indebted to the same so- ciety, some eight years ago. If it will con- tinue its efforts in this direction, and the older English municipalities will but fol- low the good example of Nottingham and Leicester, we do not despair of knowing something definite one of these days about the internal life of English towns even in the reigns of Richard I., John, and Henry III. Jesus Christ and the Social Question: An Examination of the Teaching of Jesus in its Relation to Some of the Problems of Modern Social Life. By Francis Greenwood Peabody, Piummer Professor of Christian Morals in Harvard University. The Mac- millan Co. Readers of the Nation will remember cer- tain valuable letters in which, some ten years ago, Professor Peabody reported va- rious aspects of German Socialism as they impressed him close at hand. His references are to a multitude of books which, in their aggregate, are eloquent of the amount of interest the social question in its various denotations has engaged. In his first chap- ter, Professor Peabody makes a careful ex- hibition of the social agitation and experi- ments in their various forms, and shows in what manner and degree these have been re- lated to Christianity, as an ecclesiastical in- stitution and as a body of teaching. We have had Socialists denouncing Christianity as the worst enemy of their creed, and others claiming it as their chief support; but upon examination it generally proves that the same Christianity is not intended in the two cases. Here it is the historical ecclesiasti- cism; there it is the New Testament teach- ing. The main stress of Professor Peabody's exposition is to show that this last does not furnish the programme of the State Social- ist or Communist. He concedes that there are passages in the New Testament which lend themselves to the most drastic de- mand of the radical reformers, but he does not think that these represent the habitual attitude of Jesus. What he conceives this attitude to have been he develops in his second chapter, and concludes that for Jesus "the social order was not a product of mechanism, but of personality, which ful- fils itself only in the social order." We have "the view from above, the approach from within, and the movement towards a spiritual end; a social horizon, a social pow- er, a social aim." The apparent vagueness of these general- izations does not prevent Professor Pea- body's application of them to the special social problems from being productive of much sound and shrewd and wholesome ob- servation of our social tendencies, and much wise discrimination as to the treatment they require. Yet, however plausible Professor Peabody's constructions are, they are reach- ed by the involutions of a dialectic so sub- tile and abstruse that the wayfaring man would have to be extremely clever to arrive independently at these results or even to fol- low where he leads the way. Professor Peabody concedes that the New Testament presents the teachings of Jesus in a very inconsistent and even contradictory manner. It can hardly be expected that the average man will always, or even generally, make what Professor Peabody conceives to be the just discriminations. What he is seeking is the authority of Jesuafor a rational •ociology. Authority should be more obvious than we have it here. The truth is at the bottom of a well, and the water is not transparent, nor translucent. Had not Professor Pea- body been writing one of a series of New Testament hand-books, and so been obliged to make the teachings of Jesus his main consideration, we are by no means cer- tain that he would not have done better to give a straightforward account of his own views, clinching them, as opportunity should offer, with some grand old Bible word. Had he done this, his teaching concerning the rich and poor and the various exigencies of the industrial order would have been more direct than it is now, while losing nothing of that sanity which his present method can- not hopelessly obscure. A possible exception to this praise is the chapter on the family, in which much stress is laid on questions of marriage and divorce. In regard to the latter, Professor Peabody's position is stiffly conservative. There is none of Dr. Lyman Abbott's miserable shuf- fling with regard to the plain teaching of Jesus. This is, that marriage is irrevocable; and Professor Peabody so receives it. There may be separation, but no divorce or remar- riage. This is a position to which some of our most careful sociologists, with as much devotion as Professor Peabody to the high- est ends of marriage, are definitely opposed. But Professor Peabody's dealing with the matter is in refreshing contrast to the in- genious sinuosities of many clerical apolo- gists. Life in Poetry: Law in Taste. By W. J. Courthope. Macmillan. 1901. Henry Birkhead, who, in the seventeenth century, endowed the Oxford professorship of poetry, made a wise provision for the fu- ture of English literary scholarship. The conditions of the chair, a tenure of five years with the requirement of but three lec- tures each year, were such as to encourage the deeply considered discussion of the most dignified themes. Spence, Warton, Milman, Keble, Arnold, and Palgrave never gave the sanction of their official practice to the vices of literary tittle-tattle or rodomontade. The latest occupant of the chair, Prof. W. J. Courthope, has just printed his lectures of the past five years under the above title. In selecting for his course a theme of general interest yet of specially vital significance at the present time, Professor Courthope has kept to the best traditions of the chair. His purpose Is nothing less than to oppose the present anarchy of taste by taking up the old defence of poetry, and by tracing anew in the acknowledged masterpieces of the poetic art the ancient rules, "discovered noi devised," in which the life of poetry con- sists. The foundation of his work is the 'Poetics' of Aristotle, mainly as interpreted by Professor Butcher, to whom, by the way, there is an unusually graceful Latin dedica- tion. The first division of the lectures comprises a discussion of poetical conception, expres- sion, and decadence, and of the general re- lation of these to the civic life of any na- tion. Professor Courthope follows the Aris- totelian notion that the essential thing in poetical writing is the imitation of the char- acteristic and universal in life and nature, But he avoids the formalism which some- times creeps into such contentions by lay- ing very insistent emphasis on the necessity that the artist shall keep In the broad way of human experience — seeing with the eyes of his age and race; and by illustrating each step of his procedure from a wealth of hu- mane learning. Then in the succeeding lec- tures he pursues the history of the idea of law, the growth of a distinctively national taste and mode of expression, in the French. German, and English literatures. Finally, there is a more minute examination of the poetry of Chaucer, Milton, Pope, Byron, and Tennyson to show how in their writings the universal, the national, and the personal are fused and reconciled in a characteristic form of art. The volume as a whole is a sort of orga- num for the academic and private study of comparative literature. By virtue of its plan and method, as well as in many passages by the way, it is an effective protest against much that is perverted or trifling in con- temporary literature. To put it in a sen- tence, Professor Courthope thinks that de- cadence, symbolism et id genus omne, are the reaction from or the enfeebled persis- tence of the doctrinaire democratic excesses of the first half of the nineteenth century. His analysis of the social and political causes of the present decadence in European poetry seems to us sound. There is consid- erably more than a half-truth in his opin- ion that, "from the enthusiastic dreams of Revolutionary Progress, we have turned to the opiates of an intellectual Buddhism"; and his advice, for the world at large and England in particular, to give greater heed to the organic principles of ideal art is, so far as it goes, excellent for those qualified to accept it; and that the number of these may be increased by the maintenance and extension of the place of the humanities in education, is the plea of his conclusion. Of course no man could write a work like this without expressing many opinions at which any given critical reader will balk. There are plenty such in Professor Court- hope's volume, but it will profit us little to moot them here. If there is a fault in the structure and style of the book, it arises from a failure in the distinction of connected ideas and terms (c. g., "characteristic," "universal," and the like): qui bene distin- guit bene docet. But the book deserves well of all readers if for nothing else than the admirable chapter upon "Poetry and the People," in which, with great force and deli- cacy, but without any of the Ruskinian fal- lacious rhetoric which has beguiled so many excellent persons meditating this theme, the indissoluble relation of great art to national ideals is set forth. The Paston Letters, 1422-1509 a. d.: A Re- print of the Edition of 1872-5, which contained upwards of Five Hundred Let- ters, etc., till then unpublished, to which are now added others in a Supplement after the Introduction. Edited by James Gairdner. The Macmillan Company. The correspondence of the Paston family seems as inexhaustible as the ruins of Pompeii. It is now 114 years since Fenn published his first selection in two volumes, and thereby informed the world that all the private letters of mediaeval England had not perished. Other instalments were after- wards printed, and when, in 1872, Mr. James Gairdner undertook to bring out an edition which should meet the needs of historians, he found a wealth of material already at hand. A further fund of letters was also

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Aug. i, 1901] The Nation. 99 open to him, and his three volumes, 1872-75, contain more than 500 new ones, or about a thousand in all. The abundance of the supply seems the less startling when one comes to know how large a body of archives William Paston, second Earl of Yarmouth and the last of his line, left behind him in 1732. Although he had sold part of his ancestral papers, there were still at Oxnead, the family seat, "some thirty or forty chests of valuable letters and documents," after his death. The Rev. Fran- cis Blomefleld, whose 'History of Norfolk' is comparable with Surtees's 'Durham' and Ormerod's 'Cheshire,' worked for a fort- night among these stores in 1735. A passage from one of his letters shows how neglected they had been by recent owners and by historians prior to his time. "There are innumerable letters of good consequence in history still lying among the loose papers, all which I laid up in a corner of the room on a heap which contains several sacks full." Eventually, a part of Lord Tar- mouth's ill-cared-for treasures came into the hands of Mr. John Fenn. By printing them and giving some of the originals to George III., he secured the honor of knight- hood. This, however, was not all that he did, for his volumes made a new thing of English social life during the Wars of the Roses. The first edition was sold in a week, and, ever since, the Paston Letters have been one of the classics of English history. We know that, in one university at least, a long course of lectures upon them has counted for tne master's degree. We are glad to say that the present edi- tion is once more the work of Mr. Gairdner. He long ago laid claim to possession of the subject by writing a fine series of in- troductions to his three previous volumes. Therein he not only explained the relation which the Paston Letters bear to the na- tional history, but he sketched the latter part of Henry VI. 's reign with great force and clearness. Henceforth it is unlikely that any one will arise to dispute his rule of this historical province, for no need ex- ists of having the letters in a better form. Mr. Gairdner is modest enough to say that his results are only approximately perfect, but he anticipates that they will satisfy all practical demands. "An almost perfect edition, no doubt, might conceivably be produced with con- siderable labor and expense if any one could be induced to devote the necessary time and energy to the task of collating all the letters with the long-lost originals, now that they have been so completely recov- ered, and supplying all the missing pas- sages. But so great a work, even if the editor succeeded after all in including all the stray Paston Letters of the period, would hardly justify, even in a younger and less occupied man than myself, the sacri- fices that it would involve." The reference to long-lost originals brings in a curious piece of literary gossip. Fenn published four volumes during his lifetime and left another volume ready for the press, which, after some delay, was likewise published. Then it was discovered that all the originals had been lost, includ- ing the holographs presented to George III. Suspicions were aroused by such a remark- able disappearance of all the documents upon which Fenn had based his five vol- umes, and it was even said in print that the Paston Letters were spurious. Fortu- nately, the originals of Fenn's third volume came to light in 1865, while the originals of volumes iv. and v. appeared at Roydon Hall in 1875, just as Mr. Gairdner was finishing his former edition. At last, in 1889, the originals of volumes i. and il. were found at Orwell Park in Suffolk among the books of the late Col. Tomline. It will be remem- bered that Pitt's tutor and life-long friend was Dr. Pretyman, who changed his name to Tomline and became Bishop of Lincoln. Whether through Pitt or not, Fenn's pres- ent to George III. drifted into his hands and lodged there. The authenticity of the Paston Letters is now established beyond chance of dispute. The special feature of this new edition Is the Introduction, an entire volume. Mr. Gairdner's edition of 1872-75, published by Arber, comprised three volumes, each with its separate introduction. In their stead a single long introduction of nearly 400 pages has been placed at the head of a fourth volume, and it is followed by upwards of a hundred unpublished letters. Regarding the introduction, we may say that it remains substantially the same as before, though presented more compactly. It "contains the three former introductions brought together so that they may be read consecutively, with just one or two slight additions and amend- ments, besides the correction of positive errors wherever they have been detected." Greater changes have been made with the preface, though its general character re- mains the same. As for the newly published letters, they number 105, and are to be found detached from the rest at the end of the introduction. Most of them were known to Mr. Gairdner in 1875, and an appendix to the edition of that date gives a brief inventory of their contents. They form part of the originals which were rediscovered by Mr. George Frere at Roydon Hall. After having been bought at Christie's by a dealer, they were sold five years ago to the British Museum and are thus public property. They are catalogued under the "Additional" MSS. They are, of course, interesting, but we can see nothing in them which will have the effect of changing our estimate of the Paston family or of the Paston letters. Sir John Fastolf still seems the hardfisted land- lord, entrenched at Caister Castle. John Pas- ton is still quarrelling with Tuddenham and Heydon, is still having endless lawsuits, and is still immersed in troubles arising out of Fastolf's will. Margaret Paston is still the faithful wife and skilful manager. Almost all the new letters are records of business transactions, and the reader will hit upon little which lies outside the hard work of the world. The story of the younger Pas- ton's marriage negotiation with Margery Brews, so entertaining an episode of the older volumes, has no parallel in this after- math of correspondence. The fortunes of the Pastons, which had improved under Henry VI., received a setback under Ed- ward IV. After the death of her husband in 1466, Margaret Paston was sore pressed by family foes and by the follies of her sons. Living amid much chicanery and sharp dealing, she is the most attractive of the Pastons, and the best letters of the supplement relate to her care for the pres- ervation of her house after its evil days have set in. It has now come to selling the plate and cutting the timber. Her sons are thriftless and her foes are violent. Yet she proves as loyal in her age as she had been in her prime, and shows that even in the Middle Ages the will of a determined woman was not to be neglected. Bibliotics; or the Study of Documents, De- termination of the Individual Character of Handwriting, and Detection of Fraud and Forgery: New Methods of Research. By Persifor Frazer. Third ed. Philadel- phia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1901. 8vo, pp. 266. Here we find ourselves plunged into a corner of the fray that has so long been raging all over the field of historical criti- cism between instinct and systematic logic. "Your instinctive judgments are subjective," cry the logical party, "and your preten- sions to detecting what common men can- not detect, or to applying what you call the principles of common sense to history, are proved to be charlatanry by your all com- ing to different conclusions, without any accord but that of fashion." "Your wooden rules never penetrate the facts," the lauders of instinct retort, "and your notion that one can form any just judgment concerning human conduct, in any department, without the exercise of tact and of subtle feeling, is worthy of the savans of Laputa." Dr. Fra- zer adds his weight to the logicians' side in the discussion of that branch of the science of diplomatics which seeks to iden- tify individual handwritings. The old-fashioned experts in chirography, the Chabots and the like, set out from the fact that we all of us learn to recognize at a glance, we scarce know how, yet with entire confidence, almost as many hand- writings as faces. The real certainty of our identifications, even of faces, falls short of our confidence in them. In the case of writing, the expert often meets with doubt, either his own or on the part of others whom he wishes to convince; and in such a case, the old practice is to observe close- ly what appear to be salient features, such as the ways of forming single letters. Juries might sometimes be convinced in that way, but it is a somewhat dubious proceeding. There is all the difference in the world be- tween the trustworthiness of an emphatic instinctive judgment, made unreflectively, and an alloy of instinct with semi-scien- tific, semi-instinctive testing. When it comes to applying tests at all, the only se- curity lies in making the testing process thoroughly scientific. Now the first rule of scientific induction is that it ought to b* planned and performed under the guidance of mathematical considerations, and to that end it ought to be rendered quantitative wherever it can be so rendered. Now, as Dr. Frazer shows, quantitative tests can be applied to handwriting in such profusion that it ought to be possible to develop a method which should hopelessly distance every attempt at imitation. But to develop such a method will re- quire an arduous scientific investigation. It is by no means a thing which can be got up for any case that may occur; though cases may happen to arise in which, owing to peculiar circumstances, mathematical tests may readily be devised. Even after the scientific method shall have been devel- oped, another serious study must be made of the art of presenting the proofs so that a jury can fairly weigh them. Dr. Frazer has broken ground for the road which

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lOO The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1883 ought to be built. He himself cannot re- gard, and we think does not pretend, that what he has accomplished Is anything more than a promising beginning. But even the comparatively modest claims which he does make somewhat outrun what can be grant- ed. For example, taking Twlstleton's book on the comparison of the handwriting of Junius with that of Sir Philip Francis, he measures the ratio of height to length of the word "more" as written thirty-six times by each penman, and also certain parts of the word "Woodfall," as written once by each; and, having made the comparisons, he heedlessly remarks, "The conclusion from the results of the last as well as from the preceding is that the same penman wrote the letters of Sir Philip Francis and of Juni- us." But even granting the methods of comparison to be unexceptionable, this is a very roomy sort of conclusion. All that is proved is, that the general shape of the word "more" was the same as either wrote it, and that, as each of the two once wrote "Woodfall," four different proportions were considerably alike. We should want to know what percentage of other contemporary handwritings had the same characters be- fore pushing our inference further. But, looking in detail at the comparisons, we find other hasty statements. Thus, In regard to the word "more," Dr. Frazer says, "It appears that in Francis's own writing nineteen, in Junius's sixteen, of these ratios differ by less than eight per cent, from the standard." But Dr. Frazer's measures do not prove in the least how uniformly either writer wrote. It can be shown mathemati- cally that the discrepancies between the ra- tios of the height to the length of the word "more," In the single instances measured, are almost entirely due to the fact that the measures of height were only made to half divisions of a scale of fortieths of an inch, and the average height measured was in one case only 4, in the other 2.6, divisions of the scale. Of the remainder of the dis- crepancy, how much is attributable to error of measurement and how much to Irregu- larities of writing, there is not sufficient evidence to show. We may add that no mod- ern theory of probabilities has been em- ployed, and that there are a number of small errors of computation. We have referred to but a single part of the book, a part of extreme importance, not for what it accomplishes, but for what it shows reason to believe may ultimately be accomplished. One of the earliest appli- cations of mathematical methods to a ques- tion of handwriting was made by Benjamin Peirce. In a certain trial a paper was put in as evidence of which the signature ap- peared to be a tracing of another signature in the case. Enlarged photographs were made of all the signatures of the same person that were in evidence, some thirty. There were twenty down strokes in the sig- nature. A comparison of all possible pairs showed the probability that any signature would, by mere chance, be superposable in all its down strokes upon another, as the two signatures in question were. The case was decided as Professor Peirce's probabil- ity would infer that it should be decided, but upon other grounds. The argument seemed at that time a strange one; and courts ought to be reluctant to deal with modes of argumentation which the judges and the lawyers are not in condition intelli- gently to criticise. Several other methods of great interest are described by Dr. Frazer. In the present state of the subject, it seems to the writer of this notice to be too hazardous to convict a man of crime on the evidence of handwrit- ing mainly unless the identification be such as every bank teller would be perfectly confident of, or unless there were other ex- ceptional features in the writing. Circum- stantial evidence may, no doubt, be stronger than any direct testimony can be; but to trust to the judgment of an average jury on circumstantial evidence is quite another thing. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Appleton, George. A Narragansett Peer. Abbey Press. Ashton, Mark. Sbe Stands Alone. Boston: L. 0. Page & Co. $1.60. Bremer, F. P. Jurisprudontise Antehadrlanse Qua? Suporsunt. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. 8 marks. Byron, Lord, The Works of. Vol. IV.: Poetry. London: John Murray; New York: Scribners. $2. Castle, Agnes and Egerton. The House of Ro- mance. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.60. Cook, B. T. Gardening for Beginners. Scrib- ners. $3.76. Crusius, Otto. Herondae Mimiambl. 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Henry Frowde. 4s. 6d. Harrison, Mrs. Burton. A Princess of the Hills. Boston: Lothrop Pub. Co. $1.50. Hewitt, F. W. Anaesthetics and their Administra- tion. Macmillan. $4 Hewlett, Maurice. The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay. New ed. Macmillan. Hoffmann, Max. August BSckh. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. 12 marks. Howard, L. O. The Insect Book. Doubleday, Pag* & Co. Hubbell, G. G. Fact and Fancy In Spiritualism, Theosophy, and Psychical Research. Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co. $1.25. Kearney, Belle. A Slaveholder's Daughter. Abbey Press. $1. Kester. Vaughan. The Manager of the B. & A. Harpers. $1.50. Larmor. Alexander. Geometrical Exercises from Nixon's "Euclid Revised." Henry Frowde. 90 cents. Lawyer, Nellie T. The Egyptian Ring. Abbey Press. Layman, A. In Yellowest Jaunia. F. Tennyson Neelv Co. Leo, Friedrich. Die Griechisch-RSmisehe Blo- graphle nach ihrer Litterarischen Form. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. 7 marks. Lewis, A. H. Richard Croker. Life Pub. Co. Lindsay, Mayne. 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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 884, THURSDAY, AUGUST 8, 1901 PRICE TEN CENTS. Fiction of Distinction CRUCIAL INSTANCES By EDITH WHARTON An English authority says: il A COLLECTION much above the average in UDUsualness ■^ of motive and skill in literary presentation. . . . Mrs. Wharton is a writer in whom subtlety of imagination is allied to a polished suavity of style."— The Spectator. An American authority says: " Something similar to the effect produced by the transforming shimmer of the moonlight Mrs. Wharton accomplishes by the shimmering beams of imagination and fancy, whose play upon the plot and style of her work is a triumph of elusive lucidity." — Saturday Times Review. $1.50 THE WHITE COTTAGE By ZACK An English authority says: TT was argued in our columns a few weeks ago that, though all long novels were not great, all great novels were long. The advocates of the contrary opinion will be en- titled to quote the case of 'The White Cottage,' by ' Zack,' which is short and amazingly good." — Literature. An American authority says: "If we were asked to name any fiction that we have read for several years past that we would select as a sure test of the literary intelligence and judgment of its readers, and as a positive revelation of the genius of its author, it would be ' The White Cottage.' "—Richard Henry Stoddard. $1.50 GOD'S PVPPETS A. Story of Old JSebu yorK By IMOGEN CLAR.K W. J- Rolfe, the Shakespearian authority, writes : " It is a masterly work, better than I antici- pated, measuring your ability by what I had already seen of your books and magazine mat- ter. It is far ahead of the 'Little Lad,' ad- mirable and charmiDg as that was in its way. It ought to have a large sale, but nowadays it isn't the best novels that run up into the hun- dred thousands— more's the pity." $1.50 Third Edition THE WAYS OF THE SERVICE By FREDERICK PALMER. Illujlrationj by Hoiuiard Chandler Christy " Honest, sincere fiction by a writer who has mastered a sincere and direct style. . . . Brave tales of brave men and women whose motives are mixed and whose actions have the complexity of humanity."— Louisville Courier Jourh al. General Charles King writes : " Almost am I persuaded you, too, must be a regular, so accurate is every detail. I have read and reread it, and sent it to others who read— and the verdict is the same. It is the best yet." WITH 6 DRAWINGS. $1.50 15he ABANDONED FARMER By SYDNEY HERMAN PR.ESTON Author of " The Green Pigs," etc. " Unpretentious, lively, and racy is this piece of humor; all things provide material for mirth, and the author lets no chance escape him." — New York Tribune. "The sort of tale that any reader who has ever lived on a farm for even two weeks must, in all human kindness, feel irresistibly obliged to recommend to a next friend." — Mail and Expre is. $1.25 CHINA AND THE ALLIES By " These two volumes read with the dra- matic interest of a strong novel and yet give you history with the stamp of abso- lute verity." — San Francisco Call. " Will probably stand for all time as the most exhaustive and authoritative descrip" tion of the campaign of the Great Powers in China." — Philadelphia Public Ledger. ^/I Comprehensi-Ve and Authoritative XOorK. A. HENR.Y SAVAGE LANDOR "TTNDOUBTEDLY the most extensive, U elaborate, and complete work on the subject which has appeared in the past, or is likely to in the future. The painstak- ing care with which the book is compiled, the close attention to detail, the evidences of unusually fine opportunities for gather- ing the scattered threads of the history of the Boxer troubles, the undoubted ability of the author, are surely sufficient recom- mendation."— London Daily News. PRICE $7.50 NET 269 ILLUSTRATIONS including 5 reproductions of Chinese prints in full color, a.nd 16 full pages in two tints In two large octavo volumes, with a. total of 136 chap- ters and 876 pages, the cover design in colors by the author Charles Scribner's Sons

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11 The IN~ation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-office as second-class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The "Week 101 Editorial Articles: The Obstinate Surplus 104 The Coining Strike 104 Losses of Sentiment 105 The Theatre and the Critics 106 Special Correspondence : Impressions of Siam 107 Fouche. -Ill 108 Correspondence : Taxing our Own Tongue 100 Hare's American Stories 109 The First American Surgeon 110 Notes 110 Book Reviews: Saintshury's History of Criticism 113 Fitliian's Journal 114 Two Books on Tibet 116 Histoire de 1'Affaire Dreyfus 117 The Training of the Body 118 The Early History of English Poor Relief 119 Rumania in 1900 119 The Francis Letters LJO The Use of Words in Reasoning 120 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per yea -, in advance, postpaid, to anypart of the Vhi'ed States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union. $1,00. 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Aug. 8, 1 901] The Nation. 111 Teachers, etc. COMPANION.— A lady experienced in foreign travel, speaking French, would like to go abroad with a lady, or would chaperon and teach young girls. Highest references. Address M., 40ur Monthly Bul- letin of all the publishers' new, noteworthy, and popular books mailed on application. THE BAKER. <& TAYLOR. CO.. 33-37 E. 17tK St., New York. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., bet. 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books ; Agents for the leading Paris publishers; Tauchnitz's British authors. Teub- ner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. AN ENGLISH COMMENTARY ON DANTE'S DIVINA C0MMED1A. By the Rev. H. F. Tozer, M.A. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2. 10. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, ot &03 Fifth Ave., N. Y. m ANT AN ATTRACTIVE BOOK for the children? Send for Catalogue. DANA ESTES & CO., Boston. Books for Art Lovers Send for our Catalogue. L. C. PAGE 4 CO.. Boston, Mass. Travel. NEVER HAD AN EQVAL Competent judges say that the Pan-American Exposition will be superior to anything of its kind ever seen on this continent, and it is within 13 hours' ride of over forty million people. How can it fail to be a success when you consider that it is reached from all directions by the NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES. which comprise thj New York Cen- tral, Boston & Albany, Michigan Cen- tral, Lake Shore, Big Four, Pitts- burg & Lake Erie and Lake Erie & Western Railways? For a copy of the New York Central's Pan-American Exposition Folder. "Hour- Track series" No. 15,send a postage stamp to George H. Daniels. General Passenger Agent, New York Central Railroad, Grand Central Station, kew York. LEYLAND line aOINCj ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad.'' Every Wednesday, Boston to Liverpool, Immense new steamers. First Cabin, $40-$45 upwards, depending on steamer. S. S "Devo- nian" (new), 11,000 tons, August 14; S. S. "Ces- trian," August 21; S. S. "Winif redian " 10,500 t. ns (new), August 2S; S. S. "Caledonian," Sept 4; 6. S. "Devonian," 11,000 tons (new), Sept.18 P. O. HOUGHTON & CO., Gen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. Financial. We buy and sell Mils of exchange and make CaMe transf- rs of money on Eu- rope. Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. LETTERS OF CREDIT. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., HO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. High-Grade Securities. Mailed on request. E. H. GAi St., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., New York Send for our List of In- come-bearing Securities. GAY & CO., i3. Devonshire Read the new Anting=Anting Stories A Sample Story Free Ask Your Bookseller for One. A NY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- y~L plied to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly filled. Liberal discounts. I. Baylies, 418 Putnam Ave. (Brooklyn;, New York City. Autobiography of a Journalist. By W. J. Stillman. 2 Portraits. 2 vols., 8vo, $6.00. HOUQHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.

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IV Tlie ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 Published June 19— 4th Thousand Now Heady By John Trotwood Moore A Summer Hymnal Marion Harlancl says: " For we have in the ' htymnal ' one of the most exquisite pastorals of American life ever written. It is an Idyll— a 'Reverie,' than which nothing more charming has been offered to our reading public since Ik Marvel founded a school of his own fifty-one years ago. . . . Our ' United Country ' is proud of the State that has given us within a dozen years Charles Egbert Craddock and this later and gentler painter of Tennessee life." " There is in the philosophy of this novel something deliciously sweet and comforting. . . . A book of this sort occasionally is a delight and an inspiration."— Louisville Times. '"Mr. Moora displays more sentiment than does Mr. Allen, and a shrewder philosophy."— N. Y. T<.mes Saturday Review. " Truly, this author of ' A Summer Hymnal ' has touched aud sustained a high note in novel writing. We shall think of him and of his book-people as tenderly as of summer days them- selves. He has written for our hearts as well as our heads."— iV. Y. World. lOth Thousand. In SearcK of Mademoiselle By OEORQB QIBBS. The New York Press says : "It is a gem. It outranks ' Richard Carvel.' It dims the lustre of 'Janice Meredith.' Mr. Gibbs's style is unapproachable." 6th Thousand 15he Tower of ^ Wye By WILLIAM HENRY BABCOCK. Illustrated by GEORGE GIBBS. " The narrative is thrilling and enthrall- ing."—iV. Y. World. " The story fascinates from beginning to end." — Current Literature, N. Y. " Well done and delightfully told. The story is one of interest and power."— Louisville Times. HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. LONGMANS, QREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS NEW WORK BY MR. ANDREW LANG. Magic and Religion By ANDREW LANG 8vo, pp. X.-316. $3.50 net. By mail, $3-75 Contents: I. Science and Superstition— II. The Theory of Loan-Gods; or. Borrowed Religion -III. Magic and Religion- IV. The Origin of the Christian Faith— V. The Approaches to Mr. Frazer's Theory— VI. Attempts to prove the Sacaean Criminal Divine— VII. Zakmuk, Sacaea and Furim— VIII. Mordecai, Esther, Vashti and Haman— IX. Why was the Mock-King of the Sacaea Whipped and Hanged ?— X. Calvary— XI. The Ghastly Priest —XII. South African Religion— XIII. "Cup and Ring." an Old Problem Solved— XIV. First-Fruits and Taboos— XV. Walking through Fire— Appen- dices—Index. Oliver Cromwell By SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, M.A., Hon. D. C. L. Oxford, Litt.D. Cambridge, etc. With Photogravure Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, $1.50 net. By mail, $1.62. *»*This work gives within a short compass a history of Oliver Cromwell from a biographical point of view. The text has been revised by the author, but otherwise is the same in a cheaper form as that which was published by Messrs. (lotipil with illustrations in their Illustrated Series of Historical Volumes. •'The most concise and comprehensive account of tbe Protector now obtainable. It Is also tbe iiiout competent and trustworthy. "—Globe. " Ttu- hook Is an exhaustive and, at tbe same time, philosophic est [mate of Crom- well's masterful life, and those who expect a mere eulogy will ilnd themselves disap- pointed. Dr. Gardiner recognizes frankly both the folhles of the man and the short- comings of his po ley. . . . At the same time, he sees In Cromvell not merely one of the greatest men of English history, but one of the noblest."— Leeds Mercury. The Romance of Religion By Olive Vivian and Herbert Vivian, M.A., Author of "Abyssinia," "Tunisia," "Servia," etc. With 32 Illustrations from Photo- graphs. Crown 8vo, pp. xvi.-304. $1.75- A Diary of the Siege of the Lega= tions in Peking During the Summer of 1900 By Nigel Oliphant. With Preface by Andrew Lang, with Map and several Plans. Crown 8vo, pp. xi.-227, $1 .50 net. By mail, $1 .60. ***Mr. Oliphant was a volunteer who took an active part In the fighting and was for some time in charge of a section of the defences. Researches on Cellulose, 1895=1900 By CROSS and Bevan (C. F.Cross and E. J. Bevan), authors of "Cellu- lose : An Outline of the Chemistry of the Structural Elements of Plants." Crown 8vo, $1.75- "In the period 1895-1900, which has elapsed since the original publication of our work on ' Cellulose,' there have appeared a large number of publications dealing with special points in the chemistry of cellulose. 80 large has been the contribution of matter that It has been considered opportune to pass It under review ; and the present volume, taking the form of a supplement to the original work, Is designed to Incor- porate this new matter and bring the subject, as a whole, to the level to which It Is thereby to be raised.''— From the Introduction. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Ave., New York.

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, AUGUST 8, 1901. The Week. Senator Cullom, fresh from commun- ings at Canton, feels that he is but "rep- resenting the President's ideas" when he declares that the next Congress ought to do some things which will "amount to a partial revision of the tariff." No general revision — Heaven forbid! Sena- tor Cullom would be as much alarmed at that horrible process, except in years when he wanted to undertake it, as the next man. But he has discovered an opinion abroad that the United States is "disposed to act in what may be call- ed a hoggish manner in its trade rela- tions," and he thinks a little tariff mod- ification and the ratification of reci- procity treaties not only would remove that suspicion, but would also give us more trade. Therefore he believes it would be "beneficial all round." What! beneficial to the manufacturers of bogus jewelry and the makers of gloves and worsteds? They killed the French treaty last winter on the statesmanlike ground that there was "nothing in it for them." So with every man who has a favor to his business written into the tariff — that is the thing which is "bene- ficial all round" to the interests it was made to suit, and they will not surren- der a clause of it without a fight and threats to pull the whole edifice down about the party's ears if it dares to touch one poor little scantling in it. This great truth it is, so well attested by repeated experiment, which always lends a cer- tain comic air to the announced deter- mination of Republicans to show you a tariff "reformed by its friends." Congressman Babcock writes a breezy letter from Marienbad, in Bohemia, to the editor of a Wisconsin newspaper, on the subject of his proposed bill to re- peal the duties on articles which "we can to-day produce and undersell the world." He says that he has not changed his intention, but has been confirmed in it by the progress of time. The reading public will recall the fact that Mr. Bab- cock declared his purpose to introduce a bill amendatory of the tariff at the time when the United States Steel Company was formed, and it was inferred that he intended to direct his energies exclu- sively to branches of industry controlled by monopolies. It seems, however, that he does not restrict himself to those, but extends his proposed reform to ar- ticles which we are exporting and sell- ing in the world's markets in compe- tition with foreign producers, "like the products of our farms." He regards the policy of protection to those articles as indefensible. "If Congress maintains a tariff on such articles," he says, "the whole theory of protection falls to the ground, and it simply inures to the ben- efit of those who may secure the control of any such commodity, since by its aid they can fix exorbitant prices in the do- mestic market." Replying to his Re- publican colleagues on the Committee of Ways and Means, Messrs. Payne and Dalzell, who contend that the small man- ufacturer would be crushed "out by the re- peal of such duties, he says that as these small concerns are already competing with the large ones, he does not see why they may not continue to do so after the duties are repealed. He might add that if the rule were that no duties were to be repealed or lowered as long as any small concern was engaged in the busi- ness, it would be very easy for the "com- bine" to keep a small one going in order to shield themselves from tariff changes. The significance of Mr. Babcock's letter, however, is not found in any change of details in his proposed bill, but in the fact that his purpose to push the bill is unchanged. If Bryan's unterrified friends in Ohio wished to make him and themselves ri- diculous, they certainly won a great suc- cess in their "State Convention" at Co- lumbus on July 31. A dozen men in a bedroom listening to a "keynote speech," with the outnumbering reporters trying to catch it (for some of them it must have been a keyhole speech), and with an occasional bolter from the bolters further reducing the ranks from time to time, would seem to be exactly the kind of "candid friends" from whom Mr. Bryan might pray Heaven to save him. The only touch of humor in the proceed- ings lay in the choice of a name for the new organization. "The Progressive Democratic Party," they decided to call themselves. The suggestion of the ob- vious room for growth in a party now numbering 8 or 9 is subtly delightful. An address just issued by a number of influential Democrats in Pennsylvania, appealing to the delegates to the Demo- cratic State Convention to exclude from that body the representatives of the Don- nelly-Ryan machine of Philadelphia, throws a strong light on the real mean- ing of the opposition on the part of the machine Democrats of Pennsylvania to fusion with the Independent Republicans in the work of ridding the State of the abomination of Quay rule, and of rescu- ing Philadelphia from the gang of public plunderers which now has the city in its grasp. Says the address: "In the hands of Charles P. Donnelly and Thomas J. Ryan the Democratic organiza- tion of Philadelphia is but an annex of the Republican city machine. So notorious is this, that the voters of our party faith will no longer go to the polls to be insulted, as- saulted by the police, cheated, and counted out by the creatures of this unholy alli- ance." Evidently, fusion of the Democratic ma- chine with the enemies of the Repub- lican machine could not, under such cir- cumstances, reasonably be expected, and the address rightly insists that the first step must be the overthrow of the Demo- cratic leaders who are misrepresenting their party for their own gain. On the same day with this Democratic address, there was a bitter arraignment of the Re- publican machine by ex-Gov. Hastings at Bellefonte. The two pictures placed side by side present a startling spectacle. With both party machines hopelessly corrupt, the people of Pennsylvania are beset to know which way to turn. As yet non-partisanship is with them but a feeble growth. Whatever the recent Socialist "unity" convention at Indianapolis proved or dis- proved, it showed clearly enough that the Socialists are not yet of one mma. Two distinct kinds of Socialism were represented — a vague, humanitarian sort which was content to seek half- way reforms, such as State ownership of public utilities, compulsory insurance, and old-age pensions, equal political rights for men and women, the initiative and referendum — and an uncompromis- ing Socialism which set before itself the exploitation of the capitalist class. The moderates were soon disabused of the idea that a mealy-mouthed enthusiasm for social reform was Socialism, by a display of the real thing. The original demand for insurance and pensions, for example, read as follows: "[We advocate] State or national insu- rance of working people in case of acci- dents, lack of employment, sickness, and want in old age." No such vague benevolent project con- tented the radicals. Who is to pay for these benefits? they inquired. Surely not the beneficiaries! So they amend- ed the clause by adding, "the funds for this purpose to be collected from the revenue of the capitalist class, and to be administered under the control of the working class." Several such changes in the demands or the platform as originally drafted show- ed that, for many of the delegates, all ideals of social reform were included in the ambition to despoil the capitalist. He was to pay for everything. Who was to pay when the capitalist was final- ly abolished, no delegate to the congress ventured to predict. The annals of New York State politics record no more beautiful and touching

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102 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 scene than the reconciliation last week of those two eminent Republican states- men, Louis F. Payn and Lemuel Eli Quigg. When they quarrelled several years ago, Mr. Quigg published the charge that Mr. Payn was using a cor- ruption fund at Albany to influence leg- islation, and denounced him as a profes- sional lobbyist. Mr. Payn, of course, was equally frank in telling the truth about Mr. Quigg. Hence a certain coolness, till Mr. Quigg triumphantly proved his devotion to lofty principles by declaring that the anti-Tammany forces must nom- inate a Republican for Mayor. This ex- hibition of unimpeachable morality con- quered the heart of the obdurate Mr. Payn, for his chief virtue is a holy hor- ror of political independence. According- ly, Mr. Payne called on Mr. Quigg, they "gazed at each other, first doubtfully, then smilingly," then came a heartfelt clasp of hands, and doubtless a gush of hot tears. Mr. Piatt, however, on Sun- day, stated explicitly that he is for an independent Democrat as candidate for Mayor against Tammany. This was incidentally intended to complete the squelching of Quigg. It also com- mits the Republican machine, so far as Piatt is still able to speak for it, to what is undoubtedly the most rational and promising programme for our municipal campaign. First, however, catch your independent Democrat. "Any man whom they nominate will be the man for me," says Piatt. If he had been willing to say that in 1897 he would have saved the city from its past four years of shame. But what if the indepen- dent Democrat most fit for the nomina- tion should prove to be a man who had denounced Piatt as unsparingly as Cro- ker, had said that their methods were identical and their political morality and respectability on a par? The strategic importance of the Bis- sert conviction, at the present stage of the anti-Tammany campaign, will be more and more apparent as the days pass. It was, in effect, a strong ex- pression of the public disgust and hor- ror at Tammany infamies. That a jury could be found which was not to be tam- pered with or terrorized, is in itself a fact indicative of the prevailing senti- ment that it is high time to stop offi- cial connivance at vice and crime. In the Mafia-like reign of terror which the Tammany police maintain in this city, it requires civic courage of the first order to be ready, as the Bissert jury was, to put a brand of shame upon men who openly boast that they will ruin in prop- erty, or maim in life and limb, any man who dares to testify against them. It is this, together with the immense legal difficulty of proving the true modus op- erandi of the Tammany method of bat- tening upon gambling and prostitution, which makes District-Attorney Philbin's victory, in his first encounter with the cohorts of official corruption, so notable and encouraging. It should prompt him to strike higher and harder. We seem to be at the "psychologic moment" to press forward and turn Tammany's con- sternation into actual panic. With a few more of the men who "pass it up" to him caught, Croker will not dare to come back at all; and a Tammany still further exposed as the ally of criminals and the pail protector of vice will find it impossible to carry out its present plan of getting a "respectable" figure- head, merchant or banker, to stand as its candidate for Mayor. With a few more revelations of the moral slime in which Tammany lives, a respectable man would no more think of accepting a nomination from it than he would of taking up his residence in a pest-house. In addition to the "grandfather" clause, the Alabama Convention has adopted a suffrage provision open to un- limited partisan abuse. It stipulates that, until January, 1903, in addition to the war-veterans and their descendants, only those be permitted to vote who are "of good character and who understand the duties and obligations of citizen- ship under a republican form of govern- ment." The judges of this character and understanding are to be three appointed registrars in each county. This plan of sifting out undesirable citizens is obvi- ously intended to work the same dis- franchisemeat as the "understanding" clause in Mississippi; nor is its vicious- ncss relieved by a farcical provision for an appeal to the courts by those re- jected by the registrars. Members of the class aimed at will never engage lawyers to ay their character and un- derstanding before a prejudiced jury. It is assumed in Alabama that there will not be time enough before 1903 to test the Constitutionality of the hereditary suffrage clause. But even if that should be declared invalid, the arrangement to pass on "character and understanding" will be sufficient to attain the desired end. Under its partisan operation, all the poor and illiterate whites of voting age can be registered, and all the ne- groes can be excluded. In Alabama, as in the Maryland Democratic Convention, "the duties and obligations of citizen- ship" can be construed to mean the duty of voting the Democratic ticket for the maintenance of white supremacy. A movement has been set on foot among the Western lake-cities for the abrogation of the treaty with Great Brit- ain which limits the naval forces of either party on the great lakes. This treaty was originally made in 1817. It provided that no other vessels of war than those named should be there built or armed. There was a stipulation, how- ever, that either party might terminate the treaty on six months' notice. The movement to terminate it now is not founded in Jingoism, but in a desire to build war-vessels on the lakes for for- eign countries. It is a commercial and industrial movement solely, and is there- fore entitled to respect. Iron shipbuild- ing on the lakes has become an exten- sive industry, and is rapidly growing. By reason of nearness to iron and coal de- posits, it possesses some advantages over the yards on the Atlantic seaboard, which are more than offset, however, by the tidewater situation of the latter. No war-vessel for a foreign country can be built on the lakes which exceeds the ca- pacity of the Canadian canals through which they must pass to the ocean. They will be limited to the size of gunboats. Moreover, it will be futile for us to abro- gate the treaty of 1817 unless we can have permission to send the war -vessels so built through the Canadian canals. This permission could probably be ob- tained without difficulty provided the vessels were not armed. Nobody proposes to increase our armament on the lakes merely to furnish employment to ship- builders. The treaty of 1817 has been a great saving of expense to both coun- tries, besides being a conservator of peace, and it ought to be kept in effect so far as it relates to the maintenance of naval force on the lakes; but there is no reason why it should not be so amended as to permit the building of ships for service on salt water. The heartburnings which began with the publication of the new German tariff project are increasing daily. The Agra- rians insist that the duties on cereals and fruits are not high enough to afford them adequate protection. This is an aver- ment which depends very much, for its force, upon the standpoint of the man who makes it. If he is a producer of cereals and fruits, he will be very likely to say that the tariff is ridiculously low, whereas the consumer will think that any tariff is too high. Then the Govern- ment will probably "split the difference," and, in a conscientious endeavor to satis- fy both parties, will satisfy neither, but will make both of them bitterly hostile. We have had some experience of this sort in the United States, but nothing like that which seems to be impending in Germany. The conditions of life here are comparatively easy, and we have free trade over a wider area than the whole of Europe, excluding Russia. Hence the pressure of protective tariff duties is much less burdensome. Moreover, the duties on foodstuffs here are not gener- ally felt, as those articles are produced by us in superabundance, and are large- ly exported. In Germany a very slight addition to the cost of food will be keen- ly felt by the manufacturers and by working-class families, and will provoke stout resistance. On this point we may look for a battle royal in the Reichstag.

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Aug. 8, 1 901] The Nation. 103 The charge is made by the Agrarians that the Government is encouraging the collection and publication of comments in the foreign press hostile to the bill. That is very likely. Looking at this internecine strife among our trade rivals on the other side of the water, what becomes of the great combination that was to meet us at the frontier of every country in Eu- rope except England? True, the union against America was never formulated in such a way that we could look it in the face and form an estimate of its importance, yet it was soberly mooted by the Foreign Minister of Austria- Hungary as one of the necessities of the time, and was taken up by the press of the Continent as a subject calling for immediate attention. The only way to accomplish the end in view was to form a European Zollverein against Ameri- can goods, the details of which should be worked out by a commission of all the countries concerned. We can faint- ly imagine what a jargon of opposing interests would be revealed whenever a conference of this sort should be opened for business. Now we find Ger- many, Austria, and Russia wrangling among themselves over tariff questions, and giving each other quite enough ma- terial to engage their thoughts without having recourse to the question of an anti-American Zollverein. It was not a notable figure which Mr. Chamberlain presented in the House of Commons last Friday, explaining as he did, in the name of the Government of Imperial Britain, that he had 200,- 000 soldiers in South Africa engaged in man-hunting, and that he was even arm- ing Kaffirs against the Boers. He as- serted that there was no understanding whatever that England would not em- ploy black troops against the burghers. No understanding, perhaps, but Mr. Bal- four distinctly asserted for the Govern- ment, at the beginning of the war, that the thing would not be done. Surely, Mr. Chamberlain cannot have forgotten that, or John Morley's grim congratula- tions of the Cabinet on having deter- mined to use only Christians in killing Christians. It would be much franker, if still discreditable, for the Colonial Secretary to say, now that the circum- stances have changed, that he was in a desperate situation, fighting desperate men, and should not scruple to use any weapon that fell to his hand. But the whole thing is, in any aspect of it, a ghastly comment on our Hague Confer- ences and Geneva Convention to make war more "humane." What we see now, in England's case, is simply the old truth that war cannot be made humane; that it is the unleashing of brute pas- sions; and that the most civilized of na- tions, once in hot blood, will sneer at "mistaken leniency," and will swagger about "fighting to a finish," just as if it were a tribe of Sudanese led by the Mad Mullah. Professor Bastable. whose treatise on Finance holds a high place in contem- porary literature, gives his approval in the Economic Journal to the English budget, but considers the increase of the national debt a very serious matter. "For the two years 1900-2," he says, "this in- crease will be, broadly speaking, £100,- 000,000, i. c. about the amount of the debt paid off between 1886 and 1899. Thus two years of war balance the work of fourteen years of peace." In regard to the export duty on coal he thinks that its continuance is doubtful, and must de- pend upon the results of its actual work- ing. If it should result in checking Brit- ish trade at competitive points, it might cause more loss to commerce than gain to the Treasury. It was the opinion of the late Professor Jevons that an ex- port duty on coal would have that effect. Incidentally, Professor Bastable notices that the expenditure of the Imperial Government for all purposes has been at the rate of half a million sterling per day for two years, not counting the ex- penses of local government. He thinks that there is no decided indication that the strain is too great, but that some important taxes are probably very near their point of maximum productiveness. The Jesuits, it is credibly reported in the Stm on the authority of a prominent Jesuit editor of this city, will disband their twenty-nine colleges in France, and withdraw the one thousand students who are candidates for the order to Holland. They have felt that the Gov- ernment was unalterably hostile to them, and that it would be useless to apply for an authorization under the Associa- tions Bill. If it is really true that the French Jesuits are gone for good, and that the 16,000 students of Jesuit col- leges must enter other schools, the fact is a signal victory for the advocates of the bill. For that measure, supported by the Socialists chiefly as a step toward confiscation, was, in the minds of many Moderate Republicans and of all Radi- cals, only a step towards the secularizing of education in France. The Govern- ment has long looked with no favorable eye on the success of the Catholic schools. All attempted discrimination in the professional and official examina- tions has been defeated by the simple excellence of the Catholic schools. It has been generally felt, with perhaps a certain "snobism," that the Catholic schoolmasters were of a higher grade as men and scholars than the correspond- ing teachers of the University. All this has gained for the Jesuit schools public confidence, and support among tne wealthier classes. There is nothing that the French bour- geois with his cheap Voltaireanism de- tests more heartily than this assumption of culture and social distinction, which has been the mark of the Catholic sem- inaries. He not only hates it, but dis- trusts it; and reports of the growth of Royalist and Catholic sentiment in the army are the favorite bugaboo of the sensational press. The voluntary clos- ing of the Jesuit schools will by them be acclaimed as a triumph for secular education. If the Jesuits had ever learned the art of staying away, the tri- umph would be more complete. Sup- pressed as an order by the Church her- self, expelled, first or last, from nearly every country of Europe, they have al- ways managed not only to return, but actually to prosper under proscription. This is not alone due to their proverbial political sagacity, but to their actual qualifications as schoolmasters. Thus, in Italy, where their conventual hold- ings were confiscated, most of the build- ings serve again as Jesuit schools. The French Associations Bill is strict, but its rigid application will require a closer vigilance than any Government is likely to give. The Jesuits hardly needed the Pope's injunction to take every advan- tage left to them by the Associations Bill, but no order was more likely to profit by, and possibly exceed, the in- structions. Because their candidates in theology are to be transferred to Hol- land as an asylum, one need not suppose that the 16,000 pupils suddenly dismissed in the long vacation are to be forsaken. It is hard to view the interruption of the Daudet-Richard duel for the pur- pose of sterilizing the weapons in oth- er than a ridiculous light. Amusement deepens when we read that this may serve as a precedent on the field of honor. For many years, to be sure, the swords in a German Mensur have been wiped with listerine between bouts. But the student duels are friendly contests, in which every risk except that of casual mutilation is rightly guarded against. The French duels, on the contrary, are to avenge deadly insults, and the combat is a outrance. Tragedy is their presum- able aim. There is something quite ab- surd, then, in lessening the risk on the duelling-ground. If M. Daudet's sword, having accidentally touched the ground, had possibly picked up a deadly microbe or two, M. Richard was free to do the same with his weapon and continue the fight on even terms. What is to become of the "code" if it must embody all the results of modern bacteriology? Meadows and woods and ravines and public parks, the favorite resorts of duellists, are no- toriously septic, but are they not indis- pensable, too? Could the institution long survive a code which required the preliminary sterilization of all parties, aseptic weapons, and a thoroughly fumi- gated room?

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104= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 THE OBSTINATE SURPLUS. On March 2 of this year was enacted a revenue-reduction law, designed to check the accumulating surplus in the Treasury. The so-called War Revenue Act of June 13, 1898, adding (chiefly through new stamp taxes) $100,000,000 to the annual public income, had remain- ed in force, although war expenditures had been reduced $95,000,000 below those of 1898. As a result, the surplus revenue rose to $79,500,000 in the fiscal year 1900, and to $76,000,000 in the twelve months ending with last June. The Congressional committees which took the matter in charge last winter, pro- posed a law repealing taxes on bank checks, express-receipts and telegraph messages, and proprietary medicines, and reducing by 20 and 50 per cent, the tax on foreign bills of exchange, on beer and tobacco, steamship passage tickets, and a few other objects of stamp requirements. Some of these taxes had been enormously productive, and it was estimated, both by the com- mittees and by Secretary Gage, that the changes would strike off about $40,000,- 000 annual revenue. With expenditure unchanged, this would have left for the ensuing fiscal year a surplus of $36,000,000. The new schedules of taxation went into effect J;:ly 1. The first month under the reduced taxes ended last Thursday, and its fiscal results are contrary to all expectations. Government receipts for July, instead of feeling the influence of the lower taxes, have turned out $2,000,- 000 larger than in 1900, and $4,000,000 more than in 1899. The month's expen- diture, too, has been reduced $1,600,000 from last year, and $4,500,000 from the year before. July is usually a month when, owing to the heavy interest pay- ments, expenditure exceeds receipts. Not in fifteen years has there been any ex- cess revenue in July, when interest and pension payments are always particular- ly large, ami when appropriations for the new fiscal year are promptly drawn upon. There was a deficit for the month even in periods of abnormal surplus revenue, such as 1889 and 1890. Last year the July deficit exceeded $4,000,000. Yet July, 1901, ends with an actual ex- cess revenue. There are several explanations of this anomalous result — some of them suggest- ed by the figures, some by similar expe- rience in the past. In the first place, out of the $2,300,000 increase in revenue over July, 1900, $1,400,000 came from cus- toms. This branch of revenue was not affected by the law of March 2, which dealt exclusively with internal schedules. It was affected, however, by the increase in dutiable imports, which has been con- siderable. In June, these tax-paying im- portations increased $2,700,000, and the increase last month was probably as large, or larger. Hut there was also an increase of some $750,000 in receipts from internal revenue, which is difficult to ex- plain except on the theory that taxpay- ers who had allowed their supply of stamps to run low on the eve of reduc- tion in the rate, bought in exceptional quantities when the new law took effect. Even this explanation, however, is only inference. As a matter of fact, receipts from internal revenue, in the first week of July, were less than in 1900, and the large increase came in the last fortnight. But no other explanation is apparent. This seeming paradox has, however, presented itself on a similar occasion in our financial history. The Government's experience after the tax reductions of 1883 furnishes a case in point. At that time, as in the present year, inter- nal taxes were made to bear the brunt of the alterations. The measure of that day was entitled "a bill to reduce inter- nal taxation." It struck off absolutely taxes on bank checks, bank deposits, and other similar sources of revenue, which had yielded $10,000,000 in the preceding fiscal year. It cut down near- ly one-half the tax on tobacco manufac- tures, which had produced $47,000,000. Vet iu March, 1883— the first month un- der the new schedules — these very in- ternal taxes yielded a revenue larger by $1,800,000 than in the same month the year before. This increase did not continue; the revenue soon declined be- low that of 1882; yet within six months the Treasury officers had figured out that, instead of the $34,700,000 reduction of internal revenue contemplated by the Congressional committees, $24,500,000 was the outside limit. This second and lower estimate turned out correct. Very possibiy, some miscalculation will be found to have been made in the lax Reduction Law of 1901, after it shall have been fully tested. It is im- possible to be exact, and sometimes not easy even to approximate, when esti- mates of a revenue-yield depend on pop- ular whim and fluctuating trade condi- tions. But one month's trial is not con- clusive in 1901 any more than in 1883, and every one ought to hope that the revenue will be reduced as planned. This is not alone because an accumulating surplus in the Treasury makes trouble on the money market. Consequences, to be sure, are bad enough in that di- rection. Only through extensive and hastily undertaken bond redemptions was the disturbance resulting from such locking-tip of funds averted in 1899, and it needed the heavy premium pay- ments, under the Bond Redemption Law of March, 1900, to escape another "squeeze" that year. But the more formidable danger lies elsewhere. The recent Ship-Subsidy Bill, with its effort to appropriate $180,- 000,000 from the public revenue, is an example of the sort of mea- sure which gets a hearing in days of overflowing surplus. The wildly extrav- agant River and Harbor Bill was killed last March only for a session. Even with these two and other kindred mea- sures thrown out by the Fifty-sixth Con- gress, the appropriations of that body ran nearly $400,000,000 beyond those of the Congress before the Spanish war, of whose grants the Appropriations Committee's chairman remarked that they "are, in my judgment, in excess of the legitimate demands of the public service." The danger is that the very annoyance to the money market of which we have spoken, will lead to a hasty acquiescence in any proposal to reduce the surplus. We are not yet ready to predict that such a position of affairs is in sight. It is a fortunate circumstance that our people have learned in recent years what the doctoring of a surplus by increased appropriations means. The time comes, as it came after 1890, when the springs of abundant revenue suddenly dry up. But the roll of expenditure does not con- tract along with them. The pension claimants, the river-and-harbor and pub- lic-buildings petitioners do not with- draw because the Government is in straits. They were intriguing as per- sistently when the Treasury was fight- ing off bankruptcy in 1894, as they were when McKinley in the Ways and Means Committee of 1890, and Tanner in the Pension Office, were inviting all the lob- byists of Washington to thrust their hands into the public strong-box. But the experience which the people had with this class of financial experts then was enough for one generation. If the sur- plus of 1901 were to keep on rising, it is safe to say that the people's demand would be directed, as it ought to be, to- wards further remission of taxation. THE COMING STRIKE. The failure of the conferees of the Tmited States Steel Corporation and of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers to come to an agree- ment on Saturday seems likely to result in the most extensive and disastrous strike that this country has ever seen. The preliminary steps are well known. It is certain that the strike is not on a question of wages or hours. Therefore, it must be a question of union or non- union labor, and this, in the last analy- sis, is a question of control of the prop- erty from which both wages and profits are derived. It is an old question, and one which will continue to divide so- ciety for long years to come. We must always hope for an eventual solution of it without fighting, but such a settle- ment seems now to be as remote as it was some twenty-five years ago, when Pittsburgh was in anarchy and seemed about to be swallowed in flames. After the great Homestead strike, the Carnegie works emancipated themselves from the Amalgamated Association; in other words, made themselves "non-

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Aug. 8, 1901] The Nation. 105 union," and went on their way rejoic- ing. They became the most successful producers of steel in the world, and they paid no lower wages than the Amalga- mated scale. Of course, they were an eyesore to the union, as every non-union shop is, and all the more by reason of the magnitude of their output and the rapidity of tbeir growth. It seems not improbable that the real aim of the strik- ers has been to bring the Carnegie works under Amalgamated control, a plan for which the acquirement of the Carnegie mills by tho United States Steel Cor- poration would seem to furnish a good basis. If th? Amalgamated Association could tie up all the works controlled by them (say three-fourths of the mills own- ed by the company), and keep them tied up until the company would agree to unionize the other fourth, including the Carnegie works, such a scheme would be perfectly intelligible. Whatever might be thought of it as a business proposi- tion, it would be a rational explanation of everything that has taken place. Looking at the points of disagreement as officially presented by the leaders of the Amalgamated Association, they seem to be very slight. They are the follow- ing: PROPOSITION OF TOE STEEI, CORPORATION". "Tin Plate Company — Business shall pro- ceed under the contract signed with the Amalgamated Association as of July 1, 1901. "The American Steel Hoop Company should sign the scale for all the mills owned by the American Steel Hoop Company that were signed for last year. "American Sheet Steel Company — Com- pany should sign the scale for all the mills of this company that were signed for last year excepting the Old Meadow and Salts- burg mills." PROPOSITION OF THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIA- TION. "We, the members of the Executive Board of the Amalgamated Association, hereby present the following proposition as a reply to that received from the United States Steel Corporation: "Sheet mills — All mills signed for last year, with the exception of Saltsburg and Scottsdale, and with the addition of Mc- Keesport and Wellsville. "Hoop mills — All mills now known to be organized, viz., Youngstown, Girard, Green- ville, Pomeroy, Warren, Painters, and Lindsay and McCutcheon, Clark, Monessen, Mingo, and bar mill, 12-inch, 9-inch, and hoop mills of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. "Tin mills — All mills except Monessen. "Note — All other matters of detail to be left for settlement by conference." "Signing the scale" for any mill, or collection of mills, means that future differences between the employers and employees in them shall be within the jurisdiction of the Amalgamated Asso- ciation. In other words, the mill or mills shall be considered unionized, whether the majority of the men work- ing in them are members of the union or Dot. Any number of questions might arise immediately after the "signing of the scale," and they would be ques- tions for the Amalgamated Association to pass upon. The latter might decide that no non-union men should be em- ployed in the mill. On the other hand, the officers of the Corporation might dis- charge the union men one by one on various pretexts. The signing of the scale therefore is a weighty matter from both points of view. The first difference between the two parties relates to the Tin-Plate Com- pany, and here the men are clearly in the wrong. A contract was signed on the first of July, 1901, for one year, by the Amalgamated Association for all the tin- plate mills. The Corporation may justly insist that that contract shall be fulfilled. We believe that there is a by-law of the Association which authorizes them to declare a contract "off" in certain con- tingencies, but that is not binding on the other party to the contract. A vio- lation of a written agreement only a month old is calculated to deprive the workmen of the public sympathy as to that particular matter and to cast a shadow upon their cause generally. The other points of difference are ap- parently trifling. They are questions re- lating to particular mills — whether the scale shall be signed for this one, or for that one, or not. But each one involves the principle of control of the property, and is as important in the estimation of both sides as though the question were whether future rates of wages and hours of labor, in all the mills of the Corporation, shall be regulated and fix- ed by one or the other party exclu- sively. This is the unexpressed issue which, we regret to think, is to be put to a trial of strength and fought out with much suffering and loss of both wages and profits, and perhaps something worse before the end is reached. That the strike will project itself into politics it is easy to foresee. Mr. Shaf- fer in a public speech invoked the aid of President McKinley to use his in- fluence with Mr. J. P. Morgan to settle the dispute without a trial of strength. Senator Hanna has been flitting about the country during the crisis as though great issues depended upon a settle- ment of the difficulty. Without peering too far into the future, we may imagine that the strength of the Ship-Subsidy Bill in the coming session of Congress may be much impaired by a contest on a gigantic scale between labor and capi- tal. We can imagine that Chairman Babcock may find a considerable acces- sion of strength for his proposed tariff reform bill by a public spectacle of this kind. It will be strange, too, if the whole Trust question is not precipitated into the field of acrimonious debate in Wash- ington next winter. That it will en- gage the attention of Congress more or less is assured by the forthcoming re- port of the Industrial Commission. Much bitterness may be added to it, whether the strike proves successful or not. The prospect now is that it will not be suc- cessful. The leaders cannot look for success from a mere test of endurance. They expect that political influence and public sympathy will come with over- whelming force to their aid. LOSSES OF SENTIMENT. Mr. R. D. Blumenfeld writes in Har- per's of a scene which he witnessed in the harbor of Southampton last year. A British transport clearing for South Africa passed a Batavian steamer, on board of which were some soldiers from Holland en route for Java. With the uni- versal good-fellowship of men at arms, the Dutchmen cheered the Englishmen in khaki. But they were suddenly or- dered below by an indignant young of- ficer, "whose Boer sympathies were ap- parently shocked by the spectacle of Dutch soldiers cheering Englishmen." A cynical English officer might, however, have asked, "Why such squeamishness? We, it is true, are sailing to Cape Town in order to destroy the last shred of Boer independence. But are you not on your way to Java to kill the Achinese who are fighting for their independence? Lib- erty is liberty, whether in Africa or Asia, and a man is a man, whether we call him Boer or Malay; so why con- demn in others the thing which you al- low in yourselves?" We do not know how a Dutch casuist could give a really satisfactory answer to these questions. If he felt any awkwardness on the sub- ject, however, all he would have to do would be to wait until he fell in with an American transport bound for the Philippines. With the soldiers on board her he would naturally feel himself in full rapport, since they, too, were em- barked for the purpose of extinguish- ing the liberty of a Malay people. The Dutch and their predecessors in Java have been lighting the Achinese for a hundred years, and have not subdued them yet; but we shall hope to show them that our vigorous young republic can do much more rapid work than that in blotting out the last remnants of a Philippine republic. The incident suggests the constant loss of fine sentiment, which is one of the penalties of our modern Imperial- istic ventures. We rob ourselves of the power to sympathize with the oppressed when we ourselves turn oppressors — or even, involuntarily, if that pleases bet- ter, fall into the ungrateful and unin- tended attitude of an oppressor. This is a serious thing, for man or nation. A great part of national as of individual life thrives upon sentiment. To impair its power over us, to dull its appeals, to make us shamefaced in asserting it, is by so much to strike at the vitality and strength of the motives which enter into both our private and public character. For how long did Americans have to hang their heads at the taunt about "the home of the free and the land of the slave"! It made our homage to liberty seem hollow, and our brave words about

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106 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 the rights of man sound false and hypo- critical. To remove that reproach cost years of agitation and a bloody war, and lo! the first thing we discover in the careless rapture of our new Impe- rialism is that we are again a slave- holding nation, and must once more blush to find our practice so at variance with our principles. It is the common lot of liberty-loving and slavery-hating nations when once they embark on a grandiose career of conquest. No boast of the Briton, for example, has been louder and prouder than that slavery could not exist under the British flag. British soil or Brit- ish protection was supposed automati- cally to strike off the fetters of the slave. But now humanitarian England, the England of Clarkson and Wilber- force, is tingling with shame over the admitted fact that there live to-day up- wards of 200,000 slaves under the Eng- lish flag. They are in Zanzibar and on the adjoining mainland, now a British protectorate. The matter was brought up in the House of Commons a few days ago, and the Government put the best face possible upon the unpleasant situation. True, the slaves were there, but they really did not want to be free; slavery was a part of their Mohamme- dan religion, and they did not mind it; besides, a promise had been made when Zanzibar was taken over that there would be no interference with the "so- cial status"; and so the Government, while just as much opposed to slavery as ever, could do nothing except hope that the slaves would not be cruelly treated by their masters, and that the present regrettably high mortality among them would be checked. We were just going to cry shame upon such fumbling and shuffling with a great question of human liberty, but we re- membered in time our own slaves in Sulu, and President McKinley's benevo- lent hope that each of them might soon be able to raise the money to buy his freedom "at the market price." Really, it is not exactly a thing to inflame the pride of Americans to be reminded that the price of slaves is again to be found among our market quotations. It is small compensation for these losses of sentiment to say that we are richer and bigger and more terrible than ever. Republics do not live by wealth and territory and battle-ships. They feed and grow great upon ideas and feelings. For our part, we cannot but reckon the honeycombing of our old sentiments on the subject of self-gov- ernment and personal rights as a serious subtraction from the strength of our na- tional life. The practical effect is not, perhaps, great as yet, but the moral ef- fect, the dimming of our fine ideals, is already profound; and the disastrous outward result will follow in due time unless we return to our faith in human liberty and our safeguarding of it. One practical effect we do indeed see. Our generous sympathies are as if dried up. We cannot bid struggling people across the sea Godspeed with the old heart- iness. As Macbeth's "Amen" struck in his throat when "one cried 'God bless us!' " so do our voices when we attempt to utter encouragement to brave men striving for freedom. THE THEATRE AND THE CRITICS. The veteran dramatic critic, Mr. Henry Austin Clapp, who has just be- gun the publication of his reminiscences in the Atlc.Uic, speaks with gratitude of the full liberty accorded to him by the journal which he has so ably and discreetly represented for many years, and with compassion of some of his associates whom he knows to have been prevented, hy counting-room influence, from telling the truth as they saw it. There can be no doubt that the evil to which he thus alludes was abominably prevalent within the memory of living men who are not yet very old. It was rooted sometimes in mere vulgar greed, sometimes in personal enmity or favor- itism, and was, of course, in each and every case equally disreputable. More- over, there were not a few so-called critics — there is no secret about the names of some of them — who were de- liberately corrupt on their own account, making a traffic out of their praise or abuse, with notorious indifference to their own self-respect and their duty to the public and their employers. But this condition of affairs does not exist to-day, except in very rare and isolated instances. An occasional black sheep is to b.j found in most flocks, and no doubt there are a few rascals in the considerable body of men who, in one capacity or another, write on theatrical topics for the press of all large cities; but there is no longer anything like a systematized practice of blackmail, and the relations between the newspapers and the theatres are conducted on ordi- nary business methods; the theatres, as a rule, getting very much the best of the bargain. It is not necessary, there- fore, to dwell upon an old and exceed- ingly unsavory scandal; but there are one or two points connected with the subject that are of present interest, such as the s;uality of current dramatic criticism, and the effect of it upon the fortunes of a particular play, or upon the character of the drama in general. Speaking broadly, a laudatory or even moderately favorable notice of a new play is much more likely to contribute to its success than is a strongly or even bitterly condemnatory review to injure its prospects. A denunciation of a play on the score of its immorality or offen- siveness is — and the reflection is not comforting — almost certain to insure for it a long and remunerative run. This does not mean, necessarily, that the taste of the community at large is debased or naturally inclined to what is rank and foul, but it does signify that there is a large percentage of play-goers who are attracted by and are on the lookout for anything that is strange, audacious, or startling, and upon whose support, in certain circumstances, the unscrupulous manager may depend, if he can succeed in attracting their attention to his objec- tionable wares. Consequently, the critic who, in real or simulated indignation, enlarges upon grosser details, helps to perpetuate the very evil to which he is apparently laboring to put an end. There can be no manner of doubt that some of the most pernicious plays of recent sea- sons owed a great part of their financial prosperity to the persistency with which their most demoralizing incidents were described and discussed, sometimes with seeming relish, in the newspapers. The injury done not only to real theatrical art, but to the whole cause of public de- cency and morality, by such purblind en- thusiasm is, it need scarcely be said, in- calculable. In dealing with a play whose influence is clearly mischievous and whose artistic merit is small or nil, the only possible course for the sincere and judicious critic is to characterize it in general terms, and dilate, not upon its alluring viciousness, but upon its mani- fest deficiencies as entertainment. The public is willing to be shocked, amazed, or horrified, but hates to be bored. No- thing is more quickly fatal to a play than an imputation of dulness. Perhaps the most serious charge that can be justly preferred against the bulk of dramatic criticism in the contempo- rary daily press is a lack, not so much of competency or honesty, as of serious- ness and sense of proportion. It remains, for the most part, cynically or ignorantly indifferent to the higher possibilities of the stage as a potent agent in the ele- vation of the public mind and morals, as well as a fascinating means of amuse- ment. During the period of decadence, which has been marked for at least a generation, newspaper criticism has fallen more and more into the habit of regarding theatrical affairs from the managerial point of view — of attaching undue importance to the mere externals of costume and scenery, and of paying absurd deference to the fictitious repu- tations, which it has helped to manu- facture, of very moderate performers. The old standards have been forgotten or cast aside, and even the new are low- ered from time to time to conceal the shrinkage of dwindling capacities. With- out actual misrepresentation, there is constantly a suppression of the truth and a suggestion of the false, as if the poor old drama, being in a bad way, needed coddling to keep it alive, and might per- ish suddenly if violence were done to its feelings. What the drama really requires is a course of tonics, and, above all, the ob-

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Aug. 8, 1 901] The Kation. 107 servance of common-sense and propor- tion in the treatment of it. The amount of space which is wasted nowadays upon its irrelevant details is preposterous. It is time that we return to first principles, reduce the actor — exception may safely be made in the rare cases of genius — to the inconspicuousness of ordinary mor- tals, and, in dealing with a performance, put the play first, the interpretation sec- ond, and the decorations last of all. If criticism is to avail aught, it must tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. To be sure, it has not always been popular with the public or with theatrical syndicates, but it is a policy worth the trying. IMPRESSIONS OP SIAM. Bangkok, June 15, 1901. Tides are very erratic near the mouth of the Bangkok River (Menam Chao Phraya), and the bar is an unreckonable quantity. At high water, large steamers pass with ease, but detentions of twelve and even thirty-six hours are not infrequent, especially for in- coming steamers whose exact hour of ar- rival at the barrier cannot be foretold. But once over and inside the arms of the tor- tuous stream, it becomes immediately evi- dent that a different country has been reached. Siamese architecture appears in the beautiful Wat Paknam, whose character- istic monuments rise on the left. Low and muddy banks are heavily wooded, and through the green occasionally protrude the white or gilded tops of practodees, "merit- making" towers near temples, which lend a peculiarly individual accent to an other- wise monotonous landscape. Small boats are being paddled up and down, generally by women, whose short hair and general ro- bustness make it difficult to distinguish which are the lords of this especial creation, except that the men are quite invariably lounging in the stern, watching the fine de- velopment of physique which exercise be- stows upon the supposedly weaker sex. Even far down the river this boat-life begins, for a third of Bangkok lives afloat. Of this Venice of the East, the waterways (each a populous street), the network of canals threading the city, form quite the most pic- turesque feature. Despite the alluvial character of the coun- try, the river has very decisive currents, and, dependent upon changing tides, passage in the small native boats is simple or fraught with toil and difficulty. So large a part does the current play in Siamese life that a favorite proverb expresses belief in a heaven whose rivers have always a cur- rent up one side and down the other. With much naivete the natives exhibit their amphibious qualities. Calmly smok- ing on their floating verandas, they may decide that it is now time for an unhurried plunge; after due deliberation a brown face and upstanding black hair on the surface of the muddy stream are all the visible tokens of the smoker. Beyond, a neighbor is per- haps sitting on the edge of his floor with feet dangling in the brown water, drying himself with whatever primitive appliance may be at hand; and tiniest children, sup- ported by life-preservers made perhaps of petroleum tins, are splashing about, left un- guarded by parents who know that a biscuit tin is better than weeks of instruction. Dip- ping up some of the unspeakable river water in their hands or a blue bowl, the bathers take long and refreshing draughts of the cooling element, or rinse out their betel- blackened mouths with its purity. It is whis- pered that certain ones high in authority never take long journeys away from home without a goodly supply of this water, for drinking in countries where there is less substance and flavor to the streams. Shops axe alluring when approached by water, and rows of golden Buddhas of most approved attitude and expression may be bought on the southern bank of one pic- turesque klong, while cheap but decorative blue dragon-china is omnipresent. From their lazy vantage-ground the natives hard- ly care to bestir themselves enough to show their wares. It is to them a matter of com- plete indifference whether they sell or not, and if one buys it is chiefly by dint of the purchaser's own energy and eloquence. Over most of these floating domiciles rise the beautiful curved roofs of Slam in all their wonderful grace, albeit small and of cheap materials, but hardly less attractive in out- line than those of the fine temples them- selves. And what a convenient way to live! If the neighborhood becomes unsympathetic, what is easier than to glide gently away and anchor in more congenial surroundings? Or if an enemy offend, a few holes may readily be bored in his floor at such time as he slum- bers or bathes, and before long his house- hold conditions will become pleasingly com- plicated. The poorer people live in smaller boats, with straw roofs only above the fam- ily treasures. But, poor or well-to-do, all have enough to eat, the amount of neces- sary clothing is a minimum, and life flows placidly onward. Months might happily be absorbed in idle exploration of the hlcmgs and streams in all their miles of tortuous in- tricacy. But the Chinese have entered in and taken peaceable possession. The streets are filled with them, the work is done by them; they reap the profits of industry. Early and late they may be seen, pulling jinrikishas, build- ing, painting, digging, shop-keeping; the trail of the queue is over all, and, like Sin- gapore, Bangkok may almost be called a Chinese city. The mixed descendants prove a stronger race than either original. The natives, unduly indolent, are quite con- tent to see this unwarlike usurpation pro- ceed. Even the making of porcelain has been abandoned, giving place to the uni- versal Chinese blue. Happy is he who has in cabinet or case any genuine specimens of early Siamese pottery; it is all but a lost art. Silver-work, too, is wholly in the hands of the invaders, and, although certain Siamese designs are still constantly seen, as, for instance, the "story of the powerful monkey," they are now chiefly wrought by alien hands, and ideographs and dragons are taking their places. In Oriental cities pawnshops are gen- erally prolific in fine relics, and this was pre- eminently the case in Bangkok until the first of June this year. Then a spasm of munici- pal virtue unfortunately resulted in closing these attractive establishments, over which the khaki-clad native police now keep un- comfortable supervision. As a matter of fact, a good many stolen articles were to be found from time to time, and closing be- came imperative. A few favored shops are still open, under restrictions, where fine odds and ends may yet be found — among them occasional books, written in the Laos tongue, Sanskrit, Pali or Siamese, on parch- ment with brilliant illustrations, or on long and narrow leaves of palm, and each volume wrapped in its cover of old brocade. The by-lanes and remote passages where these and other shops flourish, are like pages from some indescribable book of the supcrla- tlve. Hardly wide enough for two persons to pass comfortably, they are yet thronged with a motley array of hundreds. Chinese shout back and forth to one another in harsh yet sufficiently amiable expletives; gentle Siamese pursue their quiet avocations without so many words, but all are buying or selling, or carrying, or drinking various dis- astrous liquids of alluring colors, whose ba- sis is river water; aDd in the interstices of the bewildering day are countless children, and an army of cowardly, slinking, and ut- terly miserable dogs. The insatiable love ojt gambling is evidenced by the many large rooms devoted exclusively to its uses, and patronized extensively by Chinese, who sur- round a huge straw mat, their piles of coin or shells before them, and risk their all upon the turn of a colored figure, or something equally simple. The pretty, roughly spheri- cal Siamese silver tical is largely used, while the modern flat coins are bent and curved so that the manager of the group can more easily pull them in from the centre with his toothless rake. It is rare to receive, un- bent, change of any value below the tical. Another form of gambling is expressed al- most every night, when about two o'clock a long-drawn call echoes through the silent streets like the cry of doom, which it cer- tainly is to many: the successful numbers in the day's lottery are being announced to an expectant city. But away from the sordid dirt, from the sick, dejected, snarling dogs, from the gut- ters cheerfully lying beneath a coat of green under every native doorstep, away from the buzzing little electric cars, with their loads of still curious and partly terrified natives, and from the canals, empty at low tide, where the houses perch on stilts above the oozy mud, are the wide, well-kept streets and parks about the palace. A different world, yet the same tropical sun shines on smooth lawns and fine shrubbery, on the strange, half-barbarous yet wholly beautiful towers and monuments of the royal temples, their gilded tiles and porcelain pillars glistening like jewels of inestimable value, with a be- wildering effect of gorgeous sparkle and splendor. The noble sky-line of curving roofs — two, three, even four double — the soft beauty of the dull green tiles bordered by old gold; or, vice-versa, the flame-like or- naments at the gables— all tell an exquisite architectural story. But even here is alien intrusion; and beside the cloistered rows of golden Buddhas, pillars of porcelain vases, bronze elephants, and the half-human, half- bird figures so distinctively Siamese, may almost invariably be found grinning dragons and impossible griffins carved in China. Despite these excrescences, and even worse ones, in stone images of obsolete Europeans, in the long coats and tall hats of an exag- gerated Oriental imagination, the character of the temples and courtyards is not changed, and their dazzling if slightly theatrical beauty never fails to enwrap the beholder in joyful surprise. Otherwhere than in the palace teats, de- generation and the quick finger of weather

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ios The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 are sadly evident. Tiles are falling, statues are broken and tipped over, porcelain flow- ers are chipping oft down to the primeval plaster, and temple wall-paintings are a blur, from the rubbing of careless crowds. At the palace, however, the cool darkness of interiors is not disturbed by low-born contact, the paintings are still brilliant, ret- icent Buddhas sit undefaced in majestic silence before the silent visitor, and rows of golden bells along the eaves yet tinkle in melodious iteration with every passing breeze. In the royal library the sleep of centuries seemed to be disturbed when the ancient curators, dozing on their floor-mats, sat up and hastily clothed themselves at the un- wonted presence of a guest in those schol- arly but soporific shades. They did not of- fer to show any of the beautiful old MS. books, but looked apathetically on at our in- terested survey of what little could be dis- covered in the twilight interior gloom. The King is still away, not having returned yet from his health trip to Java, so that an air of quiet, normal in the library, but unwonted in the courtyards, pervaded the royal pre- cincts. Occasionally a pretty little princess, slender limbed and graceful, would pass from one room to another with her women, but all was very silent. Even the royal elephants stood subdued upon their pedes- tals, except one which impatiently beat con- tinually upon his own forehead with his trunk, producing a peculiarly hollow rever- beration, unpleasantly suggestive of empti- ness within. Except for their albino eyes and a bleached effect about their ears, no one could describe these animals as white. Their color is disappointingly common- place. If the klongs are picturesque, no less so, but in very different ways, are the multi- tudinous wats, beautiful in their mournful decadence. The "golden mountain" is an artificial height, built up with rocks and masonry and bricks, abounding in grottoes where gilded Buddhas gleam faintly in semi-darkness; its terraces are overhung by vines, and hundreds of low, easily ascending steps conduct one comfortably to the sum- mit shrine. The city spread out below seems shrouded in foliage, through which here and there emerges a graceful prachadee, or the lovely curve of a temple-roof, its tiles of green as soft and shadowy as the trees themselves. Occasionally, too, a "flame of the forest" splashes its vivid scarlet into the scene; and so beautiful are these high cloisters whence one can survey the king- dom, that even the shrine within and the lovely bells are not secondary. Wat Chang, its towers conspicuous from the river, its gray courtyards accented by the yellow robes of priests, is worthy of many visits; and Wat Poh, with the great recumbent Buddha, offers endless study of the genius of the past. The Buddha, one hundred and for- ty feet long, is still imposing, despite mu- tilation. The temple entrance is kept by a surly old woman, who reluctantly opens half a small doorway, through which one squeez- es into — utter darkness. An attendant, usually a Bengalese, follows, and throws back a single shutter, whereupon the enor- mous heels of deity become visible, far over- head. The soles of the feet are delicately inlaid with mother-of-pearl; and on safely rounding this Cape of Exploration, the whole length of the huge reclining figure stretches away in dim perspective, the foreshortening | enhanced by darkness, until all is swallowed up invisibly at the waist. But the attendant does not plan to be wholly miserly. A far- ther glimpse is allowed. Opening one shut- ter at a time, light is let through in sec- tions. The left hand and arm, resting on the hip, emerge. Disppearing in darkness as the window is closed, the chest is revealed by another opening, then the right elbow, sup- porting the cheek, and at last the head it- self. Though the whole interior is covered with dust, the roof broken through to the sky in half a dozen places, and the gold drop- ping off the Buddha in huge flakes, he is still impressive to a remarkable degree. Many old customs are now obsolete, many modern ways are introduced, but the arrang- ing of flowers, a national art quite different from the Japanese, is still practised. Actual fabrics of blossoms and buds are ingenious- ly woven and looped into a hundred lovely uses. The famous fighting fishes still pur- sue their mimic battles in bottles, turning from black to scarlet and green as the fray continues. But elephants do not play as conspicuous a part in Siamese life as the credulous have been led to suppose, and twins are not mentioned, though I did see a photograph of the famous pair in the Mu- seum. The ancient fashion of throwing bodies of criminals to the vultures is now only history. Cremations of royal person- ages take place at intervals, gorgeous func- tions well worth a long journey to witness; for when a death occurs, the noble bones are often preserved for years in gilded shrines until several can share in the honor of the great ceremony. Mabel Loomis Todd. FOUCHfi.— III. Paris, July 28, 1901. Fouche's political career, when once he be- came Minister of Police, was so com- pletely mixed up with the career of Napo- leon that to write his history completely is really to write the history of the Empire. His policy all along was, I repeat, one of equilibrium between the Royalists and the revolutionists. This policy often dictated to him acts of the greatest severity, one may say of cruelty, it allowed him at the same time to make friends in both camps, and to secure by acts of leniency the gratitude and the services of families of the Faubourg St. -Germain, as well as of the former Ter- rorists. Fouche always felt that the edifice of the Empire had no other foundation than the military genius of the Emperor, and that an unsuccessful campaign might ruin it. The Spanish war first shook his confidence in Napoleon, and it was the occasion of a reconciliation between him and Talleyrand, and of an alliance made in view of the death of Napoleon. Napoleon was alarmed by this reconciliation; he had, on his return from Spain, a great scene with the Prince of Ben- evento before the whole court. He began by alluding to those who sell the bear's skin before having killed him, and then, turning right on Talleyrand, insulted him in the most violent manner, reminding him that he was an apostate bishop, that he had counselled Napoleon to execute the Duke d'Enghien.and had urged him into this Span- ish war which he was now exploiting against him. Allusions to Talleyrand's improbity were not withheld. He then retired, leav- ing all the members of the Government ter- rified. It was then that Talleyrand uttered quietly and with a smile the famous words: "What a pity that so great a man should be so ill-bred." The day after, Talleyrand learn- ed that he had ceased to be High Chamber- lain. Fouche had not himself been addressed by the Emperor; but he knew what to think when Napoleon, looking at him at the same time as at Talleyrand, said: "Beware! If there is a new revolution, whatever part you may have taken in it, you will be among the first whom it will crush." The year 1809 was a critical period for Fouche as well as for Napoleon. When the Emperor left Paris for the campaign of 1809, he could not but see that France was un- easy; the fierce resistance of Spain, the ill- will of Austria, the active hatred of England, were a source of great anxiety. Napoleon had lost all confidence in Fouche, and order- ed him to send him daily bulletins during the whole campaign. These he controlled by the reports of his private correspondents. The defeat which the Imperial arms sustain- ed at Essling was fortunately followed by the victory at Wagram. This victory put Napoleon in good humor, and on the 15th of August Fouche was made Duke of Otranto. Fouche took it upon himself to make a levy of the national guard, notwithstanding the ormosition of his colleagues. Napoleon sided with Fouche on this question, but he soon changed his mind, as the nominations which Fouche made in the guard did not all meet with his approval. He was warned also against the close relations established be- tween Fouche and Bernadotte, who was hos- tile to him and who affected to be almost independent of him. Bernadotte was re- placed by Bessieres and the national guard was dissolved. When the Emperor returned from the war, he summoned Fouche to Fon- tainebleau and had an angry conversation with him without witnesses. We only know what Segur tells in his Memoirs, of having seen the Duke of Otranto leave the room in a state of great agitation. He took a long walk with Fouche in the forest of Fontaine- bleau. "There, in a long and terrified monologue, the Minister, as if he were answering the reproaches of the Emperor, reviewed before Segur, who was stupefied, his terrible exis- tence, trying to justify all his adhesion to the Revolution of '89, to the Republic in '92, his vote of January, '93, his odious mission of the year II., recalling the part which he had taken in the ninth Thermidor, in the ruin of the Jacobins under the Directory, in the coup d'etat of Brumaire and the establish- ment of the Empire — all in such a vehement tone that his confidant concluded that the Minister must have been, in the Emperor's room, paralyzed by too cruel recriminations." Everybody believed that Fouche was go- ing to fall into complete disgrace; but there were too many ties between him and the Emperor. Not to speak of the old ties, there were new questions which made FouchS's services necessary. There was the clerical question, which had become very acute, as Napoleon was in open warfare with Rome. There was also the question of Napoleon's divorce. Though Fouche had been on the most intimate terms with Jo- sephine and had helped her in many ways in the days of the Directory and of the Con- sulate, he had been the first openly to favor the idea of the divorce; whether he did so spontaneously or to obey the Emperor it is difficult to say. Napoleon several times affected to be angry with him for his inter- ference in this delicate matter. Fouche probably knew that these outbursts of anger were not very sincere; he maintained that

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Aug. 8, 1 901] The Kation. 109 it was necessary for the permanence of the Empire that Napoleon should have an heir, and it had become certain that Josephine could have no children. The choice of the new Empress was a political question. There were only two possible candidates — a Rus- sian or an Austrian princess. Fouche was in favor of a Russian alliance, and spoke with great power against the Austrian, which, in his opinion, could only be the signal of a reaction against the principles of the Revo- lution. His opinion did not triumph, and on the 7th of February, 1810, Napoleon an- nounced to his Council that he had chosen for wife Maria Louise of Austria. The mar- riage took place on the 7th of April. The niece of Marie Antoinette and of Louis XVI. was on the French throne. Fouche was not frightened by the satisfaction with which the Austrian marriage had been re- ceived in the Faubourg St. -Germain. The Empress Marie Louise played her first game of whist at the Tuileries with two regicides, Cambaceres and Fouche. Metternich treated Fouch€ with much consideration in his cor- respondence. The Emperor Francis, in his parting instructions to Marie Louise, told her to consult often M. Fouchg "as being a useful man." "It is difficult," says M. Madelin, "to imagine the degree of infatuation to which the Duke of Otranto had attained in May, 1810." The end of his favor was, however, approaching. He undertook to move alone in a sphere which Napoleon had reserved to himself. He desired to reconcile Napoleon with England, and sent an unof- ficial envoy, Fagan, to Lord Wellesley. This first mission failed. The army contractor Ouvrard and a merchant called Labouchere wore new instruments chosen by him. Na- poleon had some knowledge of this second mission, but Fouche had the audacity to substitute instructions of his own for those of his sovereign. There were some clan- destine meetings of Lord Wellesley and of Labouchere. The Emperor, hearing of them, was greatly displeased; he had an angry scene with Fouche on the 2d of June, and the next day announced to the Council the dismissal of the Minister of Police. Fouche was appointed Governor of the Roman States, which was equivalent to his exile. Before leavipg the ministry, he burnt an enormous quantity of papers, and the Emperor, becoming uneasy at his presence in Paris, ordered him to go to his country house at Ferrieres. Documents concerning the mission given to Fagan were discovered after his departure. The Emperor claimed papers which Fouche had appropriated; Fouche refused to send them back, and when they were claimed five times unsuccessfully, Napoleon became exasperated, and definite- ly condemned Fouche to exile. The Duke of Otranto took flight to Italy. He remained for a while in Florence, then came back to France, and received orders to remain in Aix. For a time he sank into oblivion, so much so that he was allowed to go back to Ferrieres, where he lived in complete retirement. He pretended to have renounced all ambition; the Emperor thought it more prudent to give him some occupation than to let him stay near Paris. He employed him in various secondary mis- sions, and finally intrusted him with the Governorship of the Illyrian provinces. Fouche showed in this post his qualities as an administrator, but the Austrian invasion of Illyria forced him to abandon Trieste and to take refuge in Venice. M. Madelin has thrown much light on Fouche's doings in Italy, on his relations with King Alurat, who sometimes was tempted to help Napoleon in his struggle against the coalition, and sometimes to be- tray him. Napoleon's admirable campaign in France in 1814 could not save the Em- pire. Fouche saw the end coming, and re- turned to France in great haste. Paris capit- ulated on the 31st of March, and the Sen- ate proclaimed Louis XVIII. King. Fouche took his place in the Senate, entered into communication with M. de Vitrolles, the agent of the Bourbons, and sent memoirs to the King and to the Tsar. He was prepared to take advantage of events, whatever they might be. He kept in touch with Talley- rand during the Congress of Vienna; he was only half contented with the Bour- bons. During the critical days which fol- lowed the landing of Napoleon at Golfe- Jouan, Fouche tried to impose himself on Louis XVIII. as a saviour. The ministry vas offered him one day; the Count d'Artois asked for an interview with him, but the triumphal march of Napoleon towards Paris made Fouche hesitate. He refused to accept the ministry, and the order was giv- en to arrest bim. He succeeded in escaping over his garden -wall and in hiding him- self, and w hp;i Napoleon came to the Tuil- eries, Fouche was among those who receiv- ed him. The latter part of M. Madelin's volu- minous work is filled with the dramatic events which followed. We see in it Fouche serving and betraying Napoleon at the same time, forcing himself on the Bour- bons, becoming for a moment persona grata with the Count d'Artois, entering the min- istry formed by Louis XVIII. , and soon afterwards obliged to leave it and con- demned to exile as a regicide. This time his exile was final. His intrigues ceased to have any importance. He died at Trieste on the 2Gth of December, 1820, almost for- gotten. M. Madelin says of him that he will remain in history as a mere intriguer, but an "intriguer of genius, the model of the politicians of the century which was to follow." Correspondence. TAXING OUR OWN TONGUE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: You have repeatedly called attention to the fact that our Custom-house authori- ties, in their zeal to protect domestic in- dustry, seem to look upon any attempt to buy any object abroad as some sort of high treason. The following experience which it was my privilege to undergo, may serve as a good illustration. A few days ago I received the 'Gedenkbuch zur Erinnerung an David Kaufmann,' a volume published in memory of the late Jewish scholar who died in Karlsbad July 6, 1899. This volume con- sists of contributions by various scholars, and comprises 882 pages, written mostly in German, and containing — besides contribu- tions in French, Hebrew, Arabic — twelve pages in English. For my temerity in buy- ing a book of 882 pages of which twelve aro in English and had been printed in a foreign country, thus depriving the American work- ingman of a change to earn a livelihood, and attempting to reduce him to the level of European slave labor, I was ordered to pay $1.25 as duty on a book the whole cost of which, including the 870 pages printed in foreign languages, is about $5. It may be well for everybody who insists on reading books printed in foreign countries to profit by this experience. Any one importing Oneken's 'Allgemeine Geschichte in Ein- zeldarstellungen' might be charged duty on the whole work because the part dealing with the history of America contains a fac- simile of the Declaration of Independence. So duty might be charged on Hauck's theo- logical Encyclopaedia, because in the article "Quakers" are found abstracts from George Fox's diary. Finally, there is no reason why the works of Lessing should be admit- ted free of duty unless the title of his trag- edy "Miss Sara Sampson" be changed to "Friiulein Sara Simson." These suggestions are furnished to the Government as the free gift of a patriotic citizen.— Respectfully yours, G. Deutsch. Cincinnati, O., August 3, 1001. HARE'S AMERICAN STORIES. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Returning from some weeks' ab- sence, I find in a recent number of the Nation an allusion to the absurd American stories which Augustus Hare has crowded into the last volume of the 'Story of My Life.' Will you allow me to say to your readers that I think we must trace those absurdities to a well-known American sculp- tress famous from early youth for her love of practical jokes? A careful reading will show that it was to her that Mr. Hare was indebted for the "good stories" which she had spoiled for his amusement. The Rev. Silas may be forgiven to an elderly man growing deaf, but the words attributed to the Rev. Phillips Brooks, and the story con- cerning Fanny Kemble Butler, carry their own refutation. Phillips Brooks never had any temptation to knock anybody down. Mrs. Butler's most intimate friends, when she first came to Boston, were the Sedgwicks of Stockbridge. They were also very dear friends of the Bartols, and though she knew how to be rude on fit occasion, she was loyal in friendship, and would never have been insolent to people beloved by her best friends. In his first volumes Mr. Hare, who seems never to have read an American newspaper, told some absurd stories about Jefferson Davis. Of those volumes, I purchased the American reprint, and was much astonished one day when a gentleman quoted them as a proof that he was only an idle gossip. I insisted that there were no such things in the book. He brought me the English edition and showed me the passages. On compar- ing the two, we discovered that Dodd, Mead & Co. had kindly omitted the mistaken state- ments. Of the last two volumes, I have only the English edition, but I earnestly hope that they have exercised the same care in re- gard to the statements due to his Italian intercourse with a woman who evidently wished to rebuke what she considered con- ceit and idle curiosity. Caroline H. Dai.l. Leicester. Mass., August 1, 1901.

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no The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 THE FIRST AMERICAN SURGEON. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Perhaps it is as well that Dr. Pack- ard, in his 'History of Medicine in the Unit- ed States,' did not say that the surgeon's name was John Pratt, as is regretted in the Nation for July 25, p. 77. In the N. E. Historical and Genealogical Register for Jan- uary, 1864, I think I proved, so far as proof is possible, that this first surgeon was Abraham Pratt. — Yours truly, Wm. S. Appleton. Newtox Cent-he, Mass., July HO, 1901. [Mr. Appleton is evidently correct in supposing that it was Abraham Pratt who was drowned off Cadiz. John Pratt sail- ed in the Lion's Whelp May 11, 1629, hut went back on the return voyage of that ship. Whether that Pratt returned is not known. There was a John Pratt in Cambridge in 1635, who later went to Connecticut; and, following Savage's notes to Winthrop, we confounded him with the shipwrecked Abraham. — Ed. Nation.] Notes. Provision for juvenile readers is making by Henry Altemus Co., Philadelphia, with 'Polly in Fairy-land,' by Carolyn Wells, 'Galopoff, the Talking Pony,' by Tudor Jenks; and 'Sea Kings and Naval Heroes,' by Hartwell James — among others. Archibald Constable & Co. will publish in London in October, and G. P. Putnam's Sons in New York, 'The Death of the Gods,' an historical romance by a new Russian writer, Dimitri Mereikovski. E. P. Dutton & Co. publish immediately 'Imperial London,' by Arthur H. Beavan, a beautifully illustrated quarto, and 'Lake Geneva and its Literary Landmarks,' by Francis Gribble. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, whose publishing department will hereafter be un- der the management of Mr. F. G. Browne, hitherto business manager of the Dial, an- nounce 'Rugs, Oriental and Occidental, An- tique and Modern,' a ready reference-book, by Miss Rosa Belle Holt, with illustrations, in quarto. A dreary and inglorious period in our his- tory is described by Mr. Edwin C. Woolley under the title 'The Reconstruction of Georgia' (Columbia University Press, Mac- millan). The greater part of the essay is taken up with an account of the various policies of reconstruction, and little atten- tion is paid to the actual doings of the car- pet-baggers. The legal and constitutional features of these policies are clearly set forth, but the particulars are devoid of pres- ent Yet we may see like tangles in the Philippine Islands. Far more elaborate is Mr. James Wllford Garner's 'Reconstruction in Mississippi' (Macmillan). The author begins with the period before the civil war, traces the growth of the secession movement, and describes at length the destruction and misery caused by the war By the census of 1860 there were 70,290 white males in the State between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, while the enlistments in the Confederate army were 78,000, over one-fourth of those who enlisted perishing. The destruction of property was almost complete, and the barbarous cotton tax imposed by Congress in revenge for dis- loyal ebullitions made recovery impossible. Nowhere did the institution of slavery have more disastrous consequences, for whites as well as blacks. The attempt to establish the freedmen as rulers over their former mas- ters had such success as might have been foreseen. The dismal story is told impar- tially by Mr. Garner, and it is idle to at- tempt to apportion blame. Little good has come from the South Af- rican war, but Mr. Mortimer Menpes, who served as correspondent of Black and White, has done his best to bring out what good was to be observed. Under the title 'War Impressions: Being a Record in Colour' (Lon- don: Adam & Charles Black; New York: Macmillan), he presents us with more than two hundred sketches, many of which are very beautiful. The coloring of the moun- tains, the veldt, and the sky is frequently superb, and makes one feel that the coun- try is worth fighting for. The text, by Doro- thy Menpes, is pleasant reading, and is with- out the brutal tone of much English writing on the subject. Mr. Menpes speaks highly of both the Boers and the English soldiers, and disbelieves the stories of misconduct on either side. But, as he tells us, he shut his eyes to wounds and horrors, looking as an artist only for the picturesque and the beau- tiful. This, perhaps, explains the positively servile adulation with which he describes persons of high position. It would be unfair to dismiss this attractive book without call- ing attention to the admirable work of Messrs. Carl Hentschel of London, in re- producing and printing the illustrations. A new edition of Mr. D. H. Montgomery's 'Leading Facts of English History' (Ginn & Co.) puts forward for its frontispiece a portrait of Edward VII., and is in other respects brought to within a few months or weeks of publication. This is a book which omits no means of catching the school-boy's attention, even to the quotation of lines from an overworked song like "The Lights of London." On the whole, its anecdotes and selections from the poets are not badly chosen, though some of them strike the jaded reader of manuals as being very, very old. Mr. Montgomery has not, apparently, kept pace with the most recent writers on English constitutional history, and we can say little in praise of the illustrations. Otherwise there are grounds of favorable criticism. The author has a personal ac- quaintance with English scenes and English life, he has read a good many standard works, and what he says is marked by a wholesome tone. The passages devoted to the state of society and commerce give the narrative a pleasant diversity, and the foot- notes frequently contain bits of amusing in- formation. Best of all, Mr. Montgomery en- joys his work, and succeeds in imbuing his pages with a feeling of his fondness for historical study. 'The Chevalier de St. George and the Jacobite Movements in his Favour' (David Nutt) is a volume in the series entitled "Scottish History from Contemporary Writ- ers." Its editor, Mr. Charles Sanford Terry, produced last year a similar book of selec- tions for the time of Charles Edward, which he called 'The Rising of 1745.' He now goes back to the War of the Spanish Suc- cession, and takes up the plots fomented by Louis XIV. with the ostensible object of restoring the Stuarts, though mainly with a view to weakening England. The earlier and later risings alike furnished good ma- terial for the writer of memoirs, and Mr. Terry, by drawing upon Lockhart, Forbin, Melfort, and Sinclair, is able to give a cap- ital account of Jacobite intrigue during the earlier phases of its history. Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, is a prominent figure in the days of the '15 as of the '45, and his pres- ence infuses a good deal of color throughout Mr. Terry's collection of excerpts. The dates of the volume are 1701-1720, a range which includes, besides the Scots plot of 1703 and the French descent of 1708, the Swedish plot and the attempt of 1719. 1715 was the central year in the political life of "James III.," and it receives much of the editor's at- tention here, but many readers will find more that is new to them in Mr. Terry's chapters on 1703, 1708, and 1719. The notes are copious, and the illustrations have been chosen with great judgment. Bearing in mind its moderate cost, the book may be called very good value. We are glad to notice the appearance in a second edition of the first volume of Dr. Rodkinson's translation of the Babylonian Talmud. This volume contains the tract Sabbath, and appeared in its first edition in 1896. Dr. Rodkinson seems somewhat sur- prised that a new edition has not been called for until now. He might consider how few translations of any portion of the Talmud have ever been reprinted. The curious will find in the 182 pages of this volume what are the consequences of taking the Sabbath se- riously. Whoever Mirza Mem'n of the unintelligible name may be, his "Rubaiyat" (Chicago: W.. O. Shepard Co.) are very flat imitations of Omar's, flatter even and more un-Persian than those of Richard Le Gallienne. Thirty- seven out of the 131, we are told in a note, are "paraphrased from McCarthy's elegant prose translation" of Omar. We learn from the same note that this Mirza does not know what a Ghazal is. The chief pity about the book is that so much of the art and skill of the printer has been wasted on it. If Dr. Archibald Macmechan would learn the difference between sentiment and senti- mentality, he might do much better than he has done in his 'Porter of Bagdad, and Other Fantasies' (Toronto: George N. Mo- rang). Several of these little sketches are full of grace and suggestion, pretty flutter- ings round an idea. But they are also full of laborious disappointments where the flut- terings are heavy and the idea trivial. That useful compendium, the "Histoire Generale du IVe siecle, a nos jours," edited by MM. Lavisse and Rambaud, reaches its end in the twelfth volume, 'Le Monde Con- temporain, 1870-1900' (Paris: Armand Colin); the eleventh, 'Revolutions et Guerres Nationales, 1848-1870,' having appeared in 1898. The writers are In the main the same as in the earlier portions of the work, and these volumes show the same judicious apportionment of space and the same unimpassioned narrative. It is the fate of an historical record thus con- ceived to fail in interest as it approaches the present day, when we think ourselves fa- miliar with events, and value only the com- parison of opinion upon them. The closing volume is. however, by no means without interest, although we cannot think the Drey- fus case is adequately treated in a paragraph of nine lines on the attitude of the Brissoa

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Aug. 8, 1901] The ISTation. Ill Ministry towards revision; nor do we find the spice we look for in the account of our own Spanish war and our "insular" policies. Of the latter M. Moireau writes hopefully: "L'histoire des Etas-Unis n'a pas appris que les Americains fussent incapables de s'accommoder a des situations inaccoutu- m€es. Race essentiellement habile a tirer parti de toutes les circonstances, a saisir le c6t6 pratique des choses, a s'instruire par une experience rapide, ils se tireront d'af- faire avec les Philippines comme avec le reste; les difficultes d'administration colo- niale ne les trouvent pas a court de solu- tions." In the thirty-seventh volume of the 'Jahr- buch der deutschen Shakespeare-Gesell- schaff (Berlin) the editors continue their commendable custom of including an Eliza- bethan play hitherto inaccessible in modern form. The piece selected for reprint this year Is the anonymous "Warres of Cyrus," 1594, a drama of respectable quality of the school of Marlowe, the story being drawn from Xenophon's 'Cyropedia,' the whole now competently edited by Dr. Wolfgang Keller. Other matters of interest in the volume are the essay by Ernest von Possart on the staging of Shaksperian and similar dramas, by Walter Bormann on Shakspere's Scenical Technique and Dramatic Art, and especially the communication from Richard Garnett on "A Stratford Tradition respecting Shake- speare," pleading for the just authority of early tradition in unsettled questions of literary history, and building up an inge- nious argument for a later dating (after 1607) of "Othello" and "Macbeth" from the Ward tradition "that Shakespeare, when liv- ing at New Place, regularly supplied the London stage with two plays a year." The usual book-notices in its field and valuable Shakspere Bibliography conclude the vol- ume. The activity of American scholars re- ceives due notice, some fifteen or sixteen American items being recorded in a list of about sixty noticed. It appears from the semi-annual state- ment just issued by Mr. Solberg, Register of Copyrights, that his office has made a gross profit for the Government in four years of $82,287, and a net profit of some $60,000. The business of the past half-year amounted to 46,526 applications acted upon and titles filed and numbered, besides other very extensive labors. The Quarterly Statement for July of the Palestine Exploration Fund contains a just tribute to the late Sir Walter Besant, for many years its Secretary, to whose tact and knowledge, together with that of Mr. Hep- worth Dixon, it is due "that almost every book published by the Fund has been a commercial success." There are reports by Mr. Macalister, and some archaeological notes by Prof. Clermont-Ganneau, chiefly upon the mosaic map of Palestine found at Madeba, in the land of Moab, near Mt. Nebo. This fact leads to the interesting suggestion that the geographical picture in question is in- tended to be a memorial of the scene which took place on Nebo's summit when Moses, about to die, was permitted to see in one supreme vision the Promised Land which he himself was not allowed to enter. Mr. Bal- densperger concludes his account, interspers- ed with legend and incident, of Woman in Palestine, describing the life of the Beda- win, gypsy and Egyptian, the latter being descendants of the colonists transplanted to Palestine by Mohammed AH during his oc- cupation of the land sixty years ago. The traditional site of Golgotha and the Holy Sepulchre is defended by Canon MacColl, with much warmth, against the claims of the so-called "Gordon's tomb." Dr. Schick reports that it is proposed, if feasible, to construct an aqueduct from the Euphrates across the Syrian desert to Medina and Mec- ca. The National Geographic Magazine for July contains a brief sketch of the com- paratively recent history of China, with special reference to the relations of this country with her, by Mr. John Barrett. At the close we find the extraordinary state- ment "that the Chinese, if necessary, are a warlike people. They are born warriors." That they will fight if compelled to is no doubt true, but their real attitude towards war is shown by the fact that they place the warrior in the lowest class into which man- kind is divided. Mr. T. Williams treats of the "link relations of southwestern Asia," illustrating his subject by several relief maps and charts. It has long been known to art students that Albert Diirer painted a St. Jerome dur- ing his sojourn at Antwerp, in 1521, but what became of the picture remained a mystery until quite recently, when it was discovered in the museum at Lisbon, by Prof. Dr. A. Weber. The Monatsberichte fur Kunsttvis- senscliaft, etc. (Heft 8) contains an article on the subject by Professor Weber, accom- panied by fine reproductions of. the painting and of some of the master's studies for it. Among the latter is one of Durer's best and most famous drawings, the "Head of an Old Man," in the Albertina at Vienna. The cause of scientific exploration has suffered a severe blow in the death by dys- entery of one of its leaders, Mr. William Doherty, in the railway hospital at Nairobe, British East Africa, May 25. Mr. Doherty was a native of Cincinnati. After graduating from the Woodward High School and study- ing one year in the University, he went to the Paris Exposition of 1878. The following winter he was in Greece. In 1879 he trav- elled through Persia and Afghanistan into British India. This country became prac- tically his home for the rest of his life. He explored every part of it, including Southern Tibet and Burmah; also the great Eastern Archipelago. He made two trips to New Guinea. Mr. Doherty's specialty was the discovering and classifying of new species of butterflies and moths, in which he was facile princcps. Of late fee had also col- lected many rare species of birds. Most of his collections are in the Rothschild Zoological Museum at Tring, Herts, Eng- land, some in the British Museum, and in France, Belgium, and Germany. Very few have found their way to this country. — Scribner's for August is offered to the reader as a "fiction number"; the best thing in it, however, is not fiction at all, but an excellent sketch of a Samoan boy, adopted by the writer, Isobel Strong ("A Little Sav- age Gentleman"). The boy was a chief's son and was taken into the Stevenson household at Vailima by his adoptive mother. The title of the article is well chosen, for "chief" among the Samoans corresponds in a cu- rious way with our "gentleman"— that is, it brings before the mind a certain Samoan ideal of breeding and behavior which cor- responds to a remarkable degree with our own. Indeed, the delicacy of this Samoan boy and his consideration for the feelings of others far exceeded that of the average gentilis homo in the Western world. Tho leading story in the number is "A Derelict," by Richard Harding Davis. It would be a bold man who should criticise Mr. Davis frankly: the violence of his style arouses physical alarm in the humble critic's mind. At the same time, we take the liberty of observing that manner may, as has proved the case with other greater lights of fiction, as well as of verse, outlast matter; and the effect of this possibility upon the writer is to lead him to exaggerate his manner more and more until it becomes unbearable, when his pub- lic finally deserts him. A great object of the school to which Mr. Davis belongs is to make blackguards and outcasts Interesting, as in this story. But these blackguards and outcasts of his are not convincing. —Harper's is also a "fiction number," but contains a good deal besides. "A Hundred Years' War of To-day," by Ralph D. Blu- menfeld, deals with the operations of the Dutch in Achin. According to this writer, the whole of the Achinese coast is now held by Holland, but the interior is unsub- dued, and every year a certain number of Dutch soldiers are sent out to recruit the eastern army, which is a force of some 40,- 000 men. "At least half this army might be safely disbanded, were it not for the con- stant struggle in Achin." We have heard so much of the complete success of the Dutch colonial system that it is worth re- membering that this war has, up to date, cost $85,000,000— a burden which is really borne by Java, as that island yields enough to pay for the Achinese war in perpetuity, and leave a handsome surplus. The Achi- nese live in a little country, about two- thirds the size of the State of Maine, and number some half a million souls. They have kept up the present war for twenty- eight years, obstinately preferring death to subjugation. They are Mohammedans, and are encouraged to die for their country by their Moslem priests. The soldiers sent out from Holland, it is said, all die in Achin, but this does not matter, as they are mer- cenaries. Julian Ralph has an article on "The English of the English," which is readable, though inaccurate. Thirty years ago such a paper would have provoked much discussion; now the problems sug- gested by the divergence between the En- glish of England and that of the United States arouse but a languid popular in- terest. Partly, no doubt, this is due to the fact that the whole field has been pretty well gone over already, and partly to the fact that correctness of speech no longer counts for much socially among the wealthy and powerful. Mr. Ralph's point is that a very large number of ordinary words desig- nating the commonest things in every-day use are so totally different in the two coun- tries that the English terms have no mean- ing in American ears, and vice versa. But some of the instances given need revision. We have never, for example, seen the "conductor" of an English train. One of the phrases heard every day here, which is absolutely unintelligible to most English- men, is "right away" for directly; and to us "spatchcock" seems a strange term for broiled chicken. —Henry Austin Clapp begins in the At- lantic a series of "Reminiscences of a Dra- matic Critic." Mr. Clapp for many years

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112 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 thus served the Boston Advertiser as far back as the days when the editor of that paper was the late Professor Dunbar. Among other changes that he notes is the disappearance of the old farces, of negro minstrelsy, and of plays for children. What do any of the children of to-day know, he asks, "of the wild joys which thrilled our little breasts when 'The Enchanted Horse,' 'The Enchanted Beauty,' 'The Forty Thieves,' 'The Children of Cyprus,' and 'Aladdin' possessed the fairyland of the stage?" Again, a generation is now growing up which will not know "Box and Cox" or "Poor Pillicoddy," and will never have heard the delightful indigenous humor of the End Man and the touching voices of his melo- dious and corked associates. Of course, we shall be told that we have far finer things now, but this is no answer to a theatre- goer, who is, by the very law of his being, a laudator temporis acti. If Mr. Clapp were to have undertaken to prove that the the- atre of to-day is every bit as good as it ever was, we should have had our suspi- cions of him; but he is true to his role. The period here gone over is that which has witnessed the rise and progress of the "va- riety show" and its final extraordinary apotheosis in "refined vaudeville" — perhaps as absurd a work of theatrical fashion as any which the boards have seen; for, as Mr. Clapp points out, what is now called vaudeville is nothing but the once despised "variety," grown fashionable, and, we may add, ameliorated. Why this form of ex- hibition should have so extended itself as to seem at times to threaten to drive out the legitimate drama, would require an essay by itself. We doubt if "continuous vaude- ville" would ha,ve been imaginable to the theatre-goer, or even to the manager, of fifty years ago. It needs a potential audi- ence to draw upon enormously greater than any that existed at that time, and this au- dience, too, must be of a different sort; must be averse to having its attention strained by a long effort, must be rather volatile and frivolous. Still, there are all sorts of audiences in the modern metropolis, and there seems to be still a good demand for Shakspere, even for Shakspere as acted by Irving, which is certainly a great strain on the attention. Mr. Clapp notices the persistent vitality of the Robertsonian drama, and insists that a nation which is producing no readable dramatic literatuit is producing no dramas of any lasting im- portance. — The New York Public Library gives in its Bulletin for July a list of its manu- script collections, of which it has printed examples from time to time. Rich as were known to be its stores in this line, the list more than fulfils expectation. Perhaps the Emmet collection should take precedence for its interest in historical and autographic material, and certainly stands first as the life-labor of an enthusiastic and intelligent collector. But the Bancroft papers deserve to be mentioned in the same range, in spite of the fact that so many are in the form of transcripts. Too little attention is paid in this country to the value of such collec- tions as Sparks and Bancroft made, con- taining copies of much that has since been lost, and series of documents long since scattered. The papers of Samuel Adams in the Bancroft collection are sufficient to show that much original matter is to be found in it. Supplementary to the Bancroft may be placed the Chalmers papers, relat- ing as they do to the history of the British colonies in America, while the collection of Theodorus Bailey Myers enables the New York Public Library to say that it holds four complete sets of autographs of the signers of the Declaration of Independence —three of these belonging to the Emmet se- ries. Covering a later period may be named the Washington letters and the Gouverneur, Madison, and Monroe papers, and the huge Ford collection, which has not yet been fully arranged, though known to be of con- siderable historical value. We have yet to mention the Rich papers, relating to early American history— and one of Mr. Lenox's own acquisitions— and the Hardwicke man- uscripts, chiefly on European history. Nor is the curious entirely absent, for the Burns and other Scottish forgeries are included and frankly acknowledged to be the product of clever rascality. It would be a great as- sistance to students of history if other li- braries would issue similar lists, for the wealth of unpublished manuscript material scattered in our large depositories is greater than has been believed. —Mr. Maclay has not profited by the kindly suggestions we made in our review of the earlier volumes of his 'History of the Navy,' now issued in three volumes by D. Apple- ton & Co. He has clung to his habitual methods, which betoken the credulous an- nalist rather than the sober historian. The third volume fairly bristles with faults of the same kind which we noted in its predeces- sors, particularly lack of the critical faculty and lack of perspective. We are tempted to imagine that those of Mr. Maclay's corre- spondents who responded most fully to his requests for information secured the most pages in his work. On no other ground can we account for the absence of all reference to Commander (now Captain) Wadleigh's plucky service in 1883, when, in the Alliance, a frail and unsuitable craft, he penetrated far into the Arctic Ocean in search of news of DeLong; for total silence as to deep-sea sounding, such as Commander (now Rear- Admiral) Belknap's in the Tuscarora, and as to the seal-herd patrol in Bering Sea on the one hand, or, on the other, for the ex- aggerated allotment of space to the Maine episode. The reason why the confessedly gallant rescue of Greely is ignored lies, doubtless, in the author's opinion of the leader of that expedition, as manifested in a bitter denunciation of Schley's conduct in the war with Spain. This matter is one in which honest men find room to differ con- cerning the awful charge of cowardice, even if agreed in condemning Schley's waste of golden opportunities. Happily, the whole affair is soon to be judicially determined. Let us hope that the ghost of a sickening controversy will then be laid for all time. — Besides the omissions mentioned, a mul- titude of others come to mind, any one of which is quite as worthy of chronicling as the uniforms worn by the Maine's officers and men as she entered Havana harbor, or as worthy of the full page in fine type de- voted to Sigsbee's biography— an honor wholly denied to Sampson, and but half accorded to Dewey and to Clark of the Oregon1. A real historian would have sought the causes of the survival of naval esprit de corps (so splendidly displayed in the Span- ish-American war), during the rotting of the old ships, and before the new ones came to be built, and he would have found them in the vigor and pertinacity with which Ad- miral Porter kept up the drills and inspec- tions of the old-time craft. He would also have thought twice before embarrassing that capital, modest officer, our Admiral, by stat- ing that Dewey "undoubtedly excelled Nel- son's victory at Aboukir." The book con- tains annals interesting and generally trust- worthy, but — history? As Kipling says, "That is another story." — Professor Tyrrell has presented, through the Macmillan Co., an 'Anthology of Latin Poetry.' Like Mr. Stedman's collections of English and American poetry, Professor Tyr- rell's volume seeks to be representative of the entire field, illustrating his previous critical estimate of the Latin poets, and not to present simply the best. Nearly seventy authors, known and unknown, are present- ed, Boethius closing the list. No two men will ever agree as to what should be includ- ed in such a collection, but when we are told that the guiding principle in making selections from Horace has been "a wish to illustrate the great variety of his lyric measures," we naturally feel the omission of several forms in which Horace wrote ef- fectively, even if he used them but little. The one ode in the Greater Sapphic strophe, i. 8, is well worthy a place on its intrinsic merit, and the same may be said of at least two of the three short odes in the Greater Asclepiad. To represent the Lesser Ascle- piad, either the dedicatory ode, i. 1, or the epilogue at the end of book iii., might bet- ter have been selected than the remaining specimen of this metre, iv. 8. The choice of this last ode has evidently been prompt- ed by a desire to display the emendatory skill of the compiler. The ode as it stands in the manuscripts violates the canon of Meineke that a lyric of Horace must be re- ducible to four-line stanzas. Thirty-fourisnot divisible by four, and so three passages, six lines in all, are boldly cut out. The first ex- cision, from the middle of line 15 to the middle of 19, is based on the assertion that the lines are an interpolation "by which some subsequent writer sought to narrow down the generalities of Horace into special appli- cations to Roman history." This is rather dangerous dealing with an author who is noted for his constant habit of making spe- cial applications of his general ideas. There are some difficulties in the passage, but they are no more incapable of a fairly sat- isfactory solution than many unquestioned lines, and should not be excised in deference to a rule which no student of Horace ever discovered until recent times. Line 28 is cut out as "a versified gloss" on the half- line following, and 33 meets the same fate because of its close resemblance to the last line of iii. 25. Students of Horace will not generally follow Professor Tyrrell in such summary dealing with the manuscript read- ings. As nearly four pages are given up to selections from the poetical remains of Cicero, we take it that the author has not repented of his attempt in his Johns Hop- kins lectures on Latin Poetry to establish the merit of Cicero as a poet. The case is hopeless. Quintilian, with all his admiration for Cicero, could not avoid a fervent regret that he had not spared himself criticism in the field of poetry; and Tacitus, in the 'Dia- logus,' said the last word, and said it well, when he made one of the interlocutors re- mark that Cassar and Brutus had written

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Aug. 8, 1 901] The Nation. 113 poetry, "not better than Cicero, but with better luck, since fewer were aware that they had done so." But these points are not of vital importance, and the collection as a whole is well adapted to its purpose. — Parts 6 and 7 of the 'Catalogo General e della Libreria Italiana,' 1847-1899 (Milan: Hoepli; New York: Lemcke & Biichner), are wholly in the letter C; with need of more than six pages for the rubric "Catalogo" itself, and more than four for "Cenno" and "Cenni." "Centenario," too, is prominent. Cicero requires three and a half columns, far surpassing Caisar and even Catullus, whom the Italians are never tired of trying to turn into the vernacular, while at inter- vals of twenty years efforts have been made to purge him for school use. Carlo Cattaneo, who is coming to his own again, as our readers were lately informed, fills nearly a column; Carducci takes two and a half; that erratic genius Cavallotti, poet, dramatist, and politician, one and a quarter. Cavour dead has produced many volumes, from his Diary in 1888 to the inedited letters of 1895, following two editions of the ten-volume collection (1863-1871; 1883-1887). He is still a force. Lively is also Benvenuto Cellini. There has been a revival even in the case of Guido Cavalcanti, after a long interval from 1851 to 1881. We observe that St. Charles Borromeo is entered under C, as are Mr. Chauncy Langdon and Richard Chenevix Trench. Our countryman Henry C. Carey, with whose 'Principles of Political Econo- my' the Italians appear to have been satis- fied once for all in 1853, is misspelled "Car- rey." There is a cross-reference to Richard Hildreth's 'White Slave [Archy Moore]' un- der Chateaubriand, whose vogue in Italy is still fair. Cervantes has, from decade to decade since 1851, gained in popularity. Such are some running comments on this valua- ble repository. SAINTSBURY'S HISTORY OF CRITICISM. A History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe, from the Earliest Texts to the Present Day. By George Saintsbury, M.A., Oxon., Hon. LL.D., Aberd., Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh. In three vol- umes. Vol. I. Classical and Mediaeval Crit- icism. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons; New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1900. The general plan of this work is not ill conceived. Each author is introduced by an abstract, for the most part accurate, of so much of his text as, from the nature of the subject, comes under consideration. As epitomizer Mr. Saintsbury has succeeded ad- mirably, and in the epitomes, brief but suf- ficiently comprehensive, consists the chief value of his History. Scholars as well as the laity may here find all the information they are likely to need in regard to many texts which are rarely read except by edi- tors and proofreaders; while there can be no question that the comparative study of literary criticism, upon which the author lays so just an emphasis, will be greatly facilitated by his mode of procedure. Again, his constant employment of modern, espe- cially English, parallels, of which his wide knowledge of modern literatures furnishes him no lack, affords a pleasing contrast to those arid products of contemporary pedan- try which, in so many classical editions and literary histories, keeps its attention concentrated upon the field of the classical specialist. In fact, the classical tradition as a literary motive depends for its per- manence upon the illustration of the ancient by means of the modern masterpieces. The spirit of Mr. Saintsbury's book is excellent in this respect. It is evidently his inten- tion to treat the history of letters as an organic whole, and not as a succession of epochs. So much, then, for the abstracts and gen- eral plan. As to his treatment of separate authors and of the historical details, we are obliged to pronounce our opin- ion, after the most mature considera- tion we have been able to give, that Mr. Saintsbury is almost uniformly untrustwor- thy. Nor are we under the necessity of resting our indictment upon a vague gener- ality. He has, in this case, dealt with a period of literature of which he has no spe- cial knowledge, and of which the ordinary reading public has no special knowledge, and is therefore the more likely to be deceived. He assures us that he has read all the texts, but he has confessedly neglected the labors of generations of scholars on those texts. "There is no room," he says, "to handle both text and margent, with the mar- gent's margent ad infinitum." True, but there is both room and opportunity in a work of this sort to use the results of crit- ical scholarship without overloading the text and without a portentous array of foot- notes. We shall have occasion to point out some unfortunate consequences of our au- thor's neglect of the margent and margent's margent. Mr. Saintsbury's discussion of the literary criticism of Plato, the first important name, is appreciative as far as it goes. The fol- lowing, especially, seems to us an excellent statement of the rational basis which Plato unquestionably had for moralistic bias in his critical estimates: "He had probably seen in Athenian life, and he had certainly anticipated in his in- stinctive command of human nature, the complementary error and curse of 'Art for Art only' — of the doctrine (itself, like his own, partly true, but, like his own also, partly false and mischievous) of the moral irresponsibility of the artist. And, look- ing first at morals and politics with that almost feverish eagerness of the Greek phi- losopher, which was in part justified by the subsequent Greek collapse in both, he shot wide of the bow-hand from the purely crit- ical point of aim." Mr. Saintsbury likewise recognizes that in many places Plato has finely apprehend- ed and nobly expressed the true nature and essence of poetic charm and poetic genius, and he appreciates the value of the literary criticism of Aristophanes. But from neither of these, the first great figures he has to deal with, does he give his readers excerpts or abstracts. To be sure, he apologizes in a footnote for the lack in the case of Plato by alleging as an excuse the extremely de- sultory nature of that author's judgments of literature. But in any history that pre- tends to completeness we should have at least a brief resumS and discussion of the relevant portions of the Symposium, Phas- drus, Ion, Republic, and Laws of Plato, and of the "Frogs" of Aristophanes. There fol- lows on page 24 a passage that must throw grave doubts on the writer's accuracy as a scholar. With reference to the Greek Com- ic Fragments he declares: "I do not hesitate to say, after most careful examination of the collections of Meineke and his succes- sors, that there are not more than one or two faint and doubtful approaches to our subject discoverable there." But Mr. W. W. Baker, who has recently received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Harvard, wrote his dissertation on the subject of lit- erary criticism in the Comic Fragments, and found about a hundred instances of it. One of the most interesting questions in ancient literary history is the relation be- tween Plato's and Aristotle's literary criti- cism. Aristotle in writing the 'Poetics' was, in a sense, as original as any author can be. Many of his fundamental principles, how- ever, were borrowed directly from his mas- ter. This subject is noticed in a number of the authorities mentioned by Mr. Saints- bury himself, by Egger and Butcher, for ex- ample. There is also a thesis by a German scholar, Belger, entitled 'De Aristotele etiam in Arte Poetica componenda Plato- nis discipulo.' But Mr. Saintsbury's chap- ter on Aristotle says never a word on this most important relationship. Surely we have here a striking illustration of our author's contempt for the margent and margent's margent. In fact, one of the faultiest parts of the whole work is the chapter on Aris- totle; which is especially unfortunate in view of the fact that the 'Poetics' is not only the first but also the greatest document in the history of criticism. On pages 51-2, Mr. Saintsbury sums up what he considers to be the defects in Aristotle's theory of poet- ry. We cite his exact words: "The impor- tance of Tragedy (as we are enabled to see clearly by the invaluable though rather unfair aid of the historic estimate) is al- together exaggerated." Now we had always thought that one of the most elementary facts in regard to the 'Poetics' was that its text is fragmentary, and that purely by ac- cident the part that deals with Tragedy and Epic — the latter chiefly in relation to the former — is nearly all that has come down to us. "We can see further," continues Mr. Saintsbury, "that the glorious achievements of the three great tragedians ... in- duced him [Aristotle], aided no doubt by the Greek taste generally, to exalt Plot, to depress Character, to put quite undue stress on artificial Unity." Aristotle does indeed exalt plot at the expense of character, as was long ago pointed out by Cardinal Newman in his essay 'On Poetry, with refer- ence to Aristotle's Poetics'; and this prin- ciple runs counter to the prevailing habit of Greek Tragedy, as the fine and sure insight of that great writer did not fail to observe. "That the charm of Greek Tragedy," says Newman, "does not ordinarily arise from scientific correctness of plot, is true as a matter of fact." This he proceeds to dem- onstrate by reference to many typical plots of the extant Greek tragedies; almost the sole exception being the plot of the "Oedi- pus Tyrannus," which Aristotle repeatedly cites in exemplification of his principle. It is clear, then, that this depreciation of character cannot have been due, as Mr. Saintsbury thinks, to "the glorious achieve- ments o£ the three great tragedians," for such depreciation is directly at variance with their all but uniform practice; and we confess ourselves unable to see why the "absence of prose fiction," which we find more than once alleged as responsi- ble for Aristotle's failure to grasp the true significance of the fictitious element in liter- ature, had anything at all to do with the matter. Newman was nearer the truth in

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114= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 assigning the cruse to Aristotle's natural taste, which led him "to delight in the expli- cation of systems, and in those connected views following upon his vigorous talent for thinking through large subjects." But we venture to suggest a still more definite explanation. We apprehend that Aristotle's exaltation of plot was chiefly in conse- quence of his remarkable doctrine of Jcaiharsis; the doctrine, namely, that Trag- edy stimulates artificially the emotions of pity and fear which are natural to human beings, but painful and dangerous if aroused in ordinary experience by pitiful and fear- ful events; and that the artificial stimulus of Tragedy by means of the poet's art plea- surably exercises them, and purifies or calms them for the time being. It will be observed that this conception plainly emphasizes the moral effect of Trag- edy, for Aristotle rightly held that Trag- edy must, from the nature of the case, be maintained on a lofty moral plane; and inasmuch as he so often invokes the "Oedi- pus Tyrannus" by way of illustration, we may shrewdly conjecture that he was in large measure induced to the formulation of his theory by observing the moral and psycho- logical effect of this play on Greek audiences. In no other extant Greek tragedy is even the reader, to say nothing of the spectator, kept at such a tension of expectation by the subtle unfolding of an intricate plot. Professor Goodwin has assured the present writer that when the "Oedipus Tyrannus" was enacted at Harvard in 1881, the effect on the audience, the major portion of which was dependent on an English trans- lation, was powerful beyond all his ex- perience before or since of theatrical rep- resentations; and Mr. Henry Norman, who wrote an account of this performance, says that when the play was over, an involun- tary burst of applause, as if it were a thing inappropriate, ceased almost as sud- denly as it began. The emotions of the people seemed to be subdued, and they dis- persed quietly, thus affording unwitting tes- timony to the ancient philosopher's pro- fundity of insight. It was, therefore, an over-valuation of a great psychological truth that led Aristotle to overestimate plot at the expense of other forms of poetic and dramatic excel- lence; but it can hardly be questioned that a drama composed according to this theory will exercise a stronger influence on a greater number of people than any other kind. Nor in maintaining this need we deny Newman's dictum that the "Agamem- non" of Aeschylus and the "Bacchas" of Euripides, though deficient in skilfulness of plot, are distinguished by a richness and sublimity of which the "Oedipus Tyrannus," in spite of its many beauties, has not even a share. In his chapter on Longinus (pp. 122-3) the author gives expression to a strange mis- conception which would appear inexcusable were it not shared by almost every writer on Aristotle's 'Poetics' with whom we are familiar. "He [Longinus] has not lowered the ethical standard one jot," says Mr. Saintsbury, "but he has silently refused to give it precedence to the aesthetic; . . . Aristotle had been forced, equally by his s\stem and his sense, to admit that plea- sure was an end, perhaps the end, of art; I nit he blenches and swerves from the con- sequences." This implies that Aristotle set up two standards, the aesthetic and the ethical, and that his judgments abode sometimes by the one and sometimes by the other. As a matter of fact, his stan- dard was consistently the aesthetic, and there is no passage in any of his writings which, rightly interpreted, goes to show that he ever abandoned it. He does hold, however, that every variety of literature must produce its olxeia rjSovrj, its appro- priate pleasure. The ethical requirement in Tragedy is not distinct from, but a part of, the aesthetic requirement. That is to say, unless a tragedy be held on a high moral plane, it does not yield its appro- priate pleasure, and is not, aesthetically considered, a good tragedy. It is strange how constantly critics overlook the fact that Aristotle's treatise, as we have it, is concerned almost exclusively with Tragedy. They have always, from the Renaissance down, been prone to understand what was said with reference to this form alone, as if it were applicable to every form of poetic art. Mr. Saintsbury is here guilty of just such a blunder. In a footnote on the first page of his second book, which deals with Latin criti- cism, the author mentions with high praise the late Professor Nettleship's 'Essay on Literary Criticism in Latin Antiquity,' but it would almost seem that he had purposely avoided profiting by it. Nettleship, in that admirable treatise, shows how the Roman professional critics, not excepting even Quintilian, slavishly imitated the scholastic criticism of the Greeks, with its three-fold classification of style, canons of classical writers, and other arid technicalities. Mr. Saintsbury's only allusion to this whole sub- ject is merely to the effect that Quintilian may have borrowed from Dionysius of Hali- carnassus; whereas, Nettleship makes it certain either that he borrowed from Diony- sius or that both used a common source. Mr. Saintsbury disposes of Cicero's claim to eminence as a critic in a quite character- istic manner. The orator remarks in a letter to his brother (Ad Quint. Pro*. //., II): "Lucretii poemata, ut scribis, ita sunt: multis luminibus ingenii, multas tamen ar- tis." This is a sufficiently intelligible es- timate of Lucretius, and just, as far as it goes. Cicero merely wishes to say that the poetry of Lucretius reveals not only genius, but also artistic workmanship. In other words, it is not true of him, as Ovid said of Ennius, that he was ingenio maxi- ma*, arte rmlis. But Mr. Saintsbury avers (hat the text as it stands is a contradiction in terms; and triumphantly convinces Cice- ro of absurdity by reading non before mul- tis. Says Mr. Saintsbury of the "Treatise on the Sublime': "There is absolutely no evi- dence against the authorship of Longinus, only a set of presumptions." There is good evidence against the authorship of Longi- nus, of which a conspectus may be found in the Introduction to Prof. Rhys Roberts's excellent edition. The evidence, as Profes- sor Roberts says, is not absolutely conclusive, but inclines strongly in favor of the first cen- tury as the date of composition, and against the third century — that is, against the au- thorship of the historical Longinus. Again, in regard to Horace's 'Ars Poetica,' we read: "Aristotle (whom Horace follows without direct acknowledgment, and by no means slavishly, but still on the whole) had been sufficiently positive," etc. Scholars are now generally agreed that Horace in writing this poem did not draw directly upon either Plato or Aristotle. The universal silence of Roman writers on the 'Poetics' favors the belief that he never read it. He probably did more or less follow the body of Aristote- lian tradition. It is only fair, after so much in the way of dispraise, to direct the attention of our readers to some further laudable features of Mr. Saintsbury's work, in addition to those mentioned above. One need not agree with all his conclusions in order to find much that is stimulating and suggestive in his three Interchapters, which are summa- ries respectively of Greek, Latin, and Medi- aeval Criticism. With some points of ex- ception already noticed, we assign to his accounts of Quintilian, and more especially of Longinus, a superior merit. To cite one example: There is in the summary of the treatise 'On the Sublime' an exceedingly in- teresting discussion of the author's use Of the words avTa.criai. and etiuAoirouai. "It is nearly certain," Mr. Saintsbury well observes, "that no ancient writer, and no modern critic before a very recent peri- od, attached our full sense to the term [imagination]. 'Jo Aristotle, *vT*oia. is mere- ly alo-flTjo-is io-flo'rjs. a 'weakened sensa- tion,' a copy furnished by memory from sensation itself. ... Of the imagina- tion which is in our minds when we call Shelley an imaginative poet, and Pope not one, . . . there does not seem to have been a trace even in the enthusiastic mind of Longinus, though he expressly includes enthusiasm — nay, passion — in his notion of it." We are somewhat surprised, however, that Mr. Saintsbury, the historian of English lit- erature, did not in this connection mention Wordsworth as author of the modern dis- crimination between Fancy — which is more or less avTa(ria — aud Imagination, a dis- crimination which, subtly implicit in the "Poems of the Fancy" and "Poems of the Imagination," has also for prose literature received, in the poet's own essay 'Of Poetry as Observation and Description,' its classi- cal expression. FITHIAN'S JOURNAL. Philip Vickcrs Fithian: Journal and Letters. 1767-1774. Edited for the Princeton His- torical Association by John Rogers Wil- liams. Princeton, N. J.: The University Li- brary. 1900. If, as it would appear, the Princeton His- torical Association is the conservator of un- published narratives from the pens of alumni or of others closely associated with the Uni- versity, it has been fortunate in this which appears to be its first publication. Unfor- tunately the Journal which Fithian kept in his boyhood and resumed in his post-gradu- ate days, was neglected while in college, so that we do not get the minute account of his daily life and the conditions which modi- fied it as a student, nor the freshly recorded impressions from those surroundings. When a private tutor in Virginia, he fixed such de- tails day by day with his pen. The editor has introduced an interesting cut of Nassau Hall, the Old North of to-day, as it stood in those seventies when Fithian and his asso- ciates, Madison, Lee, Burr, Freneau, and Brockholst Livingston, went in and out. It sheltered the whole college, excepting the President, and including the tutors. In the material sense it teas the college. We find in one of Fithian's letters that the rousing

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Aug. 8, 1901J Th.e Nation. 115 bell rings at 5 a. m., with compulsory prayers after the second ringing at 5:30, " and lest any should plead that he did not hear the bell, the servant who rings goes to every door and beats till he wakens the boys, which leaves them without excuse." There was then an hour's study, in wint. • by candle-light, breakfast a,t eight, recita- tions and study from nine to one, when din- ner, study from three to five, at which hour came prayers. Supper was at seven, and at nine the bell rang for study and inspection of rooms by a tutor for absences. "After nine any may go to bed, but to go before is reproachful." That curfew survives, but without tutors or inspections. The diarist notes the death of "a wise, useful, religious girl," a valued correspondent, who "took with her all her virtues," and the editor fails to connect this eulogy with her grave lying in modest isolation within the Univer- sity grounds. Surmise and imagination have surrounded that lonely tomb with baseless legends, for which Fithian clearly substi- tutes the reality. All that is of local concern and of little more. The general interest of the Journal lies in the copious daily observations of un- familiar surroundings while the writer was a private tutor in Virginia. In the autumn of 1773 Fithian accepted the offer of Col. Robert Carter of Nomini Hall, on the little river of that name. To reach his destina- tion involved 260 miles in the saddle, and crossing by ferry the lower Delaware, the Susquehanna, and the Potomac, and by ford the Patapsco, now of such diminished vol- ume as to be scarcely worth mentioning, but then the source of vigorous mill-power and the bearer of shipping at least to Elk- Ridge Landing, Baltimore's commercial ri- val. (The "Rolling Road" from Catons- ville to the Landing still bears witness that tobacco hogsheads were transferred by roll- ing to that head of navigation.) This journey, now a little matter, then required nine days, Including one of rest which was not the Sabbath. Westmoreland County, Virginia, was indeed removed in time, which is the true measure of distance, and in customs, which differentiate people, from Cumber- land County, New Jersey. Independently of the actual number of miles or of days from home, the remoteness from routes of travel, although within plain sight of the Potomac, is shown in Fithian's entry that he re- ceived together on July 26 several let- ters from New Jersey written between Feb- ruary 13 and July 7, for which he paid pos- tage twelve shillings fivepence, Pennsyl- vania currency, "and I very proud of my bargain." Newspapers were most rare, due, he suspects, to their sale by the mail-riders on the way. There are frequent references to and speculations concerning the exciting events in Boston, and the assembling of a Congress at Philadelphia, but no definite news came from either place. Besides this physical isolation, the Vir- ginian settlements were detached socially from the northern provinces. The planters lived their own lives, with the English church and the provincial court as the foci of the ellipse that bounded their religious and social career. The sentiment of West Jersey was Calvinistic, where it was not Quaker, and there is little wonder that the popular opinion of life on the plantations was not acceptable to the friends of this Presbyterian theological student. They ad- vised against his taking the place lest he should encounter the dangerous temptations of "gay company, frequent entertainments, little practical devotion, no remote preten- sion to heart religion, daily examples In men of the highest quality of luxury, in- temperance, and impiety." There certain- ly was contrast in the life of the two colo- nies, but, as usual, the unknown had been magnified, and our tutor returned with his principles unscathed, and possibly his minor morals of manners polished and im- proved. He visited home in the summer to be examined by the Presbytery, and re- turned there finally in the autumn at the expiration of his engagement. In his ex- pense account of these two trips appears this curious illustration of the times, not mere- ly of a Virginia custom: he paid seven shillings and sixpence to be ferried over the Potomac, and "gave the ferryman a bottle of rum"; at South River, ferriage sixpence and "to half a gallon of rum for ferryman, two shillings sixpence"; over the Chesa- peake from Annapolis, "the ferriage here for a man and horse is fifteen shillings, to the ferryman for a quart of rum one shil- ling threepence, and for my footing, never having crossed the ferry before, I paid one shilling." In other words, the free bestowal of ardent spirits was a common benefaction that excited no comment, even when made by a prospective minister, and were it with- held it would probably occasion remark, if not complaint. The equanimity with which Fithian enters the items of his personal con- sumption of alcoholics on his journey has a matter-of-fact air, although the theolog- ical student of to-day finds it unnecessary thus to fortify himself. They are: Bitters, 4d.; wine and oats, 4s.; oats, cordial, etc., 4s. 10d.; tea, oats, cordial, etc., 4s. lOd. drank a bowl of punch with Mr. ; "called for a gill of bitters to qualify my humours, and a dish of tea to cheer me, and soon to bed." "I got a bowl of punch and fed, 2s. 6d."; "fed my horse and drank some brandy"; "expense here, half a gill of brandy, 3d."; "glass of wine bitters, 4d." It was the habit of the day. He was not too sedate. Fithian was a thorough Whig, and his zeal for the cause outran his respect for the rights of property and the restraint of law when, being at home, with forty other young men disguised as Indians, he assisted in burning a cargo of tea at Greenwich, N. J., 22d November, 1774. This does not ap- pear to have disturbed his conscience, nor, if known to them, to have weighed with his ecclesiastical superiors; for within a fort- night the Presbytery of Philadelphia li- censed him to preach. He remained in the active ministry until he died, a Chaplain in the Continental Army, in October, 1776. Many of Fithian's notes were merely of the conduct of the children under his care, some of his toothache, some of the weath- er, but there is hardly a page but sheds light upon his surroundings, and we get views of the plainness as well as the costli- ness of Virginia country life. Col. Carter's home estate embraced 2,500 acres with 150 negroes, but he possessed in all 60,000 acres and 600 blacks. Not only as a man of wealth but as one of the Governor's Council, he was a social leader, and Fithian at once en- tered as a favored observer a community which illustrated the best of the Colonial type. The editor, somewhat idealizing the "most delightful picture ... of refinement and culture, of elegance of living and lavish hospitality, of balls, and fox hunts, and analmost constant round of entertainments," adds with a melancholy strongly suggestive of youthfulness, "But those days are gone. A century and a quarter has passed and left behind the ineffaceable trace of war and its consequent desolation." It has been less war than the natural lapse of time which has changed the conditions in the Northern Neck. One form of this change was foreshadowed by the sagacious and (as paint- ed by Fithian) charming Mrs. Carter thus: "After supper 1 had a long conversation with Mrs. Carter concerning negroes in Vir- ginia, and find that she esteems their value no higher than I do. We both concluded (I am pretty certain that the conclusion is just) that if in Mr. Carter's or in any gen- tleman's estate, all the negroes should be sold, and the money put to interest in safe hands, and let lands which these negroes now work lie wholly uncultivated, the bare interest of the price of the negroes would be a much greater yearly income than what is now received from their working the lands, making no allowance at all for the trouble and risk of the masters as to the crop and negroes." Slavery existed in New Jersey, and its mere presence in Virginia excited no com- ment. There are few references to the in- stitution in the diary, but what there are mark the difference between the domestic service as Fithian had seen it at home, and the control of large numbers In whom the interest was chiefly that of property. We have already made excerpts on this subject from the foretaste of the diary in the American Historical Review. The real interest in these pages, apart from the unconscious relation of the young man's own character, are the illustrations of ru- ral life in a sparsely settled region where wealth without real luxury prevailed. His pupils were backward in their studies, al- though not thus characterized by him. The eldest girl, sixteen years old, was "reading the Spectator, writing, and beginning to cipher." It is written: "She is small of her age, has a mild, winning presence, never swears, which is here a distinguished vir- tue, dances finely, plays well on the key'd instruments, and is on the whole in the first class of the female sex." The establish- ment is on a large scale, and by suggestion not so comfortable as if more compact. Three yoke of oxen to one cart deliver four loads of firewood daily in the winter, but in the severer weather there was none to spare, as "twenty-eight steady fires, and most of these are very large," consume it all. The family at Nomini makes away year- ly with 27,000 pounds of pork, 20 beeves, 550 bushels of wheat, besides corn, 4 hogs- heads of rum, and 150 gallons of brandy, which indicates profusion if not splendor. That the life seemed grand is shown by this note on an occasion when a number 01 guests were in the house: "Half after eight we were rung in to supper; the room looked luminous and splendid; four large candles burning on the table where we supped; three others in different parts of the room; a gay, sociable assembly, and four well-in- structed waiters!" "Almost every gentle- man of condition keeps a chariot and four; many drive with six horses"; which is as indicative of bad roads as it is of display. Attendance at church was a social and busi- ness function as well as a religious duty. The parson preaches fifteen or twenty min- utes; the church door holds advertisements

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116 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 of pork for sale: the gentlemen "consult about and determine their common business, either before or after service"; they remain outside until the service begins, and enter in a body. "Their method of farming is slovenly, with- out any regard to continue their land in heart for future crops. They plant large quantities of land without any manure and work it very hard to make the best of the crop, and when the crop comes off they take away the fences to enclose another piece of land for the next year's tillage, and leave this in common to be destroyed by winter and beasts till they stand in need of it again to plough." The human strain that permeates the vol- ume is most attractive. Fithian's ingenuous manner and affectionate disposition every- where appear. He shows no sign of humor, life is too serious; but neither is there the least censoriousness. He kept the Princeton anniversaries as feast days of his soul, and, avowedly pleased as he was with his duties and his companions, the comparative mag- nificence of Nomini failed to weaken his loy- alty and longing for the humble Cohansie. The introduction refers to a note to one of the manuscript volumes that some of the Journals and Letters were transcribed from loose sheets by a brother of Fithian's who wrote a clerkly hand, but was not well edu- cated, and this "will account for many errors in orthography, punctuation, the placing of capital letters, etc., etc." To perpetuate such errors in the printed page is unbecoming to the occasion. There is an excellent index of proper names, but the subject index, ex- cept under those names, is defective. Some- what more careful proof-reading would not have allowed "hopelessly" to stand for "hopefully" converted (p. 30), nor have des- ignated the wash-house as the work-house (p. 130). But the reader is misled by neither. One may wonder why the editor, who has carefully traced the genealogy of many per- sons casually mentioned in the diary, failed to note the distinguished Major-General David Hunter, a son of the Rev. Andrew Hunter, jr., who frequently appears in the earlier pages. By John Champe Carter is al- most certainly meant the well-remember. >d Edward Champe Carter of Revolutionary fame, noted for his physical prowess and vigorous patriotism. TWO BOOKS ON TIBET. With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple. Nar- rative of Four Years' Residence on the Tibetan Border, and of a Journey into the Far Interior. By Susie Carson Rijnhart, M.D. Fleming H. Revell Company. Pp. 400. In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan. By H. H. P. Deasy. Longmans, Green & Co. 1901. Dr. Rijnhart's is an altogether exception- al book in missionary literature. She has gone far and seen and suffered much, and tells of it with simplicity and effect. The style may sometimes be dubious and the sentences even obscure, but the root of the matter is there— a narrative of life for sev- eral years in a Tibetan population on the border of Tibet, and of a journey to within 150 miles of Lhasa itself. Dr. Rijnhart and her husband went out, as independent mis- sionaries, to attempt an entrance into Tibet. They chose as their point of attack the northeast frontier, feeling confident that far freer access would be possible on thm side than through the jealously guarded Himalayan passes on the west and south. The fact seems really to be that it is only Lhasa, the sacred city, with its immediate district, that is protected so carefully against foreign profanation. For this pur- pose they settled at Lusar, the secular vil- lage attached to the famous Lamasery of Kunbum, about twenty miles west of Si- ning, in the province of Kansu. The west- ern part of that province, sometimes called Outer Tibet, has a large Tibetan element in its population, and the Lamasery at Kun- bum is reckoned the next holiest to that at Lhasa. They reached there early in 1895, just in time to be in the thick of the Mohammedan insurrection which swept Kansu in that year. During it they were driven to take refuge in the Lamasery, where they had already made friends of the a.bbot and others by their medical skill. Liv- ing under such conditions, they came into close and friendly contact with men of all sorts and conditions, and, especially, had an almost unique opportunity to study life in a Buddhist monastery and Lamaism as it really exists. The descriptions are sympa- thetic and intelligent, the enervating charm of the ritual is appreciated, and its curious and exact parallels to that of the Roman Church are detailed. The strange legend of Tsong-capa, the reformer of Tibetan Buddhism, and of the founding of Kunbum is retold, with the suggestions of Western influences which still live in tradition. Of Mahatmas they could find no trace; even Lamas from Lhasa could tell nothing of such wonder-workers. The nearest ap- proach was that some Lamas professed magic powers by which they drew the figure of a horse on paper, changed it to a real horse, and sent it on the wings of the wind to aid distressed travellers. The doctrine of reincarnation they found to be as ab- solutely accepted as present existence; but the proofs were of the meagrest, and they did not feel driven to the Satanic theory of MM. Hue and Gabet. In the spring of 1S98 they felt that the time had come for a forward movement upon Tibet proper and Lhasa. Their success had been so great in gaining the confidence and friendship of the people and the intimacy of the Lamas that the journey to the neighbor- hood, at least, of Lhasa did not seem im- possible. But these hopes were not fulfilled, and Dr. Rijnhart, after almost eight months of journeying (April to November, 1898), re- turned alone, her child having died on the way and been buried under a boulder on a hillside, and her husband having vanished without leaving a trace. It is a pathetic story, full of patience and strength. It could have been told with more art, but hardly more effectively. During the last two months Dr. Rijnhart was absolutely alone, and how she fought her way through, revolver in hand day and night, illustrates the myste- rious possibility of strength in some natures — for we should judge from many things that she is not a masculine woman. Horned cattle are a horror to her, and the sound of firing full of nervous shocks. Their route lay on the great caravan track running from Si-nung through the Chaidam and the Dangia Mountains. Their farthest point was the Shiabden monastery, just south of Lake Chomora. There they were met by officials from Lhasa and were finally turned back. The return route was on the track through Harba and Darge to Ta-chien- )u in the Chinese province Sze-chuan. It was something under a hundred miles west of Jygkundo (a place of many names and spellings, apparently Kegudo on the map of Tibet in the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica') that Mr. Rijnhart was lost. It is evident that the journey would have been far richer in geographical results if he had survived, or if his papers could have been preserved. As it is, the expert in Tibet will undoubted- ly be able to piece a good deal together from what has been saved here and from Dr. Rijnhart's own somewhat confused ob- servations. The route from Shiabden to Jyekundo seems to cover fresh ground. Bon- valot and Henri d'Orleans came near it in 1890, but only for a small distance. Dr. Rijn- hart may probably claim to be the first to enter Jyekundo from the west. But the strength and value of her book is rather in the view which we gain of the people and their life and of the possibility of contact and influence. With strong religious fervor Dr. Rijnhart has succeeded in combining a common-sense appreciation of the stand- points of others, and a sympathy with them in all their wanderings of thought. It is very evident that the modern scientific training of missionaries is already bearing fruit. The black-coated and tall-hatted figure of the tracts of our childhood is van- ishing, and we have now men and women who are prepared to go among their people, to live with them and dress like them, and to trust to their own weight of character and knowledge to carry them through and make their influence felt. It is in such work only that there is any hope of bringing the East and West together. For geographical science it is well to know how high the peaks of Tibet and Chinese Turkestan are. The full-length picture of Capt. Deasy shows a we'.l-knit man in the late forties. He is apparently as much at home in garments made of sheepskin, with the wool inside, as in the white duck and gold braid of summer camps in India. In 1896 the newly published map of Tibet, with a vast extent of the territory marked "unex- plored," acted as a direct challenge to this British officer, who had long sighed for fresh worlds to conquer. He had trained himself carefully in the study of astronomy and sur- veying, and on the voyage from England to India put his knowledge in practice by as- sisting the naval officers in their work. In the Greenwich Observatory he paid espe- cial attention to the mastery of the prob- lems of longitude. He then gave his atten- tion to medicine and surgery. Having made his preparations in Srinagar, he journeyed to Leh, and, after laying in supplies and gathering his caravan men, he set his face towards the land of the Lamas. At Zin- gral, the insect-infested rooms were left be- hind and he climbed the passes. At Frob- rang, a tiny village of about a half-a-dozen houses, at an altitude of about 14,800 feet, probably the highest cultivated place in the world, he purchased the sheep which were to serve for transport purposes. These are the best beasts of burden for Tibet. In good condition and under charge of a man who knows his business, they will carry loads of about twenty-two pounds for a long time, but, like the East, they must not be hustled. They will go twelve miles a day and need one day's rest every week. Besides these fifty sheep were twenty-seven mules, thirty- five ponies, and a donkey, together with three riding ponies. The human contingent consisted of two Englishmen, ten caravan men, and one shepherd, besides burden-bear-

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Aug. 8, 1901] The HSTatioii. 117 ers, and seven India men in various capaci- ties. The total weight of baggage and stores was about 17,000 pounds. Thenceforward the story is a march through unknown lands, among magnificent snow mountains, without guides and with much work being done by triangulation. The red lines of the map show that while in the main the valleys were followed, yet the travellers were surrounded on all sides by mountains over 16,000 feet high, not a few of the peaks rising to 20,000 feet and more. Sandy plains and salt lakes were frequent. It was not merely the making of one jour- ney traversing a certain area. In a literal sense, triangulation was made by going around three sides of the great clump of mountains, between parallels 34 and 35 and meridians 81 and 82, whose peaks are four miles high. In addition to the frequent cold, the barrenness and waterless stretches of country, and the sickness and death of the animals, there was constant danger from worthless caravan men and hostile Tibetans. The nomads refused to help the explorers, and even showed them the wrong direction, so that more than once they wandered about and had to retrace their steps. It seemed to be impossible for the inhabitants to under- stand why in the world a white man should want to come into Tibet, climb high moun- tains, and use strange-looking instruments, unless the purpose was immediately and malevolently military. The cordite, or smokeless gunpowder, on these high alti- tudes was useless. At one camp, Pike, the author's companion tried six times to shoot an antelope, but each time the bullet drop- ped to the ground within fifty yards of him. The severe weather made heavy demands on the medicine chest, but when the whole hu- man nature in the caravan became afflicted with coughing, the author issued an order allowing for each man's restoration of health within a period of twenty-four hours, after which a heavy fine was imposed for every cough that was heard. This remedy was more effective than drugs, and cured the camp with marvellous rapidity. From the 18th of June until early in November, the caravan travelled 776 miles, by which time sixty out of the sixty-six animals had fall- en victims to the hardships of the journey or had been stolen by the Chukpas. Capt. Deasy reached Leh on November 13, re- joining his regiment at Umbala about the middle of December. Still smitten with the exploration fever, the author in March, 1897, resigned his com- mission, owing to troubles arising from an unhealthy river, and resolved to explore and survey the valley of the Yarkand River. He would know what was the meaning or value of the dotted line which, on Lord Curzon's map, was supposed to represent its general direction. No traveller had followed the course of the river below the west end of the Raskam valley. This time, securing as invaluable aid a Yunnan Chinaman, who had wandered westward to India, he started with his caravan-men and officers, four of them old comrades, and again set out from Srinagar, making his start from Bandipoora. He gives an unvarnished narrative of the journey to Yarkand, in which he often camped at a height of 16,000 feet. To take observations in the strong wind, when the temperature was several degrees below zero, and beard and moustache froze to the metal every time the vernier was read, until he was forced to cover his face with card- board, made scientific work very difficult and slow. From Yarkand to Khotan across the Takla Makan desert, the journey was on comparatively low ground — that is, well un- der 5,000 feet; but much was the sickness and great was the scoundrelism of humanity in that part of the world. It is no wonder that the author writes later that among them morality is unknown. At Karasai, a village of caves, the second journey may be considered over, for here most of his bearers were paid off. He set out again eastward through Tibet, to ex- amine and survey the country, to determine the heights of as many mountain- peaks as possible, and to find out whether there was a route of travel between Polu and central Tibet. This part of the exploration took him over the highest mountains, and was the cause of much suffering, but he returned safely to Yarkand. Thence making a fourth attempt to explore the valley of the Yarkand River, he suffered much from lying natives, in crossing frozen rivers, and in ascending glaciers; but, accomplishing his task, he finished his winter journey on February 2, after a three months' tramp of more than a thousand miles. About the middle of Sep- tember, he left the oasis of Yarkand to visit Kashgar, where, at the house of McCartney, the English assistant for Chinese affairs, who had suggested Deasy's journey across the Takla Makan desert, he enjoyed for a few days the luxuries of civilization. Setting out again from Yarkand to Kho- tan, he suffered, not only from dust-storms and loss of his pack animals, hut from the opposition of the Chinese officers. From other causes, however, chiefly the severe weather, the scarcity of grass, the unusual exertions necessary, and the failure of the health of his chief helper, he was obliged to abandon his most ambitious journey. So, making a "cache" of the food and other supplies not required for the route home- ward, he left the barren hills of sandy des- erts and reached Leh. There he at once called for two quarts of beer, a liquid which he had not tasted for two years. Having covered more than 5,300 miles with a cara- van, he looked, when at Srinagar, rough enough. At Simla a combination of mala- dies overtook him, and he spent two months in a hospital, yet was able to explain his work to the officers and computers of the trigonometrical branch of the survey to In- dia. When he reached London he was so weak in health as to be scarcely able to crawl. An appendix gives the digested results, with memoranda and criticism of Capt. Deasy's measurements and computations, together with reports on the plants and ani- mal forms collected and brought back. There are a good index and abundant il- lustrations from photographs, and the work is one of first importance to the student of mid-Asian problems. Histoire de V Affaire Dreyfus: Le Proces de 1S94. By Joseph Reinach. Paris: Editions de la Revue Blanche. 1901. Of all the literature produced by the Dreyfus case, rich and full of talent as it is, this book is by far the most complete and the most likely to last. M. Joseph Reinach, who is well known in French poli- tics as the ex-confidant of Gambetta and one of the most influential writers of the Op- portunist party, played in the Dreyfus affair a most militant and courageous r&le. Thanks to his many relations in official circles, his wide experience of both civil and military matters, he was one of the best informed and most skilful of the revisionists, and his terse, logical, and pathetic articles in the Siecle threw much light on many mysterious corners of the great drama. His cham- pionship of Dreyfus was, moreover, as dis- interested as it was brave. Unpopular as he was already, there was nothing for him to gain In that battle and everything to lose. In fact, he lost everything. A captain in the reserve of the French army, he was dis- missed and deprived of his grade. A repre- sentative in the Chamber of Deputies, he was defeated at the polls by his constituents. Finally, great as was his unpopularity with the mob, it was increased a hundredfold by the stand he took as a Dreyfusist, and is to- day almost unrivalled. All this does not seem calculated to make a very impartial and trustworthy historian of the Dreyfus case. Nevertheless, M. Reinach has suc- ceeded in being such an historian. His book covers only the period of the trial of 1894, from Gen. Mercier's appointment as Minister of War, December 3, 1893, down to Capt. Dreyfus's departure for Devil's Island, February 21, 1895. This is one of the most pathetic chapters of French contemporary history. M. Reinach has written it not merely from his own recollections and in- formation gathered at first hand from his friends in the Government, but also with the aid of the testimony given before the courts, at Paris and at Rennes, by all the principal actors in the case. The book opens with a graphic sketch of Gen. Mercier when he first appears in Par- liament as a promising minister, and wins the enthusiastic support of the Deputies by a well-worded and patriotic speech. A year after, countless mistakes and blunders in his military administration had revealed an incapacity and conceit which made him the most despised of all the politicians. His popularity had faded away, when, suddenly, on September 24, 1894, an event occurred which would allow him to regain it by pos- ing as a saviour of the country. The famous bordereau, stolen at the German embassy in the janitor's office before reaching M. de Schwartzkoppen, is brought to Col. Henry by one of the spies of the so-called "section of statistics," a man by the name of Briicker. M. Reinach, while renouncing his first im- prudent hypothesis of Col. Henry being Es- terhazy's accomplice, takes for granted that the former recognized, at once, in the trea- sonable document the handwriting of his comrade and friend Esterhazy, but dared not suppress it for fear of Briicker's betraying him. His argumentation does not seem to ua quite decisive, and Henry's role at the origin of the affair still remains in some obscurity. But what the author has explained with ab- solute clearness is how, in the midst of the emotions caused at the War Office by this sensational discovery, the suspicions hap- pened to converge towards the unfortunate Dreyfus. He shows how they all started from the preconceived and erroneous notion that the bordereau, since it referred to topics discussed at the War Department, must perforce have been written by some one who belonged to that department— and by one who was both a stagiaire and an artillery officer. The two men who built up that theory, Lieut.-Col. Fabre and Lieut.-Col. d'Aboville, happened to be both anti-Semites, like almost all the aristocratic officers of

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118 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 the general staff. Looking over the list of officers who answered the description of the supposed writer, they at once stopped at the name of Dreyfus. A rapid glance at his handwriting satisfied them that "the re- semblance of the two handwritings was striking." The word artillerie in the bor- dereau and in certain notes written by Drey- fus could be superposed so as to fit exactly. Moreover, all the other requirements seem- ed to be met by the Jewish captain, who was generally disliked as a conceited, priggish, and ambitious man. No objections, no dif- ficulty embarrassed them henceforth. The traitor was discovered. "From that time on," says M. Reinach, "begins the phenome- non which dominates the whole affair. It is no longer verified facts and carefully exam- ined documents which establish conviction; it is the preestablished sovereign and irre- sistible conviction that alters the facts and documents" (p. 62). The arrest of Dreyfus, the long inquiry carried on by Du Paty de Clam with the help of Bertillon and Henry — all that pro- cedure which reads like a chapter of the Inquisition; the despair and frenzy of the accused man, who has to fight against mys- terious and unknown accusations, the anx- iety and impatience of the chiefs respon- sible for the whole scandal, who dare not back down for fear of the slanders let loose by the gutter press — constitute one of the most heartrending stories to be found in the judicial annals of any coun- try. In contrast to this display of dark ignorance, fanaticism, and moral cowardice, coupled with a sort of auto-suggestion which the author has very keenly analyzed, we see the heroic faithfulness of Dreyfus's wife and brothers, the kind-heartedness and gener- osity of Major Forginetti, head of the Cherche Midi, who, from the start, recogniz- ed in his prisoner an innocent man and did his best to comfort him. "Toute la bonte du genre humain s'etait refugiee dans ce geolier," says M. Reinach. Besides these facts, never before recited with so much accuracy, although well known in the main, this book gives us details on more mysterious episodes. Thus, we know now that the secret dossier communicated to the judges was made up of a so-called biography of Dreyfus written by some mys- terious historian, and representing him as an old and hardened traitor; two letters of Panizzardi which had no connection with the accused man, especially that preposterous document known as the canaille de D. . . . (which related to a poor fellow known as Dubois), and a spurious translation of a telegram sent to the Italian Government after Dreyfus's arrest — all of which could but force conviction upon the seven judges. The student of history who is concerned more with general facts than with the Drey- fus incident itself will find here some chap- ters of great interest and literary talent, such as chapter v., entitled "La Libre Parole," which gives a good insight into anti-Semitism and Its most powerful organ; or chapter xi., with its essay on the psy- chology of the French mob as described in the masterly report of the Degradation. We remark, furthermore, an exact and trust- worthy account of President Casimir-Pe- rier's much-discussed resignation on Janu- ary 15, 1896. The reasons given by M. Rei- nach, who was at that time an intimate friend of Casimir-Perier, are true and the only true. Casimir-Perier left the Presi- dency in a fit of humor because his sensi- tiveness had been deeply irritated and wounded both by the attacks of his foes and by what he styled the weakness of his friends. Moreover, he did not find in the Presidency all the authority and power that he believed to belong to it. His Ministers did not show him the proper regard, did not keep him informed of what was going on, and reduced his office to a mere "machine a signatures." Casimir-Perier, who was not merely a nervous and sensitive man, but also a man of energy and activity, could not stand such an existence any longer, and he resigned. The Dreyfus affair had nothing to do with his decision. In spite of the general tone of this book, which is impassioned and often eloquent; in spite of some pages, here and there, writ- ten by the journalist rather than by the historian; of some portraits of individuals such as Dupuy, Hanotaux, Boisdeffre, whom the author depicts with the pen of a mod- ern Saint-Simon; and even granting that the whole explanation of Col. Henry's role is nothing but an hypothesis supported by mere deductions, the fact remains that M. Reinach's work is a scientific contribution to history, composed according to the best and safest methods of research, and well worthy of the great scientist to whom It is dedicated, fimile Duclaux, and of the great cause which inspired it, the cause of truth and of justice. The Training of the Body. By F. A. Schmidt, M.D., and Eustace H. Miles, M.A. E. P. Dutton & Co. The motive of the book before us is the value of physical training in fitting the young for success in games, and indirectly for success in life, through the exaltation of health and the cultivation of habits of per- severance, self-control, and cooperation. Mr. Miles, an English amateur champion in va- rious fields, seems to conduct his own life on the principle that whatever is worth do- ing at all should be done with energy and attention, and that a game should be more than mere sport or diversion for amusement's sake alone; and he is willing to give us glimpses of himself in illustra- tion. Dr. Schmidt, a German physician, sup- plies the medical side; Mr. Miles makes the application. They are not always in accord, but the differences confirm their indepen- dence, affirm their earnestness, and do not weaken the combination. The fundamental advice is to learn part by part, and to become automatically per- fect in those features which belong of ne- cessity to any game, before practising for the sake of practice the unusual and un- expected; and examples are given. That is the teaching of the expert who has become such through the genius of common sense and industry, and it is to be respected ac- cordingly. The game is not to be worship- ped as a diversion or an exercise, but to be enjoyed as combining physical and moral ad- vantages not otherwise easily acquired. Chief among the latter are those of co- operation, loyalty, and practical honor. The physiology of exercise is made as plain as lay readers may expect, and vari- ous bodily movements are illustrated by numerous figures. Some of these are super- fluous, and one or two unintelligible; but as most of us learn by pictures better than by words, we may pardon the excess. It should be a great satisfaction to know why certain movements are made as well as how they are made; as, for instance, the mechani- cal effect of sharp muscular action upon the circulation, so that, within certain limits, an energetic stride may be less fatiguing than the slow saunter. The diagrams also teach what the text does not always suffi- ciently impress — the evil of strain from ex- cessive exertion. Thus, figure 221 shows a sphygmogram of a pulse of 250 beats at the end of a run of 220 yards. When one com- pares this with the tracing of the normal pulse (fig. 220), the irregular, feeble, and rapid impact due to exhaustion is an im- pressive lesson. As the author frankly states elsewhere, from such exertion too prolonged there is no recovery, witness the runner from Marathon. In the main, the train- ing instructions are wise, and the danger of overwork, as well as that of too sudden abandonment of high training, is noted. One may except to the suggestion (p. 365) that rest during a long walk is better secured with an erect body than by lying supine with relaxed muscles, and perhaps to one or two other details, and may smile at the ob- jection to heated houses "in which the stair- cases and passages are kept at an even temperature" (p. 266). The legitimate ob- jection is to excessive heat and possibly contaminated air, not against thermic uni- formity. But the general lessons are sen- sible and do not aim at extravagance in method or result. Moreover, there runs through the whole that admirable spirit which we may fairly credit the English with inculcating and maintaining in field sports, of what may be called practical as distinct from theoretical honor. So much of the volume as Mr. Miles is responsible for contains a contention against flesh foods, either in training or for ordinary diet, which appears at every legitimate opening. This is not sustained by common experience, although the author himself seems a brilliant exception. One may not gainsay his demonstrated facts, however much his physiological reasoning may be at fault. Food supplies energy, re- places waste, and, to those still grow- ing, furnishes new. tissue. Energy is de- rived chiefly from nitrogen, whether through oats for horses or beans or flesh for man; muscles are built up from the albuminates in general; fat comes from the starches and sugars; and bodily heat, es- sential to life, from the fats and starches, and particularly from muscular metabolism. There are few marketable foods, for- tunately, which do not embrace more than one of these classes, although in unequal amounts. Now, it would matter very little to the citizen at large whether he took his food supply almost solely from the animal or from the vegetable world, like the Eskimo or the Hindu, if it could be arranged so that he did not acquire a sufficiency of one sort at the expense of ingesting a super- fluity of the other. But in practice the ordinary man who attempts to live by bread alone finds that he is insufficiently fed in one respect or is gorged in another. Never- theless, the author appears to have solved the problem under his own conditions, and not only to maintain competent force and energy by a fleshless diet, but to have been relieved from a degree of albuminuria, from a desire for alcohol, and from various physical discomforts which he attributed

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Aug. 8, 1 901] The Nation. 119 to an excess of waste in the circulation when he was a flesh-eater. From that he concludes that such a diet would be better for all. His basis of fact Is not broad enough for the superstructure. We should rather suspect that, consciously or otherwise, by following intelligent medi- cal teaching, he has relieved excretory or- gans that were under strain, and, further, that he is blessed with assimilative powers which enable him completely to absorb all the nutritive properties of his food. It is not all grist that reaches the ordinary hu- man mill. Upon one feature of diet he is, however, unmistakably correct. The effect of alcohol as a beverage, quite apart from the moral consequences of its abuse, is always mischievous to the man in training. A footnote reads loosely (p. 279): "I often found that even a glass of alcohol put me off." "A glass of alcohol" is not to be con- strued literally, and what strength of al- coholic beverage is meant is unknown to us; but the principle is true. A single word upon the construction of the book. It is credited to two authors, but in the preface the English author writes (p. xi.), as an editor: "although I have removed a good deal from Dr. Schmidt's work." The appendices and three of the six parts into which it is di- vided are specially noted as by Mr. Miles, leaving it to be inferred that the remainder is Dr. Schmidt's. But constantly through- out those parts are notes of disapproval, impressing the Englishman's view where he and the German differ. The German text is nowhere mentioned by name, but this double work appears to be really Schmidt's 'Unser Korper' (Leipzig, 1899), freely done into English, annotated and added to by the very practical champion. As a book, the pages are disfigured by the remarkable use of capitals, applied with great profu- sion "to enforce the arguments." The Early History of English Poor Relief. By E. M. Leonard, former Student of Gir- ton College. Cambridge (Eng.) : Universi- ty Press; New York: Macmillan. Miss Leonard has not only done a remark- ably substantial piece of original work, based throughout on contemporary, and for the most part unprinted, evidence; she has made a notable contribution to the interpretation of English history. Mr. S. R. Gardiner, who began what we may fairly call "the re- habilitation" of the first two Stuarts and of their great ministers Strafford and Laud, has never gone so far as to maintain that their policy of paternal government was, in any important respect, really successful; he has been content if he could persuade us that they had worthy ideals even though, under the circumstances, these ideals were im- practicable. The year after Charles I. broke with his Parliament in 1629, the Privy Council began to take energetic action for the enforcement of the Elizabethan statutes for the relief of the poor. It was undoubt- edly moved thereto by the distress occa- sioned by a visitation of the plague in the spring of 1630, and a failure of the harvest in the autumn. In the January of 1631 a Royal Commission was appointed to take the matter in hand, consisting of some of the chief officers of state and certain mem- bers of the higher nobility. For convenience it was divided into committees for the sev- eral circuits, and it is interesting to observe I that while Wentworth was assigned to the Northern circuit, Falkland was among those to whom Shropshire and the surrounding country were allotted, and Laud and Coke acted together for the district round Lin- coln. At the same time a Book of Orders was issued, setting forth the duties of the justices of the peace, and ordering quarterly reports from them which were to pass to the Lords Commissioners through the hands of the sheriffs and the judges of assize. When we turn to Mr. Gardiner's one page on the subject, we find the remark that this require- ment of reports "put a check upon the ten- dency of the local powers to slacken in their efforts for the public good." But Mr. Gardi- ner is chiefly concerned to argue that the anxiety of the Council, "in their quarrel with the aristocracy," "to fall back upon an al- liance with the people" was not likely to strengthen its hands in the approaching struggle. "It was hardly likely that their good deeds in this direction would weigh very heavily in the balance." What Mr. Gardiner does not tell us is the practical efficiency of the "good deeds"; and but few would observe and realize the significance of the following sentence added to one of the footnotes— "The State Papers are full of the Justice's Reports as long as Charles main- tained his authority." But now comes Miss Leonard, and, having worked through these Justice's Reports as well as great masses of similar material for the whole century, she declares that it was to the action of the Privy Council during the period of "personal government" (1629- 1640) that England owes the very existence of an effective poor law in later centuries. It is not commonly remembered that, until very recent times, the English poor law was quite unique in Europe. As to whether that was a blessing for England or no, opinions will differ; many will be inclined to agree with Louise Michel that the system of public poor relief has done a good deal to save the country from social revolution. However that may be, no other European country had the like. But the conditions all over west- ern Europe were much the same every- where in the sixteenth century when legis- lation was first attempted — England, in- stead of preceding other countries, lagged behind; and the principles to be followed were seen quite as clearly, if not more clear- ly, in other countries. Accordingly, Francs and Germany and Scotland have all of them enactments to show substantially identical with the act of 1536 and its successors. In all these countries, however, they be- came a dead letter in the following century. The defect, so Miss Leonard urges, was not in want of legislation, but in want of en- forcement by adequate administrative effort. This is probably true, though the survival of the monasteries and hospitals in France probably rendered the distress in certain localities less acute; and in Germany the Thirty Years' War has something to answer for. Be the causes what they may, the en- actments in foreign countries ceased to be obeyed; and the same thing is true of Eng- land between 1605 and 1629. "The adminis- tration of poor relief was on the whole neg- ligent," is Miss Leonard's conclusion upon the evidence, "and in many districts the poor law was already considered to be of little importance." Out of this slough the energy of the Privy Council dragged the poor law in 1631, and saved it for the coming cen- turies. The Civil War interrupted their work; and after the Restoration, and still more after the Revolution, the administra- tion became more indulgent to the squire- archy. But the pressure of twelve years (1630-1642) had been maintained long enough to create a habit, even with justices and overseers, and the assessments continued to be made and relief administered. We have singled out this one point, and it is that on which Miss Leonard herself lays most stress, because, if it is true, as we think it is, it tends to correct some com- mon and deep-rooted prejudices. We are not likely to return to an indiscriminate admira- tion for the Martyr King, even though he was a martyr in the cause of direct taxa- tion, as Disraeli was fond of saying; his abandonment of Strafford would stand in our way, if nothing else. But it is some little comfort to learn that Strafford and those who followed him did not sacrifice themselves quite in vain; that some part of their labor, at any rate, was fortunate- ly "thorough." Miss Leonard's volume, how- ever, is full of new information on many other sides of the social life of Tudor and Stuart times. The example set to the central authorities by some of the towns, notably London and Norwich; the active part played by the Elizabethan bishops in suggesting and enforcing measures for poor relief; the attempt to secure a public provision of corn to meet seasons of emergency; the various plans adopted for dealing with the unem- ployed— these are some of the subjects for which we must in future have recourse to Miss Leonard's pages. And if we are disin- clined to agree with some of her conclusions, there is enough evidence printed in the notes, and in the twelve valuable appendices, to serve as basis for an independent judg- ment. It is no reflection on the authoress, but on her publishers, to express the hope that they will not continue to send out books to re- viewers with the index pages represented by blank paper. A reviewer has been known 1o take a personal interest in the subject of a book, and to wish afterwards to consult it; and then he surely has the rights of the mere reader. Rumania in 1900. By G. Benger. Author- ized translation by A. H. Keane. Map and illustrations. London: Asher & Co. Pp. xiii, 286. Large 8vo. The first step taken by Prince Charles on assuming the rule in 1866, for Herr Benger's work is practically an economic history of his reign, was to carry out the reform initiated by his predecessor, the emancipa- tion of the peasants, and putting them in possession of the land they cultivated. This was done by expropriating two-thirds of each of the great landed estates and the secularization of the monastic estates. These latter amounted at the time, according to one authority, to an eighth of the whole principality, and were held in some cases by foreign monasteries, as those of Mount Athos, Jerusalem, and other places. The land thus acquired, known as the Crown Domains, was offered to the people on such easy terms of payment that there are now some 700,000 freehold proprietors, whose farms comprise half the area of the state, while forty years ago more than three- quarters was unreclaimed land. With the view of stimulating foreign and domestic

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120 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1884 trade in a country almost destitute of means of communication, the Government has con- structed 12,000 miles of highroads, 2,000 miles of railways, built bridges, including one over the Danube, and extensive harbor works on the Black Sea. Although a large debt was incurred for these public works, and from the land operations, as well as for the reorganization of the army, yet the administration of the finances has been con- ducted on so sound a basis that in recent years there has been no deficit. The foreign trade has an annual value of $150,000,000, while the increase of private wealth is in- dicated by the fact that deposits in the savings banks have risen from $12,000 in 1866 to $12,000,000 in 1899. At the same time every effort has been made to increase the intelligence of the people. The twelve estates constituting the Crown Domains are managed so as to be an object-lesson to the peasantry, not only in the best methods of. agriculture, but in house and village building on sanitary prin- ciples, and in rural education. On them are thirty-nine schools, in which instruction is given in all the various home industries within the reach of Rumanian peasants. The ordinary village schools have gardens at- tached, in which the children are taught practical horticulture. There is a picture of one of these village schools, which for at- tractiveness of exterior could not be sur- passed in this country. There are also agri- cultural and forestry schools, and in twenty- three communes the teachers conduct bi- weekly advanced courses for adults. The village schools on the Government estates have libraries, and in some urban schools there are kitchens and refectories where the children can get a midday meal for a cent and upwards. This system is being gradu- ally extended to the rural schools, where, considering the poverty of the people and in many cases the remoteness of the schools, it cannot fail to be most beneficial. The annual expenditure upon the village schools, which have 180,000 pupils, is a little over a million dollars. The different degrees of intelligence reached by the people of the three Balkan States is indicated by the fact tlhat Bulgaria and Servia together have only 382 post-offices, while Rumania, with a million more inhabitants than the two, has 3,062. In all these efforts for the moral and material elevation of his people KiDg Charles has been ably seconded by leading men of the kingdom, as well as by his noble wife, Queen Elizabeth, Princess von Neu- wied, better known as "Carmen Sylva," the poet of her adopted land. A true mother to her people since the loss of her only child, a girl of four, she has taken the deepest interest in promoting their welfare, minis- tering with her own hands to their needs in hospitals, and caring personally for their instruction. "For years together she has brought lady teachers from abroad, and has herself often personally undertaken the su- perintendence and even the management of the girls' schools." One thing we miss in this array of facts and statistics brought together with such painstaking labor by Herr Benger. Little is said of the political education of the people. Freedom of speech and of the press has long been enjoyed, and religious free- dom was assured in 1885 by the disestab- lishment of the National Church. But no information is given as to how the com- munes are governed, and how the right of suffrage is regarded and exercised, nor aught of the character and ability of the men who are elected to the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. It only remains to add that the book is a beautiful specimen of typography, is fully illustrated, and has an excellent map, but no index. "For students of music who want to know something about all branches of the art and can afford to buy only one book, this is the thing."— Nation. Lavignac's Music and Musicians. 3d Edition, revised. 504 pp. 8vo, ?8. "A style which (unfairly be described as fascinating." — W. J. Hendersox In N. Y. Times. Henry Holt &Co.,N.Y. The Francis Letters, by Sir Philip Francis and Other Members of the Family. Edited by Beata Francis and Elisa Keary. WitL a Note on the Junius Controversy, by C. F. Keary. "With portraits. 2 vols., 8vo. London: Hutchinson & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. These portly and showy 'volumes contain portions of a family correspondence of con- siderable interest and valuo, though not precisely the same as the title-page would Ie;;d us to expect. The introduction tells us that "the Francis family had a weakness for preserving letters which lasted through sev- eral generations." The selection and ar- rangement was originally t'ie work of Sir Phillip's great-granddaughter, and, when necessarily laid aside by reason of her fatal illness, was completed by the lady whose name stands with hers on the title-page. These letters are very miscellaneous in character and of very varying interest. Some from Alexander Mackrabie, Philip's brother-in-law, throw amusing light on the colonies in the days just before the Revo- lution. He writes from Philadelphia, in 1768, "I would not as a friend advise Mr. G. Grenville to come and pass a summer in America. It might be unsafe." From New York, in the same year: "They have a vile Practice here which is peculiar to this City; I mean that of playing Back-Gammon (a Noise I detest), which is going forward in the public Coffee-House from Morning till Night." Francis's own letters from India are interesting, but do not add much to our knowledge of his stormy service there. Those from and to his family exhibit him on the whole in a very amiable light, as an affectionate, if sometimes irascible, father, and a most devoted husband in Eng- land, whatever his life in India. There is much amusing gossip about great people and little people, and one story of an elope- ment, agreeing in many minute details with that in 'Pride and Prejudice,' written about the same period. There is no want of wit or of pathos; but there is not a single word elucidating the smallest point, pro or con, in the "Junius" discussion. The letters are preceded by a well-written introduction on this subject, showing concisely, but c'early, the additional evidence which has been ac- cumulating of late years in favor of Fran- cis's authorship, and commenting, not un- fairly or intemperately, upon the bitterness of the animus with which C. W. Dilke and others always attacked the "Franciscans." But the thread of connection between this introduction and the correspondence is — not. The portraits are an attractive feature of the book; but that of Burke is disfigured by putting his name under it, by a common but irritating American mistake, as "The Hon." instead of "Right-Hon." Edmund Burke. The Use of Words in Reasoning. By Alfred Sidgwick. London: Adam & Charles Black; New York: Macmillan Co. 1901. Pp. xi, 370. This book is at once a criticism of formal logic, deductive and inductive, and a course of instruction in regard to how formal logic should be used. The author's prime object is to aid the reader to get at the truth in matters which concern him, and to avoid overestimating and underestimating for- mal logic as a means to that end. It is his contention that logicians, by confining them- selves to a consideration of the form of reasoning, have so simplified their prob- lem that their rules are applicable, except in the simplest cases, only after the hard work of the intelligence is done; and that, ignoring the fact that logic is a practical science, they have encumbered their doctrine with a number of distinctions which are of no service whatever, but rather of disser- vice because they are confusing. He takes up the directions given by formal logic one after the other, and cautions the student at each step to scrutinize the "material" he is dealing with, pointing out the commoner sources of error in that step, and retrench- ing such surplusage of doctrine as he con- ceives logicians have been guilty of. In purpose the book reminds one of Locke's little 'Essay on the Conduct of the Human Understanding'; it is an essay on the proper conduct of the human understanding in the use of formal logic. It has great value for the student at the period when he is form- ing his habits of investigation; it offers the professional logician a number of discus- sions conducted with the fairness and the authority which we have learned to expect from the author of 'Fallacies.' Pocket Size Standard Novels. Tunckeray's Worksand Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Tliln paper Large type, easy to read. S*ize 4M by 614 inehee and only )4 inch thick; Bound in cloth, tl.00 each. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. ProspectuB free on request. THOS. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 18th St., New York. FOR SALE. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. The complete set of 78 volumes, unused, and partly in original packages, will be sold for considerably less than the publisher's price. Mrs. B. A. HINSDALE, Ann Arbor, Mich. RARE OLD VIOLINS Remarkable values in fine solo instruments from $.")0 u> $IU ,'JOO. Largest fi.id finest collection in th«worlci. Spnd for new catalogue containing Biographies ; fac-similo labels; &c. Easy terms. LYuM & i-i£ALY, 16 Adams St., Chicago. REMINGTON "■ Standard Typewriter 327 BROAD WAT, MEW YORK

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 885. THURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. Appletons' Latest Books A 'Remarkable ^/Imerican R^omance. THE BELEAGUERED FOREST. A Novel. By ELIA W. PEATTIE. !2mo, cloth, $1.50. " A book to be read for its worth."— Detroit Journal. "This novel is of excellent workmanship. . . . It reminds one of Sudermann's 'Katzensteg.' to chapter."— Aeie York Mail and Express. . The interest grows from chapter "A strange tale of extraordinary power. . . . Mrs. Peattie has succeeded in writing a book worth reading not once but many times." -Milwaukee uentinel. A WOMAN ALONE. By Mrs. W. K. CLIFFORD, author of "Love Letters of a Worldly Woman." No. 302 in Appletons' Town and Country Library. 12mc, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents. After a long silence the brilliant author of "Love Letters of a Worldly Woman'' reappears with a new book. Mrs. Clifford's clean-cut knowledge of the world in which we live, her familiarity with social life, and her witty and epigrammatic style are shown to the best advantage in this clever book. " Mrs. W. K. Clifford is an adroit writer whose knowledge of the world and whose brilliancy have not destroyed in her a simple ten- derness to which every sensitive reader must respond." — Chicago Trtbune. THE STOR-Y OF KING ALFR.ED. A new volume in Appletons' Library of Useful Stories. By Sir WALTER BESANT. Illustrated. t6mo, cloth, 35 cents net; postage, 4 cents additional. The millennial anniversary of the greatest of England's kings lends a special interest to this charmingly written, comprehen- sive, and compact account of "the noble king of the West Saxons, the defeater of the Danes, the patron of learning, and the founder of the English navy." HEADS? BA'RLy IJV SETTEM'BE'R-O'R'DE'RS "RECEIVED jWOtO. THE ETER-NAL CITY. A Novel. By HALL CAINE, Author of " The Christian," " The Manxman," "The Bondman," "The Deemster," etc 12mo, cloth, $1.50.

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11 The IN" ation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. POUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post office as second-class mail matter. COX TEXTS OF THIS NUMBER. Thk Week 131 Editorial Articles: The Strike to Monopolize Labor 124 Fear of a Word 124 Reciprocity or War 125 The Socialist Unrest In Italy 126 Special Correspondence : American Art at Buffalo 127 !The New Bohemia 128 Correspondence : Gen. Cluserct as an American 129 Notes '. 130 Book Reviews: Cromwell's Si ehes 133 The Classics In English 134 Chinese Literature 136 A Short History of Renaissance Architecture in England, 1500-1800 137 Essal dune Psychologic politique (111 Peuple anglaise au XIXe Steele 137 Fifty Years of Work in Canada 138 The Indian Borderland 130 The Philosophy of Religion in Englaud and America 139 Substitutes for the Saloon 140 Books of the Week 140 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per yea ; in advance, postpaid, to any part of the Un t cd States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union ficO. Tlie dole when thr subsc iption expires ison the address label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent da!e becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless request: d. Remittances at the risk of , he subscriber, unless made by registered letter or by check, express order, or Postal Order, payable to •' Publisher of the Na- tion." Win n 11 change of address is desired, both the old and 11 ir addressenu. it be acceptable in every re- spect. Oopy received until Tuesday, 5 P. At. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 per cent. 8 " 10 " IB •' ia« " W " 15 " 311 " 20 52 •' 25 Amount— tl00 within a year 10 percent. 250 " " 12& " 500 " " 15 750 " " 20 1.000 - " 25 " 1,500 " " 30 2.000 " " 33H " The NA TIO .V (l lent free to those who advertise in it as long as adverti emenl continues. *»* Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of II V. Stevens & Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Oram, Educational. Delaw «re, Wilmington, Franklin Street, rrHE MISSES HEBB'S 1 Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore. 122 and 124 W. Franklin St- T^DGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA Y /-> School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. I.efebvre, I p-i-pi..,,,,. Miss E. D. Huntley, s rrlDC|Pala- Maryland. Baltimore, 915 N. Charles Street. SOUTHERN HOME SCHOOL FOR kJ Girls. Miss Duff. Miss Pendleton, successors to Mis.W.M.Cary and Miss Cary. Oct. 1,1901. 00th year B Massachusetts, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Bean. Samuel C. Bennett. Nbw Jersey, Matawan. C^LENWOOD COLLEGIA TE IXSTI- Kj tute.— Offers the very best facilities to boys and young men preparing for College or Business. Special ar- rangements for primary pupils. Stenography and Type- writing $ 200 to $280. Prof. C. G. Brower, Principal. New York, Tarrytown-on-Hudson. TTOME INSTITUTE. 11 A Boarding and Day School for Girls. College preparation. Miss M. W. Metcalf, Principal. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Germantown, 59 High St. TVY HOUSE. 1 Preparatory to Bryn Mawr and other colleges. Address Miss Mary E. Stevens. A/fISS AXABLE'S Boarding and Dav 1V1 School for Girls. Established in 1848. Clrcularon application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St., Phlla , Pa. l\/fISS RE YNOLDS' School, 66 W. 43th 1V1 St., New York —Special students admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received Into the family. Cornell's Largest Fitting School. ITHACA, N. Y.. HIOH SCHOOL. Gets its students from England. Russia, Italy. Ire- land, Brazil, Cuba. Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico, thirty-one (31) States, and from twenty-four (24) counties in N. Y. State. Has won 61 State and 12 University scholarships in 7 years Sends 40 to 60 students annually to Cornell. Tult'on, *75 for 40 weeks Free text-books. Gymnasium. 7-acre ath- letic field. Both sexes. Registration 670. Fall term begins Sept. 9. For catalog, address F. D BOYNTON. M.A.. Principal. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGIll University For conditions of en trince, scho- larships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given in both General and College Preparatory courses. Fine fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A HOMB for a few young girls wishing to study In or near Cambridge will reopen Sept. 24, 1901 Application may be made In writing to Miss Sarah W F08DICK, 13S Brattle St.. Cambridge, Mass. Particulars furnished at oncn upon application. The MissesShipley's School for Girls PREPARATORY TO BRYN MAWR COLLEGE Bryn Jlnwr, Fa. en miles from Philadelphia. Number limited. Individual attention. Athletic and outdoor life. THE HIGHLAND MILITARY ACADEMY, Worcester, Hans. 40th session begins Sept 11th Tralulne for University, Scientific School, Business Life. The Rt. Rev. William Lawrence. D. D., Visitor. Joseph Alden Shaw, A. M., Head Master. Helicon Hall, ou-the-Pallsades. The Englewood School for Boys. Josh w. cbaig. Englewood, New Jersey. WABAN SCHOOL FOR BOYS 1 Unban, J. II. Pillsrhry, MA , Prln WINDSOR HALL' FOR GIRLS ILy ) (ll B. afer two years.) I *»»-«r Cl-iAol ( Evening Classes, sessions l_dW OtflOOl ) 4 to 10 P. M (LL. B. after ^•v^v^ ^-^v^^v^O three years.) Graduate ClasBes lead to LL. M. Tuition, $100. For circulars address L. J. TOilPKTNS. Registrar, Washington Square, v. T. City. GEORGE SCHOOL. Under care of Friends. Thorough Equipment. Ample Grounds. 227 Acres. Address JOS. S. WALTON, Prin., George School, Buckb Co., Pa. Michigan Military Academy A splendidly equipped Preparatory school of high grade, located in one of the in->st beautiful and health- ful spots in the Northwest, will ODcn for its twenty-fifth year September 17. under the same management as heretofore. For catalogue, address Col. J. SUMNER ROGERS, Supt , Orchard Lake, Mich. NEW YORK )33 Nassau <" Dwight 1 aw cfHtmi rst • New-/ Method" LAW SCHOOL \ York City, (of Instruction. Lu.B. in two veirs ; LL. VI. In three years High stand- ards Prepares for bar of all states. Send for caUlo<ue GEORGE CHA.SE Desn. Miss GIBSON'S FAMILY and DAY SCHOOL for Girls. 037 DeLancev Place, 1'nil.i., Pa 3uth year. Fall term begins Sept 26. 1901. College Preparatory. Teachers, etc. (COMPANION— A lady experienced in V foreign travel, speaking French, would like to go abroad with a lady, or would chaperon and teichyoung flrls Highest references. Address M . 4028 Walnut t., Philadelphia (~*HAPER0N A lady of refinement and L-' culture, teacher of modern languages, would like to chaperon one or twoyoung women who wish to study In Europe. Excellent Eastern references. Address M. R. W., care of the Nation. School Agencies. T HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. Everbtt O. Fink & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; i505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 156 Fifth Ave.. New York; 414 ^ent. Bid., Minneapolis; 533 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Mdg., Oskaloosa; 203 Mich. Blvd .Chicago; 525 Stims'n Bk., Los ADgeleB; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEA CHER S' A GENC Y, /i 81 Chapel St., Albany, N Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. (TCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. l j Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Hi'YSSQQN & R ckwell. Mgrs,. 3 E. 14rh St., N. Y. A n aPAIIfv'9 valuable In proportion to ltsluflu- ***' **&*7,,v'.7 ence. If It merely hears of vacancies and telle you fUof Is something, nut If it is asked to about them "■«* recommend a teacher and recom- mends you that is more. Ours »___„ _- ._.._,-J,_ C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse.N.Y.ReCOmmenaS

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Aug. 15, 1 901] The Nation. • • • 111 New Re£ulaLtioi\s for Training Classes THE CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION IS«UED TO PRINCIPALS. SUPERINTENDENTS. AND SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS BY STATE SUPERINTENDENT CHARLES R. SKINNER, JUNE 1, 1901, SAYS: "Before being admitted to membership all candidates will be expected to read some brief general history that will serve as a preparation for the required work in history of education, and should be promptly notified to this The best book to meet this requirement is MYERS' GENERAL HISTORY which is used in New York State more than all other general histories together. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Columbus London Thc^tudcnt's Standard Picti THE STANDARD STUDENT'S DICTION/ A condensation of the famous Standard Dictionary .'. .*. 1, leather back, carriage paid, - - $2. |nt full leather binding " 4. (Patent Thumb Index, 50c. extra) The^|kcr & Taylor Company. 33- (7th St.. Union Sq., N.. New York STUDY AND PRACTICE OF FRENCH by L. C. Boname. 258 S. 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. A carefully graded series for preparatory schools, combining thorough study of the language with prac- tice In conversation Part 1. (60 cu , and Part 11. ^0 cts.) for primary and Intermediate grades, contain sub- ject matter adapted to the minds of young pupils. Part III ($1 00, irregular verbs, idioms, syntax and exer- cises) meets requirements for admission to college. Part IV. Handb ok of Pronunciali-m (3j cts., is a concise and comprehensive treatise for advanced grades, high schools, and colleges. BOOKS When calling please ask for AT MR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. I address Mr. Orant. Before buying books write for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prices sent tor 10-cent stamp. P. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42D St., NEW YORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) AN ENGLISH COMMENTARY ON DANTE'S DIVI.A C0MMED1A. By the Rev. H. F. Tozek, M.A. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2 10. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PR.ESS, American Branch, 91 & 03 Fifth Ave., N. Y. WAVE yO\J MET Monsieur Beaucaire? A Great Book. $1.25. Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray's Worksand Dickens' and !»cott's Novels. Thin paper Large type, easy to read i-ize 4Mby6H Inches and only }4 Inch thick; Bound In cloth, tl Ou each, sent prepaid on receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. THUS. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 1 8th St., New York. Read the new Anting=Anting Stories A Sample Story Free Ask Tour Bookseller for One. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt of postal card specimens of paper, type, Illustration and binding will be sent. KNIGHT & BROWN, 150 Fifth Ave., New York. TWENTIETH THOUSAND. HEROD A Tragedy in Three Acts- By STEPHEN PHILLIPS. Author of " Paola and Francesca." Crown 8vo. Cloth. Price, $1.50. London Times: " Here Is a notable work of dramatic Imagination; dealing greatly with great passions; multi colored and exquisitely musical." POEMS. By Stephen Phillips. $1 50. PA0LA and FRANCESCA. By Stephen Phillips. $1.25. MARPtSSv. By Stephen Phillips. 50 cents. Lea- ther, 75 cents. JOHN LANE, 251 Fifth Ave., New York. A JSfEW 'ROMANCE "At once and unreservedly we acknowl- edge the singular merits 0/ Nelson Lloyd's 'A DR.ONE AND A DR.EAMER..' It is con- structed on the old lines of & famous comedy of Beaumont and Fletcher's, but it is not a whit less original a.nd entertaining on that account. "It is a clever book, and fully deserves popular fa.vor." — The Seio York Times Saturday Review. AUTOGRAPH LETTERS OF FAMOUS PERSONS Bought and -old. WALTER R. BENJAMIN, 1 1 25 Broadway, New York. SEND FOR PRICE LISTS. 7~)0 YOU WANT SOME ESPE- I / clally choice editions of Standard Authors? Gel our Catalogue. DANA ESTES & CO., Boston. Financial. In What ShallIInvest Surely a vexing question, but -we can help you solve it. Our rec- ommendations are absolutely im- partial. We deal in high class income paying securities exclu- sively. Our list contains many valuable suggestions. Write for it. E.H. Gay & Co. BOSTON 131 DEVONSHIRE ST PHILADELPHIA 421 CHESTNUT ST. NEW YORK I NASSAU ST. MONTREAL CANADA LIFE BLDG Save Moivey ^ by using the Remington Typewriter users testify 1 that it gives a better return for the in- vestment than &nyA other writing machine. WYCKOFF, SfcAMAfNS & BblNhLHCT, 327 Broadway. New York. RARE PRINTS, XVI. & XVII. Century Armor, Old Delft Ware, etc Illustrated Catalogues sent free on application. HENRY T. COATES & CO., 1222 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Travel. We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfirs of money on Eu- rope, Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and Issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. LETTERS OP CREDIT. "PUT ME OFF AT BUFFALO" Are the words of an old song. They come into great play in 1901, for the whole world is singing them, and of course the whole world will travel by the NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES, as they reach Buffalo from every di- rection. These lines are the New York Central, Boston & Albany, Michigan Central, Lake Shore, Big Four, Pittsburg & Lake Erie and Lake Erie & Western Railways. For a copy of the New York Central's Pan-American Exposition Folder, " v our- Track series " No. 15, send a postage stamp to George H. Daniels. General Passenger Agent, New York Central Railroad, Grand Central Station, New York. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., KO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. QOINO ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly. Boston. — Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin $40-$45 upwards depending on steamer. S S. " Devo- nian" (new), 11.000 tons, August 14; S. S. '• Ces- trian " August 21 ; S.S. " Winifredian," 10,500 tons (new), August 28; S.S. "Devonian," 11,000 tons (new), Sept. 18. S S "Caledonian." to London August 1.. F. O. HOUOHTON & CO., Oen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. MISS WELDOX WILL TAKE SIX YOUNG LADIES ABR' 'AD. Restricted. Highest References. Address, for Pro»pectus of the trip, MISS WELDON, " The Moorings." Howard, Pa. /

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IV Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY'S New Standard Books Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts By Mabel Osgood Wright, author of "Birdcraft," "Citi- zen Bird," "The Friendship of Nature," etc., etc. With illustrations from photographs by the author and J. Horace McFarland. umo, cloth, $2.50 net. A book about the wild flowers written from a new point of view — their relation to the landscape. The illustrations are novel and interesting. There are over fifty full-page half-tone plates, and over one hundred draw- ings in the text. The Feeding of Animals By Whitman Howard Jordan, Direftor of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. i2mo (Rural Science Series), doth, $1.25 net. Farm Poultry A Popular Sketch of Domestic Fowls for the Farmer and Amateur. By George C. Watson, M.S., Professor of Agriculture in the Pennsylvania State College. 1 2ino (Rural Science Series), cloth, $1.25 net. Haddon Hall Library Edited by the Marquess of Granby and Mr. George A. B. Dewar. New Volume. Bird Watching. By Edmund Selous. 8vo, cloth, The Cambridge Natural History Edited by S. F. Harmer and A. E. Shipley. Volume VIII. Amphibia and Reptiles. By Hans Gadow, M.A. (Cantab.), Ph. D. (Jena), F.R.S., Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Advanced Morphology of Venebrata in the University of Cambridge. 8vo, cloth, £4.00 net. War Impressions Being a Record in Color by Mortimer Menpes. Tran- scribed by Dorothy Menpes. 8vo, cloth, $6.00. This volume contains nearly one hundred illustrations in color, including sketches of Lord Roberts, Sir Alfred Milner, Cecil Rhodes, Rudyard Klip- ling, Conan Doyle, the Duke of Marlborough, and others. There are also several facsimile letters. Reconstruction in Mississippi By James Wilford Garner, Ph. M., Fellow in Columbia University, New York, and Member of the Mississippi Historical Society. 8vo, clo.h, $3.00 net. Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature By George Brandes, author of "William Shakespeare," etc. In six volumes. Vol. I., The Emigrant Literature. 8vo, cloth, $2. 25 net. American Diplomatic Questions By John B. Henderson, Jr. 8vo, cloth, $3.50 net. I. The Fur Seals and the Behrlng Sea Award. II. The Interoceanic Canal Problem. III. The United States and Samoa. I V. The Monroe Doctrine. V. The Northwest Coast Fisheries. Lessons from Work By Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D., Bishop of Durham. 8vo, cloth, $1.75. The title describes the history of this book. A Search for an Infidel By Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones. 121110, cloth, $1.50. Like "Jess; or, Bits of Wayside Gospel," it is written in an out-of- doors atmosphere. It is another chapter in the nature gospel of good fellow- ship, mutual service, and kindness which Dr. Jones has preached and prac- tised for so many years. Lectures on the History of Physi= ology During the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries. By Sir M. Foster, K.C.B., M.P., M.D., D.C.L., Sec. R.S., Professor of Physiology in the University of Cam- bridge, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo (Cambridge, Natural Science Manuals : Biological Series), cloth, 52.25 net. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Avenue. New York

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1901. The Week. It is war which the Amalgamated As- sociation declared, and the rigors of war it is already experiencing. The swift re- ply of the Steel Corporation to the as- saults upon its property at McKeesport is an order to dismantle the works. The men may have that field to themselves, and the wonderful Mayor who had an- nounced that he would not protect mill- property, is likely to find himself and his municipality without any mill-prop- erty. Strikes and labor-organizations have caused the grass to grow in the streets of more than one New England town, and why should they not do it in McKeesport? The Steel Corporation has to seek for no justification except in the fact that war is being waged upon it. In self-defence, measures are warranted which would be, without provocation, open to severe condemnation. President Gompers's apologetic and hesitant defence of the Amalgamated Association, which he promises, in the name of the Federa- tion of Labor, to aid in its great strug- gle, does not in the least alter the situ- ation. A great industry has been wan- tonly attacked, and it is entitled, nay, it is bound, to defend itself by every law- ful weapon upon which It can place its hand. The resolution adopted by the two lodges (No. 9 and No. 14) of the Amal- gamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers in Chicago, declaring their purpose to adhere to their agreement with their employers, will meet the ap- proval of every man of honor in the country, whether he be a wage-payer or wage-earner, or a mere spectator of the contest. These men say that, through a ruling of their President in 1897, they made a record that they had never vio- lated a contract, and that not wishing to bring the Amalgamated Association into disrepute, they will not do so now. They will extend financial aid to their brothers in the East, but they will con- tinue at their work in accordance with their agreement. The moral worth of this action to organized labor itself is immense. It puts the men of these lodges on a plane from which they can command hereafter the friendship of their employers, the sympathy of the public, and, what is of still more impor- tance, their own self-respect. Labor has won no victories of permanent value by dishonorable means. The great strikes of the past that have turned out to be fail- ures, like the Debs strike of 1894, and the Martin Irons strike of 1886, were inde- fensible on grounds of justice; both of those named were carried on by lawless methods, and both ended disastrously to the strikers. Worse still, both of them brought disrepute upon labor-unions gen- erally. The methods adopted in those in- stances were ascribed to all the unions, and thus suspicion and prejudice attach- ed to them at the beginning of every subsequent strike of any magnitude. The resolution of the Chicago lodges points a new pathway for the attainment of the ends aimed at by organized labor, and one which gives promise of the most sat- isfactory results. It is not possible that differences should not arise between em- ployers and employees in the future. They may be as numerous as in the past, but they cannot be so bitter and irre- concilable if the two opposing interests meet each other on the basis of mutual respect and regard, and with confidence in each other's honor. Such a basis these Chicago lodges have established for themselves, and their fellow-workers in Milwaukee and Joliet have wisely fol- low their example. Saturday's Government estimate of the corn crop is considerably more un- favorable than the estimates hitherto set forth by responsible private experts. As interpreted by the grain trade, it appears to indicate a loss by drought, during July, of at least 650,000,000 bushels, or nearly one-third of the whole crop of 1900. This conclusion at least jumps with the rise in price of corn to the highest point reached even in 1894. The figures based on the Government's returns. however, may be taken with some re- serve. This is not only because of the Agricultural Department's well-known tendency to underestimate. As a matter of fact, the Department does not, until the season's close, make any actual esti- mate of yield. Its monthly report deals solely with "condition percentages." That is to say, the average outturn of the average farm for a series of years is first accepted as the normal, and the "per- centage" of a given State or district is then reckoned according as its present promise indicates a crop above or below that average. Since these "percentages" deal with average yield per acre, it is obvious that the area planted must be kept in mind in figuring out the indi- cated yield. This is by no means a cer- tain quantity; in addition to which fact, experts disagree radically as to the ac- curate method of reckoning probable yield, even from the known percentages. In the present case, for instance, two well-known statisticians, both using Sat- urday's Government figures, put forth estimates of a total crop varying a hun- dred million bushels from one another. The salient fact of the Government re- turns, howwer, is that the August re- port on condition of the corn crop — 54 per cent. — not only compares with a per- centage of 87% a year ago, but with 69 in August, j 894. Still, the effects of the season's disaster may very easily be exaggerated. It is plainer now even than it was a month ago that numerous offsetting circumstances exist which will go far towards preventing really calami- tous results. We do not here refer to t e "price compensation." This is at best an unequal and uncertain consolation. We have, however, spoken already of the ability of the farming West to meet the crop disaster. Returns at the open- ing of this season, for national banks outside the larger cities, showed for the five States of Texas, Iowa, Kansas, Ne- braska, and Missouri no less an increase of individual deposits over 1900 than $52,000,000, or 36 per cent. So recently as the opening week of August, checks drawn on banks in the corn-belt section and passed through the clearing-houses ran more than 15 per cent, above last year. Finally, there remains the strik- ing fact that the wheat crop will still in all probability reach a dimension never but once exceeded In our history. Among the States, moreover, where the 'condition percentages" on wheat run well above the country's average are Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska. The indication of an enormous wheat crop comes at an hour when the weekly shipment of wheat from the United States to the foreign consuming world runs four times as high as that of a year ago, and a million and a quarter bushels beyond the largest previous weekly record in our history. A Washington telegram to the Times assumes that the recent interview given out by Senator Cullom, respecting the tariff and reciprocity, was the product of an understanding reached during the re- cent visit of the Senator at Canton, Ohio. Mr. Cullom, according to this account, is to be Chairman of the Committee on For- eign Relations in place of the late Sen- ator Davis. He is to represent the pol- icy of the Administration in reference to the pending reciprocity treaties. He said in the interview that he did not favor any general tariff legislation this winter, but that he thought that some of the pending treaties of reciprocity might be ratified. He did not mention the French treaty, but it is evident that he had this one in mind. So we may assume that the tug will come on this treaty, its supporters being led by Mr. Cullom and its opponents by Senator Lodge. In such an event the ratification may be confi- dently expected, provided the Demo- cratic Senators support it. The Western Republicans may be relied on to follow

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122 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 Mr. Cullom if, by their votes, he becomes Chairman of the Foreign Committee. The Democrats will be likely to support it if they see a chance of producing discord among the Republicans. Everything de- pends, however, on the firmness of the President in adhering to his present in- tention. If he is willing to fight for the trade policy which he advocated during his Southwestern tour, he can carry it through. But will he do so? The need of an Expansionists' dic- tionary of definitions is clearly shown in Gen. Kobbe's report on slavery in the sultanate of Sulu. "Slavery," he says, "as the term is usually understood, does not exist among the Moros." That there is some special, unusual form of slavery in his district he virtually ad- mits when he continues: "Radical and comprehensive measures to abolish it [slavery as it is not usually understood] would at this time be premature and ineffective." A certain light is shed on the peculiar institution of the Moros by the final statement: "The slaves and the masters belong to the same race and live on equal social terms." Here is evidently the blessed dispensation which makes of the Sulu worker not a slave "as the term is usually understood," but a "hired man" without the hire. How should this Government venture to dis- turb an idyllic order of society which per- mits master and slave to "move in the same set"? Of course, observers quite as conversant with Moro life as Gen. Kobbe have used the world slavery in no such Pickwickian sense. Mr. Foreman writes concerning the sultanate: "Slavery ex- ists in a most ample sense" — that is, as it is usually understood. Professor Wor- cester, now of the Philippines Commis- sion, wrote of the Moro warrior: "In- human cruelty is one of his most promi- nent characteristics, and he will cut down a slave merely to try the edge of a new barong." Of a neighboring isl- and he writes: "We soon found that the slave business still flourished In Tawi-Tawi. Girls of fif- teen years were valued at three cabans (about five bushels of rice). One was offered to us at Tataan for three dollars in casb. . . . Slave-dealers had no difficulty in selling all the able-bodied men they could capture to the Dutch planters in Borneo." This, too, is slavery "as it is usually understood." Possibly a two years' alli- ance with this country has mitigated this kind of slavery by introducing the American ideal of "social equality"; but it seems more likely that Gen. Kobb6 uses the word slavery "as it is usually understood" by his official superiors — that is, in some benevolently assimila- tive sense that the mere lay mind must inevitably fail to comprehend. Gen. Chaffee's final report leaves the missionaries in China something to ex- plain^ So much has been written for and against their peculiar methods of collecting indemnities that the public is pretty well tired of the whole controver- sy. Gen. Chaffee's word in the matter will, however, be received with interest and respect. People know that he thinks bravely, and speaks straight out of per- sonal conviction. He writes that a Mr. Tewksbury presented for his approval a sliding scale of indemnities, according to which one town was to pay $48 a life, another only $17.50, two others $157 and $350 respectively. This difference he finds suspicious. And, in fact, it looks very like carrying over into missionary enterprise the practice of the great sur- geons, who charge according to the abili- ty to pay. We have no doubt that Mr. Tewksbury and the missionary societies will have an explanation ready; but it must be said for the decision of the Japanese Buddhists in China to collect no indemnities that it has the more Chris- tian look. The American counsel who represent- ed claimants before the South African Compensation Commission in London on Monday, objected to the suggestion that something might be done for some of them as "an act of grace." He stood on the law and the comity of nations. "If in diplomacy an ambassador were told that a Government's representations were considered as 'an act of grace,' it might be dangerous. Less than that had produced war." Glorious language to bold in the face of the insolent Briton, but it comes with exceeding bad grace from an American. More than once has the American Government paid indem- nity, or offered compensation, as an act of grace. It did so in the case of Span- iards attacked in New Orleans in 1850. So it did again in 1885, in the affair of the Chinese massacre in Wyoming. In the latter instance the vote of money by Congress expressly stated that the grant was not made as a matter of legal right. And in President Harrison's mes- sage of 1892 he referred to the placing of 125,000 francs at the disposal of Italy, to be distributed among the fam- ilies of the Italians lynched in New Orleans, as a "friendly act," thus care- fully guarding against the inference of legal obligation. And the uninstructed Mr. Harrison, far from dreaming that "less than that had produced war," de- clared, in his untutored way, that the incident had been "highly promotive of mutual respect and good will"! It was no joke for Mr. William Rad- cliffe, nor is it for Colorado or the Unit- ed States, that that Englishman recently lost $75,000 worth of property by mob violence, and is absolutely without legal redress. Mr. Radcliffe had presumed to establish a fish preserve on the free and easy mesa, and had his buildings burned by masked ruffians. He cannot sue the State, which is sovereign, nor can he, in Colorado, recover damages from the county. If he could identify the mob leaders, and they had property above the $2,000 which the State law makes ex- empt, he could cast them in damages; but this is, of course, impossible. The result is that Mr. Radcliffe has no re- course except to make diplomatic repre- sentations to the Washington Govern- ment. This, we believe, he proposes to do, and we heartily hope he will. We cannot too often have it sharply brought home to our national consciousness that local lawlessness, like that in Colorado, is a national disgrace to us in the eyes of the world. Italy is again going straight to headquarters on account of failure to protect her subjects in this country; and if the practice spreads among foreign nations, we may become sufficiently im- pressed to revise our laws and mend our manners. The Governor of Georgia demonstrated last week the ease with which a lynch- ing may be prevented, if the authorities but set themselves seriously to the task. Gov. Candler had to send a negro, accus- ed of criminal assault upon a white wo- man, from Atlanta to Canton, Ga., for trial. Having heard rumors that there would be an attempt to lynch him if the negro was sent in the custody of two or three policemen, the Governor ordered out three companies of militia and put them in command of a prominent officer, upon whom rested the responsibility for the safe conduct of the criminal. On ar- rival at Canton the negro was tried, convicted, and sentenced to be hanged, all within forty minutes. The convict was then taken back to Atlanta and safe- ly lodged in jail, where he will remain until the sentence is executed. Gov. Can- dler, in speaking of the case, said that the expense of the military escort would be $800, but that if more troops were needed on the day of the execution, they would be forthcoming, no matter what the cost, as he is determined to have the law obeyed. When the highest State officials set examples like this, their sub- ordinates and public opinion throughout their commonwealths must inevitably re- spond to their influence. Had it cost $80,000, or even $800,000, to prevent a lynching, Gov. Candler would still have been justified in taking the action which he did. In the course of his strenuous efforts to bring about the disfranchisement of the negroes by the Alabama State Con- vention, Congressman Bowie brought out some exiremely encouraging facts. The Birmingham Age-Herald having suggested that the payment of a poll tax be made the basis for suffrage, Mr. Bowie hastened to show that this would never do, since in twelve counties the negroes paid nearly twice as much poll-

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Aug. 15, 1901] The Nation. 123 tax as the whites during the fiscal year 1899-1900. In Dallas County, for in- stance, the negroes paid $2,048, while the whites paid only $906, the figures for all twelve being $15,316 and $8,869. That this proportion is partially due to the ex- cess of negroes over whites is probably true. But Congressman Bowie was right, from his point of view, in pointing out that some other way of keeping the ne- gro away from the polls must be found, If the latter is so ready to pay a poll-tax at the present time when he is always doubtful of being allowed to cast his vote or of having it counted. While the friends of the negro in Alabama and the colored men themselves find the new Constitution worse than expected be- cause of the grandfather clause, they are nevertheless encouraged by the fact that its objectionable features will ex- pire by limitation in 1903. After this time every new voter must read and write, and pay taxes on $300, and any ne- gro who can meet these conditions is en- titled to registration now. This will be an added stimulus to them to learn and acquire and to prove themselves worthy of the support of the white minority which fought for their cause in the Con- vention with no little courage. Assistant Secretary Hackett's repri- mand of Rear-Admiral Robley D. Evans is a blow in the face of every naval officer. In telling non-officially the story of his naval career, Rear- Admiral Evans narrated the incident of his being detach- ed from the lighthouse service because of his refusal to give way to political demands upon him, and characterized the action of the Secretary at that time, without mentioning his name, as the sting of an insect. Secretary Chandler has been out of the Navy Department for sixteen years, and therefore Rear-Ad- miral Evans was in no way contravening the usual rules of discipline which wise- ly forbid a subordinate to criticise his superior. Had he criticised Gideon Welles or some earlier Secretary, no one would have dreamed of taking him to task for it. But, as we all admit when it is a question of doctorates for the President of the United States, the sanc- tity of office must be maintained, and Mr. Chandler's reclamations were promptly heeded by the Department. Friday's raids, captures, and revela- tions by the Society for the Prevention of Crime should astonish no one, except for the extraordinary completeness with which the alliance of Tammany with crime was again established. The proof was only of a state of things which has long been morally certain, but it was proof — legal proof, apparently — and that is hard to get. It cuts out new work for the District Attorney, and is one bomb- shell more exploded in the already de- moralized ranks of Tammany, Never be* fore, we believe, have so many high of- ficers of the police been caught thus openly hand in glove with criminals, and using the machinery of their office to protect the crime on which they wax fat. The uncovering of this Tammany foul- ness falls in very pat with the announce- ment from Wantage, that Croker is com- ing back to conduct his campaign "on high moral lines," and in such a way that the very clergy "would endorse it." If it be true that Lieut.-Gen. Lyttleton is to succeed Gen. Kitchener in com- mand of the English troops in South Africa, he will be the fifth officer to as- sume this responsibility since the sum- mer of 1899. He certainly is not to be congratulated upon the undertaking be- fore him. "Monotonous misery" the Jingo Broad Arrow calls it, expressing, no doubt, the views of most English offi- cers, both at home and abroad; and it admits that outwardly the signs of a termination of the trouble are difficult to find. What the English newspapers have been slow to portray is the steady de- terioration of the army, and the aston- ishing lack of vim and energy in the men who are reported fit for duty. 200,- 000 is the number the British still claim to have over and above the men in hos- pital, but the battalions are sorely weak- ened by convalescents, by the need of many soldiers for detached duties, the lack of officers, arid the widespread homesickness and physical exhaustion. Moreover, the War Office is having no lit- tle difficulty in furnishing those fresh mounted troops to the number of 30,000 that Kitchener has called for. In fact, recruiting for the whole army is in such a backward condition that Mr. Brodrick's reorganization scheme is ad- mitted to be seriously endangered. Re- cruiting has now fallen to the level of January, 1899, which was then below the demands of the army before the war. This adds ominously to the difficulties which will confront Gen. Lyttleton. How great these are in the mass, and how seriously they press upon the Govern- ment, is shown very clearly in the proc- lamation of banishment issued on Thurs- day to the Boers in arms. What good it can do except to show the state of har- rassed desperation to which the Ministry is reduced, it is hard to see. By a curious coincidence the death of Crispi follows within a few days that of Gen. Baratieri. It was Crispi who, more than any other statesman, had stood for the ideal of a greater Italy. It was Bara- tieri who had the misfortune to survive Adowa, that fatal day to the military and colonial prestige of Italy. Crispi had so dropped out of sight, and the great bank scandals had so clouded the end of his regime with the suspicion of personal ignominy, that we need to remind our- selves bow potent and Individual a figure he was in his prime. He set before him- self early in life a single ideal, the ag- grandizement of Italy. This made him a Garibaldian, so long as the specific task of conquest lay before him. It made him, with equal logic, a royalist when the monarchy had become "the symbol of Italian unit./." By aggrandizement Crispi always understood material aggrandize- ment— something that a party might set before itself, or an appropriation might secure. When his party came to power in 1876, there Legan a riot of extravagance. Italy began to go in for the biggest pub- lic buildings of the time, the biggest ships on the ocean, a great army, the al- liance with Germany and Austria which was to restore her position as a world- Power, colonial expansion, domestic speculation on a vast and disastrous scale; and for all these things it was Crispi who somehow got the money and got the votes. Many Italians hold Crispi quit of the charge of personal corrup- tion, but it is hard to see how history can forget that the worst corruption went on under him and very near him. He lent his support to many useful re- forms, notably to the extension of the suffrage; but in a general way he ap- pears to have had no sufficient appre- hension of the wider moral results of his various policies. The death of Prince Henry of Orleans draws fresh attention to the attitude of the royalists and Bonapartists towards the French Republic. Prince Henry, it is well known, had frankly cast in his lot with the new regime— or, rather, had taken himself out of politics for the pur- pose of pursuing the strenuous life in adventures and explorations in Africa and Asia. Just on the eve of his un- timely end, the Paris Figaro published authorized interviews with Prince Na- poleon, and also with the Duke of Or- leans, covering questions as to what po- sition they and their followers would take in next year's general elections in France. The Bonapartist pretender pro- fessed to be a great believer in popular suffrage, and thought that if a really fair plebiscite of the French people could be had, they would declare for a Na- poleonic Emperor again. Lacking that, his hope is in "one of those events which no one can foresee," and which might lead him to "place his life and devotion at the service of France." The plain meaning is a war or a coup d'itat. As for the Duke of Orleans, he has few illusions left about universal suffrage as the direct road to the monarchy. To him, it is the "interest of the people" (he, of course, understands that better than the people themselves) which demands a restora- tion of the Bourbons. The Duke en- dorsed the formula of one of his follow- ers, "Remember that we have a prince who has said, 'I shall come back in any Way I can.' ' There the matter rests.

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124, Tlie Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1885 THE STRIKE TO MONOPOLIZE LA- BOR. Whatever doubts there may have been about the real issue in the steel strike, they were ail swept away by President Shaffer's strike order on August 7. The aim of the amalgamated Association is now perfectly clear. It would monop- olize the labor of the iron and steel in- dustry of this country. On the one hand, it would turn to non-union work- ers, and say to them, "You shall have no employment without an Amalgamat- ed card." On the other, it would face the employers and say to them. "You shall hire no man not approved by us." Say what you will of the Steel Corpora- tion— call it a threatening combination and a hateful monopoly; it is not so dangerous as this one which the steel- workers' union is trying to make strong and tyrannous. "We don't want to quarrel with you, but we know how to manage the mills better than the masters do, and we mean to do it." So said the English labor-leaders to Mr. J. M. Maclean, late member of Parliament for Oldham and Cardiff. It was a labor constituency, and he eventually lost his seat for re- fusing to vote in the Commons as the trades unions dictated. Secretly con- gratulated by a Radical for his cour- age, Mr. Maclean said that he had only ventured to maintain in the Commons that even property still had some rights in Great Britain. "Ah," rejoined the Rad- ical, "that is a thing you may think, but you mustn't say it in these days." In these two quotations lies the kernel of the whole controversy between the Steel Corporation and the Amalgamated Association. The men mean to take the management of the mills out of the hands of the owners. That is what Mr. Shaffer had in mind when he declared that the strike was due to the refusal to "recognize as union men those who are now striving for the right to organize." If they are not yet organized, they can- not be union men — but let that pass. The position of the directors of the Steel Corporation is that they must protect a vast capital, and that they might as well shut up their mills and let their securities become unsalable as to place their properrv at the mercy of either la- bor-leaders or politicians. There has been much public wonder over the bringing on of this gigantic- struggle wlu>n the points of difference appeared so trivial. On its face, the dispute was simply whether three or four mills, out of scores, should be unionized or not. Why should a great labor union be ready to run such fright- ful risks for so slight a gain? Why, on the other hand, should a huge corpora- tion, with immensely extended and high- ly vulnerable interests, make a stand on so minor a matter? You might as well ask why a general should bring on a bloody battle and imperil his whole army, merely to hold an insignificant hill. If the hill is the key to the posi- tion, if it is a Little Round Top or an Arapil Grande, and its occupation by the enemy would mean destruction to Meade or Wellington, he is justified in fighting for its possession with his last man and gun. The public may have been mystified, but the Amalgamated officials have not been. They knew what they were working for. And the officers of the Steel Corporation were shrewd enough to perceive it. To union- ize a few more mills meant a determi- nation ultimately to unionize all mills; and if there was to be a fight at all against that encroaching tyranny over free labor and free capital, it had bet- ter be made at once, before the Malakoff of the defences had been carried or weakly surrendered. One thing should be perfectly under- stood. It was the Amalgamated Associa- tion that took the aggressive. It is easy to accuse Messrs. Morgan and Schwab of being "labor-crushers" and union-haters, but no evidence to support that charge appears in the record. The Steel Cor- poration made distinct concessions. It went further than some of its own direc- tors thought wise or safe. Remember, it was not a question of continuing last year's status as regards union and non- union mills. A change was demanded, and it was not by the Corporation, but by the Association. There was no pro- posal to transfer a mill from the union to the non-union list. The Association could allege no such aggressive action against it. Indeed, it would be to sup- pose Mr. Morgan and his associates mad or drunk if they could be thought capa- ble, in the present situation of the Steel Corporation, of needlessly provoking a quarrel with the labor union. It was by the other side that the arrogant demands were made. One of them was for the unionizing of the W. Dewees Wood mill at McKeesport. There the Amalgamat- ed Association had made itself so in- tolerable to the proprietors that they had fought themselves clear of it, and their mill was publicly recognized, at the last signing of the scale, as non-union. But Shaffer insisted that it now be ranked as union again, and this without any evi- dence that the employees wished to join the union. What the Amalgamated offi- cials desire is power to coerce them and all other steel-workers, and gradually to work into a position where they will have a complete monopoly of the labor of one of the greatest and most vital in- dustries of the country. When such a sharp challenge is put forth, men who believe In personal lib- erty, in freedom for both laborer and employer, in the maintenance of a gov- ernment under which there shall still be preserved individual initiative and free competition of muscle and talent, cannot hesitate where to take their stand. It is now useless to discuss side issues and minor matters. Perhaps this attitude of the labor-union should have been more clearly foreseen by the Steel Corporation. Perhaps sufficient allow- ance was not made for the natural ef- fect of a billion-dollar company on the imagination and ambitions of labor- leaders. Trust promoters have talked complacently about "inevitable" combi- nations. Doubtless strikes are just as in- evitable. We cannot say that the things which we like are ordained of God, and the things that disturb us are the work of Satan. Perhaps, also, the steel incor- porators should have reflected more ma- turely on the certainty that, while they were thinking of the supremacy of America in the manufacture of steel, the labor-unions would be thinking only of their own supremacy. But all that is now past. We are confronted with a demand which stabs free labor to the heart and holds a dagger to the throat of property. An insolent union, aiming at a labor monopoly, rises up boldly in the face of capital and says, "It is one or the other of us now." To that there can be but one answer. FEAR OF A WORD. We are daily getting additions to the stock of dodging phrases about the Phil- ippines. The rule with their makers seems to be that you may say anything you please as long as it is indefinite, but that in no case, and yielding to no ex- igency either of logic or politics, must you use the word independence. Thus, the Iowa Republicans are for a Philip- pine policy which will "secure the last- ing welfare of these people whose for- tunes and destinies have become in large degree dependent upon us." This was a successful sailing round the awful word, though it must have given the Conven- tion a shiver to come so near it as to say "dependent." Gen. MacArthur tries his hand at an elegant amphiboly, speak- ing in his last annual report of what will happen after "beneficent republi- can institutions" have been permitted to operate in the Philippines "with full force." If you asked him, or any Re- publican, to define the full force of re- publican institutions, he would rush off into some other ambiguity. He would blandly tell you he meant the "complet- est degree of self-government that the people are capable of maintaining." But he would never say independence. He would fear that the heavens would fall if he did. All this hemming and hawing re- minds us vividly of the similar ago- nized avoidance of the word gold in the early months of 1896. Mr. McKinley ransacked the dictionary to find voca- bles to conceal his thought. He was for "the best money known to mankind." He would light to the last gasp for a currency as "unsullied as the flag," as

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Aug. 15, 1 901] The iSTatioii 125 "unquestioned as the nation's sovereign- ty." But when you asked him, "Do you mean hy that the gold standard?" his reply was only another shuffle. And it was not until the demand from the East became imperative, and Mr. McKinley took his courage in both hands and at last said "gold," that the campaign be- gan to move and the currency question to be settled politically. Some day a Republican leader will be found bold enough to brush away the cobwebs which have been similarly spun about our policy in the Philippines, and to find the only settlement in one clear-cut word, "independence." Gen. MacArthur's report comes as a timely reminder of the duty of the Amer- ican people to face and answer the ques- tion what they mean ultimately to do with the Philippines. The problem is now removed from the confused smoke of battle. It is not complicated at pres- ent by the strife of tongues political. But it is there, this question is, just as real and urgent as ever. And we ought to see the immense importance of de- ciding at the earliest possible moment what our ultimate goal is to be. In government, as in everything else, con- duct is determined by the end in view. Acts are wise or foolish according to their purpose. The firm-held intention controls and shapes every measure sub- ordinate to it. Take the simple matter of education in the Philippines. We have sent six hundred school-teachers to the archi- pelago. Very good, if we and they have distinctly in mind what the object is in teaching the natives. If we mean al- ways to hold them in subjection, taxed without being represented, ruled by a power which sends its fiats across 7,000 miles of ocean — then their education would be one thing. We should know at once what books and provinces of thought to keep for ever closed to them. We should not dare to let them study American history; it would be mad- ness to instruct them as to the historic Anglo-Saxon struggle for liberty; in pure self-defence we should have to keep from them the world's great charters of freedom. It is in this way that the end would, necessarily, not only crown the work, but control it throughout. But if we intend to make the Filipinos inde- pendent, our whole attitude and aim, our means and methods, would inevi- tably be different, from the start and all through. If the natives are to be in- dependent, their education must be, like that of our own children, in the school of liberty. To teachers and pupils alike it is of vast consequence to know, be- fore the first text-book is opened, wheth- er this is to be so. Thus far, the Govern- ment oracles are dumb on this subject. They leave us, with their servants in the archipelago, in wandering mazes lost of vague benevolence. What the times cry out for, however, what true policy demands, is a north star to sail by. The one we Americans have always laid our compasses by hitherto is inde- pendence. Why should it be such a bug- aboo to us now? Why should that word suddenly become taboo to our tongues which we have freely shouted to the blast?- We speak now of our "new pos- sessions," of our "colonial government." They are but makeshift phrases. What are we going to do with our new pos- sessions? Whither does our colonial government tend? Until we answer those questions, we have not got beyond the A B C of our difficulties. The historic American view of the only natural and desirable outcome of the transition stage in which we at present find ourselves, is no secret. It is as an open book in our Monroe Doctrine — a solemn national pro- test against colonies governed across the sea. In 1826, Edward Everett, the ora- tor born to gild American commonplaces with his rhetoric, uttered the prevailing view of his countrymen about colonial government. His reproach of the Eng- lish statesmen of the age of the Revolu- tion was for not being large-minded enough to grasp the idea that "a wise colonial government must naturally and rightfully end in independence; that even a mild and prudent sway, on the part of the mother country, furnishes no rea- son for not severing the bands of colonial subjection." RECIPROCITY OR WAR. We have been requested by respectable and sober-minded persons to express our opinion of a contribution by Mr. Brooks Adams in the Atlantic Monthly for Au- gust, under the title, "Reciprocity or the Alternative." It would be easy to say that its only importance, in our opinion, is derived f >om the magazine in which it is allowed a place; but that would" not be a satisfactory answer to persons who have been puzzled by Mr. Adams's eccentric interpretation of history, and his application of past events to pres- ent conditions. Briefly, it is Mr. Adams's contention that the United States has reached the point, as an industrial nation, where it is beginning to compete disastrously with other nations — that is, disastrous- ly to them; that those nations are be- coming irritated and will, in the course of time, be sufficiently exasperated to join together and make war upon us vi et armis, unless we grant them "reci- procity," whatever that may be. Failing in this, he thinks that we ought to get ready to meet the expected attack by recruiting and drilling an army of 300,- 000 men, which can be put in the field in twenty days, together with an ample reserve of otflcers and supplies. A navy is still more important, and he thinks that "one hundred battle-ships and ar- mored cruisers equipped and ready for sea would hardly suffice." Among other things needed for the coming crisis, he mentions "fortified coasts and colonies and an effective transport service." Our Lochiel's warning is not the re- sult of divination or second sight, but is the teaching of history, in which Mr. Adams finds it an accepted theory that "war is only an extreme phase of econom- ic competition; and if this postulate be correct, it follows that international com- petition, if carried far enough, must end in war." The illustration which he chief- ly relies on is an episode of the seven- teenth century, in the reign of Louis XIV. He tells us that Colbert, the great Minister of that monarch, took up the task of economic reform, and, in the course of his endeavors to make France the leading industrial nation in Europe, found Holland standing in his way— that is, she was outstripping France in the race for commercial supremacy. Con- fronted by this fact, "Colbert pondered the crisis long and anxiously, and delib- erately decided that it would be cheap- est to cut the knot by war. . . . The final blow, which is said to have almost brok- en his heart, came in 1670, when, just as the French East India Company admit- ted itself to be practically insolvent, the Dutch Company divided 40 per cent. From that moment Colbert recognized peaceful competition as impossible, and nerved himself for war." It is not absolutely essential to Mr. Adams's argument that this episode in Franch history should be susceptible of verification, but he makes so much of it and relies upon it to such an extent that we point out that other historians differ from him. The commonly accepted view is the one given in the latest edition of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' which says in substance that Colbert was great- ly grieved and disappointed when Louis XIV., from motives of personal ambition and private grudge, decided on war with Holland. Colbert was grieved because war would necessarily throw back and nullify his economic reforms. Since Mr. Adams refers vaguely to the letters of Colbert, without quoting any of them, it may be well to cite a few words from the history of France by Henri Martin, who had examined these letters in the light of current events. He says: "The commercial war so well conducted by Colbert, with his tariffs and differential duties, was no longer enough; it was a war of invasion and conquest that Louis XIV. meditated, and there is no reason to doubt that this idea belonged to him alone. . . . Colbert himself could not escape this neces- sity although a direct and territorial at- tack against Holland would naturally com- promise all his arrangements and policy. He followed the movement which he could not openly oppose without destroying him- self." The historian inserts a footnote at this place, saying that "M. P. Clement, in his 'Histoire de Colbert,' concludes, from let- ters in which the Minister expresses indignation against Holland, that Col- bert had urged the war. The deduction

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126 The Nation. [Vol. 7s, No. 1885 does not appear to us sufficiently estab- lished. It was with other weapons that Colbert had commenced and would have continued the fight." Mr. Adams's article is as flighty in its economical reasoning as in its historical illustration. It is as hard to attack his argument as it is to prove a negative. The way in which he habitually mixes up irrelevant things may be inferred from a paragraph on the last page, in which he sums up his conclusions thus: "In a word, the experience of ages has demonstrated that alternatives are present- ed to aspiring nations in regard to the pay- ment they will make for their prize. The one is the alternative of Cobden, the other that of Colbert. There is no middle course. Destruction has awaited the gambler who backs his luck, the braggart who would be at once rich, aggressive, and unarmed." Here we are told that alternatives are presented to aspiring nations in regard to the payment they will make for their prize. What prize? There are various kinds of prizes in this world. The only two here mentioned are those of the gambler and the braggart, the latter be- ing an "aggressive" person and presum- ably one who seizes other people's be- longings. But the whole scope of the article which precedes the summing up relates to a nation which is not gam- bling at all, but is minding its own busi- ness with such assiduity that it is sur- passing other nations in the cheapening of production. Much might be said against Mr. Adams's assumption that the United States is about to surpass European countries in all kinds of pro- duction, giving them no chance to earn a penny, and therefore compelling them to fight for a living. Of course, if the time comes when the> cannot produce anything which we are willing to take in exchange for our goods, we shall not send our goods to them. Then they will have an opportunity to work, and they will probably improve it by producing goods of their own instead of sending soldiers three or four thousand miles from home, at great expense, to fight us. THE SOCIALIST UNREST IN ITALY. Cavour said toward the end of his career that his aim for Italy had been a kingship which, "far from following after the whims and immediate needs of the people, should so take the lead in all liberal and practical measures that it might oppose a sufficient authority to popular passions when the mob yielded to dangerous leadings." The great lib erator might almost have had in mind the gallant young monarch who to-day faces an Italy torn by social strife. Our own industrial situation is seren- ity itself when compared with the pres- ent state of Italy. Since the Saracco Ministry fell in February last because of its shuffling attitude toward the dock strike at Genoa, there have been strikes up and down the kingdom. Agrarian strikes in Lombardy and Emilia and Apulia, the tobacco-workers at Milan and Florence, the macaroni-makers about Naples, the train-handlers in Sar- dinia— everywhere it has been the same story. It is two months since the Minister of the Interior, addressing the Chamber of Deputies, congratulated the country that 511 strikes had passed off with a minimum of disorder, that 1,000,- 000 workmen had been benefited direct- ly or indirectly, and that the Govern- ment had been able to maintain a be- nevolently impartial attitude alike to employers and employed. Probably few at the time shared the easy optimism of Signor Giolitti, and a week later the unfortunate shooting of two strikers at Berra by Gcvernment troops inflamed the worst passions of the Socialist lead- ers. The Minister of War was grossly insulted in the Chamber, and a cam- paign of vilification began against the lieutenant who had ordered the shoot- ing. In their avowed purpose of bringing on the war of classes, the Italian Socialists have succeeded beyond expectation. The persistent Agrarian strikes undoubtedly have a large basis in justice. It is small wonder that a people with whom hunger is a constant experience and starvation seldom far out of sight, should revolt against the conditions which oppress them. And yet many of the Agrarian strikes have a political complexion. The Leagues of the National Federation of Labor order strikes peremptorily, and the organization is so perfect that the la- borers obey blindly and lend themselves to the most excessive demands. What would an American farmer and landlord say to such terms as these, which were flung to the proprietors of Como? "The wage to be tripled. "Rents to be reduced 30 per cent., and, it paid in kind, the tenant's weighing or valuation to be accepted. "The landowners not to require payment of rent, or dismiss laborers who are un- able to pay on account of misfortune or other cause. "The landowners, on their proper peril, not to employ outsiders." Exceptional as these demands probably are, they show that in many cases it is really industrial war that the Socialists aim at. The Zanardelli Ministry, it will be re- membered, stands by virtue of its So- cialist and Radical allies of the Extreme Left; and the aged Premier, for a mo- ment at least towards the close of the Parliamentary session, gained a real moral ascendency over his unstable ma- jority. The comprehensive plan for the removal of the octroi taxes, and the con- sequent redistribution of taxation, had been buried in committee, and the Minis- try, in passing the supplies bills, was harassed by the Opposition and taunted with maintaining an unholy alliance with the subversive Left, and allowing the strikes to run into anarchy. It was then that Zanardelli, in a nobly conceived address, affirmed his loyalty to the mon- archy and his faith in liberty. He knew the drawbacks of liberal rule, he knew that progress was attained only through struggle and often strife, but to any ap- parent safety that might come from re- pression— a policy which his opponents had tried with bitter results — he pre- ferred liberty with its perils: malo periculosam libertatem. For a mo- ment it looked like the consummation predicted by Mr. Bolton King in his 'Italy of To-day' — the drawing together of the Radical, the Socialist, and Republican groups to form a genuine Liberal party. With such a coalition of the Left, De- pretis ruled Italy for many years after the fall of the Monarchists in 1876, and earlier the Italian unity itself had come about only through the cooperation of Royalists and Republicans. Whether Signor Zanardelli was too hopeful or not in citing these precedents, the near future will tell. For the pres- ent everything points to dissension. The reading of the veteran Socialist leader Turati out of the Milan Federation may be the work of a few incendiary poli- ticians, such as abound in that city. But other indications make for the ascen- dency of the so-called "Anarchoids." Meanwhile the Ministry has taken steps for which it will be called roundly to account when Parliament reassembles. Zanardelli, bravely and loyally, has, in his position as umpire of the Genoese strike, decided against the 'Longshore- man's League. Giolitti, the would-be friend of all parties, has, wantonly, it ap- pears, dissolved the Municipal Assembly in two southern communes. These ac- tions must strain sorely the frail bond that holds the Socialists to the Minis- try. Among all these threatening signs, the relative improvement in the national finances promises gradual relief, while the increasing loyalty to the King, strik- ingly exhibited on the anniversary of Humbert's death, gives a more immediate hope of political conciliation. But the King cannot alone, as Cavour seemed to imagine, oppose the passions of the mob. There must be, to direct Parliament and represent the King, a great Prime Min- ister, a man of masterful will and large intelligence — another Cavour, in short, to confirm the process of unification that he began. The heartiest well-wishers of Signor Zanardelli and the sincerest ad- mirers of his personal integrity and po- litical sagacity can hardly hope that such an achievement will crown his longcareer. One advantage, perhaps at great cost, will flow from the Agrarian strikes this year. That political lethargy and indifference which has left rural Italy largely unrepresented in the ongoing of the Government is rudely changed into intense activity. From now on an Agrarian proletariat will make itself felt. From this mass, untrained, but sound at heart, may arise the moderate Socialism with which, in the opinion of many keen

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Aug. 15, 1901] Tlie Nation. 127 observers, lies the promise of a Liberal regime in Italy. AMERICAN ART AT BUFFALO. Windsor, Vt., August 2, 1901. Very few people seem to be aware, and most people seem surprised to be told, that, whatever else is or is not to be seen at the Pan-American Exposition, there is to be found there the most complete and repre- sentative exhibition of American art ever yet got together. American art made a good showing at Chicago, and a better at Paris last year, but the opinion of artists who saw both exhibitions is that the present one outclasses either. That this is true is principally owing to the Director of Fine Arts, Mr. William A. Coffin, who is eminent- ly the right man in the right place. At once an artist, a critic, and a man of af- fairs, knowing what it was desirable to get and where and how to get it, possessed of tact, energy, and great executive ability, he has secured a collection of works of art which for the first time fairly and adequate- ly represents the achievement of the Unit- ed States, in the last quarter of the nine- teenth century, In painting and in sculpture. One could count upon the fingers of one hand the men who have made any mark in American art during that period who are not here represented by at least one work; and the cases where the work shown is not fairly representative are very few and, for one or another reason, nearly inevitable. The dead and the living, the Americans who paint abroad and those who stay at home, the figure-painter and the landscape-painter, the draughtsman and the colorist, the im- pressionist and the followers of the latest Parisian fancy — the "black band"— are all here, each doing his best to show that America has produced something vital and permanently valuable in art. In one room is a group that represents what is probably the least contested glory of American art. It consists of seven well- chosen pictures by Inness, three by Wyant, and two by Homer Martin, all now dead, the foremost representatives of the elder school of landscape; and near them hang pictures by Ryder, Gifford, Dewey, Bunce, Ranger, and Minor — pictures which are rich and low In tone, handsome if somewhat conventional in composition, and which hang in perfect harmony with their greater neighbors. It is to be regretted that Winslow Homer should have chosen to be represented only by a group of twenty rather crudely and almost brutally powerful water-color sketch- es from the Bahamas and Bermudas. To the clear-sighted they afford a glimpse of one of the strongest personalities In American art, but they cannot be said, by themselves, to justify his great reputation, and one would have wished for one or two of his masterpieces in oil, whether marines or fig- ure subjects. Mr. Tryon, on the other hand, is at his best in nine examples, mostly of his later and more delicate style, of which one is the capital "Early Spring in New Eng- land"; and Horatio Walker, a landscape- painter, too, though his pictures nearly al- ways contain cattle and figures, is shown in three fine examples of his grave and power- ful manner. Mr. Weir, though he has here many figure subjects, is at his best in land- scape, with his beautiful "New England Fac- tory Village," as is Mr. Hassam with his sparkling fantasies of light. Mr. C. A. Piatt, who paints too little nowadays, is as distinguished as ever In the two pictures shown here, and Messrs. Twachtman, Ben Foster, Coffin, Crane, Ochtman, Dearth, Walter Clark, and W. Elmer Schofield, are each well represented by several charac- teristic examples, while the gaps are filled by many more that one has not space to mention. Though we miss Homer from the painters of marine, we have Alexander Har- rison at his best, and Edward Simmons in two sober and solid works In a vein he has lately abandoned, while William T. Rich- ards, F. K. M. Rehn, and Charles H. Wood- bury are here with others still. So com- pletely is the American school of landscape here shown that Bolton Jones is the only landscape-painter of any eminence whose absence from the chorus we have noted. The painters whom it was most difficult to represent fairly in such an exhibition are, of course, those who have devoted them- selves largely to decorative painting, those whose most important works are fixed in their places and incapable of transportation. Fortunately, most of these men have done enough in other branches of painting to give some taste of their quality. No col- lection of pictures could quite make plain the place that John La Farge occupies in our art — it is his general eminence in many branches of decorative design, as well as in drawing and painting, that counts — the sense of a great artistic personality that one gets from his whole career and from the total of his many and scattered manifestations; but we are able to see here at least one of his many sides in the "Christ and Nico- demus" and "Autumn." If we cannot have the decorations of the Mendelssohn Glee Club, we can, at least, have one of Blum's dainty Japanese subjects, and in lieu of Blashfield's mural paintings we have "The Angel with the Flaming Sword." Mr. Sim- mons has, unfortunately, nothing but the marines already mentioned, but Mr. Mow- bray gives us a charming series of small portraits and easel pictures, and Henry Oliver Walker is quite at his best with his Clarke Prize and Shaw Fund pictures, while Vedder gives nearly the measure of his pow- er of design, if not of his occasional force of decorative color. Our figure-painters who are rather paint- ers of easel-pictures than of decorations, are even more adequately shown. There are but two Thayers, but one of these is one of the best of his smaller works, and Brush is given in both his phases, as the painter of small and carefully finished pictures of In- dian subjects, and as the painter of the life-sized "Mother and Child" of the Boston Museum. The exquisite refinement of Dewing is marked in nine small canvases which contrast with the sturdy and even ugly realism of Eakins in three. Miss Beaux has three canvases, of which one, the portrait of "Dorothea and Francesca," is perhaps the most beautiful she has ever produced, and three is also the number of the tapestry-like fancies of J. W. Alexander. Vinton has two admirable portraits, and Chase two or three. Eastman Johnson and J. G. Brown and others of the older men are here, and so are Sergeant Kendall and others still younger; and between them stand Volk and Barse and Wiles. The single, admirable head by Brandegee must not be forgotten. Painters of high key and painters of low, jugglers with light like Tarbell and Benson and Robert Reid, col- orists and tonalists like Elliott Daingerfield and Arthur B. Davies, and dealers in black art like Tanner and Henri and half-a-score of others— here they all are, together, for once at least. And then come the Anglo-Americans and the Franco- Americans: Whistler and Sar- gent, Abbey and Shannon, McClure Hamilton and Frank Millet; Dannat and Melchers and McEwen, Vail, Pearce, Weeks, Gay, John Humphreys Johnston, Jules Stewart, Julian Story, and a lot of new ones that promise well. Whistler is exquisite in half a dozen little pictures, and Sargent as brilliant as usual in four portraits and two of his won- derful Venetian sketches. Abbey has his "Penance of Eleanor, Duchess of Glouces- ter," and McClure Hamilton his "Mr. Glad- stone in Downing Street " and his "Henry J. Thouron." Mr. Dannat has sent only one small picture — an early one, though none the worse for that; but the other Parisians are pretty fully and fairly represented with large and able work, showing all the tech- nical cleverness of the schools in which they were trained. In this hasty review I have, perforce, neglected much, some of it of the best, but I have said enough to show that here, if ever, is the opportunity to judge of the achievement of American painters. How great that achievement seems to me I am almost afraid to say. An artist of wide cul- ture and critical judgment was asked where he had seen an exhibition of modern pic- tures of so high a standard of merit, and, after some thought, could name only the Retrospective Exhibition in Paris in 1889. Besides all this, there are a collection of miniatures, in which Miss Laura Hills and Mrs. Fuller show the true artistic capabili- ties of a kind of work that elsewhere, to- day, is apt to be merely photographic and commercial; a collection of engravings and illustrative work; a small architectural ex- hibition, and an exhibition of sculp- ture. The architectural exhibition is the least satisfactory of these. Ow- ing to exigencies of space, it was decided that it should be composed only of photo- graphs of completed work, and there have been complaints that it affords no means for the proper understanding of the buildings from a purely architectural point of view. Such as it is, it was selected by a very emi- nent professional jury, and would probably repay the study of any one competent to form and express a judgment, as I am not. The volume of book and magazine illus- tration produced in this country is so vast that no collection can give more than a sample of it, but most of the first-rate men to-day engaged in illustration are here rep- resented; the exceptions being mainly of those who are so well shown in the section of painting that the absence of their black- and-white work could make little difference in the estimation to be formed of them. This section also contains a group of more than twenty etchings by Whistler, and a half-dozen of Duveneck's plates, besides a few etchings, copper-plates, and monotypes by other artists; but the most remarkable part of it is, perhaps, the collection of Amer- ican wood engravings got together by the eminent engraver, Mr. Henry Wolf. The relatively small size of most wood engrav- ings of the higher sort has enabled him to include, in a restricted space, specimens of the work of almost every American engraver, and thus to afford an unequalled opportunity for the study of the faults and merits of

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128 The N"atioil. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 American practice in an art in which this country has been considered especially suc- cessful. As the majority of these men have either abandoned their profession entirely or are now engaged in retouching process plates, such an opportunity is little likely to recur. The collection of sculpture is not a very large one, nor can it pretend to quite such completeness as the collection of paintings — such names as that of Warner among the dead and that of Ward among the living being absent; but it is of an amazingly high standard, and makes a showing of American sculptors of which Americans may well be proud. Although most of our best men are here with their best work, the section of sculpture is dominated, as indeed the whole exhibition is, in a sense, by the work of one man, Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The impression produced by his "Sherman," which seems to me to be the greatest eques- trian group since Verrocchio, hazardous though it be to make such a statement, is reinforced by the "Shaw Memorial" (alter- ed in important particulars since the bronze was set up in Boston), the "Stevenson Memorial" for Edinburgh, and the lovely "Angel with Tablet," and by a series of small bronze reproductions that set nearly the whole work of his life before us, and convince us that in him we have the equal of any living artist in any country of the world. But if Saint-Gaudens is the "king- pin," there are more than nine others worthy to stand beside him. Five pieces give nearly the measure of the brilliant talents of MacMonnies, and thirty-eight, large and small, enable us to judge of the virtuosity of Bartlett; French has his two beautiful figures from the "Hunt Memorial," and, but a little way off, though not a part of the Fine Arts Exhibition, the "Washing- ton" which he modelled in collaboration with Edward C. Potter; Herbert Adams has five of his dainty busts and reliefs; Proctor has nine studies of animals (he has also some admirable water-colors in the section of painting); Grafly is represented by six pieces, Barnard by two, MacNeil by four, Elwell and Bitter by two each, and Niehaus by three. There are, besides, a striking group of "Wrestlers" by J. H. Roudebush, the charming "Faun" by Louis Saint-Gau- dens, an artist who produces too little; a couple of Remington's characteristic sketch- es in bronze, and many more works of real value. And so I reach the end of what is little better than a partial catalogue. Not one but a series of articles would be needed to do even scant justice to any one of the sec- tions of this unique exhibition. In this hasty review it has not been my aim to criticise particular works or to apportion praise or blame to individual artists, to comment on tendencies and movements, or, fascinating as the attempt might be, to point out routes for the future. All this may be done elsewhere and by others, and I hope it may be done fully and ably. I have wished merely to show what kind of an exhibition this is, to give some sort of rough notion of What it contains, and to make it clear that it is by no means to be neglected by any one careful to form as just an estimate as may be of the present state of the fine arts in the United States. Kenyon Cox. 1'. 8. — Since the above was written, the list of awards has been published. Wha.t 1 have written of the quality of the exhibition may serve to explain why the list is a long one, and to indicate that it might have been longer had not several brilliant artists, at home and abroad, seen fit to withdraw their works from competition. The award of a special medal of honor, "above and apart from all other awards," to Augustus Saint- Gaudens, is amply justified by his exhibition of a series of works maintained at a higher level of conception and execution than is shown in the work of any other exhibitor. THE NEW BOHEMIA. Prague, July 15, 1901. When I visited, at Sillein, Dr. Makovicky, there was present at dinner Dr. Ivan Halek, a young practitioner, son of one of Bohemia's greatest poets of the past generation. Both are in direct touch with the intellectual movements of Bohemia, and our conversa- tion soon turned upon the aspirations and hopes of the New Bohemia. They insisted that, in order to learn more directly of the progress of the new school, I must meet its greatest poet, J. S. Machar, at Vienna. Con- sequently, during my next stay in the cap- ital, I hunted him up, but my visit was short, as he, in his turn, wanted me first to meet the pillar of the new movement, Professor Masaryk, at Prague, before he himself opened up his heart to me. In two more days I was at Prague. Prague is a true picture of its nation. All the turbulent and opposing elements that have for centuries rent the Bohemians asunder, are represented here in the very structures and monuments. There are statues with German inscriptions, indica- tive of the Teutonic influence since the tenth century; others in Latin and Bohemian — -the first, when a certain cosmopolitanism per- vaded Europe under the asgis of the Catho- lic Church; the second, only a century old, when a national consciousness awoke and spoke in the language of the peasantry. There are streets whose names are as old as their murky jumble of buildings, and others broad and airy, graced by the names of beloved poets, like Neruda, philologists like Dobrovsky, historians like Palacky. Protestant churches, especially of the Hus- site persuasion, may be found among the many Catholic, while the Greek Catho- lic faith, the earliest established here (namely, in the ninth century), finds its ex- pression through the propaganda of various societies of Cyril and Methodius, its oldest missionaries among the Slavs. Nor has the quaint Jewish Ghetto disappeared, while one of the most pretentious religious monuments on the large bridge that connects the two parts of the city, bears the legend that it was built some two hundred years ago from the fine a Jew paid for railing at Christ. This bridge leads into the "Small Town," where, at the turn of the road, a sign in five languages tells that the steep street hails to the castle on top of the hill that overlooks the whole city. Only a short dis- tance below the outer parapet of the eerie palace is the house in which Professor Masaryk lives. It was not yet past break- fast-time when I knocked at his door, and was admitted. The rooms bore evidence of the approaching vacation, when the Profes- sor and his family pass the sultry months in the Slovak parts of northern Hungary, of which he is a native. Professor Masaryk has the appearance of an American, and this impression is heightened by his reserv- ed manner and composure. His wife (nie Garrigue) is an American lady, and he has adopted her name, writing his own as Thomas Garrigue Masaryk. He is a political economist trained in the most critical school of his profession. He has looked without prejudice into the his- tory of his country, and has found that the vicissitudes of Bohemia have been due more to the indolence of his own race than the avarice of the Germans, that self-restraint is productive of better results than indis- criminate abuse of everything foreign. He loves Bohemia fervently, and would like to see it occupy an honorable position in Eu- rope, but he thinks that this can be ac- quired only by a close study of matters po- litical, social, and intellectual; that far from blindly hating the Germans, the Bo- hemians ought to compete with them fairly for political supremacy; that all the hete- rogeneous elements of the country, the Jews included, are to be won over by love and not by hatred. In a momentary fit of right- eous enthusiasm, his people elected him to the Austrian Parliament, where he repre- sented Bohemia with honor and moderation. No one would have done more for his country than Masaryk, but he soon got weary of the platitudes and vile accusations of the Young Bohemians, and returned to his university position to carry on his studies in academic peace. It was a good idea of Mr. Crane of Chicago to invite him to deliver a series of lectures at the Chicago University. The date has not yet been set, but within two or three years America will have an oppor- tunity to hear about Bohemia from the mouth of one of its most prominent sons. Professor Masaryk speaks English fluently. Having passed two pleasant hours in his company, I was anxious to meet the great- est Bohemian poet of the generation just passing away, Jaroslav Vrchlicky, whose fame would be coextensive with the realm of letters if he had written in a better read language. He lives on the Palacky River- side, where a fine view is to be had of the river and the "Small Town." I was ushered into a large room packed on all sides with books.- There were books on the tables, chairs, and floor; and an immense wreath, the gift of some admirers, attracted my attention. From the seat near by arose the benign figure of the poet, who bears a re- markable likeness to Longfellow. Though only forty-eight years old, he has published not less than eighty volumes of his works, while many more still remain in manuscript. In Bohemia, literature, though a profession, does not support its writers. Machar, the best paid and widest read poet, receives a re- muneration of something like seven dollars for a printed sheet — that is, less than fifty cents for a quarto page — of poetry. But then, of his most popular works 3,000 copies form the limit of an edition, while rarely is a second edition reached. Vrchlicky's poetry is of the same character as Longfellow's, is general, and has no especial political tenet to preach. This enhances him as a poet in the eyes of a Western critic, but makes him comparatively unpopular with all the young- er generation of Bohemians. Here litera- ture, as in all youthful countries, is not yet dissociated from didacticism, and a work which elsewhere would be judged by its in- trinsic merit, is popular in Bohemia, accord- ing as it propounds or favors a certain po- litical maxim. Vrchlicky believes in art for art's sake, and thus is not the poet of either Young or New Bohemia. But even the older

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Aug. 15, 1901] The Nation. 129 generations do not read him, for he is too artistic and refined to be understood by easy-going Philistines; yet they purchase his works and parade them before the world as the pride and honor of their country. So it happens that, though in the prime of his life, he is counted among a generation that is just passing away. Similarly, Machar, at the age of thirty-seven, has issued twenty- one volumes; Halek's life was cut short at thirty-nine, and at his fourteenth volume. Where such a mass is turned out to keep his head above water, exhaustion, often physical as well as mental, soon overtakes the poet, and at the age of tony-five he is an old man who must give way to younger, more vigorous men. A more genial man than Vrchlicky I have never met. He spoke freely of his country, but our conversation soon turned to Eng- lish literature and American men of let- ters. A grateful nation had made a place for him at the University, where he is pro- fessor of universal literature, and no man in Bohemia is better fitted to exercise this function, for forty volumes of translations from all the literatures of the world bear witness to his intimate acquaintance with the best thought of other lands than his own. He has turned into his language many poems of Byron, Robert Browning, Swin- burne, Longfellow, Walt Whitman. For Walt Whitman he expressed especial ad- miration, and he eagerly listened to what bits of information I could give him as to new editions of this American poet, and works about him. After Vrchlicky, I called on Machar in Vienna. There are a few spots in the out- skirts of the city where an attempt is made to reproduce the American system of villa architecture with garden plots around the houses and trees along the streets. These localities are known under the English name of "cottages," and, though but a feeble imitation of our spacious residential streets, furnish the only acceptable breathing-spots in the barren plain in which the city dis- plays its stucco monstrosities. Though ar- chitecturally beautiful in the very centre, Vi- enna is otherwise uninteresting, and not the kind of a city a poet would delight to live in. Machar, too, found a residence with- in the inner limits intolerable, both for himself and for his family. He has conse- quently removed to the outskirts of Neu Gersthof, where he occupies the upper part of a villa, with a fine view of the Kahlen- berg, which, for lack of immediate com- parison, is deemed by the Viennese to be a mountain and picturesque. Machar is in body and mind a true Bo- hemian. Himself the son of a poor peas- ant, he looks like a son of the soil, whose features have been refined by much earnest thinking and fervent hoping. He is simple and kindly, more inclined to listen than to talk. The first time I called on him, with a view to interviewing him, he inveigled me into telling him all about America and mat- ters that interested him more than myself. But when his reserve is once broken, his soft, childlike voice flows in an uninter- rupted stream, his eyes sparkling with a brilliant lustre every time the picture of a greater Bohemia arises before his vision. He spoke of himself, but only as an inci- dental example of the New Bohemia that is laboring for the future of his country. His lot is that of all the literati of his na- tive land, though his fame procures him a somewhat better remuneration. Hundreds of students devote themselves to the most arduous newspaper work, receiving at most thirty florins a month for their labor, and this doled out at the rate of half a florin to a florin a day, on which they must clothe and feed themselves. Machar himself had gone through this severe school, and when later he had to serve in the army as a lieutenant almost without pay, he was gen- erally supported by one of his intimate friends, who has often been to him a friend in need, and who is the sole publisher of all his works. At present the poet passes the greater part of his day in a Government bank, of which he is an officer. He returns in the evening after five o'clock, when his time is devoted to work, his family, and his friends. And yet not only has he managed to write twenty-one volumes since his sev- enteenth year, but he regularly furnishes the feuilleton for a weekly of the party he rep- resents. I asked him to tell me of his hopes and aspirations. His face lit up with a kindly smile and he spoke uninterruptedly. "We Bohemians have sinned much in the past; through our own fault. The German ele- ment has got the upper hand, and it is in- cumbent on us, the wiser men of the younger generation, to regain our well-deserved pres- tige. We are the only Slavic nation that is developing a literature to be proud of. The Russian literature is one-sided and deca- dent; their poetry has been of a trifling na- ture for the past quarter of a century; the novel is their only field, but purely as a psychological study, for its diction rarely rises to the harmony of Turgeneff's. At present a low tone pervades most of their periodical literature. We have learned much from their writers and critics of half a century ago, and consciously or uncon- sciously owe much to Turgeneff, Gogol, Dos- toyevsky, Tolstoy; yet we are no slavish imitators. We deem our novelist Jirasek as great as any; Neruda and Cech have per- fected the short story, and introduced an el- ement of humor which the Russians have not cultivated. Nor are the Poles more fortu- nate. They have had many great poets, and even now boast of their Asnyk, but their prose is pompous, and even Sienkiewicz's novels, with their accumulations of blood- shed and battle scenes, will hardly survive the fad excited by his 'Quo Vadis.' Our poetry is represented in a great variety of forms, but I regard Neruda as the most per- fect of all our poets and as my spiritual father. Yes, we are the most promising Slavic nation from an intellectual stand- point. "Young Bohemia has done us much harm. We must conquer by love and earnest en- deavor. Year after year the national con- sciousness is growing and new Bohemian schools and Bohemian societies are being added to those in existence. There are six millions of us Bohemians, and we are already 20 per cent, stronger than the German ele- ment in Bohemia and Moravia. In Moravia the country population is thoroughly Slavic, and the cities are being invaded by Bohe- mian burghers. Northern Bohemia is our greatest trial, for there the population Is mainly German, and, on account of its vi- cinity to the German Empire, is hard to gain over to our language and manner of think- ing. But there are hopeful signs even there. Northern Bohemia is a manufactur- ing and agricultural country, and many southern Bohemian peasants are yearly find- ing their way there, as they work for smaller wages than the SUesians and Saxons on whom the manufacturers and proprietors would otherwise have to depend. In fifteen years our majority will be overwhelming, and we shall be in a position to dictate terms to the Germans. "We want to be free and independent. Whether the Powers force upon ue a Haps- burg or a Romanoff, matters not so long as we are free to decide our fate, as Hungary is. And we are entitled to play an important r61e in the Austrian Empire. Styria, Carin- thia, and the greater part of the rest of the Austrian Empire are passive countries, producing little for their own support. It is practically the wealthier Bohemia that furnishes the necessary revenue for a great proportion of the whole country; then why should we not claim a proportionate repre- sentation? "We must create a Bohemian society, for unfortunately there is none deserving the name. There are many heterogeneous units in Prague, but there is no social life with an outspoken public opinion representing its ideas and aspirations. We also want to be free from Rome. The Hussite movement is growing, and if we are not let alone by Rome, we shall throw ourselves into the hands of the Protestant Church. The Catho- lic Church is conscious of the impending danger, and wishes to check the Hussite heresy with opposing societies of Cyril and Methodius, oblivious of the fact that Cyril and Methodius were Greek Catholics, and heretics themselves. If not Protestants, we shall become Greek Catholics, and anyway be liberated from Rome." Machar's poetry is a reflex of his thoughts, but there is nothing of the doctrinaire in his utterances. Only the initiated Bohemian who reads between the lines could discover a political tenet expressed in his lyrics or longer epics. To the foreigner they are rep- resentatives of pure art, and as such they have been translated into many of the Slavic languages, into German and other tongues. By the Bohemians he is classed with Masaryk as an exponent of a new Bohemia, but by the Westerner who can read him in the original or in translation, he will appear, together with Vrchlicky and Neruda, as a noble representative of Bohemian poet- ry, and will be classed according to the in- trinsic value of his works. It is yet too early to assign him a place in the Bohemian pantheon. Leo Wiener. Correspondence. GEN. CLUSERET AS AN AMERICAN. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A recent letter of your Paris cor- respondent contained a long biographical notice of that erratic individual, the late Gen. Gustave Cluseret. But his relations with America and Americans, which were many and curious, were dismissed with a few lines. A part of one of these Ameri- can episodes in Cluseret's life, and not one of the least curious, came under my eye, and, as far as I know, has never been put in print. On the fall of the Commune, Cluseret fled for his life and got out of Paris with a whole skin— thanks to his claim of Ameri-

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ISO The 3STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 can citizenship. During his exile, he wan- dered to Constantinople, while, if I am not mistaken, Horace Maynard, for whom Cluseret always had a kindly word (a rare thing for hiin), was United States Minister there. As was his habit, Cluseret soon made known the flat condition of his purse, and Maynard was able to hand over to him the collection of materials for a report on Turkish cereals, or something of the kind, for the Washington Agricultural Depart- ment. But, before the work was complet- ed, Maynard resigned, and Cluseret found difficulty in getting his little bill settled. Later, "Sunset" Cox arrived, bought some of Cluseret's odd pictures, listened to his claim for compensation, and, when the Turk- ish mission was abandoned and he was re- elected to Congress, succeeded in securing an appropriation from the lower house. Not long afterwards, a letter from Senator Evarts informed me that the Senate had also passed the bill, and that Cluseret could obtain his money by applying to the Unit- ed States Legation in Paris. This happen- ed in the summer of 1888. In the early autumn I was not a little surprised to learn that Cluseret was a can- didate for election to the Chamber of Dep- uties, and was still more surprised to see him come in at the head of the poll. (This surprise was largely caused by my know- ledge of the candidate's then extreme impe- cuniosity.) Thereupon the moderate portion of the Chamber, not fancying the idea of having as a colleague a former member of the Commune, who had been condemned to death in contumaciam, and who had been but recently amnestied, determined to in- validate his election by basing their action on the fact that Cluseret was an Ameri- can citizen. This he never denied, but, on the contrary, always affirmed, with evi- dent pleasure, up to the very day of his death, and even within the very precincts of the Palais Bourbon itself, as I had often remarked in private conversations with him. But when the Chamber consulted the highest legal authorities, they declared that Cluseret had not lost his French citizenship; so he took his seat without serious oppo- sition, was reelected several times, and was a Deputy when he died, a few months ago. His campaign expenses in 1888 were whol- ly paid, as he admitted to me afterwards, by those five hundred American dollars. Had this been known, it is highly probable that his legislative career would have been stopped before it had begun, and another rather discreditable page in his far from estimable life would never have been writ- ton. Theodore Stanton. Pabis, August 8, 1001. Notes. From McClure, Phillips & Co. we are to have in the autumn 'Seen in Germany,' by Roy Stannard Baker; 'Irish Pastorals,' by Shan Bullock; 'Lincoln's Plan of Recon- struction,' by Charles H. McCarthy; 'Lin- coln, and Other Poems,' by Edwin Markham; •Colonial Fights and Fighters,' by Cyrus Townsend Brady; and 'Life of the Master,' by Dr. Watson (Ian Maclaren). The cream of the cream of periodical lit- erature is now offered to students in the one-volume abridged edition of 'Poole's In- dex' just issued by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. It consists of 843 quarto pages in two col- umns, pointing the way to the select con- tents of "thirty-seven important periodi- cals," derived from the four main and the supplementary volumes of the original work down to the close of 1899. Mr. William I. Fletcher has presided over this abridg- ment, with the aid of Miss Mary Poole, daughter of the pioneer. The periodicals here set apart are such as any American public library may hope to procure, and as might reasonably be looked for in most in- stitutions of the kind. Five only are Eng- lish, but these are effectively eked out by inclusion of the files of the Eclectic Maga- zine and Littell's Living Age, both founded in 1844, whereas the oldest of the five, the Fortnightly lievieio, dates only from 1865. The North American Revieic, dating from 1815, is the dean of the company. Much dead wood has, by this sifting, no doubt been eliminated, along with much practically in- accessible. The great obvious gain for refer- ence is the reduction of so large a number of entries under one alphabet between two covers, with a corresponding economy in cost and shelf-room. For the purposes of study the advantage of bringing together in one place the scattered finger-posts is too plain for words. A glance at such rubrics as Bismarck, Emerson, Gladstone, Lincoln; Civil Service, Protection, Railroads, Strikes; England, France, India, Italy, Russia, Unit- ed States, will reveal the reader's debt to editors and publishers of this handsomely printed compilation. The possible errors of transcription will, of course, have to be checked by recurrence to the sources of the abridgment. The "Authentic Edition" of Dickens's Works proceeds with four volumes, em- bracing 'Sketches by Boz,' 'The Uncommer- cial Traveller, etc.,' 'Hard Times, etc.,' and 'American Notes, and Pictures in Italy.' To the last named, Maurice Greiffenhagen has supplied six illustrations In default of any originals to be reproduced. There is a flne field for an edition of the 'Notes' illustrated with contemporaneous views of places, por- traits, etc., and perhaps judicious annota- tions; and certainly an index, not provided here. The curious may pass from Dickens's 'Pictures in Italy' to Gautier's 'Travels in Italy,' In M. de Sumichrast's excellent trans- lation, which forms volume vii. of the series already noticed by us (New York: George D. Sproul). Volumes viii., 'Fortunio, etc.,' ix., 'The Louvre,' and x., 'Constantinople,' have also appeared. Mr. Webster Davis appears as an advocate of the Boer cause in his 'John Bull's Crime, or Assaults on Republics' (New York: The Abbey Press). His descriptions of what he saw among the Boers, and the photographs that accompany them, are not without in- terest; but the flood of turgid oratory makes the book impossible reading. The circum- stances of the controversy have been now thoroughly explained, and such pleas as this are superfluous. Mr. E. Marston, the oldest of living Lon- don publishers, appears for the tenth time as an author in 'Sketches of Booksellers of Other Days' (Scribners). His subjects are, or were, persons of some note: Tonson, father of the Kit-cat Club, and introducer of Milton and Shakspere "to a reading pub- lic"; Guy, founder of Guy's Hospital; John Dunton, voluminous and erratic writer on any or all topics; Richardson, the novelist; Thomas Gent, historian of York; William Hutton, who wrote sundry local histories and books of verse; and James Lackington, who secured at least numismatic fame by the halfpenny tokens bearing his portrait and advertising his shop. (Mr. Marston copies one of these, showing the full face; another has the profile, and both are more amiable in expression than the head as en- graved facing p. 149.) A publisher has ad- vantages over other authors, and most of these men indited their own Lives, thereby easing the task of future biographers; but none of the four was unduly gifted in the literary way. The miscellaneous reader will not expect too much of this modest volume, which appeals chiefly to bibliophiles and brethren of the trade. Perhaps the most interesting item in it is the anecdote on p. 25, showing the good hearts of Thomas Guy and the stranger who urged him not to jump- off London Bridge. Dr. Leland O. Howard's 'The Insect Book" — a popular account of the bees, wasps, ants,, grasshoppers, flies, and other North Amer- ican insects, exclusive of the butterflies, moths, and beetles, with full life-histories,, tables, and bibliographies — which comes to* us from Doubleday, Page & Co., has its' scope expressed in the sub-title. The ground has been surprisingly well covered. It is the first attempt to present in a pop- ular form information concerning North- American insects other than those express- ly excepted. Unlike many other popular works, this is strictly accurate and scien- tific as far as it goes, and presents in synop- tic and tabular form the classification into' the main families or super -families of each order. Unfortunately, there is no sufficient explanation of the characters used, so that until the reader familiarizes himself with them through some other book, he will not derive much information from the tables, The characteristic feature of tht; book ia'> the typical life history given for each large group; in this way a great deal of original and interesting information is displayed. Nothing better of the kind has heretofore- appeared. The text figures aiv uniformly good and reliable; the black half-lone plates are generally good, sometimes excellent, but in some cases illustrate the limitations of this method for bringing out detail. The tri-colored process plates, of which there are a number, add very little to the useful- ness of the work, because in the smaller forms all detail is lost and specific recogni- tion is impossible. Dr. Samuel H. Scudder's 'Alphabetical In- dex to North American Orthoptera' forms the sixth of the "Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History." It con- tains all known references to the Orthoptera; of North America and the West Indies made- by naturalists from the time of Linnaeus to the close of the last century, and furnishes the exact names employed in the original descriptions of the insects. The arrange- ment is alphabetical, first by genera and afterwards by species, and the entries under each heading are chronological. This index includes the greater part of an earlier work by the same author entitled 'Catalogue of the Orthoptera of North America Describ- ed Previous to 1867,' published in 1868 as Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 189. Mr. George Villain's 'Le Fer, la Houille et la Metallurgie a la fin du XIXe Siecle' (Paris: Armand Colin) is not, as the title might imply, a treatise on metallurgy. All

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Aug. 15, 1901J The ISTation. 131 who are acquainted with the author will surmise that it is an indictment ot the iron and steel and fuel Trusts which are en- deavoring in France and Germany, as well as in this country, to control the production of these essential aids to human industry and existence. In fact, movements towards co- operation in these branches of mining and metallurgy preceded in the above countries the stupendous consolidation which is now producing such momentous consequences in our own; and it followed lines which our promoters and their clients — the mine and mill owners — have not followed. The study is therefore one of deep public interest at this time. Whatever the methods pursued, the object is everywhere the same, namely, to control production so as to sustain prices. Therefore, for the French Socialist, still wedded to the principles of the French Revolution, the present tendency towards industrial control by a few individuals and corporations is particularly obnoxious, and, in the light of the French Revolution, sug- gestive of trouble to come. The author's information about the French coal and iron corporations and their cooperation for mutual protection is ample and precise, but it is vague in respect to those of Germany, concerning which more accurate details may be found in an interesting series of letters communicated by Charles Kirchoff, editor of the Iron Age, and since collected in book form as 'Notes on Some European Iron- Making Districts.' We have received numbers seven to twelve of "Meisterbilder furs deutsche Haus" (Munich: G. O. W. Callwey; New York: Lemcke & Buechner). These large folio plates are printed on stiff paper va- riously toned to render the effect of the original, and are issued at the very low rate of 25 pfennigs a number. The reproductions are made by the half-tone process, which, for paintings, shows the usual shortcomings. Still, it has been hitherto impossible to get at this price reproductions on the whole so good and on so large a scale. Each plate Is issued separately in a paper cover, the inside of which bears the explanatory text. To brief descriptions of the artist and the picture is frequently added a note on the method of reproduction, on the technical processes used in the original, on framing the print, or other practical concern. Price and all considered, the series bears well the comparison with the older "Bilderschatz" or "Spemann's Museum." Among the plates at hand are Diirer's "Hans Imhof" and "St. Hubert"; Rembrandt's "Three Trees," and "The Carpenter's Family" of the Louvre; and Ruysdael's "The Jewish Churchyard." For collectors and students of art, who, in spite of the title of the series, should be the best purchasers, it would be a convenience to have printed on each plate the place where the original is preserved. Graf zu Leiningen-Westerburg's 'Deutsche und oesterreichische Bibliothekzeichen' (Stuttgart: J. Hoffmann), the English edi- tion of which appeared before the German and was favorably noticed by us in May last, differs from the latter in that it contains twenty additional illustrations and a more complete and accurate list of artists, the German list including not only the lead- ing ex-libris designers, but all that had come under the author's notice. A casual item in the thirty-fourth annual report of the Provost of the Peabody Insti- tute at Baltimore is not without signifi- cance: "Lectures under the direct manage- ment of the Peabody Institute have been omitted this season, as there has been no public demand for them." Courses had been maintained for many years, with liberal remuneration to the lecturers. The Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College has recently acquired from Alan Owston of Yokohama a collection of birds from the Yayeyama, the southern group of the Liu Kiu Islands. It was made by Ishida Zensaku and assistants in 1899, most of the specimens being from the island of Ishigaki. Though consisting of but one hundred and seven specimens, comprising fifty-six species, it contains six forms ap- parently hitherto undescribed. A catalogue of this collection, by Outram Bangs, forms the latest Bulletin of the Museum. There is need of a fund of $3,500 to con- tinue the w-ork begun by the Philippine In- formation Society of Boston, which has many distinguished names on its list of of- ficers, and whose membership is widely dis- tributed in this country and abroad. Sub- scriptions of any amount towards this dis- interested work of public enlightenment may be sent to the Treasurer, Mr. W. H. Mc- Elwain, No. 84 Essex Building, Boston. An International Labor Office has been established at Basel, Switzerland, according to the Consular Reports for July. Its main objects are to disseminate information in re- gard to the existing labor laws in different countries, to publish the reports of commis- sions of inquiries concerning social re- form, to report all strikes and lockouts, and also to endeavor to secure proper labor leg- islation. The first annual congress will bo held at Basel on the 27th and 28th of Sep- tember, 1901. An interesting account of the teak industry in Siam shows that, on account of the remoteness of the trees on the moun- tainsides and the difficulty of their trans- port, by elephants and water, "under tho most favorable circumstances they may reach Bangkok in six months from the time of arriving at the main streams, or three and a half years from the time of being girdled in the forest." From Stockholm comes the report that agriculture has been made a subject of national education in Sweden. One thousand three hundred and ninety-eight school-gardens have been es- tablished, in which "the children are taught the best methods of gardening, and each year tbey receive trees and shrubs to plant at their own homes." A condensed statement of Germany's foreign commerce for 1900 shows that the United States ranks first in the imports, and next to Austria in the exports; the total amount of our trade be- ing 1347,579,246. Our trade with Russia in 1900 was insignificant beside these figures, the total exports and imports being only $23,451,795, of which $18,413,310 represents the value of our raw cotton; the largest Russian export being manganese, to the value of $489,250. An illustration of the way in which the West is influencing Eastern life is shown by the report of a Syrian con- sul that "the best customers for phono- graphs are the Moslems of Beirut and Da- mascus, who buy them for their harems." The Faculty of Letters of the University of Lyons has printed its Courses for For- eign Students from December to Easter, 1901-1902, on the subject of Modern French and of Contemporary French Literature, History, and Civilization. A committee ex- ists to make provision for the material comfort of students of either sex. The Faculty's Secretary, M. Becq, should be ad- dressed for information on this head. In the death of Prof. Jan ten Brink of the Leyden University, the Dutch lose one of the mosi popular figures in contemporary literature. Personally, he was of most attractive mien, always kind to young writ- ers and hospitable to Americans; and vis- itors to Leyden who knew him at his home or at "The Minerva," will read the announce- ment of his decease with real grief. He was a true cosmopolitan in the republic of letters, and the fact that the Italian writ- er De Amicis was for four months in close friendship with the master of letters in Leyden explains much of the grace and charm of the southron's famous book on Holland. Dr. ten Brink was himself no mean scholar in the language of Dante and Manzoni, but his heart and pen were with his own vernacular, and a long list of di- dactic and imaginative works in Dutch tes- tify to this fact, in addition to his classic history of North Netherlandish literature. One of his latest works attempted to re- habilitate Robespierre. Professor ten Brink's daughter is well known as a trans- lator of Italian into Dutch. — A professor in an Eastern college asks what we think of the appended solicitation on behalf of a publishing enterprise. He says, and we agree with him: "It does not seem to me legitimate business; and I can- not understand why such men as Professor allow their names to be used." Here is the bribe: "Dear Sir: Under the direction of Library Committees, headed by ex-President Dwight of Yale University and Justin McCarthy of Eng- Ignd, a great and unique enterprise has been re- cently undertaken, having for its object the group- ing of the great classics of the World's Literature, each book complete and unabridged, with special introductions by foremost living writers, in a uni- form library, sumptuously prepared yet moderate in price. The character of the committees direct- ing the work is a sufficient guarantee of literary excellence. We desire for it the influence of your endorsement, and under our plan the enclosed Press Certificate will entitle you to receive fifteen complimentary volumes of this great work. If you are iiiterested, kindly sign and return the en- closed card with your address, and full particu- lars will be furnished. " Yours faithfully, Managing Editor.'' — The 'Review of Historical Publications relating to Canada,' which is edited by Professor Wrong and Mr. H. H. Langton (Toronto: William Briggs), covers in its fifth volume the literature of 1900. The success of the venture is shown by its con- tinued existence and by its establishment on a business basis. For the past two years the editors have been able to pay for their contributions, and the quality of the articles is far from suffering in consequence. The creditable character of the Review is well illustrated by the contents of the present number. 1900 was marked by the ap- pearance of a good many books about Canada, but few among them were of value. Under such circumstances the task of enlisting proper critics becomes vastly greater. As before, we must commend the care which has been taken to secure a com- plete list of all writings on Canada even to fugitive pieces in the magazines. Few of the reviewers now sign their names, and though the tone of sympathetic appreciation re- mains strong, the editors encourage the ex- pression of frank opinions. The geographi-

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13-2 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 cal element, including the early voyages, is perhaps larger than any other one, with ethnology and folk-lore coming close be- hind. The Hudson's Bay region and the Northwest from Assiniboia to the Yukon are represented more suitably than the provinces. Apart from Mr. Willson's "Great Company' and Dr. Bryce's 'Remarkable His- tory of the Hudson's Bay Company,' both of which we have noticed at length, one must give the place of honor in this department to Mr. E. B. Osborn's 'Greater Canada.' Whereas the Yukon is much less talked about now than when the late Dr. George Dawson wrote his admirable article upon it for Professor Wrong's 'Review,' southern Alberta and western Assiniboia are coming to the foreground. Here the attraction is not furnished by gold mines, but by the ag- ricultural and ranching possibilities which a better system of irrigation affords. Owing to the false hopes which speculators excit- ed about two years ago, mining operations have received a check in Canada, and the landed wealth of the Northwest is likely to receive a much larger share of attention than hitherto. Another re- view of some interest is suggested by Mr. Farnham's 'Life of Parkman.' New Englander though he was, many Cana- dians feel that Parkman belongs to them by virtue of his life-work, and expensive edi- tions of his histories sell freely throughout the Dominion. We agree with the reviewer when he says: "To be quite candid, Park- man's type of character does not lend itself 'to successful biography"; but to the follow- ing statement we cannot give an unqualified assent: "His sympathies were narrow; his hostile and censorious attitude towards the life of the democracy of his own day ex- plains why he shows in his works so little appreciation of the subtler traits of the Indian character." The volume closes with a long and discriminating paper on the late Sir Daniel Wilson. — Miss Mabel Hill's 'Liberty Documents' (Longmans) adds another to the already considerable list of popular collections of "sources." The volume is designed, ap- parently, for the use of elementary classes in English and American constitutional his- tory, although the meagre outlines given in the appendices leave us in doubt as to the precise nature of the contemplated course. Twenty-four documents or groups of documents, each intended to illustrate some important step in the development of constitutional theory or practice, are re- printed in ;'ull or in extract. The range is wide, extending from the coronation oath of 1100 to President McKinley's annual mes- sages of 1893 and 1899, but including al- most exclusively such well-known pieces as Magna Charta, the Petition of Right, the Habeas Corpus Act, the Bill of Rights, and Act of Settlement, and, for the United States, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and Constitution, Washington's Farewell Address, extracts from the Dred Scott decision, etc. The novel feature of the work, and the only one which, in our opinion, justifies the reprint- ing of such familiar and easily accessible documents, is the selection of illustrative extracts from contemporary writers and later commentators appended to each ex- tract. The texts, so far as we have tested them, seem to have been accurately repro- duced. We can but think, however, that Miss Hill has been ill advised as to the sources from which she has taken some of her documents. There can be no excuse in this day, in a work of scholarly preten- sions, for reprinting the Virginia Bill of Rights from Preston's 'Documents,' or the Articles of Confederation and Constitution from the 'American History Leaflets.' With an officially authenticated text, also, of the Declaration of Independence in the "Re- vised Statutes" of the United States, it is mere pedantry to cite as authority the "facsimile of the original document in the Department of State." There are useful marginal notes and headings to the sev- eral pieces; the two on pages 374 and 375, however, relating to the force of the Fif- teenth Amendment, do not agree. And surely Miss Hill ought not to characterize Taney's opinion in the Dred Scott case as a "report," or be "amazed that less than fifty years ago such conditions could have existed." —A deplorable custom prevails among most clever magazine essayists of collecting periodically in a volume the achievement of their monthly toil. Mr. Herbert Paul's 'Men and Letters' (John Lane & Co.) is a case in point. Mr. Paul has a liking for books; he has read assiduously and widely, and for the surface matters of literature his taste is excellent. Furthermore, he is well supplied with the piquant gossip of literary biography; he has a facile gift of passable epigram, and a good knowledge of well-tried, historic humor. So far his discursive essays upon scholarly and literary topics have the qualities which make pleasant and not un- profitable magazine writing; but when these are collected between covers, their defects become too obvious. His essays upon such inviting subjects as "The Classical Poems of Tennyson," "Sterne," "The Victorian Novel," contain little notable opinion. The studies of Halifax, Swift, Macaulay, and Selden are somewhat better, but none contain the new and significant information, the careful, closely analyzed criticism, or even the genial, original, various humor, which can make a volume of literary essays worth while Finally, slightly to vary Mr. Paul's own unlucky quotation from Swift, "that quality of these writings which the poverty of the English language compels us to call their style," is not of the sort to render them Imperishable. There is an old super- stition, still held by some people, that good English prose means graceful, connected dis- course. Mr. Paul's writing will not please such persons. He has been at no pains to order his thought into perfect structural paragraphs, and he has had no care to pre- serve any conceivable sequence of thought in his abrupt sentences, or to make them graceful, flexibly modulated, and so finely expressive. There is a good deal of rather gratuitous allusion, as if the writer's pur- pose were to drain a given package of notes to the dregs; and some of the more excellent jokes are repeated. In short, Mr. Paul's literary manner, and we fear it is characteristic of his age, is that of one dictating at top speed to an unsympathetic type-writer. C;esar, we believe, and Milton, and Stevenson could dictate style; but each, before this faculty was acquired, served a long apprenticeship to the pausing and re- turning pen. —Although 'The Alfred Jewel,' by Profes- sor Earle of Oxford (Clarendon Press; New York: H. Frowde), appears at a very oppor- tune moment, it must not be regarded as a product of millennial festivity. The preface begins with a profession of interest in this ancient relic, which shows that material for the book has been long accumulating. "It is full fifty years since I began to contem- plate the Alfred Jewel with a wonder and curiosity which became a habit. At length, in the latter half of that period, the vague attitude of inquiry began to point in a definite direction, and to exhibit suscepti- bility of development, suggesting promise of possible discovery." Moved by a growing belief in the correctness of his theory, Pro- fessor Earle caused a set of colored draw- ings to be prepared, and began lecturing on the subject. It is possible that the Dele- gates of the Clarendon Press wanted a treatise for 1901 (the more so because the jewel is the property of Oxford), but the present essay is much more than an adjunct of the Winchester celebration. The Jewel itself was found in 1693 at Petherton Park, Somersetshire, at a spot which lies three miles to the northwest of Athelney. The temptation, therefore, to connect it with the stormy events of 878 is irresistible when once we look upon it as having been the possession of Alfred the Great. Its extreme length "is a very small fraction under two inches and a half; its greatest width is just one inch and a fifth; its thickness barely half an inch. It contains a sitting figure enamelled on aplateof gold which isprotected in front by a slab of rock crystal, and at the back by a gold plate engraved: the whole enshrined in a golden frame of delicately executed filigree work." But the historical part of the problem is suggested by the in- scription, Aelfred Mec Heht Gewyrcan. There were many Alfreds in the Saxon pe- riod, and it would be hasty to infer from the words of the legend that King Alfred is in- tended. The richness of the jewel, the lo- cality where it was found, the allegorical significance of the design, and a large num- ber of general considerations point, in the author's judgment, to the royal scholar and fugitive. Without claiming to have fur- nished absolute proof, Professor Earle states his conclusions thus: "I trust we are now in a position to say with reasonable confi- dence that not only did the jewel belong to Alfred of Wessex, having been made by his order; but, further, that it was his work, having been made after his design; and fur- ther, again, that the design referred to, and was based upon, his own position; and, moreover, that the jewel was a production of his youth, of the period after his return from Rome, and before he assumed a share in public affairs by the side of his brother Aethelred." While some of Professor Earle's arguments seem fanciful and might easily be opposed, he has strong reasons for con- tending that the jewel which now lies in the Ashmolean Museum formerly shone in the helmet of the Good King. —Mr. William Harbutt Dawson, the well- known author of 'Germany and the Ger- mans,' has put the friends of the Fatherland under new obligation by contributing a vol- ume on 'German Life in Town and Country' to the series of books entitled "Our Eu- ropean Neighbors," of which he is himself the editor-in-chief (G. P. Putnam's Sons). It is not often that the institutions, habits, problems, and ideals of a people are dis- cussed by an outsider with such accuracy, clearness, impartiality, friendliness, and

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Aug. 15, 1 901] Th.e Nation. 133 moderation as is done in this little book, which in its way is a striking refutation of the common conception of the hopeless in- sularity supposed to belong to the average Englishman. For it is just his sober, mat- ter-of-fact, and decidedly English way of looking at things which makes Mr. Dawson so discreet and valuable a critic of German affairs. He is by nature a conservative, and consequently in full sympathy with all that belongs to the old, patriarchal Germany, its rural simplicity, the idyllic life of its small towns, its family allegiance, its reverence for popular tradition. But these sentimental inclinations do not in the least blind him to the fact that patriarchal Germany is fast passing away, and that the main field of his own observations must be the conditions un- der which the new, industrial Germany is developing. He evidently has studied these conditions both theoretically and by person- al contact with a great variety of people, from the princely landowner or captain of industry to the small official, day-laborer, or Socialist agitator; and he approaches every phase of this development — the de- nudation of the country districts, the agri- cultural crisis, the rise of city rents, the tramp nuisance, the commercial treaties, the fight for the world's market, and so forth — with that even calmness and breadth of judgment which are the combined result of an intimate knowledge of facts and a mind disentangled from personal prejudice. Alto- gether, this is a book from which not only Englishmen and Americans, but Germans as well, can learn a great deal. — When, a little over a year ago, the regu- lar steamer service across Lake Baikal was established, considerable curiosity was felt as to the success which the huge Baikal and the smaller Angara would have in keep- ing up regular communication during the winter months. The gloomy predictions of those who thought the project impossible Mere partly realized, for the Baikal met with a series of accidents which finally resulted in a suspension of the steamer service for some weeks in midwinter. Propeller-blades and shafts broke in a most aggravating fashion, and the vessel sustained some mi- nor injuries, owing to the fact that the ice was double or even treble the thickness for which the boat was built. Just previous to being frozen in, it had successfully ploughed its way through ice nearly six feet in thick- ness, but, meeting with floe ice several feet thicker, near Mysovaia on the east side of the lake, further progress became impossi- ble, upon the breaking of a shaft. The choice of Mysovaia as the harbor on the eastern side of the lake appears to have been unfor- tunate. Every winter, in consequence of lake currents, floe ice collects in large quan- tities in this harbor, and ice remains there long after it has disappeared from the rest of the lake. There are several other har- bors further towards the south end of the lake, and nearer to the harbor on the western side, which are ice-free very early in the spring, and in which the ice never collects in such thickness as at Mysovaia. Had one of these been chosen, all might have been well. The performance of the vessels during the past winter has evi- dently not been satisfactory to the authori- ties in St. Petersburg, and, according to re- liable information, it has been decided to build the railroad around the lake, as at first planned. Construction material is now being hurried in considerable quantity to the lake for this purpose. CROMWELL'S SPEECHES. Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 1644-1658. Col- lected and edited by Charles L. Stainer. Henry Frowde. 1901. Macaulay somewhere contrasts the inca- pacity to meet a dangerous crisis on the part of politicians who have obtained office solely by their command of parliamentary oratory, with the practical sagacity of Wil- liam ttfe Silent, who "never talked at all," or of Oliver Cromwell, who "talked non- sense." The blunder about William the Silent tempts a critic to treat the dictum that Cromwell talked nonsense as an utter- ance of arrogant ignorance. To do so would, however, be a gross blunder. Mr. Stainer has now provided the world with an edition of Cromwell's Speeches in which the words of the Protector are freed from the Carly- lean rant which repels the readers of to- day as much as it seems to have attracted the readers of fifty years ago, and we may well take the opportunity of considering, first, whether Cromwell did talk nonsense, and, secondly, why it is that, to a man of as sound sense as Macaulay, he appeared to talk nonsense. Our first question admits of an easy and definite answer. Cromwell could, at any rate when he chose, talk the soundest sense, and could express it in words which were both terse and clear. Take the very first speech to be found in Mr. Stainer's book; it is a defence of the Self-Denying Ordi- nance, and runs as follows: "I am not of the mind that the calling of the Members to sit in Parliament will break or scatter our armies. I can speak this only for my own soldiers, that they look not upon me, but upon you, and for you they will fight, and live and die in your cause. And if others be of that mind that they are of, you need not fear them. They do not idolize me, but look upon the cause they fight for; you may lay upon them what commands you please, they will obey your commands in that cause they fight for." This speech, be it noted, exactly sums up the view wich Cromwell wished to enforce; it is, moreover, capitally suited to in- fluence his audience; in short, it is an ad- mirable contribution to a parliamentary de- bate. Consider, again, Cromwell's short address to Fairfax. Its real or its ostensible aim was to persuade that General not to lay down his command. The speech again is a very short one; it is perfectly clear, it goes straight to the point. If Fairfax could have been persuaded to take command against the Scots, Cromwell's words might have persuaded him. If, on the other hand, it was known that Fairfax was unpersuad- able and Oliver's real aim was to clear himself of any responsibility for Fairfax's resignation, then again his simple and direct appeal to his commander was precisely suited for its end. Turn the matter which way you will, the speaker exhibits great power as a debater. If Cromwell showed at times the gifts of a debater, he could also, when he chose, argue on difficult questions with great force. His address of the 12th of September, 1654, to the first Parliament which met un- der the Instrument of Government was de- livered under difficult circumstances. It was intended for a Parliament which, having come together under what we should now call the Constitution of 1654, claimed the right to question the fundamental provisions of the Constitution under which alone it had any semblance of authority whatever. Crom- well had promised that the Assembly should be a free Parliament. He had, within lit- tle more than a week, to explain that this freedom did not include the right to ques- tion the authority by which the Parliament had been convened, or to upset the Con- stitution to which it owed its existence. The position was a trying one. No one can deny that the speech in which Crom- well dealt with it is marked by a certain awkwardness. It is not the kind of speech which would have been framed by a great parliamentarian, such as Pitt, or Peel, or Gladstone, but it is in substance a very noteworthy appeal to common sense. The Protector, though his language occasionally rambles, brings out the essential strength of his position, and brings it out with great force. He proves that the difficulties of the position were not of his making; he insists that his policy has received the moral sanc- tion of the country— that the city of Lon- don, the citv of York, the judges, and the great body of the people had all, by their acts or tacitly, approved his action; above all, he insists, in language of which even now one can feel the weight, that for the Parlia. ment to sit and disown the very authority under which it sits, must "as dangerously disappoint and discompose the nation as anything that could have been invented by the greatest enemy to our peace and welfare or could well have happened." He proceeds, further, to shew that a large sphere was left for the activity of Parliament. If it might not constitutionally change the "fun- damentals of the Constitution," it might legislate upon any other matter whatever. No doubt Cromwell's parliamentary adver- saries had plausible replies to his argu- ments. All that need here be insisted upon is that his arguments were very cogent. We may go further and assert that, to any man who really dreaded a restoration and who wished to support the Commonwealth, they ought to have been conclusive. One thing at least is beyond dispute. Cromwell did not on the 12th of Septem- ber, 1654, talk nonsense; his words are the language of a statesman, though they are the language of a Puritan, and not of a Whig, and of a soldier rather than of a parliamentary leader. Why, then, did Ciomwell appear to men like Macaulay to talk nonsense? This is not a question which admits of a summary reply, and yet, if one looks the facts fairly in the face, un- influenced by any prejudice either in favor of or against Cromwell, the answer is not very hard to find. The style of his speeches is, even when all allowance is made for bad reporting, terribly confused. At times Cromwell talks like a man who is thinking aloud and is trying to convince himself at least as much as to convince his hearers. This charac- teristic is very marked during the differ- ent debates held with the leaders of the army in 1647. In the short speeches then delivered by Cromwell, you rather hear his thoughts than follow his argument. Then, too, Cromwell was a singularly ego- tistic speaker. He is always thinking of his own position and of the charges which might be brought against himself. The reader has a feeling that the Protector is

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134 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 constantly trying to justify his policy to his own conscience. This extraordinary self-consciousness is connected with the in- trospective and personal character of Puri- tan religion. It accounts to a certain ex- tent for by far the least satisfactory fea- ture of Cromwell's oratory, namely, his constant appeals to God. It undoubtedly does give a certain appearance of humbug to language which, could we feel unlimited trust in the candor of the speaker, we should hold to be simply impressive. Nor, as one reads Cromwell's words, is it easy to rid one's self of the feeling, not that he talks nonsense, but that he tries at times under confused expressions to hide a certain kind of craft. To the worshipper of Cromwell the im- putation of cunning of any kind to his hero may appear a kind of blasphemy. But even ardent admirers may admit that Crom- well was, to use for a moment the terms of modern politics, an opportunist. He cared little for political formulas, had a keen eye for the facts before him, and wish- ed to deal with each difficulty as it arose, effectively and rapidly. Such a man is forced to use language as a means for concealing his thoughts. He does not know how to reconcile his principles, especially his religious convictions, with the dictates ol his sagacity. He, therefore, in an age when religious phraseology is the language of the day, is often driven to cover state- craft by expressions of vague and cloudy religious sentiment. Can any one, for ex- ample, doubt that the strange kind of sermon which forms part of the speech with which the Protector in anger dissolv- ed his first Parliament, really does con- ceal some idea or feeling to which Crom- well could not or would not give exact expression? What does he really mean by such sentences as these? "According to the tenth of the Hebrews, // vie sin wUfiidy after that me have received the ktunoledge of the truth, there remains no more sacrifice for sin, — it was spoken to the Jews, that having pro- fessed Christ apostatized from him,— 'what then? Nothing but a fearful falling into thi hands asuistlcal if not dishonest conduct. He held, for example, that a ruler was. bound to respect the authority of the na- tion, and he believed also, like most great English statesmen, that the authority of the nation ought to be delegated to and was best expressed by a freely elected Par- liament, but he also clearly entertained a belief which came very near to a faith in the reign of the saints. It is absolutely im- possible to understand his transference of power to the Little Parliament, popularly known as the Barebones Parliament, or the language in which he welcomed this Assem- bly, unless one bears in mind Cromwell's faith in the virtues and (up to that time, at any rate) in the wisdom of a body selected from among the best and the most earnest representatives of Puritanism. His expec- tations were disappointed, yet disappoint- ment does not seem to have taught him the impossibility of reconciling the rule of even the most virtuous minority with the due authority of the nation. The one chance of reconciliation lay in Cromwell's accepting the crown, and either prudence or conscience, or perhaps both, or possibly the expecta- tion of some further dispensation of Provi- dence which should make the revival of the monarchy clearly possible, forbade Crom- well to accept the title of King. What, again, is one to say as to his be- lief in Providential dispensations, or, to put the matter plainly, that success — and es- pecially victories in the field — were the clear and undoubted sign of the favor of God? Of the fervor of Cromwell's faith in such visible dispensations it is absolutely impossible to doubt. The expression of it recurs again and again throughout his speeches. His victories were much more to him than successes: they were the sign of divine favor. Hence men who opposed his policy appeared to him to be not only politi- cal opponents, but something very like ene- mies of heaven, or, at any rate, persons so blind that they failed to see the clearest indications of the manifest will of God. Nor let any one suppose that this idea was at all unnatural. The close and yet baffling interconnection between might and right, and the consideration that goodness itself is power, while you nevertheless cannot iden- tify power with goodness, have been a per- plexity to philosophers no less than to statesmen. In Cromwell's case, the puzzle was rendered yet darker by his firm belief that the Old Testament was in the strict- est and most literal sense the word of God. Why not apply to himself a doctrine which, as he read the Bible, he found in every chapter of Jewish history? Idolatry led to defeat, the service of the true God meant victory. This faith, moreover, had strength- ened both himself and his soldiers, yet we all now know that this form of belief in an overruling Providence, just because it does contain, mixed with what is false, an element of truth, is apt to become the most dangerous of delusions. Cromwell's good sense constantly saved him from errors sug- gested by erroneous beliefs, though the Pro- tector seemed to have attacked Spain with inadequate forces partly because of his con- viction that Providence would certainly make him victorious over Papists and idola- ters. But even where a sound judgment pre- served blm from practical errors, it could not guard him against the moral evil which always accompanies misplaced faith. Reli- gious fervor which takes the form of a trust in the special favor or partiality of Provi- dence is hardly compatible wltb that honest directness of action which Is Inconsistent with duplicity. THE CLASSICS IN ENGLISH. The Or-esteia of Mschylus. Translated and explained by George C. W. Warr, M.A., Professor of Classical Literature in King's College, London. With illustrations. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. This volume, with the series to which it belongs, deserves attention for many rea- sons. It is part of an elaborate plan to bridge over the gulf which separates the plain Eng- lish reader from the Greek classics, and to build what we may call a royal road to cul- ture— plebeian let us not dare to call it, since we live under a democracy. The at- tempt should succeed so far as success in this direction is possible, for the scholars who have the matter in hand are possessed of brilliant literary talents and are using many contrivances to smooth the reader's pathway. The translation is accompanied by explanatory notes and well-chosen illustra- tions. The whole series is likely, therefore, to be a notable contribution to the mechanism of University Extension and to the meth- ods of instruction which are of late grown so fashionable. Our high schools, which stick at nothing and provide a cursory in- troduction to omne sciMle, already furnish a course in the criticism of poetry, based on Aristotle's 'Poetics.' Pupils of fifteen years climb these critical heights with more or less agility and intelligence. The schools prescribe, also, elaborate courses in foreign literature, so called, namely, French, Ger- man, Greek, and Latin; yet, on examining the prescriptions, we find that they are all courses in English, and, therefore, on the whole, courses in the English of the trans- lators. Nevertheless, these courses are, somehow, thought to be courses in the re- spective literatures, and the pupils who un- dergo them are doubtless under the impres- sion that they, too, are studying foreign literatures. It is likely that the impression prevails, even in certain colleges and uni- versities; for one may see a critical essay, signed by a professor of literature, in which a translated play of D'Annunzio's is dealt with precisely as if the critic had the Italian before him; yet D'Annunzio's style bears the same relation to his matter that a Ve- netian glass does to the water which it contains. Again, in recent surveys of the literary work of the nineteenth century, one might read in this or that periodical solemn and oracular utterances as to the style and method of Tolstoy, and Jokai, and Sienkie- wicz, and Valdes. One wonders, in these cases, who owns the unseen voice, and whose observation it is that travels so light- ly from China to Peru. Is he at once a Rhadamanthus and a Mezzofanti, requiring only a sip of water to wet his tongue for the transition from Icelandic to Chinese? or is he merely a plain American citizen, barricaded by shelves piled high with trans- lations? And, if so, might he not imitate the candor and self-restraint of a well- known critic, who closes an admirable sketch of English literature of the last cen- tury with the confession, "I am not per- sonally acquainted with the literature of all languages, and it is a vain thing to speak of books at second hand"? This simple yet pregnant saying is well worth taking to heart by the people for

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Aug. 15, 1901] The Nation. 135 whom Professor Warr's book has been pre- pared. Just how far his method carries them toward the spirit of the Greek may be well illustrated by citing, not quite at random, the Watchman's soliloquy, while awaiting the beacon fire that is to announce the cap- ture of Troy: " A livelong loathly yrir I have prayed Heaven I" end me this dog's watch, while here abed Willi Atreus' Unary housetop cuddling cold. From rise to Bet I have perused von stars In conclave o'er the spangled Armament. " Plague on this tyrant fancy, that hath taken My lady's lordtne heart! Oft on my couch— This dank uneasy bed, that hath for me No spell of gadding dreams; for slumber bilks me And terror stares upon me, lr-t I shut Mine eyelids past all waking— whensoever T think to purge my sleepy pate with song, Humming or whistling, as I shred the dose, I fall to poorly sobbing for our good man Ami goodly occupation gone to bad. Tut, tut! \>i Jirc'inikc be it, that doth home, Mocking my scurvy watch, in yonder mxirk! " All, my lord, Thy household al impatient, waits thy coming With » elcome In our hands, that tch for thine. The rest is hush, 11 hush : a lumping ox Hath poized down my tongue. My beitfeVow Would rirr, n plain enough, ifttlone* could speak. My doxel he shall ope. icho hath the key: To them who know not I'm a dummertr." In this passage the italicized words or phrases have no equivalent in the original, or have sustained great alteration. The lines beginning "Tut! tut!" replace the simple wish, "Now may there come a blest release from toils, when with good tidings from the dark the fire appears"; while in plain Greek the dark insinuations of the last four lines ran as follows: "As to the rest I keep silence — a huge ox has trodden on my tongue. The house itself, if it could find tongue, might clearest tell my secret. For my part, to those who understand I speak, to those who do not understand I am fain — to forget." Here, certainly, is a wide departure from the original, the nature of which may be partly guessed by the plain prose version we have appended. It will be seen that in the Greek the year is not "loathly" nor the watchman "cuddling cold," nor does slum- ber exactly "bilk" him, nor does his hand "itch," nor does the conceit of the lines "I fall to poorly sobbing, etc.," occur, nor does the riddle of the last five lines exist at all. Besides this, the translator uses some odd and rare words — so rare that most of Pro- fessor Warr's readers, we venture to say, would have to turn to a dictionary for their meaning. They would probably search out in this way the meaning of bilk, and lording, and firedrake. and dummerer. The Athenians before whom the play was acted were blest in having no dictionaries to consult; nor indeed was there the slightest occasion for it so far as the language in this passage was concerned. What, then, is the reason of this strange departure from the original? The reason doubtless seemed good to the translator, and his theory is so interesting that it deserves some discussion. This par- ticular passage shows its merits and its defects. His theory was evidently to make his personages speak, in a way, like the characters of the Elizabethan drama; and this plan is carried so far that they use the very tricks of the Elizabethan stage. The mask and the costume are Elizabethan as well as the language. The expression is even colored by those conceits and devices which, by general consent, were the least pardonable features of that great dramatic period. How far there is warrant for this in the Greek is a question which may be left on one side for a moment. But, after all, why insist on reproducing the play with an Elizabethan cast of characters? The Elizabethans are removed from us by a chasm of several centuries, whereas the Athenian audience who first witnessed the Agamemnon heard their own spoken lan- guage, barring the special idiom and sov- ereign coinage of Aeschylus himself, and the common stock of poetic vocabulary and inflections that had descended mainly from the epic and lyric poems. The coinage of Aeschylus was sometimes strange, slightly bizarre, and not easy to understand; we have the testimony of Aristophanes for this — a rather partial and favorable witness. The stock descended from Homeric times may reasonably be compared to that of the Bible and Shakspere. It was, however, no definite stream, keeping its separate chan- nels; it had, on the contrary, become thoroughly mixed with all the familar cur- rents and sources of poetry. It was at once artificial and at the same time perfectly plastic and familiar to the minds of the au- dience; it was, in fine, the result of a long growth of artistic tradition. All that we are saying of it proves, indeed, how impossible it is to transplant such a special growth, to imitate its delicate shades and colors and fibres of far-drawn associations, woven and dyed as the vesture of the thoughts ot a great master. And yet a large part of this vocabulary was spoken on the streets of Athens; and the English translator was cer- tainly not bound to go farther back for its antique cast than the language, we will say, of Shelley's "The Cenci." When we come to particulars, let us see how well Professor Waxr's theory fits in the passage we have cited. It is certainly an extremely clever imitation of Elizabethan style, of its conventions, its mannerisms. Here we have a rustic who must be blunt and quaint, he must talk quips and conceits. He must wear the mask of an Elizabethan servant or clown; and this bizarre transfor- mation the translator has managed trium- phantly, if such a triumph is to be desired. But success of this kind is only a glorified counterpart of the achievement that is ex- pected of the young student who goes in, we will say, for the Ireland Scholarship or the Oriel Fellowship. He is expected to turn some bit of Bishop Berkeley or Burke or Tennyson into a style adorned with patches from Plato or Demosthenes or Euripides. And this does him no harm, while it pleases his examiner. But Professor Warr's experi- ment, however interesting and clever, may seriously mislead and delude the trusting folk who submit themselves to his guidance. They will receive a curiously false impres- sion of tone and color in a region where the Greek tragedians observed great delicacy and nicety of discrimination. For the Aeschylean watchman does not in the least talk like the porter at the gate of Macbeth. His quality is marked off by a few proverbs, antitheses, and unexpected turns of thought, by reference to his occupation, and perhaps by a single homely comparison; but, apart from this, there is not a word in his speech that might not have been used by Agamem- non or Clytaamnestra. The complex whim- sicality of the last four lines is the inven- tion of the translator, helped by the inge- nuity of Dr. Verrall. It is quite true that, on the Periclean stage, a messenger, or a watchman, or a nurse easily betrayed his character and rank. The guard who reports his capture of Antigone reminds us slightly of Launcelot Gobbo, and Phadra's nurse re- calls is Bome traits the aurse of Juliet, But the distinction between their great per- sonages and the humble folk is sketched by Sophocles and Aeschylus with the most deli- cate moderation and reserve. Hence the Shaksperian mask does not serve here. The features are distorted, the colors are too thick and high; and the same is the case with the translator's exaggeration of the garrulous nurse of Orestes. It was always thought that Aeschylus here was suffi- ciently outspoken and hardy, for the Greek tragic muse is decent to the verge of pru- dery; but our translator's nurse gives us qualms of uneasiness, and we feel that his infant should be removed from the stage as rapidly as possible. In the lyrical passages the translator has essayed "the somewhat difficult method of modulated prose"— a method difficult, in- deed, and in which success is much to be desired. From a literary point of view, no one could wish a better fate for the cho- ruses of Aeschylus and Sophocles than that of Isaiah and the book of Job in King James's version. So thought the late Dr. Jowett and so thinks also Mr. Swinburne. If any excuse might justify exorcising a Bishop from his peaceful rest, it might be to assist in such a task; if anything might serve as a spell to wake the reverend dead, it would probably be the reading above his grave of select passages from the Bonn se- ries. It is no dispraise of Mr. Warr's prose to say that it might have been improved by the collaboration of a Bishop: "Such doom the seer shrieked and ample boons there- with, foretold of the wayside fowl. Wela- way! Sing Ailinon! Ailinon! Weal better woe." Such riddles could never have been written by the magician who made Job say, "Then had I been at rest — with kings and counsellors of the earth which built deso- late places for themselves." This particular secret of expression seems to be buried and lost for the Alexandrians of the present century. With all his pains and earnest- ness, Mr. Warr's web is not of even texture — it is not of one piece, nor of one literary period. It is too evidently wrought of patches. Here and there a quaint word or phrase out of due season thrusts itself on the eye and ear, and gives a sense of discord and discomfort. A few pages offer these spe- cimens: browsick, sootied, surling, dizzard, ballotin, abroach, horn and halyard, over- thwarted. Surely the Athenians of his own time heard nothing so strange as this from Aeschylus. The anapaests of the chorus are represented by unrhymed trochaic systems which strike the American ear oddly by reason of their association with "Hiawatha" and "Yankee Doodle." We doubt whether the English ear detects harmony or dignity in lines such as these: "Seed of Atreus! scourge of Troia! Oh, what stately Speech befits my liege? What homage Nice, Dor turning short nor duty's Mark o'ershooting?" Yet these are designed to suggest the inarch of anapaests, which have the stately forward rush of a brig with all sails spread, plunging over a billowy sea. The anapaestic is far from being an alien rhythm in English; and Mr. Way has lately proved this, following with discretion and success the brilliant guidance of Mr. Swinburne. But the choruses have always been the despair and stumbling-block of translators. The dialogue, bo the other hand, consti-

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136 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 tutes, as a rule, a good three-quarters of each play, and In the dialogue Mr. Warr shows himself master of a sustained, sonor- ous, and vigorous rhetoric, which really gives the reader no inadequate impression of the power and sweep of the Aeschylean line. It is a pity that space forbids us to prove this by citations of the murder-scene in the "Choephoroe," or the famous de- scription of the beacon race in the "Aga- memnon," closing with the fine line: "The lineal child of Ida's parent flame." Lines as felicitous could be multiplied by the score. And since we have been forced to dwell on the weaker side of this work, it is the barest justice to cite one brief pas- sage which gives some conception of the translator's best manner, its peculiarities and its decided merits. The speaker is Apollo in the "Choephoroe": "Not so, ye loathly fiends, abhorred of Heaven. That was no deadly hnrt. Who binds may loose As lightly of his own resource. But none Can raise to life the dead whose mortal blood Earth's dust hath drunk. Ton emperor, my sire, Who shuffles the vast world without a throb Of his indomitable heart, e'en be Is master of no spell to charm the grave." To sum up, then, Mr. Warr's method is interesting and clever, and it has the crowning merit of making the actors live. We are not complaining in the least of a process by which the translator takes the whole of a passage, inspires himself with its spirit, and redelivers it with elan and vivacity; on the contrary, he is to be high- ly praised for adopting this method and us- ing it in general with great success. But our duty is to remind the simple traveller that he is at the mercy of his cicerone and interpreter, and to set up a warning sign-post, "No royal road this way to the realms of gold." You cannot really trans- port Cairo or the Piazza San Marco or the Acropolis of Athens to a "Midway Plai- sance"; and, in the same way, we cannot take Goethe or Moliere or Dante into our hearts and homes, and transform them into Englishmen— much less can we work such a transformation for Homer or ^Eschylus. We must, on the contrary, go out to meet them. We shall never know what they have to offer, nor all they have to offer, until we have taken this labor and pains to meet them half way. To read foreign literature may perhaps be regarded as a luxury, like foreign travel; to read Greek literature as an extravagant and undemo- cratic luxury, like travel cheered by draughts of champagne or pearls dissolved in vinegar. But the moralist need not frown severely on this indulgence, since it costs not other people's time and labor, but our own. CHINESE LITERATURE. A History of Chinese Literature. By Herbert A. Giles. D. Appleton & Co. 12mo, pp. 448. It is a curious fact that while the veteran professor of Chinese in the University of Cambridge was writing in England about the Chinese encyclopaedia of 500,000 pages, com- piled after three years' work by 2,169 schol- ars, a copy of which was in the library of the Han-lin College In Pekin, this most fa- mous of all the libraries in China was going up to the skies in fire and smoke, though the professor's son, Mr. Launcelot Giles, who went through the sieges in Pekin, secured volume 13,345 for himself.. There are few men conversant with Chinese who would, we imagine, attempt to compress the story of the nation's literature in a space so small as this duodecimo. Mr. Giles, however, who spent the best part of his lifetime in China among books and scholars, has the powers both of bravery and brevity. In spite of his plentiful criticism, often severe, one can see that he enjoys his task of setting before the Western reader the results of thirty centuries of Chinese thinking and writing. He presents specimens in translations, and chapters of condensation and description, amply sufficient to give that impatient per- son, the Occidental, as fair an idea as is possible to any one living outside of China of the themes that occupy the mind of the sons of Han and the form and spirit of their literary activity. Whatever sinologues may say in praise of the terseness of Chinese prose, of its jewel- led sentences and sparkling mosaics of quo- tation or allusion, the language has the shocking limitation of being, phonetically at least, the baby talk of the race, fossilized. In other words, Chinese writing came into being so soon that it kept the expression of thought within bands as of rock and iron. For a foreigner, it is next to impossible to have or to gain pleasing associations with continuous monosyllables, while for the Chi- nese themselves these form an almost insu- perable barrier to progress — as the rest of civilized humanity understand that term. Even in modern times, the lines of the ex- pansion of language in China are antipodal- ly different from those in other lands. With a surprising poverty of phonation there can of necessity be riches only in the direction of graphic symbols which appeal to the eye, the sight assisting hearing. In the spoken lan- guage a few score sounds are made into several hundred by each enunciation having several tones. The Chinese, in developing his power of expressing ideas, has done it not with the tongue, but with the pen. To one sound he has in some cases given two and three hundred, and in one or two cases four hundred, written expressions. Thus, in the course of three millenniums, he has reached a total of several tens of thousands, possibly even as many as eighty-five thou- sand, of written characters. Hence it is that Chinese literature, with its homophony, its absolutely untranslatable puns and play^ on words, and, above all, its necessity of being known by the eye rather than by the ear — for the book language of China has no sense to the average Chinese hearer unless he be a trained scholar — loses so much of what charms the native man of culture that it takes a bold man to essay the task here done so well. Indeed, it would be absurd for one to judge the literature by any presentation of it in English, however choice. Even the grandeur and sublimity which we have en- joyed in reading in the original some of the ancient poems, seem in their expression in this book to partake more of a pragmatic Britisher than of a sensitive-souled China- man. We do not charge Professor Giles with lack of ability. In his pages we catch oc- casionally something of the ancient breath of the Chinese poets who were responsive to the charms of nature, as for example — "Upon Ibis tall pagoda's peak My band can nigh the stars enclose; 1 dare Dot raise my voice to speak, For fear of startling God's repose." In other renderings he is sprightly and expert to the last degree. On the whole, he has avoided the temptation of giving, on the one hand, any gloss of style or richness of thought and fancy which is not, or, on the other, of bleaching out whatever color bloomed, in the Chinese original. He has done his task well in setting forth in due proportion of comment, criticism, and trans- lation the eight different divisions, histori- cally considered, of Chinese literature. He starts from the sixth century b. c, when China consisted of a number of feudal states between the Yellow and the Yangtsze Rivers, which were ruled by nobles owning alle- giance to a central state, or Middle King- dom, at the head of which was a king. Even then the natives possessed a script practically identical with the writing of to- day. When Confucius, the typical historian, moralist, sage, and literary man, appeared, the whole weight of his influence was for conservatism and not for progress, either in politics, religion, or literature, either in form or in spirit. The Han dynasty (B. c. 200 — a. d. 200) was a time of restoration, dictionary-making, and stereotyping of what already existed, though Buddhism brought in a great train of civilizing and stimulating influences. As to material used, while in other civilizations the order was stone, skin, paper, the Chinese seem to have omitted the middle term, using chisel and brush-pen. The epoch of the minor dynasties, from a. d. 200 to 600, was one largely of classical scholarship; but, under the Tang line of rulers, from 600 to 900 a. d., there was a grand outburst of poetry and general litera- ture, followed in the Sung era (900-1200 a. d.) by the invention of printing and a gorgeous bloom of activity in every line of literary endeavor. Professor Giles's limitations of space pre- vent him from treating of that tremendous outbreak of Chinese populism, in the twelfth century, which compelled close and deep thinking, and examination of the bases of knowledge and of society, that resulted in a restatement of Chinese orthodoxy. The ul- timate issue was that representation of China's intellectual inheritance which has furnished the native literati of to-day, to- gether with the Korean, the Japanese of the old school, and in fact the educated man in every nation pupil to China, with his mental outfit. Confucianism has thus become not merely a code of morals or body of tradi- tions, but a general rule of life, an organon by which all new knowledge, principles, or discoveries are to be regulated and assimi- lated. The Mongols (a. d. 1200-1368) intro- duced what were practically innovations, and very welcome ones, namely, the drama and the novel. From this time forth, lit- erary activity in these directions was very marked, calling into existence new classes of professionals, and furnishing the theatre and the lodge of the street story-teller with abundant material. Under the pure Chi- nese or Ming dynasty (1368-1644), this im- pulse towards works of the imagination con- tinued, along with a revival of literature devoted to the useful things of life, espe- cially in medicine and agriculture. The present rulers were rough riders off the plains, and to this day "the horsey Tar- tars" are spoken of with contempt. Yet, once settled in Pekin and in the empire, these Mantchus, through luxury, intermar- riage, and environment, changed totally. They became as Chinese as the natives themselves. Under their patronage the study of ancient literature was encouraged, while the pens of the poet, dramatist, novelist, and

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Aug. 15, 1 901] The Nation. 137 especially the editor and encyclopaedist, en- tered upon new activity. It is in these mod- ern times that what may be called "wall literature" has become such a power in the hands of the literati for the manufacture of public opinion. Journalism, that sharp thorn in the official side, is of recent birth. In his final chapter, Professor Giles shows that as a rule translations of foreign liter- ary masterpieces are a failure because they are deficient in style. An educated China- man will not look at anything, even the very best foreign product, unless it is offered him in good literary form. Hence the wis- dom of those missionaries who realize that an ounce of gospel in good Chinese is worth a ton of broken lingo. Much of what to us is gold is dross to the Chinese, because poorly expressed. The pearl must come in a case of silk, and not in "a shovel of swine muck," If it is to be looked upon as the pearl of great price. The Chinese gentle- man's over- fastidious taste is the salt of life, but also the paralysis of growth, for not only does what is old "win a glory from its being far," but it wins it in geometrical ratio. A man may honor his father, but he reveres his grandfather, worships his an- cestors, and deifies the founders of the nation. In the literature of proverbs, the small coin of human experience, the Chinese are very rich. Almost as matter of course, the wit and humor enjoyed "Within the Four Seas" cannot well cross the frontiers. Pro- fessor Giles has picked out a few which poke fun at the doctor, the artist, and the magi- cian who fail, at the woman who conceals her age, and the scamp who poses as an in- jured innocent. In one case, the god of the target comes to the rescue of a general hard- pressed in battle, and gratefully assists him to win a victory, answering the surprised inquiring general thus: "I am grateful to you because, in your days of practice, you never once hit me." The index is wholly one of Chinese names. A Short History of Renaissance Architec- ture in England, 1500-1800. By Reginald Blomfleld, M.A., Exeter College, Oxford, Architect. With drawings by the au- thor, and other illustrations. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: The Macmillan Co. Pp. xii, 323. This is a well-made abridgment of a work by the same author, published in 1897 and bearing the same title minus the word "Short," together with a fair selection of the illustrations. About one-quarter of the full- page plates are reproduced on a smaller scale, and a somewhat larger proportion of the text illustrations are retained, in addi- tion to which there is a folding plate, "The Five Orders of Palladio as Given in Freart's 'Parallel of the Ancient Architecture with the Modern.' " The reason for inserting this supplementary plate is stated in the preface to be "the great technical importance in the architecture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries" of these orders as de- termined by Palladio. English writers continue to use the word Renaissance as characterizing all the neo- classic architecture, whether it is counted from the first appearance of the classical re- vival in Italy, or from its commencement in France or in Germany, or from the work of Inigo Jones in England. The more ac- curate use of the term by Italian and French writers, usually followed now by Americans who are writing with any care, is in every way preferable. To one who has accustomed himself to the historical point of view cor- responding to the use of the term, it seems as great a misnomer to speak of St. Paul's Cathedral as a work of the Renaissance, or still more to label in that way an eigh- teenth-century design like the Horseguards in London, as it would be to call the church of St. Roch or the Superga Renaissance buildings. In every country of Europe ex- cept England the Renaissance had its well- marked beginning and its almost equally determinable close; and in England, while writers, in view of the peculiarly develop- ed style which we call Elizabethan, will al- ways dispute over the beginnings of the Renaissance, it is equally certain that if Great Britain knew any Renaissance at all, it was during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and that the buildings which fol- lowed the Civil War at least are outside of any such category as that. The work before us, then, is concerned with the whole body of revived classical building in England down to the close of the eighteenth century. The architects of the eighteenth century, Hawksmoor, Gibbs, and Sir William Chambers, are well criticised in detail, and their work well summed up in a few words in the Conclusion, and with them the story ends. The last paragraph of the Conclusion points out that it is true in England, as elsewhere in the modern world, that modern conditions are against the growing up of any good tradition of work, and that "the arts do not express the finest intelligence of the country." It is for this reason, of course, that the nineteenth cen- tury is not included in the inquiry before us. The historian might, indeed, go on with his record through a couple of decades more — the drawing of the line at 1800 is, of course, arbitrary; but it would seem that in England, as during the contemporary First Empire of the French, the record of the first quarter of the nineteenth century is not so clear, nor the subjects dealt with so valuable, that the history must needs be continued until its close. With 1825 there began, of course, "revivals" of one sort and another, and the career of conscious imita- tion through which we have been blunder- ing ever since, and the history of the first quarter-century can only be a preface to that unhappy record. Mr. Blomfield's book, whether we consider the large treatise or the small handbook, is an excellent one, full of clear perception, and showing an abundant knowledge of de- tail, which, however, the author is at pains not to draw upon too much in the smaller volume. He remarks in the preface that what the student needs is "a clear grasp of the historical development of the move- ment"; and no one will disagree with that view. The use of details for the student is merely to fix the fact of the historical de- velopment firmly in his mind. The vital question in any such handbook as the one we are considering is, whether the compara- tive absence of detail leaves the work un- interesting and of such a character that the beginner will hardly remember the impor- tant facts. The answer to this question seems favorable in the present case. The book before us, if we read with any care at all and with the occasional looking up of a biography or date, will assuredly give the reader a clear idea of the architecture of England from the time of Elizabeth to the time of George III. The constantly apologetic tone of the works of English writers upon the fine arts is noteworthy. To read by itself an ar- ticle in an English periodical, or the text of a book on English art, one would sup- pose that the merits of what exists in England were either disputed or were gen- erally ignored at home. When, however, the texts of all the books and of all the articles are considered and their different utterances compared each with the other, the conclusion cannot be the same. It seems, then, that in some way it must all be addressed to an outside indifference, dis- belief, or expressed undervaluation, that the world of the European continent, and per- haps of the American continent as well, is committed to; and that English writers are uneasy because of a certain contempt on the part of foreigners for English art, at least in its monumental capacity. This constant assertion that things are a great deal better in England than people suppose appears disagreeably in the volumes that we are considering, though less than in other books which could be named; and it is curiously different from the quiet as- sumption on the part of French writers that everything Gothic, even everything Romanesque, and everything of the revived classic out of Italy, has its centre and its main interest within the limits of modern France. That assumption seems to be the perfectly unconscious ignoring of the claims of other countries, and is based upon the really immense achievement in origination which no one can deny to the French. On the other hand, the English writers, noto- riously belonging to the most travelled and the most widely curious race in Europe, if not the most scientifically disposed, assume an air of protest and of explanation which is vexatious enough. This narrowness of mind is not, however, the special character- istic of the book under consideration; rath- er, indeed, should the Conclusion (chapter xv. of the abridgment) be looked upon as an excellent treatise on Tradition in Architecture, and on the diverging course of this tradition in the different lands of western Europe, including England. If the unlucky words "our," and "we," and "us" could be kept out of artistic history, if the writers were compelled to treat the art of their own country as an outsider would, as a matter of course, treat it — that is to say, with apparently unbiassed compari- son of land with land, people with people, epoch with epoch, building with building — the appearance and also the reality of Chauvinism would be almost wholly remov- ed, at least from the best books, among which each of Mr. Blomfield's treatises must certainly be included. Essai d'une Psyctwlogie politique du Peuple anglaise au XIXe Steele. Par Emile Bout- my. Paris: Armand Colin. 1901. Whatever M. Boutmy chooses to write will be read with pleasure, and what he has heretofore written concerning the English Constitution has commanded the approval of competent critics. This essay contains much that is suggestive. It is full of clever ob- servations and of delicate appreciations. Nevertheless, if we seriously consider the theories which it contains, disregarding the charms of style, we cannot say that it great-

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138 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1885 ]y increases our knowledge. To read it is like listening to a pretty and vivacious woman. We are entertained; the time pass- es agreeably; but we do not feel that we have penetrated to the truth of the ques- tions discussed. So far as regards under- standing the political psychology of the English people, we are like the person re- ferred to in the Scriptures, who, after see- ing his face in the glass, goeth his way and straightway forgetteth what manner of man he is. The truth is, that generalizations con- cerning thirty or forty millions of people, the descendants of ancestors belonging to many different races, and existing under quite diverse conditions, require to be very carefully guarded. Huxley asked, What is meant by the term "Frenchman"? Many races are combined to make him, and the characteristics of the Breton are quite differ- ent from those of the Norman or the Savoyard. When we speak of the English people as a whole, do we include the Celts of Ireland and Scotland, the Danes, the Saxons, the Normans, and the Welsh? Obviously, if we lump them all together, we must overlook an infinite number of differences in order to lay hold of a few rather attenuated simi- larities. If we try climate as an explana- tion, instead of race, we are even worse off. M. Boutmy informs us that the humidity of the air, the obscuration of the sun, the fog and the rain, not only cause clothing to be thick and houses warm in England, but create initiative and prudence among the inhabitants. This sounds highly philo- sophical; but let us cross St. George's Chan- nel, and our generalizations come to grief. We have not changed the cwlum, but we have changed the animum. Cloud and rain have not caused the Irish to be well clad or well housed, or made them distinguished for enterprise and forethought. And if we would generalize concerning the man of the South, we must remember that the rigorous lives of the Spartans and the Romans are not easily explained by the influence of the climate which now produces "une sorte de dilettantisme passif et raffine." That in- veterate fallacy of the plurality of causes still besets the path of the political philoso- pher, as it did in the days of Buckle. When M. Boutmy has concluded his per- functory if elegant attempt to show why certain traits and institutions must have been caused by racial and climatic condi- tions, he passes on to a field where more scientific results are attainable. No longer endeavoring to find reasons why things must be as they are, he turns his great powers of observation and description to good ac- count. He discourses intelligently on the political history of England, and traces the development of her laws and institutions. There is still rather too much of the a-priori method in his reasoning; he complains that English statesmen pay more attention to what is expedient and attainable than to the requirements of abstract systems of political philosophy. But his criticisms of English in- stitutions are highly suggestive, and we art indirectly led to an understanding of the psychology of the French people by means of the comparisons which M. Boutmy presents. We cannot defend the anomalies and ab- surdities of English law; but we are inclined to hesitate at the suggestion that French law is superior. For M. Boutmy, France is still the standard of civilization by which the institutions of other peoples are tested; but his study of royalty in England suggests that he is not unaware of what the French people have suffered by destroying this po- tent influence. They have lost ideals for which no substitute has been found. A few sentences from the concluding pages of this essay contain the chief generaliza- tions which M. Boutmy has reached. The English people, he says, remains and will remain highly individualist, with little ca- pacity for sympathy and with little desire for it, very haughty even in the humility of an intense devotion, despising other races and unfit to mingle with them, incapable of comprehending the solidarity of the civilized world, inclined to divide questions and in- different to the idea of reuniting them in the harmony of a vast synthesis, using logic more to make apologies after action than to discover new horizons, more inclined to follow a statesman than to adhere to a sys- tem of principles, free from the revolution- ary spirit, yet producing many original per- sonalities. How these conclusions are reached and illustrated may be better learn- ed from reading M. Boutmy's work than from any summary not extending to the dimensions of a treatise. Fifty Years of Work in Canada, Scientific and Educational: Being Autobiographical Notes by Sir William Dawson, L.L.D., F.R.S. Edited by Rankine Dawson, M.A., M.D. London: Ballantine, Hanson & Co. 1901. The second title of this book, "Auto- biographical Notes," gives the clue to its character. It is not a volume of memoirs, but a collection of jottings. In 1892, after a severe illness, Sir William Dawson gave up active work and passed his remaining years in retirement. So long as his strength lasted, he was never idle, and the compila- tion of these reminiscences may be called the latest of his self-imposed tasks. Viewed broadly, the record which he has thus left of himself seems more a compte rendu of ac- complished work than a mirror of senti- ments, of opinions about life, or of intellec- tual and spiritual transitions. Those who may look for intimate details of thought and habit will be disappointed, but the book should be measured by the nature of its de- sign. While it does not give the stranger a very just impression of Dawson's person- ality, it furnishes some means of estimating his services to geological science in Canada and to Canadian education. A man who, besides lecturing twenty hours a week, can build up a school into a university and furnish his bibliographer with more than 500 titles, is certainly turn- ing his powers to account. Dawson's gen- eral reputation rests partly upon his books, and partly upon certain distinctions which he gained. In 1881 he was awarded the Lyell medal of the Geological Society; in 1882 he became President of the American Association, in 1886 of the British Associa- tion; and he was the first President of the Royal Society of Canada. This list, however, is not a complete index of his achievements, for it leaves out all reference to the suc- cess of his educational labors. At the cost of incessant toil he created a degree of in- terest in secondary and higher education which had either not existed in eastern Can- ada before his day, or had been unable to as- sume a well-organized form. Dawson's dates are 1820-1899. He was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, and had his first training at one of the best schools in Canada, Pictou Academy. From there he went to Edinburgh University. Partly owing to a break in the continuity of his studies, and partly to the limitations of scientific teaching at Edinburgh, he was largely self- taught. On the other hand, he had the great good luck of being the first to open up ex- tensively the fine subject of Acadian ge- ology. He had, too, the advantage of being associated at times in field work with Lyell and Logan. The most interesting section of these notes, if we consider personal details, is that which relates to Dawson's difficulties in Nova Scotia when he was not acting as Superintendent of Education. For financial reasons he could not give himself over whol- ly to pure science, and for several years prior to 1855 he stood at the head of the educational system in Nova Scotia. The London Times, in its obituary notice, made the strange mistake of saying that Dawson was not a good speaker. He was a ready and effective speaker on a wide range of subjects, and he got his first training when Superintendent of Education in Nova Scotia. It was through Sir Edmund Head that Dawson left Nova Scotia and transferred himself to Montreal, where he lived from 1855 forward. McGill College, which was then at low ebb, needed a Principal, and ask- ed the Governor of the Two Canadas for counsel. He suggested Dawson's name, and an appointment followed. We have no space in which to describe the toilsome process of creating a university by slow stages out of almost nothing. But, besides saying that this was Dawson's highest achievement, we may point out that it was accompanied by splendid unselfishness whenever a sacrifice of time, or energy, or money was demanded. One does not find in an autobiography any notice of gifts and loans to students which were taken out of salary, or of a personal solicitude which often assumed touching forms, but there must be not a few to whom such facts are well known. As to allotment of space, the balance is in favor of education rather than of science. While Dawson was a true student, he had a born instinct for the transaction of business. Leaving McGill University out of account, he did a great deal for the schools of Canada which has left its mark upon the country and finds its place among these recollections. The writer's practical cast of mind, together with his hearty acceptance of Christian be- liefs, is reflected here by the prominence of public questions and the absence of moral or philosophical speculations. But there is a passage in his preface which puts one quick- ly into possession of his attitude toward nature and human duty. "I may add here, that, in so far as I have had any success as a teacher of Natural Sci- ence, it has been due to my reverent regard for every natural object as the handiwork of the Divine Creator, and as consequently a sacred thing, the description or illustra- tion of which was to supersede altogether any consideration of personal display or rep- utation. This is, I believe, the true secret of any power to influence young people, whether with regard to natural objects or as to higher things. Whether the object refer- red to be the scale of a moth's wing or the structure of a mountain, it has, for the time being, to be regarded as the work of God, and therefore transcendently above either the speaker or the hearer." We may say, in conclusion, that Dawson's extremely happy life amid his own family

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Aug. 15, 1 901] The Nation. 139 is reflected in these pages only by scattered references. How much Lady Dawson helped him and shared his interests may, indeed, be inferred from more than one allusion, but a most attractive chapter is lost to us through a reticence which can hardly be blamed in the present age of published confidences. One limitation of the work will be found in its fragmentary character, and another, per- haps, in the prominence which is given to local details. But this memorial of a stren- uous and useful career will not fail to at- tract the attention of those whose interest in natural science was quickened by Daw- son's books, and of those who knew him as an admirable teacher. The Indian Borderland (1880-1900). By Co!. Sir T. Hungerford Holdich, K.C.I. E., C.B., F.S.A. With twenty-two illustrations and a map. London: Methuen & Co. 19i»l. In these four hundred pages are recorded the rich results of twenty years of untiring toil in the interest of civilization. It is a book well planned, well written, attractive, at times exciting, and not without artistic touches that lend a vivid charm to the narra- tive. In all probability, however, not one in a hundred of those who have read Gen. Roberts's dramatic tale will even look at this, a work infinitely more interesting, and one that records events of greater impor- tance. A general, rushing across the stage with blare of trumpet and flash of sword, rngaged in a spectacular exploit of no last- ing value, compared with an explorer bat- tling with Nature and slowly winning one of the enduring victories of science— it is not surprising that the former is a more popular figure; but the latter does more credit to the last century. Col. Holdich's service ended during the little unpleasantness of 1897. Obliged by the civilian's rule to retire on the day he was fifty-five, he left his force on the field and devoted himself to completing the story of his twenty years of good work, which cover- ed all the period from the Afghan war of 1879 to the Tirah expedition, from a time when practically nothing was known of the country called Borderland, to the present day when the whole country west and north of the Khaibar is surveyed and mapped. Though a civilian, he had no peaceable time of it, and, despite the contrast just drawn, there are accounts of fighting, betrayal, and sudden death to satisfy those in search of the picturesque. But the difference lies in the fact that here all that is military is subordinated to something higher. Slaying only when attacked, his real war was with the wilderness, the unexplored peak, the ice- filled cloud, the deadly sun of the Afghan plain. There are so many view-points from which this book is valuable that a reviewer can scarcely do more than indicate them. Historically, Col. Ho»ldich's work presents the only reliable account of the changes that have taken place in the last generation from the Khaiber to Herat. Geographically, the book is a revelation. Indeed, it "makes ge- ography," whether in defining the limits be- tween Russia and the British, empire, or in describing Baluchistan, or in naming the three valley-names of the Kunar, or in pointing out how Chitral is absolutely use- less to its conquerors, or in showing the strategical value of Quetta, or in defining as undefinable the vague conglomeration known to Europeans (but not to the natives) as Afghanistan, or In explaining that geo- graphic and ethnographic mystery known as Kaflrstan, where (as the author believes) descendants of the Hellenes still sing hymaa to Bacchus — a strange race, whose favorite amusement is racing up and down hill for exercise on one leg. This Is an Item record- ed apparently at haphazard by the observ- ant author, who also in the same way notices the extraordinary expertness of the Beluch warrior in throwing stones; "heaving rocks" with accurate aim being his specialty. The Sanskrit scholar remembers with a pleasura- ble thrill that some of the allies in the epic war are renowned especially as "one-legged heroes," and that another clan was famed for its members' extraordinary accuracy in throwing rocks, and wonders how many such "myths of the epic" will turn out to be historical. But if one desires a record of steep moun- tain-climbing under unsurpassed conditions of difficulty and danger, one may read the lively account of the ascent of the mountain peak in Wazirstan, never before or since ascended by Europeans, where, after the guide had addressed an apparently "empty hillside," and the great climb had been made without molestation, a backward sweep of the telescope revealed, what had been fore- thought, that all the hidden hostile clan had mustered in the rear, prepared to dispute the descent. The battle that ensued is graphically described. Another chapter tells of the ascent of the Takht-i-Suliman, and the exciting task of outmanoeuvring another savage clan. Bits of curious Information are strewn at random through the narrative, some of them simply amusing, as when one reads that the Jamshidi dogs have learned how to play 'possum with the marmots, and make use of the curiosity of these little creatures to tempt them to their death; or that a Nasir chief, on burying the hatchet, "received a robe of honor and a yet higher and more valued recognition, which lifted him above the level of all the local khans — he was allowed to sit in a chair." Other anecdotes are rather grim. One subject of the Amir became too popular. His down- fall was prophesied by an Afghan official in the words: "There is no hope for him; he is so ill that the Amir has sent his own doctor to attend him." Needless to say, the doctor did his duty. Another method of get- ting rid of a faithful coreligionist whom the Amir could not decently have executed, was to order him to sit on a raised platform. The Amir did not kill him, but he was not allowed to come down. The sun and hunger did the rest. But Col. Holdich has eyes for many things besides triangulation and customs. This from Herat: "The time for scarlet tulips to decorate the hillside had come. They were there in patches of vermilion, and hung about the blue hill landscape in vivid contrast. Pur- ple thistles and wild poppies and roses were of slightly later bloom; but there were even then beds of ihe graceful white opium-pop- py, varied with a slate-colored beauty, massed in patchwork about the feet of old gateways and minars, and wasting a sleepy perfume over the acres of the dead. The villages of the valley were burled In orchards, now scattering their wealth of pink and white blossom idly to the passing winds. Lucerne beds were already knee- deep in luscious greenery, and the odor of scented willow pervaded the moist, hot air." The author doubts whether roses were introduced from Persia. Also indigenous, but not to Kaflrstan, are real oaks, "giants among the oak tribe," not the Inferior ilex of the Himalayas. The most important survey was that of the Pamirs. Here it was found that, in making triangulatlons, great care had to be taken to avoid awkward errors due to the local action of the mountain masses on the level; but on the 9th of September, 1895, the last pillar was set up: "Amidst fhe voiceless waste of a vast white wilder- ness 20,000 feet above the sea, absolutely inaccessible to man and within the ken of no living creature but the Pamir eagles; there these three great empires actually meet." One of the strange contrasts of war and peace is found in the fact that at the very moment when other Englishmen were fight- ing for their lives at Chitral. Holdich and his men were being peaceably led up the Bozasar peak by part of the same tribe that was besieging his countrymen thou- sands of feet below, and both English and Kafir climbers knew what was going on in the valley beneath them. Though Col. Hol- dich speaks with due reserve, it is clear that he believes that the Amir played the British false in 1897, and was the moving cause of the 'holy war." It seems a shame that England must allow herself to be reg- ularly blackmailed by this potentate, but he still draws his nine lakhs a year for not disputing the Kafir boundary, which boun- dary is the "visible expression of our pres- ent determination to set a limit to a 'for- ward' policy." A short appendix gives a lucid account of the history of Afghanistan. It is seldom that in this compass so rich a contribution is made to so many fields of knowledge. Col. Holdich's book gives with great modesty the record of a life-work whereof any man might well be proud. The Philosophy of Religion in England and America. By Alfred Caldecott. The Mac- millan Co. 1901. 8vo, pp. xvi+434. Since much of what appears about the theory of religion is put forth without suf- ficient acquaintance with what else there is to be said, it seemed desirable to give a con- spectus of what has been done all over the field. This might have been accomplished in different ways; or, rather, the chief empha- sis and effort might have been put upon dif- ferent parts of the task. That which Dr. Caldecott has chiefly, though not exclusively, aimed to do has been to take up each writer of any importance — perhaps a hundred and twenty or thirty of them— and, without en- tering into the merits of the controversy, to state intelligibly what that writer's position, method, and style are, to exhibit sufficient of his argument to show his place in the dis- cussion, to give a critical estimate of his thought, and to inform the reader as to his reception and following; in short, to produce a sort of book-notice of the works of each writer such as a thoughtful evening news- paper might like to give. In this aspect of the work it is simply admirable. The au- thor has a remarkable power of finding out just what is in a book, and what is not in it, and what its idiosyncrasy is. He is accu- rate, careful, calm, appreciative, many-sid- ed. His power of reasoning is good enough to make any reader of philosophy glad to learn his opinion of a book, while it does not penetrate so deep beneath the surface that the aptness of his judgments can miss recog-

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140 The Nation. ■[Vol.73, No. 1885 nition for their extreme profundity. Hia style is always savory; and where occasion is, he can write with finesse or with impres- Biveness. In one word, it is safe to say that there exists no directory to any branch of modern philosophy that is half or quarter as useful as this book is destined to be found. Dr. Caldecott distributes the philosophies with which be deals into types; and it will dispose any reader to confess his need of the information that this publication fur- nishes, to learn that those types are in number no fewer than thirteen. This leads us to notice the second purpose of the book, which is to classify and consider the various types of thought which have been pursued, with a view of extracting there- from lessons as to what should be tried next. It was, we dare say, beyond human powers to classify in a satisfactory way all the writers that had to be dealt with. But any well-trained logician would have avoid- ed the worst faults of the classification of Dr. Caldecott, who, although Professor of Logic, is weak in that direction. At any rate, competent logicians will easily con- vince themselves that Caldecott is not of their number by turning to what he says of Dr. Samuel Clarke's so-called demon- stration of the existence of a God, in which our author sees a "singular mixture of as- sertion and ratiocination" which has so puz- zled bim that he has "sorted out" Clarke's pretended demonstrations in two different ways before satisfying himself as to what the nature of the argument reallv was. Now, in an ordinary reader nothing could be more pardonable than a perplexity about Clarke's meaning. Indeed, it would rather be a sign that the reader's ways of reasoning were sound and healthy than the reverse. For, as John Caird pretty accurately says, "it is a piece of meaningless jargon." But to a reader well versed in logic there is no- thing singular about the argument nor any- thing to hinder its being understood at a first reading. Clarke's notions of demon- stration were false enough, but they were shared by almost all his contemporaries, particularly by Spinoza. The difference be- tween those two writers was that with Spi- noza the living thought did not pursue that erroneous method, which, in his case, was merely the garb in which it was clad after It was full-grown — and even then only im- perfectly, since it does not accurately con- form to the logical rules which it acknowl- edges. Clarke's reasoning, on the other hand, satisfies those requirements to the full, for it was constructed to do so, and never aimed at anything truer. Its sole merit is that of conforming to futile rules. The division of thinkers into types would no doubt have been a good idea if It had been restricted to the separation on logical grounds of the histories of widely disparate lines of thinking, leaving smaller subdivi- sions to be drawn by the historical asso- ciations and dissociations themselves. What, unless it was the mysterious fatality of the number thirteen, should have possessed the author to make so many divisions on pure- ly rational grounds that it becomes a nice question in what compartment almost any given author may be most appropriately pigeon-holed — thus calling for parallel his- tories, in equal number, of movements not historically distinct — one is at a loss to imagine. The consequence is that there is little genuine history in the book, whose parts are brought into relation only by the cement of rather fictitious reflections. It will appear to many that an account of the philosophy of religion in England and Amer- ica which includes Emerson, treating the 'Essay on the Over-Soul' as natural the- ology, yet excludes the 'Substance and Sha- dow' of Henry James, the father, does not thoroughly comprehend its own purpose. The author is not sufficiently acquainted with American thought. The great utility of this work as a com- pendium remains untouched. Even if the author is not strong enough to stem the tide of an ephemeral public judgment, as in the importance he allows to Balfour's stuff, this does not in the least matter; or per- haps is a positive convenience. We may add that it is a very agreeable book to read. Its natural style never tires. Its excellent index compensates for all faults of classi- fication. It is printed, not on that beau- tiful paper so much in vogue which every- body likes who detests reading, and every- body detests who likes reading, but on a laid paper on which the ink takes black, and which gives a book of 450 pages weighing only a pound and a half, cover and all. That, in itself, ought to double the sale of it. Substitutes for t)te Saloon. By Raymond Calkins. An Investigation made for the Committee of Fifty under the direction of Francis G. Peabody, Elgin R. Gould, and William M. Sloane. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1901. Pp. xviii, 397. The striking point about this book is its sheer good sense. There are men who fre- quent saloons because they want alcohol; there are men who frequent saloons because they want company, and who drink more than they wish to and when they do not wish to, rather than be left in solitude. It is very wisely for this second class of men only that the author seeks to find efficient substitutes for the saloon. He discusses such substitutes as have already been tried — Clubs of the People, Clubs for the People, the Mission, the Settlement, the Young Men's Christian Association, Lunch Rooms and Coffee Houses, English Temperance Houses — and makes a number of sugges- tions for their improvement; notably In the matter of choice of location, furnishings, supply of gymnasia, and organization of amusements. The book is so free from impractical spec- ulation that it is almost misleading to speak of the author's "ideal," though he has an ideal, namely, to make the saloon so far as possible, by legislation and otherwise, a place for drinking simply, not for lounging, and to supply the people with places of meeting in which they will find as nearly as may be all the attractions of the saloon and none of its temptations to excess. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Albalat. Antoine. La Formation du Style par l'As- similatlon des Auteurs. l'aris: Armand Colin. Allen, Grant. Colin Clout's Calendar. New ed. London: Grant Richards; New York: E. P. Dut- ton & Co. $1.25. Autrobus, C. L. Wildersmoor. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. Bagot, Richard. Casting of Nets. John Lane. Bankes, N. An Eton Boy's Letters. Cassell & Co. Besant, Walter. The Story of King Alfred. D. Appleton & Co. Clifford, Mrs. W. K. A Woman Alone. (Town and Country Library.) D. Appleton & Co. Clow, F. R. Introduction to the Study of Com- merce. Silver, Burdett & Co. $1.25. Coogler, J. G. Purely Original Verse. New and enlarged ed. Columbia (S. C): Published by the Author. SI. Donahue, 1. L. Trolley Yarns, and Other Tales. F. Tennyson Neely Co. Ely, R. T. An introduction to Political Economy. New ed. Eaton & Mains. $1.20. Fletcher, W. I., and Poole, Mary. Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, Abridged Edition cover- ing Thirty-seven Important Periodicals, 1815-99. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Gribblo, Francis. Lake Geneva and its Literary Landmarks. Loudon: Archibald Constable & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.50. Ilallworth. Joseph. Arline Valere. Boston: L. C. Page & Co. $1.50. Japp, A. H. Darwin. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielbson. 2s. Jerrold, Walter. Surrey. (Dent's County Guides.) London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. Kenyon, J. B. Poems. Eaton & Mains. $1. Lawreuee, K. G. The Lawrence System of Vocal and Physical Education. The Lawrence Pub. Co. Manley, Frederick. The Merchant of Venice. (Lau- rel Classics.) Boston: C. C. Birchard & Co. Margoliouth, D. S. Lines of Defence of the Bibli- cal Revelation. Edwin S. Gorham. $1.50. Morris, Charles. The Handy Dictionary of Biog- raphy. Henry T. Coates & Co. Nery, Baron de Santa Anna. The Land of the Amazons. London: Sands & Co.; New York: B. P. Dutton & Co. $4. Parker. Mary M. A Girl of Chicago. F. Tennyson Neely Co. Paston. George. Little Memoirs of the Eighteenth Centurv. London: Grant Richards; New York: E. T. Dutton & Co. $3. Phipps, Sarah E. The Old House by the Sea. F. Tennyson Neely Co. Richards. Laura E. Goeffrey Strong. Boston: Dana, Eetes & Co. Rynd, Evelyne E. Mrs. Green. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Silver, R. N. A Daughter of Mystery. Boston: L. C. Pago & Co. $1.50. Stephens, R. N. Captain Ravenshaw. Boston: L. • C. Page & Co. The Chronicle Fire Tables for 1901. The Chronicle Co. Tozer, H. F. An English Commentary on Dante's Divina Commedia. Henry Frowde. 8s. 6d. Trench-, Herbert. Deirdre Wed, and Other Poems. John Lane. "He has appealed, not to the idle and to the foolish, not to the fashion- able mob, but to a more august tri- bunal."— Literature. "Our Friend the Charlatan" the latest work by George Gissing, ought then to please the readers of the Nation, i2>no,$i.so. Henry Holt & Co. N. V. Autobiography of a Journalist. By W. .f. Stillvan a Portraits. 2 vols., 8vo, SH.00. HOUQrlTON. MIFFLIN & CO. MAX MULLER. Last Essays. By the Right Hon. Professor Max Muller, K.M., late Foreign Member of the French Institute. First Series. Crown Bvo, pp. vi + 360, $1.75. " Needless to »ay this Is one of the books every scho- larly reader would like to have at band In his own library."— Chicago Record-Herald. LONGMHNS. GREEN, St CO. 91 and 93 Fifth Ave., New York. " /Wanders," by Elwyn Barron. Published by L. C. PAGE ft CO.. Boston. Mbbs. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave, bet, 38th and 3yth Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books; Agents for the leading Pans publishers ; Tauchnitz's British authors, Teub- ner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued FOR SALE. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. The complete set of 73 volumes, unused, and partly In original packages, will be sold for considerably less than the publisher's price. Mrs. B A HINSDALE, Ann Arbor. Mich. ANY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- XX plied to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly filled. Liberal discounts. I. Bayi.iks, 418 Putnam Ave (Brooklvm. 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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 886. THURSDAY, AUGUST 22, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. THREE NEW TEXT BOOKS American Literature By Alphonso G. Newcomer, The Leland Stanford Jr. University. 1. The book itself is a contribution to American Literature. Its study, therefore, cultivates an p'euation of and a love for pure literature, ^is 2. Its judgmtnts are sound and independent. The author has not gone to current criticism for opinions, but has reached his conclusions and stated them in an attractive and forceful style. 3. It has the point of view of the historian as well as the litterateur. It cultivates, even in young pupils, the sense of time and place and the influences of both upon literary productions. 4. Its treatment is such as to stimulate the appetite for reading good books, a service for young people that can hardly be overestimated. 5. The author has kept before him constantly the idea of relations and proportion. A background for the few prominent names is supplied in the brief treatment of a larger number of authors. Seven groups of portraits. Cloth, with side stamp, $1.00. Vergil's ^neid Books I.-VI. Complete; Selections from Remaining Books. Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary. By Charles Knapp, Ph.D., Barnard College, Columbia University. This new edition of Vergil will claim the attention of teachers— 1. Because of its very extensive Introduction, which is of special historical and literary value to the student, and is at the same time the most complete treatise on the grammar and prosody of Vergil that has appeared in any American text-book. 2. Because all the long vowels are marked throughout the text. 3. Because of the scholarly and helpful character of the annotation. 4. Because the notes are placed on the same page with the text, thus making them constantly available in the preparation of the lesson. 5. Because a separate text is supplied for recitation purposes. 6. Because of its complete vocabulary, its very excellent map, and fine full-page illustrations. iamo, half leather, 12 full-pags engravings, large map, 620 pages. Price, $1.40. College Algebra By James Harrington Boyd, Ph.D., University of Chicago. The book is distinctly a contribution to the literature of the science of Algebra. It will appeal to the progressive teacher because it is written so far as possible from the standpoint of modern mathematicians All the topics for a complete course in college algebra are exhaustively treated. The extensive lists of new exercises, the numerous practical problems, and the graphical illustrations, are all features that will make the book valuable as a text. The complete system of cross references makes it practical to use independently any part of the book for reading or study. Crown octavo, half morocco, 800 pages. Price, $2.00. SCOTT, FORESMAN & COMPANY, Publishers, Chicago

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11 The ^STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 141 Editorial Articles : The Strikers and Their Constitution 144 A Fight for Honesty in Pennsylvania.... 145 The Education Muddle in England 145 Chamberlain and Kruger 146 Special Correspondence : Mine, de M.-iinteiion as an Educator 147 Correspondence : The Suppression of Wind 148 Maluhaok 14S Notes 148 Book Reviews: Recent Verse 152 A Modern Composition and Rhetoric— Prac- tical Composition and Rhetoric — English Composition and Literature— The Working Principles of Rhetoric 155 Baghdad during the Ahbasid Caliphate.... 155 The Englishman in China during the Vic- lorian Era 150 Books of the Week 157 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Aug. 22, I90l] The Nation. 111 CLARENDON PRESS NEW PUBLICATIONS. THE COMPLETE WORKS OF JOHN GOWER. Edited from the Manuscripts. With Introductions, Notes and Glossaries by G. C. Macaulay, M.A. Volumes II. and III. 8vo, buckram, £4 00 per volume. " The most valuable edition that has yet appeared. "—The Evening Post, Aug. 6, 1901. THE WORKS OF GEORGE BERKELEY, D.D., Formerly Bishop of Cloyne. Including His Posthumous Works. With Prefaces, Annotations, Appendixes, and an Account of His Life. By Alexander Campbell Frazer, Hon. D. C. L. Oxford. With a portrait. 4 volumes, crown 8vo, cloth, $6.00. THE RELATIONS OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. With Maps. By the Rev. H. B. George, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1. 10. " Will serve as a condensed synopsis for teachers and students of historical geography."— The Dia>, Aug. 16, 1901. A SCHOOL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. With Maps, Plans, and Bibliographies. Crown 8vo, cloth, 90 cents. A CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. By the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt. D. New edition. Completely rewritten and rearranged. Post 8vo, cloth, $1.25. SPEECHES OF OLIVER CROMWELL, 1644-1658. Collected and edited by Charles L. Stainer, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.00. .... A valuable aid to the study of the his- tory " An historical source-book of the best type, with all the scrupulous accuracy of moder j scholarship of Cromwell's day."— The Dial, Aug. 16, 1901. HISTORICAL PRIMER OF FRENCH PHONETICS AND INFLECTION. By Margaret S. Brittain, M.A. With Introductory Note by Paget Toynbee, M.A. Extra f'cap, 8vo, cloth, 60 cents. A CONCISE FRENCH GRAMMAR. Including Phonology, Accidence and Syntax. With Historical Notes. By Arthur H. Wall, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1. 10. For sale by all booksellers. Send for catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. "A performance of. rare merit. Such clever characterization I have not seen in years."— John BUKROU(UIS. EVERY ONE HIS OWN WAY By EDITH WYATT. " This book cannot have too large a circulation. I have read It twice, and parts of It three times."— Joel Cuaxdlkr IIakhi s. PRICE $1.50. McClure, Phillips e Evolution of Modern Money ■By WILLIAM W. CARLILE. Extra Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. net. " The book Is written In a most interesting style, so that the attention of the reader Is closely held throughout Its various stages. . . . He keeps well abreast with the currency problems of the time. —Banker 8 Magazine. " Nous avons dvldemuient affaire a un commentateur habile."— Economise Frarciise. " The conclusions here inducted are explained and led up to by a wealth of argument ami illustration, with copious quotation of authorities and consideration of varying views which should secure for Mr Carllle » ntense- ly Interesting volume a place beside the celebrated treatise of Lord Liverpool on 'The Coins of tf.e 1{ealuj^ THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt of postal card specimens of paper, type, Illustration and binding will be sent. KNIGHT & BROWN, 150 Fifth Ave., New York. R EMINGTON Standard Typewriter 327 BROADWAY, MEW YORK

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 By the Author of EVELYN INNES &nd ESTHER WATERS ^ister Teresa By George Moore From the H00K. Cloth. 12mo, $1.50 The two previous books by Mr. Moore were the most talked about of novels. " Sister Teresa " is a powerful story of the struggle between the worldly inclina- tions and the spiritual yearnings of a beau- tiful singer. " My heart, Evelyn, is like a mirror in which n >thing changes and nothing passes." "Bat I am spoiling your life! I can give you nothing for your love." " You give me all my inspiration — you are the source of all of it." "I beseech you," he said after a long silence, "do not separate yourself from me because you think that." She promised him she would not, and an indefinable sensation of joy passed into their hearts, and it lasted while they looked into the sunny interjpace?. By the author °f THE GADFLY 3Lck From the TiooK. I2ITT-, clotK, $1.50 Raymond By E. L. VoyrvicK Robert Hinchens, in The Westminster Gazette: "Jack is certainly magnificent and most truly human. ... A strong and noble book." Pall Mall Gazette, London : "The strongest novel that the present season has produced." Boston Courier: "It is wonderful and terrible; wonderful in its intellectual ef- fect, terrible for the in:ensity of feeling that it efFeas." As Jack swung his arms, clashing the dumb-bells behind his back, the collar button of his gymnasium shirt snapped off; when he stepped back it slipped down a little from the left shoulder. " What a queer mark you've got on your shoulder, Raymond?" said the boy behind him. "Is it a burn?" He put out a hand to draw the shirt lower, but sprang back with a cry. Jack had turned on him, white to the lips with rage, the heavy dumb-bell lifted above his head. " I'll kill you if you touch me!" IJV ITS SEVEJVTH EDITIOJV 1 h&t I^l^inwaLring Affair By A. Ma.yrva.rd Barbour Town Topics, New York, says: "Thebook that reminds one of Anna Katherine Green in her palmiest days. . . . Keeps the reader on the alert ; deserves the applause of all who like mystery." Life, New York, remarks: " 'That Mainwaring Affair' is all right. The thrill is there, full measure, pressed down and running over." From the *BooK. Ulust r a ted Cloth $1.50 Mrs. LaGrange lay upon the low couch, her features scarcely paler than a few hours before, but now rigid in death. Upon the table beside her the supper stood untasted, while on the same table a small vial bearing the label of one of the deadliest of poisons, but empty, told the story. Underneath the vial was a slip of paper, on which was written: " I have staked my highest card — and lost! The game is done." Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO. Philadelphia

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, AUGUST 22, 1901. The Week. The steel strikers succeeded on Thurs- day in persuading the Joliet workmen to violate their contract with their em- ployers and throw up their job. It would be more to the point to say that the Joliet men made a loss rather than that the strikers made a gain. Mr. Bryan has spoken a true word in his paper, the Commoner. While supporting and jus- tifying the strike, he says that "the Trust can afford to lose a year's divi- dends, but the employees cannot afford to lose a year's work." His cure for such a situation is an odd one. "The ballot-box," he says, "affords the only permanent and complete remedy." It would perhaps be ungracious or un- true to say that this means, "Vote for me and I will lead you to victory," but it certainly does mean, "Vote for my party." But what is Mr. Bryan's party now? If President Shaffer and Mr. Gompers and all the labor leaders should decide to follow Mr. Bryan's advice at the ballot-box, they would still be at a loss, without further advice, to know what ticket to drop into it when they arrived there. Nobody should be surprised at the re- port that officers of the United States Steel Corporation declare that they will enter into no negotiations with the Amalgamated Association for a settle- ment of the strike until that organiza- tion shall have been incorporated. The natural course in reaching a settlement would be to propose the signing of a con- tract by the United States Steel Corpora- tion, on the one side, and the Amalga- mated Association, on the other. When such a contract had been made, it could te enforced against the Corporaiion in the courts, because that organization of employers has a legal standing. But so long as the Association continues the same sort of body that it has been in the past, it could break a new contract at any time in the future as recklessly as it has just broken an old one, and the other party would have no legal redress. There are plenty of English precedents for the incorporation of the Amalga- mated Association. A decision has re- cently been rendered by the House of Lords, on an appeal from the courts, which establishes the principle that a labor union may be compelled to pay out of its funds damages for the injury it has done its employer. When Mr. Shaffer has succeeded in ruining his Amalgamated Association and gone the way of Debs and Irons and of the other once famous strike leaders, he will be remembered respectfully be- cause of his persistent appeals to the strikers to keep the peace. It is still too early to say whether the strike will pass off without any disturbances, but the fact that one of this magnitude has gone on as long as it has without disorder is creditable to both Mr. Shaffer and the men who have followed his advice. No- where has it been necessary thus far to call out the militia or even swear in large posses, and nowhere have the non-union men en masse been made to pay, by physical injuries, for their desire to earn their bread. That this policy is the wis- est one for the strikers to pursue does not detract from the praise their good conduct will deserve if matters go on to the end as peaceably as they are now pro- gressing. Wanton outbreaks would take from the strikers the last vestige of pub- lic opinion which may be on their side. Yet no considerations kept the Home- stead strikers and Chicago rioters from trying to kill the free laborers who sought their places. In view of Mr. Shaf- fer's extraordinarily distorted conception of the meaning and validity of a con- tract, his good sense in this matter is more than might have been expected. While public attention has been fixed upon the great steel strike, trouble has been brewing in another quarter. The price of cotton print cloths has been falling, and stocks have been accumu- lating until the mill-owners at Fall River have found it necessary either to reduce wages or to close the works uiit til the surplus of production is taken off the market. They have decided to re- duce the wages of their operatives 15 per cent., to take effect on the 3d of Septem- ber. The secretaries of the labor unions say that the reduction will be resisted to the bitter end, and that there will be a strike, and that the 30,000 operatives will be idle if the mill-owners adhere to their declared intention. Mr. M. C. D. Borflen (one of the largest producers, and one who makes print cloths and prints them also) does not agree with the other pro- prietors. In an interview published in the Tribune he says that the way to cure the evil of overproduction is to stop making goods for a while. He believes that the operatives ought to be taken into consultation and asked which policy they would prefer — reduction of wages or reduction in product. He thinks that they are reasonable beings, and that an agree- ment might be reached which would avoid bad feeling, and accomplish the result aimed at, which is an equilibrium of production and consumption. Decid- ing the question off-hand, in the way they have done, Mr. Borden thinks is in- dicative of a desire on the part of the mill-owners to produce a strike as the surest means of curtailing production. No one ever ".uspected the present Federal Civil-Service Commission of be- ing made up of fighting reformers. Presi- dent McKinley would not knowingly run the risk of "friction" involved in ap- pointing such to office. His way of se- curing "harmony" was to take an old spoilsman, like ex-Congressman Roden- berg, and ask him to execute the law which he had publicly spit upon. Yet even that little strenuous reformer unites with his colleagues in signing an annual report which is, in effect, an ar- raignment of President and Congress for failure to live up to the law themselves, and for winking at its violation by oth- ers. Naturally, the report comes out strong on the good that is to be said of the year's work. Judge Taft's excellent provisions for a Philippine civil service are praised, as they should be, and the fact is noted that 9,889 appointments to the classified service in this country were made on examination — the largest number ever attained in a single year. But the demoralization of the internal- revenue service; the prevalence of ille- gal political assessment on Federal em- ployees; the need of at once restoring some at least of the President's "except- ed" positions to the classified list whence he took them; the scandals among the place-holders named by the House of Representatives, and the importance of extending and stiffening up the law and making it something more than a dead letter — all this is set forth. The famous case of Collector Sapp of Louisville is referred to only to say that the Adminis- tration decided, "after a thorough inves- tigation," to "ignore" the charges. That ifi the true McKinley attitude towards civil-service reform — one grand, com- prehensive gesture, putting the whole thing aside. What so good a man as he "ignores," cannot really exist. Let us have peace, and let Piatt, Quay, and Hanna have the offices. Repudiation of Bryanism by the Dem- ocratic party goes on with increasing speed. The action of the Ohio Conven- tion last month in adopting a platform which ignored free coinage was followed last week by a similar course on the part of the Pennsylvania and Virginia Democrats. In the former State the obvious propriety and advantage of a campaign on purely State issues renders the silence about national questions less significant, but in Virginia no such in- fluence operated. The Democrats of this Southern State had no motive or desire to conceal their sentiments, and they

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142 Tlie USTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 took evident pleasure in making it known that they are done with Bryan- ism, and rank Bryan himself with the politically dead. This is most encourag- ing to all who recognize the necessity of an effective opposition, and who, there- fore, want to see the Democratic party regain its old strength. Bryan himself becomes steadily a more ridiculous fig- ure, as he refuses to accept the retire- ment into which he is being irresistibly forced by his former followers. The annual report of the Commission- er of Pensions shows that there were very nearly one million names on the pension roll on the 30th of June, and that the net gain during the year was 4,206. As this is the thirty-sixth year since the end of the civil war, the net in- crease in the number of pensioners dis- proves the charge that Commissioner Evans has teen "unsympathetic" in his administration of the office. The num- ber of certificates issued during the year was 109,668, being 4,000 more than were ever issued in any previous year. The report shows the greatest activity now in the discovery of new diseases among old pensioners, and in applications for increase of pensions on account of new disabilities which have developed since the former ones were discovered by the examiners and paid for by the Govern- ment. There has been much pension en- thusiasm also among the veterans of the Spanish war. Their drawings for the past year were $1,175,224, which was an increase of 1842,320 over the previous year. There has been a marked increase of widows' pensions. The total amount paid for pensions during the year was $138,500,000, which was less, by $6,000,- 000, than the appropriation made by Congress. Doubtless this discrepancy will be made the basis of a new attack upon Commissioner Evans, or of a sug- gestion for a law to provide that the amount of money distributed shall never be less than the amount of the esti- mate. This might be arranged by pro- viding that the amount left over should be divided pro rata the following year. It was not long ago that we were able tc praise Joseph Merrill, a brave Georgia Sheriff, who fought a mob of would-be lynchers, and successfully defended a negro prisoner for whom he was respon- sible. On Thursday Sheriff Kyles of Tus- caloosa, Ala., showed how easy it is for a determined man to withstand the criminals who go about in mobs to hang or burn negroes, by driving off fifty of his neighbors. This he did by pointing a double-barrelled shotgun, although he was surprised by the mob and had no assistance whatever. The incident shows clearly how cowardly at heart are the men who engage in these uncivilized un- dertakings, and how little they desire to risk their own lives by taking those of others. Were fifty or sixty such sheriffs as Mr. Merrill or Mr. Kyles scattered over the South, we should see a sudden and most encouraging drop in the num- ber of lynchings. It is not unfair to assume that Sheriff Kyles was familiar with the Merrill case and the warm commendation it has received from the Southern press. At any rate, such ex- amples as these, and such plain-spoken words as those uttered by ex-Gov. Jones of Alabama on the duties of sheriffs and other law officers, are bound to have a most beneficent influence. Certainly Ala- bama is to be congratulated that its name has been saved from another such foul blot as that put upon it at Enter- prise week before last. Supporters of the Piatt law for Cuba must be grieved at the reports which come from the Constitutional Conven- tion in Havana. Delegates freely say that the United States never will turn over the government of the island. They ask cynically what can be the use of framing an electoral law, since the Americans will never permit an elec- tion to be held. Even if one is held, they say, the native Government chosen will not be allowed to take office. These doubts may do the President and Sec- retary Root and Senator Piatt painful injustice. The Administration may plan to keep its promises to Cuba as faith- fully as it did its pledges to Porto Rico — though, we must say, it seems to be contemplating with singular satisfac- tion the drift in both Cuba and the United States towards speedy annexa- tion. But the strange thing is that the Cubans do not believe it. The Piatt law, it will be remembered, was designed to allay all their fears. When the Conven- tion finally accepted it (under military orders), there was a general chorus, "Now Cuban independence is assured; now the danger of annexation is avert- ed." The Cubans, however, have be- lieved less and less in the possibility of independence, and more and more in the certainty of annexation, from that day on. And it is a fact that the only faction in the island to-day seriously contending for independence— that led by Gen. Mas6— puts in the forefront of its programme the repudiation of the Piatt law on the ground that it is a death-blow to independent Cuba! Such it undoubtedly is, was, and was intended to be. The entire United States, we are sure, will hear with the deepest regret of the unworthy treatment which that emi- nently high-minded statesman and patriot, Congressman Hull of Iowa, has experienced in Manila. As all the world knows, this beneficent civilizer and his family went to the Philippine Islands at the expense of the Government some months ago, to see that his Philippine Lumber Company was getting its share of the Government contracts and other good things to be picked up in the process of bestowing freedom upon the Filipinos. We are sorry to say that the authorities in Manila do not seem to have fully realized the honor bestowed upon them by the visit of this states- man exploiter, if we may trust the Ma- nila Times, and gave him only one tick- et to the official tribunal on the occa- sion of the inaugural exercises of the first civil Governor of the Philippines. That the other distinguished guests also received only one ticket apiece is no excuse, for there were none others so preeminently distinguished as Mr. Hull. So Mr. Hull explained to the naval of- ficer in charge, when he demanded seats for his family, and received some close to but just outside of the stand of not- ables. "They put me down here among a lot of clerks, as if I were nobody," he said. "Do you know who I am? I am Congressman Hull, and Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs." The naval officer again explained that no- body had been given preference over him; but, thinking the officer was of the army, Mr. Hull said, loud enough for all to hear, "I have made lots of officers and can unmake them. I find the army very different here to what I thought it was. This is only in line with the way I've been treated ever since I came to the Philippines." As Mr. Hull made his son (aged twenty-seven years) a major in the regular army last March, we trust the naval officer trembled properly. As for the army, we guarantee that it will be well dressed down at the next ses- sion of Congress, and serve it right, too, for not treating its betters properly. The Canadian census of 1901, which registers a gain of 505,644, or 10.46 per cent., in the past ten years, has brought its share of surprises. While every one was prepared for the gratifying increase of population in Columbia and Manitoba, of 93.5 and 61.3 per cent., respectively, which has been largely due to the immi- gration policy of the present Govern- ment, many will be disappointed to find that in English Canada — Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia — the popula- tion is nearly stationary. French Can- ada, the Province of Quebec, on the other hand, has gained 8.9 per cent., or four times us fast as the other eastern provinces. This fact has already drawn out a demand for a recount from some of the Conservative newspapers, which charge that the figures have been falsi- fied; but no one who knows the French Canadians, among whom early marriage and the "full quiver" are the rule, will wonder that they have outstripped their English neighbors. The significance of the increase in Quebec is slightly re- duced when it is remembered that the 1890 figures for Ontario were probably

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Aug. 22, I9O1] The Nation. 143 much inflated, but the general fact is indisputable, that the balance of popu- lation in old Canada is shifting in favor of Quebec and the French Canadians. Quebec, with its fixed representation of sixty-five in the Lower House of Par- liament, determines, by the simple pro- cess of dividing the population by sixty- five, the basis of representation for all the Dominion. Under the new appor- tionment it is likely that Ontario will lose five members, while British Colum- bia and Manitoba will gain three each. Allowing for the losses in the Maritime Provinces, the total number of the Com- mons will probably be reduced from 213 to 211. It is hard to see how the Con- servatives, who may lose slightly by the reapportionment, can make political capital out of the fact. The terms of the entrance of Quebec into the Do- minion were that the representation of the French province should stand at sixty-five, and this agreement will hard- ly be modified. In every reapportion- ment the other provinces must have maintained an increase in population proportionate to that of Quebec, or lose in representation. There appears to be no serious injustice in this arrange- ment. It was a courageous hotel-keeper in London who on Monday refused to turn away the colored delegates to the Inter- national Ecumenical Council. To the protest of certain of his American guests he replied that he was the judge of the fitness of travellers to be received in his hotel, and that he saw no reason why his guests should object to the presence of the educated colored clergymen who sought his hospitality. And yet his ac- tion would hardly suggest comment in England or on the Continent, where Asi- atics and Africans are among the most distinguished travellers. It is not to our credit that public opinion in this country wouM not bear out so natural and brave a decision, if it were that of an American hotel-keeper. In Europe, where negroes of wealth and cultivation are not uncommon visitors, there is no social discrimination against them. No odium or discredit attaches to their mere color. Such facts suggest that the so-called gulf between the races in this country is not a natural one, but the result of slavery and its associations, and furnish ground for the unfailing optimism of Booker T. Washington, who holds that it is open to the colored race to earn full political and social recogni- tion. Every refusal to humor the un- reasoning antipathy of the white for the black helps towards such a consumma- tion. been going on in the English press since Ambassador Choate set the ball rolling in an address before the London Uni- versity College School, smacks of by- gone days. This school has itself dem- onstrated the fact that many young Englishmen can be turned out without having experienced corporal punishment. Yet there are still many otherwise en- lightened persons in England who up- hold the virtues of the birch, just as there are some people on this side of the Atlantic who believe in hazing. The English opponents of whipping have just brought out some extremely valuable testimony in regard to its worth in the case of juvenile offenders. Thus, a York- shire magistrate, who made a special in- quiry into the results of flogging, report- ed that "while on the average about 30 per cent, of juvenile offenders sen- tenced to ordinary imprisonment were reconvicted, of those for whom a whip- ping had formed part of the sentence no less than 60 per cent, were reconvicted." Several sheriffs have likewise testified that the punishment is without deterrent effect, while many persons have written vigorous protests to the London Daily News, which is leading the campaign against these judicial outrages. As is the case with other severe punishments, the defenders of the whip fail to realize that the practice punishes those who in- flict it quite as much as those who suf- fer it, by brutalizing and degrading them. To American ears the discussion as to the advisability of flogging which has In Russia and southeastern Europe the most ominous signs of retaliation against the new German tariff are exhibited. The most determined resistance has been shown by the press of Austria-Hungary. Nearly one-half of her exports go to Ger- many. Wheat, barley, hops, cattle, meats, butter, eggs, and timber are the chief articles in this trade, which is of such importance to the prosperity of the dual monarchy that the prospect of its curtailment has aroused great bitterness among the commercial classes at Vienna and Budapest, and threatens to sunder the bonds of the Triple Alliance. The Pesther Lloyd newspaper says that it would be nonsensical to frame a new commercial treaty with Germany based upon the minimum rates of the proposed measure. The existing treaty between the two countries, which was framed by Chancellor Caprivi ten years ago, is about to expire, and, unless it is renewed, the maximum rates in both countries will be put in force. Of course, Germany will lose as much as Austria-Hungary by the lapse of the treaty. The market for German manufacturers will be curtailed on the one side to the same extent as that of the Austro-Hungarian farmers on the other. Both sides will be losers, and the balance of power in Europe may be shifted in order to satisfy the selfish demands of the landowners in East Prussia. Even more ominous than this is the menace of the growing Socialist party in Germany. The Liberal newspapers pre- dict that an increased cost of food will cause the laboring classes to espouse the doctrines of the S°cial Democrats in greater numbers than before. What this may mean to the Empire no one can ac- curately foretell, but it points to a po- litical disintegration or upheaval of some kind. The Berlin correspondent of the London Economist says of it: "The growth of Socialism will necessarily involve the still further weakening of the more moderate opposition parties, till finally the masses will see that the only effective opposition to the Agrarian policy of the Government is found in the Social Demo- cratic party. Now, the policy of the Gov- ernment has hitherto been to make no con- cessions to this party, to espouse no poli- cies for the sake of appeasing it. There- fore, it is easy to see that grave Consti- tutional difficulties may arise at some fu- ture time, when the majority of the people have come to elect Socialist Deputies. What would happen with a majority of Socialists in the Reichstag, representing the interests of the masses as over against the Agrarian element, and this majority confronted with an unyielding Government? It is a situation that has undoubtedly been made too little of in the present tariff discussions." The Government is much disturbed by the prospect. This is shown by the tone of the semi-official press, which abounds in assurances that the bill is only ten- tative, and that it will doubtless be much modified in the Reichstag and the Bun- desrath. The prominence given in these newspapers to dispatches from foreign capitals, sharply criticising the bill, is also taken as evidence that Count von Biilow is furnishing ammunition to the enemies of the measure, and that he would be glad to have it much modified. It is for the true interest of Germany that it should be not merely modified, but killed outright. As it stands now, it is a measure to enable the landowners to plunder all other classes, but especially those who depend upon their daily wages. Alarmist rumors from South America will be largely discounted by those who have any knowledge of that civilization in which revolution is a form of sport. It is awkward, perhaps, that in both Ven- ezuela and Colombia the revolutionary Presidents should have revolutionary movements to put down, but the coin- cidence does not— local correspondents to the contrary— portend a war between the two countries. The assertion of a greater Colombia movement so far lacks evidence, and looks very like an extrav- agant invention of the dull season. Our interest in the whole affair is of the re- motest kind. We are, to be sure, pledged to maintain the neutrality of the Isthmus; but as yet that neutrality is not seriously threatened. Meanwhile, the Government has very properly sent ships to Panama and Colon. In 1885 we ful- filled our treaty obligation on the Isthmus without difficulty; we can do so again if occasion arises.

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14=4; The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 THE STRIKERS AND THEIR CONSTI- TUTION. The official style of the Amalgamated Association includes the term "Work- ers." It is a delightful misnomer. Work, if one may judge by the provisions of the Amalga.rnated's Constitution, pub- lished in last week's Iron Age, is the last thing that is wanted. It is the "dread- ful alternative" to which the tramp told the lady of the house he should be re- duced if she did not give him some- thing. The Constitution is packed with stipulations against work. No outsider shall be allowed to work at all, and the insiders have to be mighty careful not to work too much, lest they be expelled. There is the most careful guarding against any man or mill producing more than a discreet minimum. It is all very well for the poet to advise, "Get work, get work, Be sure 'tis better than what you work to get"; the Amalgamated As- sociation knows a trick worth two of that. Its motto is, "Do as little work as you poss'bly can, and less when you have got you^ employer in a corner." A curious hostility to work appears in the most unexpected places in the Amal- gamated's Constitution. Under Article X., for example, which treats of "strike benefits," w^ read in Section 8 that, if any member "shall work three or more days in one week at any job," he shall lose his strike benefit of $4 a week. The real intent of this may be, of course, merely to ke^p strike benefits from going where they are not needed; yet any one can see that the practical effect would be to make every striker religiously idle. But it is in busy times, when there is no strike, i.hat the Constitution of the workers is most dead against work. Its distinct aim is to reduce work to the lowest possible terms, and then monop- olize it. Suppose a worker undertakes tc instruct "an unskilled workman," what will happen to him? He will be informed that "this Association cannot tolerate such proceedings," and will be promptly expelled. Similarly, if he em- ploys any out specified helpers. One heinous offence is to "render any assis- tance or loan tools to any workman who persistently refuses to become a mem- ber of this Association." Outside the Association, then, you can- not work. Work follows the Amalga- mated's Constitution — but not too close- ly or in too great strength. "This As- sociation will not tolerate any man hold- ing more than one job." There you have, as it were, the very sheet-anchor of the Constitution. If any worker attempts to work up to the measure of his capacity, and so to earn more money than his less skilful fellows, he "shall be stigma- tized as a 'black-sheep.'" In many other ways a stern watch is kept over him to prevent him from doing too much. If any "breakage" occurs in tools or ma- chinery, be must not offer to pay for it; to do so would be to prove himself "un- worthy of membership." And the work- er must never go ultra crepidam. If a boiler or puddler puts in a "jam" or "bridge" of brick or fire-clay, he shall be fined $5; a similar fine shall be imposed on the audacious and disloyal man who shall "change pinions, crab, spindle, or crab box." And if the mistaken worker thinks to "better his condition," let him not imagine that he can claim his for- mer job again. The Arualgamated's Con- stitution is almost as severe upon bet- tering one's condition as it is upon work itself. Mills and mill-owners are also careful- ly taken in hand to see that the crime of working too much is not committed. Each mill "under the jurisdiction of this Association" has an assigned "limit of output,"- and if its reckless owner "violates" this, his mill shall at once be declared "black." Hours of starting and stopping are rigidly fixed. "After the crew has started, and for breakage or other cause they are stopped for one or more hours, they shall stop work at the end of eight hours from when they started." There is no end to the minute regulations like this, directing when work is to be "stopped" and when tools are to be "laid down." In short, as we have said, the whole Constitution is an elaborate system designed, first, to keep the amount of work done small, and then to distribute it among the favored few of the Association "in preference to all others" (Art. XVII., Sec. 11). But further: "The object of this Asso- ciation," says the first article of the Con- stitution, "shall be the elevation of the position of its members, the maintenance of the best interests of the Association, and to obtain, by conciliation or other means just and legal, a fair remuneration to members for their labor, and to afford mutual protection to members against broken contracts, obnoxious rules, un- lawful discharge, or other system of in- justice or oppression." The same pitnci- jsle of adherence to contracts is again laid down in Article XVII., which provides that "every member shall interest him- self, individually and collectively, in pro- tecting his trade, and the business of all employers icho recognize, negotiate, and are under contracts with this Associa- tion." It has rightly been considered that the arrangement of a definite basis for wages, hours of labor, and other fea- tures of employment, to cover a long period of time, is one of the greatest ser- vices which may be rendered by a labor union. It is a good thing for both em- ployer and employee that a contract shall be made in which the obligations of both parties are set forth, and which both can bo trusted to live up to. The workingman is thus protected against a sudden cut in wages, coming, perhaps, at the season of the year when a reduction of hi* income will be hardest to bear, and is relieved from the apprehension of any arbitrary a'tion on the part of his em- ployer. Any well-established concern which signs an agreement of this sort can be trusted to keep it, and it is of im- mense importance to the laborer to have such an assurance. It is hardly less essential to the em- ployer that he shall know what he can depend upon in the case of his working- men. In the iron and steel trade, for example, contracts are made for the de- livery of finished products months in ad- vance. The manufacturer in turn can make contracts for money, for ore, for freight, and for other expenses than la- bor, so that he knows what all of the other ingredients than labor in ihe ex- pense account will cost. He knows what labor costs him now, but it is no less im- portant that he should know what it will cost for months to come in figuring the prices which he will make for delivering goods in the future. A contract with a union comprising his workingmen which will cover a considerable period of time, and which will be maintained by that union, furnishes the assurance of stabil- ity in cost of product which he needs. Many employers who have resented not a few dictatorial demands on the part of a union like the Amalgamated Asso- ciation have freely admitted the com- pensation which comes from knowing that their men will work for a number of months at a scale of wages which has been amicably fixed, and which will not be questioned until the time comes for considering its renewal. The wiser members of the Association realized the importance to their union of living up to every contract into which it might enter. Four years ago a controversy arose which led the more reckless element to advocate the breaking of an agree- ment which the Association had made. The President at the time (Garland by name) exerted his influence to check the movement at once, and with success. He insisted that the Association had never broken an agreement, and that it could not afford to adopt such a policy. The feature of the present strike which distinguishes it from all other great strikes in the past, is the fact that it is based upon a breach of contract. Its leaders have admitted from the first that there was no chance of success un- less they could secure the cooperation of men who could give it only by break- ing solemn agreements with their em- ployers. Every great "victory" which Shaffer hails from day to day — like that at Joliet or Milwaukee — involves the vio- lation of an explicit contract that the men shall work a definite time for speci- fied wages. Moreover, these breaches Qf agreement are the work, not of ignorant laborers of the lowest grade, who have but just formed a union and who have developed no sense of obligation, but of unusually intelligent workingmen, be- longing to a body of long standing, which has come to boast of the fidelity

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A Ug. 22, I9OT The K"atioai ±45 with which it lived up to any agreement into which it might enter. It is, on the whole, the most discourag- ing and deplorable development in the history of labor unions which we are now witnessing. Organization of work- ingmen has come to be accepted by the public as inevitable and desirable. Can- did people admit that there may be good results for both sides in such or- ganization. There has been a general disposition to welcome and applaud the growth of a body like the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, whose sense of responsibility and pride of character have been so often exhibited in labor dis- putes. It had been commonly supposed of late years that a similar growth char- acterized the Amalgamated Association, and public sympathy would easily have been secured for the organization in any movement based upon a just grievance. The worst element in the present sit- uation is the fact that the Association has made a satisfactory settlement al- most impossible. The natural basis for a resumption of relations between em- ployers and strikers would be the sign- ing of a contract. But of what use is it for any employer to sign a new contract with a body which has just broken an old one, and which has thus shown that it recognizes no obligations in any agree- ment which it may make? The Amal- gamated Association aims "to afford mu- tual protection to members against bro- ken contracts" — contracts, that is, bro- ken by employers. How can it protect them against the consequences which now confront them from breaking their own contracts? A FIGHT FOR HONESTY IN PENN- SYLVANIA. It is a long time since a State Con- vention of cither party in Pennsylvania made an inspiring appeal to the vot- ers. The Republican organization has been absolutely dominated by Quay; the Democratic lias for years been blighted by Bryanism. Even in regard to State issues, with which free silver and sim- ilar follies have nothing to do, the Op- position has been without weight or in- fluence, because the Democratic party was controlled by a machine which maintained an almost open alliance with that of Quay. However, it is a welcome surprise to find a State Convention in Pennsylvania framing a platform and nominating a ticket which are calculated to arouse enthusiasm, as the Democrats did in their gathering at Harrisburg on Thursday. The resolutions adopted constitute the most important part of the work, ar.d they merit national atten- tion. No more terrible indictment of a gang of public plunderers in control of a party organization and of a State was ever framed than that contained in this platform. With rare wisdom, the Convention rose above all considerations of partisanship, brushed aside all ques- tions of national policy, and laid the foundation for one united effort to save the honor of the State and establish common honesty and decent administra- tion in her public affairs. The picture which the platform pre- sents, fearful as it is, is not overdrawn. The truth or: every one of the charges is a matter of common knowledge. It is true, and known to be true, that in Penn- sylvania "every department of the State government is honeycombed with prof- ligacy, dishonesty, and reckless disre- gard of Constitutional and moral obliga- tions"; that "the sanctity of law, the ob- ligations of official oaths, and the de- mands of common honesty" are there thrust aside by the insatiate greed of the Republican ring for "money, money, more money." It is true, and known to be true, that in Pennsylvania, "shame- lessly and openly, the votes of legislators are bought so persistently and constant- ly that market values for legislators have been established by settled cus- tom." It is true, and known to be true, that the very organization of the last Legislature was founded upon the pur- chase of venal legislators; that "the se- lection of a United States Senator [Quay] was accomplished in a carnival of corruption and bribery"; that, "in the reckless determination to punish enemies and reward subservient tools, establish- ed municipal governments were ruthless- ly overturned to make places for the creatures of a corrupt machine," and that "the people of other States have turned their eyes with amazement upon the spectacle presented" — amazement that the people of Pennsylvania did not long since rise in their indignation and hurl their oppressors from place and power. Confronted by a spectacle like this, it is not wonderful that all other consid- erations were brushed aside, and a call was sent out to all honest citizens to unite for the redemption of the common- wealth. There is nothing vague or doubtful about the invitation. "We make the fight," the platform declares, "not as a political organization seeking a parti- san advantage, but in the interest of all Pennsylvania, and will welcome a closer union with all political organizations honestly pledged to the same purposes." This is a plain proposal for fusion with the decent element among the Repub- licans of the State, and one which will doubtless be accepted. The nomination of Representative Palm for State Trea- surer was the proper way to bring strongly before the people the issues arising out of the late Legislative ses- sion. Mr. Palm was one of the Demo- cratic members who were never found wanting in the fight against corruption and jobbery, and who were never view- ed with suspicion. The disposition of the vexed ques- tion regarding the contesting delegations from Philadelphia was not so clear and distinct as could be desired, but, if the plan adopted is honestly and vigorously carried out, it must inevitably involve the overthrow of the Democratic ring which has controlled the party machin- ery in that city, and which has been again and again convicted of corrupt af- filiations with the plunderers who have flourished there under the pro- tection of the Republican machine. The creation of a Committee of Five to reorganize the Democratic party in Phil- adelphia was a compromise that per- mitted the Convention to seat the dele- gation which was sent by the Philadel- phia ring, but which was headed by ex- Gov. Pattison, without at the same time giving the lie to the declarations of the platform. A better course would have been to throw out the ring delegates and seat the Philadelphia delegation headed by ex-Judge Gordon, but the price which the ring paid to prevent this amounted practically to abdication. Donnelly, the ringleader, was forced to retire from the Chairmanship of the City Commit- tee and to give place to ex-Gov. Patti- son; the contention against fusion had to be abandoned; Donnelly was even compelled to withdraw from the Execu- tive Committee of the State party or- ganization; and, besides all this, pro- vision was made for a reorganization of the entire Democratic machinery in the city. Except the empty honor of sitting in the Convention, it is difficult to see what was left for the Donnelly-Ryan machine. After the proceedings at Harrisburg, it certainly ought to follow that the can- didacy of District Attorney Rothermel, who was refused renomination by the Republican machine in Philadelphia, and subsequently renominated by a mass- meeting of citizens, should receive the en- dorsement and support of the Philadel- phia Democrats. Ex-Gov. Pattison has been proceeding slowly and cautiously, but he has given unmistakable evidence oi favoring this union of forces, and, with the added strength derived from the State Convention, he can hardly fail to carry out this programme. If it shall be carried out, a better day is dawning for one distracted city. Whatever the result at the polls in November, one cause for congratulation is assured. A State Convention has at last been held in Pennsylvania which re- vives the memories of a more honorable time in that unfortunate commonwealth, and which warrants the hope that its re- demption will ultimately be achieved. THE EDUCATION MUDDLE IN ENG- LAND. In the Parliament just prorogued no measures were more sharply debated than the Government's two bills for edu- cational reform. It was the single in- stance in which the Ministry took up

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14:6 The Nation. [Vol. ?$, No. 1886 seriously a problem of internal policy the import of which transcended the ses- sion during which it was discussed. The problem of secondary education, it is fair to say, was forced upon the Minis- try unexpectedly. For thirty years Eng- land had run on complacently under the Education Law passed by the Liberals in 1870. No important modification of the system then established had been made. Elective school boards maintain- ed primary schools wherever, in the judg- ment of a central Board of Education, school facilities were insufficient. These board schools were virtually supported by a Government grant, and directed by the Board of Education. Besides these board schools, which, like our public schools, are non-sectarian, the Govern- ment subsidizes, at the rate of five shil- lings a pupil, a number of so-called vol- untary schools, nearly all of which are vinder sectarian management. Children between the ages of 5 and 14 are al- most evenly divided between these two classes of schools. In England aud Wales, for example, there were in Au- gust, 1898, more than 2,000,000 children in 5,595 board schools, nearly 1,900,000 pupils in 11,815 National Society schools (under the charge of the Established Church), and a scattering of 600,000 pupils in other voluntary schools. For secondary education England has done practically nothing. The private schools and the aristocratic "public" schools have the field to themselves. In them some 300,000 pupils, in 1898, were provided for — that is, for fifteen pupils in the primary school one continued his studies in a secondary. Various attempts to deal with this state of things in Par- liament have resulted in little more than a Government inspection at the op- tion of the schools. In Scotland, mean- while, a special act had empowered the school boards to establish and admin- ister the secondary schools. In Wales a special •.•ommittee exercised success- fully similar functions. It was the at- tempt of the English school boards to enlarge their scope and to provide for certain of their pupils beyond the statu- tory age of r"'fteen, that called down upon them judicial rebuke and precipitated upon an unwilling Ministry the prob- lem of secondary education. By the now famous Cockerton judg- ment, it was decided that the school boards, in maintaining certain contin- uation schools and night schools, in which subjects higher than those pre- scribed for primary schools were taught and pupils were received beyond the statutory age, had gone beyond their authority. Vhe immediate result of the decision was to cut off the supplies of such schools, and it threatened to de- prive some thousands of students of in- struction. The Board of Education had before it several possible courses: to confirm to the school boards the powers they had illegally but most naturally assumed, to place the schools whose status, un- der the Cockerton judgment, was im- peached, in some other jurisdiction, or; finally, to launch some comprehensive project for secondary education which should include the cases immediately at issue. The easiest way out was to nullify the effect of the Cockerton judgment by legalizing, until a comprehensive meas- ure was ready, the advance of the school boards. The most difficult was to attempt to drive a comprehensive act through a crowded and contentious session. This blunder the Ministry, trusting in its big brute majority, committed cheerfully. Education Bill (No. 1) was an attempt to set up a new authority to deal with secondary education. Almost at ran- dom, it would appear, the City and County Councils were chosen for this important function. These overseers of highways and bridges, workhouses and asylums, race-courses and places of amusement, had never before exercised any educational function; few of them, as it appeared from an inquiry made by the London Daily News, wished to have any- thing to do with education. Their prime qualification in the eyes of the Board of Education was that they were not school boards. The bitterness of Sir John Gorst, Vice-President of the Board of Education, against the boards for which his department is answerable, would be incredible, if there were not the Parliamentary reports for it. "Are we to keep up in this House the farce that school boards are elected for edu- cational purposes? Everybody knows that educational purposes are the very last ideas in the minds of the members of school boards. I have heard that they are elected, some on religious grounds, some en party grounds; but I have never heard of any one being elected on educa- tional grounds." This sally of the cyni- cal Vice-President and member from Oxford was greeted with roars of laugn- ter; it practically killed the Education Bill. The Liberals under Mr. Bryce rallied to form an effective Opposition, and even the Conservatives, who were under bonds to support the bill, resented the attitude of an administrative officer who flouted openly the only publicly constituted edu- cational body in England. It was soon seen that the bill could not be passed, and it was withdrawn in favor of a short bill (No. 2), which turned over to tne discretion of the City and County Coun- cils the schools affected by the Cocker- ton judgment, with the understanding that a comprehensive bill would be pass- ed at the next session of Parliament. By a liberal application of the closure, this bill passed with a greatly reduced ma- jority. The debates have brought out clearly certain inherent defects in the attitude of the present Government towards edu- cation. Nothing has been more clearly shown than that a large number of the Conservatives regard education for the masses with complete indifference or with profound misgiving. The feeling is Still prevalent in England that there is grave danger of educating people beyond their proper stations. Quite as distinctly marked, and expressed frankly enough by Lord Hugh Cecil, was the fear that in the extension of powers to the school boards the interests of the Established Church might suffer. Education, in the view of the Conservatives, should be as churchly as possible. It is this half- heartedness, this lack of constructive ideals, this confusion of an educational with an ecclesiastical problem that jus- tifies, in the case of the Conservatives, those "doubts as to their competence to deal with education at all" which the Conservative Times says their friends feel, as well as their foes. For the par- tial measure which has been forced through, it is hard to foresee anything but further mischance. There is a field for that party which will raise England educationally to the rank of the other civilized nations, and the Liberals, now in rather hopeless Opposition, should some day find in the problem of second- ary education the great issue they so sorely need. CHAMBERLAIN AND KRUGER. It was in 1886 that the late Joseph Cowen, M. P., was pointing out to a newly elected member the notabilities of the House of Commons. Mr. Cham- berlain was speaking at the time, and of him the veteran Mr. Cowen said: "Mark that man. He is the shallowest and most complacent politician in the House of Commons. If he ever comes into pow- er, he will do some mortal harm to the State." In the years that have passed over the old Birmingham Radical's head, he has certainly shown that he is some- thing more than a shallow man. His extraordinary ability, both as a debater with a fatal eye for the joint in his an- tagonist's harness, and a supple and ready wrist to thrust at it, and as a driv- ing man of business, even his bitterest enemies concede. He is one of the men who "do things." His Conservative col- leagues all dislike him, some of them hate him, but, as one of them said the other day, "After all, if you want any- thing done by this Government, Cham- berlain is the man to do it." It is a fair question, however, if Mr. Cowen's prophecy has not been fulfilled, and if Mr. Chamberlain, with all his adroit talent and executive force, has not come near doing a mortal harm to Eng- land through the Boer war. It has been his war from the beginning. Another man in the Colonial Office would not have goaded the Boers into their woful ultimatum. Lord Salisbury is, of course, technically implicated. He should have kept his hand on the negotiations. That

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Aug. 22, I9O1] The Nation. 147 he did not, lends point to the witticism which was current before he finally left the Foreign Office. "How," it was asked, "does Lord Salisbury manage to combine the heavy duties of Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary?" The answer was: "By impartially neglecting both." But whether by his neglect or Chamberlain's usurping push, the Boer war was the latter's affair from the first day until now. Its frightful cost — to date at least $C00,000,000— its terrible loss of life, its uncovering of the military weakness of England, its lowering of British prestige in the eyes of the whole world, its devas- tation of South Africa, with its kindling of inextinguishable race hatred — all may be laid at the door of Joseph Cham- berlain. And what is the military situation to- day, as Parliament is prorogued, leav- ing everything in the hands of the Min- istry? Confessedly, most unsatisfac- tory. Even official optimism cannot put a good face on it. Mr. Balfour admitted on Thursday that there is more seri- ous trouble in Cape Colony than in the Transvaal or Orange River. But it was the "insult" of a Boer invasion of Cape Colony that the might of Britain was rallied to avenge nearly two years ago. To-day the Boers are still there, and the local Dutch are rising on all hands to join them. This is humiliation and reproach enough. To add to it, Mr. Chamberlain had to recall the same day his definite promise that 70,000 troops would be brought home in September. Now it is only a vague hope that they may come. So far from Kitchener's work being clone, it is announced that he is to stay indefinitely. Only a fort- night ago, the South African military correspondent of the Jingo Daily Mail bluntly declared that the situation, all told, was fully as disheartening as when Lord Roberts took his departure. With sober Englishmen thus acknowl- edging their straits, turn to the Boer view as lately given by President Kru- ger. The Paris Figaro of August 3 pub- lished a long and authorized interview with him at The Hague. Everything was broken about the recently bereaved old man except his spirit. That remains indomitable, and his confidence serene. His hope was that the English would at last tire of a war of oppression; as for the burghers, they would never tire of fighting for their liberty. Their children were .already fighting; their grandchil- dren would fight, if necessary. This might be set down as bombast if the deeds of the Boers were not before us. As for arms and supplies, Kruger af- firmed that they had never been lacking yet and would not fail. "Whenever," he said with a grim smile, "we capture a convoy intended to supply 500 English- men, that means supplies for 5,000 Boers." The old man was asked if he would not accept an English protec- torate with local self-government. It would be impossible, he replied. Then he added with homely humor: "What is a protectorate? You seize a man, put a rope around his neck and fasten it to a nail in th<; wall. Then you say to him, 'Walk, your legs are not bound. Your arms are not tied, so work!' No, no. We want no rope around our necks." On one point of military and interna- tional law, Kruger showed himself bet- ter informed than Chamberlain. He was asked what would be the effect of an of- fer of amnesty to the Boers. He promptly replied: "We need no amnesty; we are belligerents." Yet the recent English proclamation, threatening to deport the Boer officers unless they surrender by September 15, denies them their bellig- erent rights. It is, therefore, as Mr. Bryce pointed out in the House last week, con- trary to the laws of war. Mr. Cham- berlain's defence is, of course, the as- sumption that the Boer forces are no longer anything but banditti. He took great comfort (more than Americans can) in citing Gen. MacArthuur's similar proclamation in the Philippines. But that was proved by time, as the English proc- lamation in South Africa will no doubt also turn out, only an empty threat, harmless to those against whom it was aimed, and merely humiliating to those who stooped to make it. Amnesty to the rebellious Dutch in Cape Colony and Natal is another mat- ter. Great Britain can legally hang them all if it chooses — and if it can catch them. Kruger, for his part, affirms that the Boers will never accept terms of peace which do not include pardon for their race-brothers who took arms to aid them. But Chamberlain stoutly refuses amnesty to rebels. This was one of the points in which he overruled Gen. Kitchener in that officer's peace negotiations with Gen. Botha. Yet there is high English precedent, to say nothing of reason and true statesmanship, for offering the am- plest amnesty to the Dutch in rebellion. The Canadian rebellion of 1837 was brought to a happy conclusion only on such terms. It was the wisdom of Lord Durham which found that road to peace in Canada; and his example has actual- ly been urged upon the British Govern- ment by the Ministry of Cape Colony. It justly said that the Cape rebellion was of a milder type than that in Canada, the latter having been attended by "dread- ful murders and outrages." But it all made no impression on the haughty Chamberlain. He was bound to make treason odious; and so he preferred to prolong an odious war which, if not a "mortal harm" to England, is yet the one event of the past hundred years which makes her friends most grieve and her enemies loudest exult. MME. DE MAINTENON AS AN EDUCATOR Paris, August 8, 1901. Under the catching title of 'Les Pr6cur- seurs du Ferainisme,' M. Louis Chabaud has published an amusing, though somewhat su- perficial, volume on Mme. de Maintenon, Mme. de Genlis, and Mme. Campan. Fem- inism is just now all the fashion; an exact definition of it would probably be difficult to make, and would be made in a very dif- ferent way by different people. It is, for many, an attempt to open to women all the careers now open only to men, and In con- sequence to give to the two sexes the same education and the same amount of liberty. In his book, M. Chabaud considers the ques- tion of education. Mme. de Maintenon, Mme. de Genlis, and Mme. Campan all three devoted much time and attention to the education of women, and their views, though somewhat dissimilar, deserve to be studied. It was, however, a surprise to me that Mme. de Maintenon should be considered and studied as a feminist. She belongs to his- tory much less as an educator than as the inspirer, the confidante, and finally the wife of Louis XIV.; if she was not really a queen, she had more influence and power than the generality of queens ever had. Fenelon wrote a book, 'L'fiducation de3 Femmes,' which is a very modest programme of feminine education. "Teach a girl," he says, "to read and write correctly; it is shameful, but very common, to see women of intelligence and politeness unable to enunciate well what they read; they fail, also, and more discreditably, in orthography. Teach them at least to keep their lines straight in writing. It would be well, also, that a girl should know the gram- mar of her native language." For centuries, the education of women was exclusively confided to nuns, who were sometimes ignorant, and who were at any rate more preoccupied with the religious than with the social part of their mission. Moliere had all the public on his side when he ridiculed the "Femmes Savantes." Well- instructed women (and there were some) were brilliant exceptions, such as Mademoi- selle de Scudery, Ninon de Lenclos, Ma- dame de Sevigne, Madame de Grignan, Ma- dame de Lafayette. M. Lecceur, in a book on 'Education in the 17th Century,' says justly: "Girls were either educated in their fam- ilies, where they learned nothing, or in con- vents, where they learned little. It was not at the Ursulines that Madame de Maintenon learned Latin, Italian, and Spanish. Her master was Scarron. Madame de Sevigne, who also knew Italian, had lessons from the Abb6 de Coulanges, from Chapelain and Menage. Madame de Lafayette had also Menage for instructor." The biography of Madame de Maintenon has been so often written, and by such com- petent writers, that there is nothing to add to it, though there are still some dark cor- ners in her life, especially for the period of infancy and youth, when she lived almost on charity. We will here deal with ner only as an educator. She was chosen by Madame deMontespan as governess of the young Duke du Maine, being then Madame Scarron. Saint-Simon tells us, in his Memoirs, that Louis XIV., who often paid visits to his nat- ural children, did not like her at first; he tells us also how he became used to her, and finally liked her so much that he made her Marchioness de Maintenon. We will at once show her, not in the character of a govern- ess, but as the initiator of a complete sys- tem of education. She had prepared her- self for a long time for the work which she accomplished as "institutrice de la mai- son royale de Saint-Louis" (such are the

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148 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 words which we find in her "acte de deces"). She first interested Louiv XIV. in some schools at Montmorency, Rueil, and Noisy, but decided him in the end to form a large educational establishment in the little vil- lage of Saint-Cyr close to Versailles. A house was built by Mansard, at a great ex- pense. The principal affair was to give the new establishment (which had been provided with a large income by the King) its "Con- stitutions." They were written by Madame de Maintenon, and by Madame de Brinon, who was to be the Superior of the House, under the eyes of the King. The King wish- ed the pupils to wear a special uniform, which was to be modest and serious, but not severe like the uniform of the nuns. A royal edict established at Saint-Cyr 36 dames and 250 demoiselles, who were to be nom- inated by the King, on condition that four quarters of nobility could be proved on the paternal side. The education, of the demoi- selles was traced in all its details by Ma- dame de Maintenon. They got up at six o'clock, heard mass at eight, breakfasted at nine, dined at eleven; oneof them read aloud during the repast. There was a recess after dinner, and there were lessons till supper- time, at six. There were no corporal punish- ments. The young ladies learned ancient and modern history, geography, music, drawing, Their style was formed by French composi- tion, their memory by recitations, their pronunciation by systematic reading. For thirty years Saint-Cyr became the constant preoccupation of Madame de Main- tenon. It did not escape the danger of the theological discussions of the time, into which Madame de Maintenon was drawn by her interest in Madame Guyon and her af- fection for Ffenelon. She was seduced for a time by what passes under the name of Quietism. This doctrine of pure love made great ravages at Saint-Cyr; but when Madame Guyon's book, the 'Maximes des Saints,' was condemned by Bossuet, by the King, and afterwards by Rome, FSnelon had to submit. Bossuet took the trouble to go himself to Saint-Cyr, to give lectures on Quietism, and to discuss the doctrine which he had been the first to denounce. Madame de Maintenon for some time stood up for Fenelon, but had to yield to the King's feelings. "She had," says M. La- vallee, in his 'Madame de Maintenon et la Maison Royale de Saint-Cyr,' "the only quarrel with him which they had during thirty years of marriage." Madame de Brinon, the first Superior of Saint-Cyr, accustomed her pupils to recite scenes from tragedies which she com- posed herself. Madame de Maintenon pro- posed to substitute for these some of Racine's tragedies, "Iphigfenie," "An- dromaque." The young ladies played with great intelligence and success, so much so that Madame de Maintenon wrote to Racine: "Our young girls played 'Andro- maque' yesterday, and played it so well that they will never play it again, nor any of your tragedies." She asked Racine, how- ever, to compose, exclusively for Saint- Cyr, a piece in which the passion of love would not be prominent, and on some pious subject, with an admixture of choruses which the demoiselles could sing. Racine consented to do so, and we owe the ad- mirable play of "Esther" to this desire of Madame de Maintenon's. The first repre- sentation took place on the 26th of Jan- uary, 1689, in presence of the King, the Prince de Conde, and certain court per- sonages. The King was so pleased that he asked for more. Madame de SevignS was among the happy persons invited. She says that, after the performance, the King asked her if she had been satisfied; she answered: "Sire, I have been charmed; what I feel cannot be expressed." The King said: "Racine has much esprit." She said: "Sire, he has a great deal of it, but in truth these young persons also have much of it." These performances opened the door of Saint-Cyr a little too wide, and, after a time, it was resolved that the demoiselles should play no more is public. It was the beginning of a reform which ended after a while in the transformation of Saint-Cyr into a regular religious community, by the imposition of perpetual vows on the dames, whose number was augmented from sixty to eighty. Madame de Maintenon, in her let- ters and instructions, constantly reminded them that they had one well-defined mission, which was the education of the demoiselles. She wished the latter to be educated, not with a view to a contemplative life, but to marriage. "Many religious women," she writes, "dare not pronounce the name of marriage. St. Paul was not so delicate." She returns constantly to the subject of marriage and its duties. These, for in- stance, are the counsels which she gives to one of the pupils at Saint-Cyr, Mademoi- selle d'Osmond, who had just married the Marquis of Navrincourt: "You have now, my dear daughter, only two things before you, to serve God and to content your husband. . . . If he is jealous, shut yourself up and see nobody; if, on the contrary, he wishes you to live in the great world, do so, though remaining as reserved as modesty demands. . . . Avoid bad company — there is nothing more dangerous. Like the presence of your husband; conceal nothing from him; in short, my dear daugh- ter, be a good Christian, a good wife, a good mother." In the latter part of her life Mme. de Maintenon, fatigued by the servitude of the court, found an asylum and consolation in the retreat at Saint-Cyr, "Vive Saint-Cyr!" she said, "notwithstanding its defects, I am better there than in any place in the world." She sometimes arrived as early as six o'clock in the morning, helped to dress the youngest pupils, spoke to all, encouraged them, and took the part of a teacher. Louis XIV. fell very 111 In August, 1715. Madame de Maintenon took care of him, night and day, during his last illness. He once said to her: "What is to become of you? You have nothing." She begged him not to think of her. The King called the Due d'Or- leans and said to him: "My nephew, I recom- mend to you Madame de Maintenon. You know my feelings towards her. She always gave me good advice, and I repent not hav- ing followed it. Do what she asks of you; she will not abuse the privilege." She did not abuse it, for, whatever may have been her faults, she was disinterested. She re- tired to Saint-Cyr after the death of the King, and said: "I will now live only for God and for my children." She herself died on the 15th of April, 1719, having spent the last years of her life in absolute retirement. She was burled in the chapel of Saint-Cyr. She had bitter enemies; a thousand pamph- lets were written against her in Holland. Saint-Simon, the Princess Palatine, the mother of the Regent, speak of her with the greatest severity. Her early years exhibit her in a very unfavorable light. We must, however, place to her credit the foundation of the Institute of Saint-Cyr; we may say, also, as was once said, that she prevented Louis XIV. from becoming Louis XV. Correspondence. THE SUPPRESSION OF WIND. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: To those of us who believe in the natural conservatism and good judgment of the American workingman, it Is a great satisfaction to observe that, during the de- liberations held last Sunday in South Chi- cago on the question whether to join the strike or not, the steel-workers rigorously excluded all "orators." The windy gasbag, the tinsel rhetorician, the howling dervish of political campaigns, the cross-of-gold blatherskite, were all ruthlessly excluded — with the result that the men arrived at the eminently sensible conclusion that a contract was a contract, and that, as the other side had lived up to the contract thus far, it was their duty to do the same. In other words, the meeting was a deliberative assembly. It will be a happy day when our poli- ticians learn — from our workingmen — to ex- clude fromsupposedlydeliberative assemblies, like Presidential nominating conventions, for instance, the professional, loud-mouth- ed, silver-tongued rhetorician, and to rele- gate him where he belongs — to the country schoolhouse and the United States Congress. E. L. C. M. Chicago, August 12, 1901. MALAHACK. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Can any of your readers tell me in what parts of the United States the verb malahack is in use? The other day, in the village of Weld, Franklin County, Maine, a local critic of things in general came into the country store and delivered himself somewhat as follows: "You oughter see Si Jones. He's begun peddlin' meat, and he's havin' a hard time. Got some good enough meat, too. Bought a bull calf, weighed 106 pounds dressed; tried to buy it myself a fortnight ago. But he don't know how to cut up a critter, and he's jes' malahacked it all to pieces. Anybody want any particular chunk, and he'll cut right in regardless. Ye can't sell meat if ye don't know no better than malahack it in that way. He's malahacked that stuff till it looks as if the dogs had chawed it, and nobody '11 buy It." H. L. Weld, Mb., August 13, 1001. Notes. Forthcoming books from D. Appleton & Co. are 'The Eternal City,' by Hall Caine; 'Shacklett,' a story of American politics, by Walter Barr; 'Student Life and Customs,' by Prof. Henry D. Sheldon; 'An Ideal School,' by Preston W. Search; 'A Com- mercial Geography,' by Cyrus C. Adams; 'The Story of Books,' by Gertrude B. Raw- lings; and 'Other Worlds and their Possi- bilities,' by Garrett P. Serviss. A new novel by George W. Cable, 'The

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Aug. 22, I9O1] The 3STation. 149 Cavalier'; 'The Ruling Passion: Tales of Nature and Human Nature,' by Henry van Dyke; 'Before the Play,' four short come- dies by Evangeline Wilbour Blashfleld and Edwin Howland Blashfield; and 'Govern- ment in State and Nation,' by Prof. J. A. James and A. H. Sanford, are on the fall list of Charles Scribner's Sons. For October the Century Company prom- ises 'Circumstance,' a novel by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell; 'Mistress Joy,' joint product of Grace McGowan Cooke and Annie Booth Mc- Kinney; and 'Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage- Patch,' by Alice Caldwell Hegan — the last two books being by Southern authors. Dr. William Mason's 'Memoirs of a Musical Life,' and 'Women and the Law,' by Prof. George James Bayles, are other announce- ments from the same source. G. P. Putnam's Sons' September list will embrace 'The Old English Bible, and Other Essays,' by Francis Aidan Gasquet; 'The Passing and the Permanent in Religion,' by Mlnot J. Savage, D.D.; 'Peter Abelard,' a biography, by Joseph McCabe; 'The Mental Functions of the Brain,' by Bernard Hol- lander, M.D.; 'The Science of Penology,' by Henry M. Boies; 'South Africa and the Transvaal War,' volume six, by Louis Cres- wicke; 'Asia and Europe,' by Meredith Townsend; 'Wales,' by O. M. Edwards; 'In Our County: Stories of Old Virginia,' by Marion Harland; 'Johnnie Courteau, and Other Poems,' by William Henry Drummond, author of 'The Habitant'; 'Sonnets and Songs,' by Mary M. Adams; 'The Stars,' by Simon Newcomb; and 'The American Ar- mory and Blue Book,' edited by John Mat- thews. Fall announcements of Henry Holt & Co. are 'The Story of the Nation's Politics,' by Viola A. Conklin; a translation of Seigno- bos' 'History of the Roman People,' edited by William Fairley, Ph.D.; an 'Italian and English Dictionary,' by Prof. Hjalmar Ed- gren, assisted by Giuseppe Bico and John L. Gerig; Goethe's Poems, edited by Prof. Julius Goebel of Leland Stanford Univer- sity; 'Prose Selections from Walter Pater,' by Prof. E. E. Hale, jr.; and 'Flora of the Northern States and Canada,' by Prof. N. L. Britton. Another volume of poems, 'In the Realms of Gold,' by Lorenzo Soso, will soon be pub- lished by Elder & Shepard, San Francisco. Much new matter will be found in the cheaper edition of the Countess Martinengo- Cesaresco's 'Italian Characters in the Epoch of Unification,' in preparation by T. Fisher Unwin, London. The romantic revival of late years should have paved the way for a fresh issue of the novels of William Harrison Ainsworth, which had their greatest vogue more than half a century ago. Perhaps there would be a clear gain in the discipline of Eng- lish style if these works should supersede with the mob of readers our current his- toric romances. But against this must be offset the moral effect of such of Mr. Ains- worth's work as bears the Tyburn stamp. For better, for worse, he has been pro- moted to a "Victorian Edition" (Philadel- phia: George Barrie & Son); but as this is for subscribers only, the main consider- ation is, after all, of the apparel in which the series is clothed. The four volumes now before us, 'Jack Sheppard,' 'The Constable of the Tower,' 'Crichton,' and 'Rookwood,' present a very comely appearance in blue cloth with white labels. Print and paper are excellent. The "history" of each Is honored with a genuine portrait, and the story with etchings by numerous artists, mostly French. The designs vary consid- erably in merit, but the best, as in 'Jack Sheppard,' are quite in keeping with the general air cf the publication. No doubt the series will make its way into private libraries, to be read more or less. A showy book, 'Lake Geneva and its Lite- rary Landmarks,' takingly illustrated with portraits, has for author Francis Gribble (London: Archibald Constable & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.). His preface professes an intent to write "an informal, anecdotal history" not of the lake, but of the city, "with especial reference" to emi- nent men of letters, residents or sojourners there. This confusion of title and object characterizes the whole performance. In the jumble, anecdote gets the lion's share, and literature the leavings. Mme. de Warens no less than Mme. de Stael is allowed two chapters, though the frail lady is not a literary landmark at all. She is lugged in as a curtain-raiser to Rousseau, whose works are scarcely in question except to invali- date the authenticity of the 'Confessions,' and who is dismissed in terms which reveal Mr. Gribble's intellectual calibre and something more: "Jean Jacques was proba- bly a liar, and certainly a cad — a sentimen- tal cad, which is the most exasperating kind; he kissed and told, and there is also a strong presumption that he boasted of kisses that he did not get. As a man, in short, he may be summed up as an inconsistent Diogenes playing to the gallery with a zest that al- most deceived himself, but never quite able to shake off the traditions of the flunkey, or the regret that he had not been cast for the rfile of a Lothario." We noticed recently Prof. W. J. Court- hope's 'Life in Poetry: Law in Taste,' be- ing the lectures delivered during his tenure of the Oxford professorship of poetry; now his successor, Mr. A. C. Bradley, has taken up the torch in an inaugural lecture upon 'Poetry for Poetry's Sake' (Oxford: Claren- don Press; New York: H. Frowde). This is an admirable little tract which should be in the hands of readers who, while they are zealous to read poetry poetically, do not dislike an occasional fructifying analysis of the field of their delight. Mr. Bradley treats his theme in a remarkably fresh and unhack- neyed fashion; and in his peculiar descrip- tion of a poem as "the succession of ex- periences— sounds, images, thoughts, emo- tions— through which we pass when we are reading as poetically as we can," he adopts a point of view which cannot be other than suggestive to the reader. His illustrations of the idealizing faculty of the creative im- agination and of the inextricable blending of substance and form are exceptionally well chosen; and his continual insistence that poetry is poetry and not something else, Is timely. Although the lecture is printed al- most precisely as it was delivered two months ago, it is conspicuous for "charm and lucid order and labor of the file." Ireland's best foot has certainly been put forward in 'Ireland, Industrial and Agricul- tural,' a handbook for the Irish pavilion of the Glasgow Exhibition, published by Ponsonby, Dublin. It is brought out not by any Irish authority, but by one of the many Government boards instituted for the benefit of Ireland without being dependent upon or responsible to Irish public opinion. It Js an admirable compilation, doing credit to the new Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction; a beautifully print- ed large octavo volume of nearly 300 pages, profusely illustrated, and furnished with nu- merous maps and plans, but crippled in its usefulness by the want of an index. It con- sists of a series of essays by men masters of their subjects; and any person desirous of making himself fully acquainted with the industrial resources of Ireland should pos- sess a copy. Under the guise of explana- tions of the geology of the island, we are introduced to many of its scenic beauties. In the essays on lace, the illustrations are peculiarly rich; and, in contradistinction to these gossamer emanations from the fingers of peasant girls, we have, In a concluding discourse on Belfast shipbuilding, Illustra- tions of the Oceanic and Celtic. The book is one of permanent value, and is sold at a price which shows it has a Government Treasury behind it. The second edition of Dr. F. W. Hewitt's 'Anaesthetics' (Macmillan) is a philosophi- cal and practical treatise upon the modes of operation as well as of administration of the general anaesthetics. It includes pretty nearly all of the existing knowledge on that subject that is worth having. The author awards a high place to nitrous oxide, and, with every reason to support him, gives ether precedence over chloroform in general surgery except where portability, as in the field, or high atmospheric temperature, as in the tropics, reverses the order. He adheres to the dectrine that chloroform is more se- riously a cardiac than a respiratory depres- sant, which, notwithstanding the conclusion of the Hyderabad Commission, is true. Both the physiology of anaesthesia, and, as based upon it, the sequence of the various agents for causing and maintaining insensibility, are clearly set forth, and the possible com- plications, with their proper treatment, are distinctly explained. In short, this is a well-written professional book of the high- est grade, that may be accepted as authori- ty on its important special subject. There is no notice of the transitory primary analge- sia that is believed to occur before the stage of excitement in ether administration; and no warning of the serious medico-legal complications that may arise from subjec- tive conditions when ether is given to women in the absence of competent witnesses. A nationalist would observe that the Ameri- can Evans is mentioned as "an English dentist" in Paris, and the late Dr. Battey of Georgia becomes Batty. We need say nothing except in praise of the splendid 'Text-Book of Physiology* edited in two volumes by E. A. Schafer, LL.D., F.R.S. (Macmillan). It is in no sense a popular presentation of modern physiolo- gy, but, as a record of the skill, intelli- gence, and patience in research shown by the physiologists of the world, it is a wor- thy successor to the six-volume text-book of Hermann, which so long held its position as a treasure-house of information for stu- dents and teachers. The present work is of composite authorship, as indeed was neces- sary, since no writer of to-day can profess to be an authority on all the great sub- divisions of physiology; but the writers seem to have been so carefully chosen and have done their work so well that one is not conscious of serious lapses, either as re- gards style or mode of handling, as one passes from chapter to chapter. The close-

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150 The Nation, [Vol. 73, No. 1886 ly printed pages, more than two thousand in number, are occupied rather with stating and balancing views of the many authors reported than of proving those advanced by the writers themselves, and for this reason the citation even of conclusions is impossi- ble in a review within our limit of space. The first volume deals mainly, as the pref- ace states, "with the chemical constitution and chemical processes of the animal body, and with those physical and chemical phe- nomena which are connected with the pro- duction and elaboration of the secretions and other fluids of the body. The articles in the second volume include the mechanics of the circulation and respiration, and of special muscular movements; the general physiolo- gy of muscle and nerve; the special senses; and the functions of the central nervous system." So extensive has the literature of these subjects grown that certain others, such as generation and reproduction, and the general physiology of the cell, have been crowded out, or rather have been omitted as belonging more properly in specialized works. The indices are especially full and valuable; 108 pages of fine print are devoted to the index of subjects alone, while the author index is equally voluminous. Three quarto volumes of conspicuous util- ity have just Issued from the Library of Congress. One is Mr. A. P. C. Griffin's 'Union List of Periodicals, Transactions, and Allied Publications Currently Received in the Principal Libraries of the District of Columbia.' This is, strictly speaking, a pro- visional or check list, and is to be per- fected hereafter. Meantime, the broad mar- gins, the one-side impression, and the let- ter paper permit of additions or corrections with pen and ink. The fifteen libraries taken cognizance of are all Government, including the Congressional Library Itself and the Smithsonian Institution. The wealth of pe- riodicals is surprising. Mr. Griffin has judi- ciously, we think, adopted a system of al- phabetizing conformable to the first signi- ficant word in a title, so that Evening Post, for example, Is entered under E. A differ- ent system has been employed, also, we think, judiciously, by Mr. Allan B. Slauson in his 'Check List of American Newspapers in the Library of Congress.' Here the ar- rangement is geographical and the sub-ar- rangement regards the essential and fa- miliar name, putting Evening Post under P. The succeeding general index' disarms all criticism by placing the same paper under both E and P. We have finally 'A Calendar of Washington MSS. In the Library of Congress," compiled chronologically un- der the direction of Herbert Priedenwald, with an index forming nearly half the vol- ume, yet purposely exclusive of names oc- curring in manuscripts that have been print- ed and are easily accessible, though brief- ly calendared here. Out of Black John Street in Rotterdam- memorial in its name of a local hero who slaughtered many enemies in the Spanish fury of 1573— issues a little handbook of sixty-four pages, giving the final results of the June elections in the Netherlands, which determine Dutch policy for the next four years. The Liberal Government has been overthrown, and the allied Calvinlsts (Anti-Revolutionaries) and Catholics have won. The new Second Chamber— the real ruler of the kingdom— consists of one hun- dred members, of whom the united Clericals have 49 seats and the Liberals 27. Of a pos- sible total of 610,198 votes, only 388,653 were polled. In many of the Roman Cath- olic districts, in the south, there being no opposition, no true elections were held. The superior zeal, vigilance, and self-sacrifice of the churchmen have won the day, for no vacations, indolence, or preoccupations In- terfered with their superb organization; and the extent of their victory has as much surprised themselves as it has disappoint- ed those who separated Church and State. Of the other parties, the Christian-Historic holds 2 seats, the Social-Democrats 7, the Free-Anti-revolutionaries 7, and the Free Democrats 8. The victors maintain the theory of "the State subservient to the Church," professing that in the Netherlands the State grew out of the Church. That Ultramontane adherents of the Pope and strenuous upholders of the theology of Cal- vin and of Dordrecht can agree, when the division of the spoils is the order of the day, is improbable. The new edition of the 'Index of Prohibit- ed Books,' published by the Vatican Press, regarded from a literary point of view, is certainly an improvement on its predeces- sors, and shows that the new editor, Thomas Esser, the Secretary of the Index Congrega- tion, has strictly obeyed the rule laid down for this revision in the "Constitution of January 24, 1897," Officiorum ac Munerum. A lot of old rubbish in the shape of forgot- ten anti-Catholic works has been omitted, and in their place a rather full list of mod- ern writers is given. From the literature of the last ten years alone, 82 authors with 131 writings are pilloried. This favor, how- ever, is very unevenly distributed, there being in the class named sixty Italian, forty- seven French, sixteen Spanish and Portu- guese, with only four English and four Ger- man works. Strange bedfellows are found when Strauss's 'Life of Christ' is placed side by side with Reuss'a edition of the Scriptures and Sabatier's 'Francis of Assi- si," while Wellhausen Is not on the list at all, and, still more strangely, not even Hase's 'Polemics.' The National Geographic Magazine for Au- gust contains an account of a journey from TiQis to Mt. Ararat by Esther L. Hovey, who writes pleasantly of her experiences, though with too many trivial details. The other contents are Dr. T. Williams's story of the growth of the relations of Southwest- ern Asia with Europe, and Mr. W. J. Mc- Gee's general description of Asia as the cradle of humanity. This is noteworthy chiefly for the confident stress which he lays upon the discovery of Pithecanthropus ereetus. The principal articles in the Annates da Olographic for July are upon the origin of the valleys of the Western Alps, and on the physical features of Morocco in explanation of an accompanying hypsometrical chart. A region in Tunis is described with references to its climate, rainfall, vegetation, and re- cent history, and there Is a notice of the latest investigations of E. Richter, Nor- denskjold, and Prof. W. M. Davis, on the re- lation of fiords, Alpine valleys and lakes to glacial erosion. Attention Is directed to the rapid growth of Jibutil, on the French So- mali coast. An insignificant village In 1893, It is now a town of 15,000 Inhabitants, 1,500 of whom are Europeans, with two hotels and a hospital. Its advantages as a port are shown by the increasing number of steamers which call at It, including those of the new Russian line from Odessa to the Persian Gulf. It has cable communication with France, and telegraph and telephone lines to Harrar and Adis Abbeba, the capital of Abyssinia, while a railway to these places Is being built. The last literary labors of Herman Grimm were devoted to a task which he had thrice before attempted and given up: a life of Raphael. The small part (one chapter and a single page of another) completed when death overtook him, is published in the current number of the Rundschau. Fol- lowing it is a postscript of the editor, who had for nearly half a century enjoyed an almost daily intercourse with the great writer. It was as a writer of the first rank, as Dr. Rodenberg here emphatically repeats, rather than as a scholar or a, professor, that Grimm has exerted an important and lasting influence, and it is significant that his earliest known publication is a trans- lation of Emerson's 'Goethe the Author.' Later in life he acknowledged the pride he felt in belonging to the author's profession. In an article in the Tribuna, the well- known litterateur Ugo Ojetti draws atten- tion to the sad fate that seemingly is io store for the great Italian libraries, be- cause the Government has considered it necessary to cut down the appropriations. Special attention is called to the Biblioteca Vittorio Emmanuele in Rome, which for- merly had an income of 100,000 lire, but, during the past two years, has received only 56,000, and in addition has a debt of 30,000. One of the consequences is the re- fusal of the Italian book-dealers to furnish more works to the library, as some of their bills have been unpaid for years. Its lacuna are becoming more and more em- barrassing, especially in the periodical de- partments. Neither the preceding Incum- bents of the Cultus Ministry, Bacelli and Gallo, nor the present Nasi, have been able to do anything in the matter. On the other hand, some of the libraries under foreign control in Rome are models of their kind. Especially is this true of the collection of the Imperial German Archaeological Insti- tute, on the Capitol, which is under the management of the Pompeiian specialist August Mau, and is practically complete in its line. — In our review of Fithlan's Journal we committed two errors of fact, to which at- tention has been courteously drawn by the editor and another correspondent. The grave in the University grounds is not that of the young lady mentioned by Fithian, but of another bearing the same surname, a resi- dent of the same city, Philadelphia, and ap- parently of similar age, who also died after a protracted illness, but in 1794 instead of 1774. The confirmation of an earlier im- pression which we attempted, failed, by an unaccountable oversight, in the essentials of Christian name and date. The editor is also correct in the name of John Champe Carter, which we surmised should be Edward. As has been pointed out, this Captain Carter, whose mother was Miss Sarah Champe, was a first cousin of Col. Carter of Nomini, and held a command in Col. Harrison's Virginia and Maryland Regiment of Artillery. As the book stands, it contains no error of fact, so far as we know. —'Bird Watching,' by Edmund Selous (London: Dent; New York: Macmillan), is a study of the habits of certain British birds.

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Aug* 22, I9O1] The Kation. 151 One hardly knows whether to prize more its treasure of original observations, recorded with photographic accuracy of detail, or its suggestive philosophical conclusions, which hot only lay a foundation for the psychology of birds, but trace the genesis of habits through successive stages of evolution, and even attempt to explaih the origin of spe- cies. These theories are bffered conserva- tively, and will stimulate ornithologists to pursue neglected paths. Not every one can agree with the author that the spontaneous movement of flocks of birds is due to thought-transference, and that the primal cause of a mother-bird's feigning injury to protect her young is found in epilepsy. Mr. Selous treats chiefly of family life, many of bis subjects being the little-known sea birds. He describes the strained antics of rivals during courtship, the mutual ameni- ties of married birds, and their devotion to their young. The interest of the book, however, is not merely scientific. The au- thor's personality is original, and his style has literary charm. He is a book-lover with a crowd of book memories, that asso- ciate themselves pleasantly or whimsically with what he sees. He has an eye and an ear sensitive to beauty, and intersperses with his scientific photographs little sketches full of grace and spirit. Birds have for him a human interest, and he deplores the point of view from which such creatures, "All throbbin' full o' gifts an' graces," are seen only as "specimens." The book is free from scientific technicalities, but it is not likely to become popular natural history, partly for the reasons that the details are multitudinous, and that the element of hu- man interest is not all-pervading. Leisurely readers, however, may find, like Mr. Selous, that bird- watching is "an island of consola- tion" amid a sea of troubles. —The more or less faded celebrities whom Mr. George Paston endeavors to revive in 'Little Memoirs of the Eighteenth Century' (Dutton) are three ladies of rank and fashion, one of humbler station but better fame, a playwright, a bookseller, and a lover. These meet on the common ground of having written about themselves. James Lackington (who is in luck just now, being celebrated by Mr. Marston also) is admitted to represent trade; the others had "advan- tages." Mrs. Grant of Laggan is remem- bered on both sides the sea for her books, and Richard Cumberland had a place, such as it was, in the literature of his day. If not a wit, he was the cause of wit in others, as when Scott mentioned his "comedies at which we have cried, and tragedies at which we have laughed," and Horace Walpole call- ed his revised "Timon of Athens" "marvel- lously well done, for he has caught the manners and diction of the original so ex- actly that I think it is full as bad a play as it was before he corrected it." John Tweddell (1769-99), of whom much was ex- pected, produced little beyond interminable letters to Isabel Gunning: most of them are fortunately lost. Of the court ladies, by far the most memorable is Elizabeth Ber- keley, Countess of Craven and Margravine of Anspach, whose wanderings and adven- tures are here recalled. The charm which this emancipated woman exercised so long and so widely, deserted her when she touch- ed a pen; her memoirs, according to Mr. Paston, are as dull as unveracious. Her colossal self-esteem, he says, would have kept her happy had her career been less successful. Yet its commencement was most unpromising; being puny and weak, she "was left neglected on a chair by her mother's bedside," where a visiting aunt almost sat down upon her. Mr. Paston is a pleasant writer and a skilled compiler, who frankly caters to gossip-lovers, and has the patience to toil through obsolete volumes of egotism for such scraps as may suit a modefn taste. One of his best anecdotes comes through Lady Craven from an aged Polish lady, who knew Marlborough at The Hague: "He was so stingy that ... his black silk stock- ings . . . were darned with white thread." Another was preserved by Cum- berland of Lord Sackville: "He had a habit of standing up in sermon-time to review the congregation and awe the idlers into de- corum," a la Sir Roger de Coverley; and once, "to encourage a very young preach- er," he cried out, "Well done, Harry!" — Dr. Alfred Hodder's 'Adversaries of the Sceptic' (London: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan) is an extremely brilliant and incisive criticism of some widely prevalent views of Professor Royce and Mr. Bradley. Dr. Hodder poses as a philosophical skep- tic, and is a valiant champion of the mo- ment of experience, the "specious present," beyond which nothing is certain, either in metaphysics, logic, or ethics. In the glare of his paradoxes his adversaries certainly appear in an uninviting light, but whether he himself succeeds in substituting any tenable construction is not so clear. Be- fore this could be admitted, it might be ncessary to call upon Dr. Hodder — under penalty of having all his indignant appeals for logical purity disallowed — to construct a new logic, which he would accept as co- gent in place of that to which he will grant only "psychological cogency," and to consid- er more carefully than he has done whether the flaws in the "illogic" of postulation which he denounces, might not be cured by a more complete adoption of this very prin- ciple. If in these respects he himself pro- vokes skepticism, he should ascribe this doubt in part to the fact that he has not unfrequently shown greater anxiety to display his own cleverness than to advance the solution of his problem; in part to his neglect to provide a final summary of his argument and of the resulting situation. In spite, however, of these reservations, Dr. Hodder's book may be recommended to all who have a taste for dialectical discussions and excellence of style, as one of the most stimulating and enjoyable that have ap- pealed to the philosophic public in recent years. — A new and enlarged edition of Professor Sohm's 'Institutes' has been issued by the Clarendon Press (New York: H. Frowde). In the nine years since the publication of Mr. Ledlie's first English version, five edi- tions of this work have appeared in Ger- many. From the latest of these Mr. Ledlie has made the present translation, and Pro- fessor Grueber of Munich, formerly of Ox- ford, has again revised the book and writ- ten an introduction. This second edition differs considerably from the former. Under the new Civil Code of the German Empire, which came into force on January 1, 1900, Roman private law, which had been the common law of Germany ever since the famous Ordinance of 1495, has become in German practice a thing of the past. A study of Roman law as such, will, there- fore, in future occupy only an introductory place in German legal instruction. Profess sor Sohm aims at furnishing all the knowl- edge required by the student under the new system; hence several of the changes that he has made. He has added an excellent chapter on the fate of the Roman law since the completion of the Corpus Juris, thus bringing down to date the admirable his- torical sketch of that law which now fills about one-sixth of the volume. Since the last English edition some notes have also been added, and portions of the text have been entirely rewritten in the light of re- cent research. The book is a valuable con- tribution to the English literature of the subject, because it gives the marrow of the best authorities, and combines a history of the development of Roman law with its pre- sentation as a complete and full-grown sys- tem. The short introduction by Professor Grueber explains the relation of the Civil Law to the new German Code, but unfortu- nately omits the interesting discussion, which he gave in 1892, of the influence of Vacarius, Bracton, and others in importing Roman law into England. Illustrative Latin texts are again introduced in such a way as not to interfere with the flow of the narra- tive, and the clearness and beauty of the style are a feature of this edition, as of the earlier. — An important original work from another Oxford pen, which has just appeared at the same press, is Mr. A. H. J. Greenidge's treatise on 'Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time.' He is the first English writer to deal fully with this important topic. The book is, therefore, sure to be welcomed, not only by scientific workers in Roman law, but by the many classical students who must need an adequate key to the legal allusions with which Cicero abounds. Such allusions are not, indeed, always to questions of proced- ure, and often concern substantive law. But a full exposition of the mode of asserting rights necessarily involves much elucidation of the nature of the rights asserted, and in the four orations of Cicero which it is hope- less to understand without a legal commen- tary, the questions of procedure are prac- tically the only stumbling-blocks. These orations are separately dealt with in an ap- pendix. It is a pity that the list there given of writers who have discussed these speech- es is by no means complete, and especially that no notice is taken of the very recent work in that particular line of Prof. Emilio Costa of Bologna. The policy of the author throughout is to refer almost exclusively to Cicero, and very sparingly to the modern civilians, a course which the dictates of space may perhaps have imposed. But in the case of Criminal Procedure, which occu- pies the latter division of the work, it is to be regretted that the references to Momm- sen's recent and monumental 'Strafrecht' could not have been more copious. For in- stance, the "vital question" (p. 380) whether special quaestiones ever excluded appeals to the people is passed without an allusion to Mommsen's peculiar explanation. The whole book, however, both in style and in matter, reflects great credit on the Oxford School of Civil Law. Despite the opinion of the late Mr. E. J. Phelps that the Roman differs fun- damentally from the English law — a state- ment true only in a constitutional sense— and notwithstanding the "immensity of igno- rance" which Maine's arguments of fifty

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152 The Nation. [Vol. 7z, No. 1886 years back have but partially dispelled, the English study of Roman jurisprudence is visibly progressing. So original and thor- ough a book is a striking mark of that progress. —The education of the Eastern peoples is a question of the first importance whose dif- ficulties are just beginning to be recognized. Till recently missionaries and teachers have worked on the principle that all men were substantially alike, and therefore should be taught the same truths by similar methods the world over. The fallacy of this princi- ple has been demonstrated by the experi- ence of the English in India. The three In- dian universities, founded in 1857, have ap- parently been conducted on the same gen- eral lines as the English universities, with the result that "the university training which culminates in a Calcutta degree seems elaborately devised to emphasize and ex- aggerate the natural weaknesses of the Bengali intellect and character." Lord Cur- zon, the first of the Viceroys to do so, has called attention to this practical failure, in some striking speeches in which he has urged a radical reform of the whole system. It is found that, just as the Chinese learn by heart the ethics of Confucius, the Brah- man the Vedas, the Arab the Koran, so the Indian Babu simply memorizes the funda- mental facts and truths underlying Western education "without even attempting to give any intelligent study to their meaning." His learning is but a tool which he uses to make a living, and has not become a part of his intellectual and moral nature. The proposed reform of the educational system will no doubt be greatly aided by the eth- nographical survey of India about to be undertaken by the Government. Its results will be helpful far beyond the boundaries of the peninsula, for in the number and variety of its races it is, as it were, a miniature world. A noted Indian official once stated that a traveller in going from Bombay to Calcutta passes through more peoples, and more difference in language, customs, and religious beliefs, than one who goes from Constantinople to London. The bringing out by means of the survey of the racial characteristics of each people, their habits of thought, their superstitions, aspi- rations, and the truths and facts of nature which most influence them, will prove of in- estimable value to the intelligent teacher or missionary who labors among them or similar peoples. RECENT VERSE. For an arch-champion of conventional civ- ilization Mr. Meredith has a surprising amount of wildness in his veins. The first of the three poems that make up 'A Reading of Life" (Scribners) is all in praise of Arte- mis, the Huntress, who is the spirit visible of untamed living and the incarnation of the delights of outlawry. The splendid vigor and picturesqueness of Mr. Meredith's de- scription of life in the open, of the joys of exquisite savagery, are such as our younger generation of praisers of mere vag- abondage and pseudo-savagery have hardly attained to. " Through tbe water eye of night, Midway between eve and dawn, See the chase, the rout, the flight In deep forest; oread, faun, Goat-foot, antlers laid on neck; Ravenous all the line for speed. See yon wavy sparkle beck Sign of the Virgin Lady's lead. Down her course a serpent star Coils and shatters at her heels; l'eals the horn exulting, peals Plaintive, Is it near or far. Pride' of flesh from bondage free, Heaping vigor of its waste, Marks her servitors, and she Sanctifies the unembraeed." Nor have the singers of lawless love any poems to offer in which the ecstasy of pas- sion is more superbly celebrated than in Mr. Meredith's "With the Persuader," his second 'Reading of Life.' Mr. Meredith certainly knows the art of keeping what is quintessential in savagery; he has not let civilization get the better of him. Yet, unlike our modern shrill bourgeois rebels, he is, after all, never faithless to civiliza- tion, or a renegade to the arts and sciences. A certain fierce joy in the reckless self- assertion of the chase — whatever the co- vey— that is our heritage from the beast, a priceless heritage, the inexhaustible source of the diversified energy that does the work of the world. But the recklessness of the self-assertion must be tamed; and, even in his hymn to Passion, Mr. Meredith makes it clear that Beauty's Queen, in spite of the delicious madness of which she knows the secret, is nevertheless the Goddess of the Garden, not of the Forest; she — the Per- suader— is the earliest of the powers that civilize man. "Beauty draws him with a single hair" out of the Forest of Arden toward the regions of domesticity and per- manent rights of property. In the third 'Reading of Life,' the "Test of Manhood," Mr. Meredith traces imaginatively man's progress from within hearing distance of "the primal brute" to life as we know it— "this thing we see" — which, on the whole, he seems optimistically to regard as "salva- tion." Noteworthy throughout is the transfigured Naturalism of Mr. Meredith's mood, his rec- onciliation of wildness and worldly wisdom. He has come to terms with the Nature of the evolutionists. We hear nothing of Na- ture "red in tooth and claw," though the poet does not for a moment blink Nature's "savage riddles" or "iron laws." Yet sure- ly man is, after all, her best-beloved: "But is he rightly manful in her eyes, A splendid bloodless knight to gain the skies, A blood-hot son of Earth by all her signs, Desireing and desireable he shines; As peaches, that have caught the sun's uprise And kissed warm gild till noonday, even as vines. Earth tills him with her juices, without fear Thai she will cast him drunken down the Steeps. All woman is she to this man most dear; lie sows lor bread, and she in spirit reaps: She eonselent, She sensitive, in him; With him enwound. his brave ambition hers: by him humaner made." In such passages as these Mr. Meredith is as loyal to the Nature of the evolution- ists as Wordsworth was to the transmogrified Nature of the transcendental idealists. And what makes Mr. Meredith as a poet so im- mensely worth while to many readers is the fact that he never conquers through a lie, or wins his transfiguring glamour through a romantic fallacy. Mr. Lysaght, in his 'Poems of the Un- known Way' (Macmillan), has perhaps been rather too obvious and downright in declar- ing his loyalty to science and the actual. Part I. of his book is given to Romance, and Part II. to Repentance. Part I. Is the record of a quest after novel sensations in the South Seas in Stevenson's wake. Part II. is a "Ritual" — a Positivistic confession of faith. The raptures of Part I. are hardly reckless enough to need the vast deal of moralizing vouchsafed in Part II.; the bread is in excess of the sack. Many of the poems of Part II. read like Positivistic ser- mons from Fleur-de-lis Court turned into hexameters. Yet, on the whole, Mr. Ly- saght's verse has much charm and shows no little power. Even in the midst of the Comtean droning one comes upon such genuinely lyric passages as the following: "O green earth! little heart of warm life! little wanderer In the vast spaces unknown and eternal and fathomless! O little sunlighted wanderer In the wide wilder- ness! Thou art our home! We look round and consider our dwelling-place; Ponder the pictures of life and mutation, and wakefulness, Gathered in one little world, the strange tidings of destiny Told by an hour of time. Of thy dust we are fashioned, Nursed in thy shelter, and no other home may we look upon." The poems of Part I., "The Unknown Shore," are full of rich color-effects, mys- terious perspectives over vast waterways, aDd in general of finely imaginative inter- pretations of "the ocean's azure hieroglyph" and "the old sweetness of the earth." Sir Lewis Morris's latest volume, 'Harvest Tide' (T. Y. Crowell & Co.), offers to his admirers much that they will characteris- tically admire; nor can even the unbeliev- ing outsider wholly resist the good feeling that pervades the poems, their courtly gra- ciousness of manner, and their single-heart- ed interest in the things that are best worth while. The poem that comes nearest to distinction of style — perhaps it echoes Christina Rossetti — is FROM DAWN TO EVE. The swift dawn groweth, The frail flower bloweth, Solemn Eve brings her shades. The sweet blossom fades; This is the secret of the ancient Earth, This is the primal mystery of birth. Full noon rides on high Through the shadowless sky, Black clouds gather round, Fanged with tire, big with sound; This is the tale of Life, portentous, strange. Chequered with pain, the sport of Time and Change. The fountain upspringeth, The strong pinion wlngeth, The weak waters sink down, And the tired bird has flown; This is in brief the tale of the breathing of breath. This is the sum of man's story from Birth unto Death. All the foregoing poets take their subjeots from real life or the regions of accepted theory. Not so Mr. W. B. Yeats, In 'The Shadowy Waters' (Dodd,Mead&Co.), and the author of 'The Soul of Osiris,' whose name ia given as Aleister Crowley. Both are con- temners of the commonplace, wilful and audacious dreamers. Mr. Yeats has oer- tainly learned the trick of the fourth di- mension. Very easily and surely and with no flourish of conjuring phrases, he dissolves the world of literal fact, puts an end to the tyranny of those t-very-day objects and forms of experience which our practical needs have taught us one and all to shape for ourselves with eye and ear, relieves us from the obsession of the commonplace, and makes us free of a new heaven and a new earth where, after all, we seem at once to be breathing native air: "How shall I name you, immortal, mild, proud shadows ? I only know that all we know comes from you. And that you come from Eden on flying feet. Is Eden far away, or do you bide From human thought, as hares and mice and coneys That run before the reaping-hook and lie In the last ridge of the barley. Do our woods And winds and ponds cover more quiet woods. More shining winds, more star-glimmering ponds? "Is Eden out of time and out of space? And do you gather about us when pale light Shining on water and fallen among leaves. And winds blowing from flowers, and whirr of feathers And the green quiet, have uplifted the heart?"

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Aug. 22, I9OT] Tlie 3STation. 153 These lines are part of the proem. The story that follows tells of the fates of For- gael, the harper, and the captive Queen Dectora — the scene of the drama being the deck of a galley in some remote sea- region. Forgael, the visionary, is seeking an unknown good — a more than mortal love — in "the holy woods" beyond "the streams where the world ends," where "Love is made Imperishable fire under the boughs Of chrysoberyl and beryl and chrysolite, And etirysoprase and ruby and sardonyx." His sailors bring before him Dectora, whom they have captured from a passing galley, and she, waking at length from the enchant- ed sleep that had fallen on her as she lis- tened, at first unwillingly, to Forgael's harp- ing, welcomes him with unsealed eyes: "I know you now, beseeching hands and eyes. I have been waiting you. A moment since My foster-mother sang in an old rhyme That my true-love would come in a ship of pearl Under a silken sail and silver yard. And bring me where the children of Aengus wind In happy dances, under a windy moon." But Forgael will not turn from his mystic quest : — " The love of all under the light of the sun Is but brief longing, and deceiving hope, And bodily tenderness." Then Dectora, after much sweet, womanly pleading for the human and the earthly, chooses to go with Forgael, though it be toward death; she cuts the rope that binds them to the other galley, and they two alone drift away over the "shadowy waters": "(.She kneels beside him and puts her arms about him.) "Bend lower, O King, O flower of the branch, O bird among the leaves, 0 silver fish that my two hands have taken Out of a running stream, O morning star Trembling in the blue heavens like a while fawn Upon the misty border of the wood,— Bend lower, that I may cover you with my hair, For we will gaze upon this world no longer. (The harp begins to murmur of itself.) FORGAEL. The harp-strings have begun to cry out to the eagles." This is one way into Dreamland. Aleister Crowley, in 'The Soul of Osiris' (London: Kegan Paul), reveals what seems to him an even more excellent way. He calls his vol- ume with its four books "a History"— the history, evidently, of a very modern spirit as it has passed from the rule of the bodily senses and Baudelaire to the most exalted moods of mysticism. "Man's approach to God is regulated by the strictest laws, and follows a true mathematical curve" — these words from Mr. Thorold Rogers's Introduc- tion to the 'Dialogue of St. Catherine' might well serve as a motto for 'The Soul of Osiris'; and the rationale of the transforma- tion might be summed up in these other words of Mr. Rogers's: "The desire for ecstasy is at the very root and heart of our nature. . . . Human life is informed at every stage by this desire for ecstasy, of self-escape into something high- er. Mysticism alone affords to those favored beings who are competent in brain and will for its ardors a true and lasting realization of this desire. Neither the sensual nor the sentimental life can do so, for nature or society constantly throws us by illnesses or laws on the hither or farther side of its perfect realization." "The Soul of Osiris' begins with a Prologue, "Obsession," addressed to Charles Baude- laire. Book I., "The Court of the Profane.'' Is given over to the more or less symbolical portrayal of a life of surrender to the senses. Book II., "The Gate of the Sanctuary," por- trays the struggle between the senses and the spirit. Book III., "The Holy Place," describes the soul's earliest moments of triumph. Book IV., 'The Holy of Holies," is the imaginative record of typical phases of mystical ecstasy. The depth and volume and the passion- ate intensity of the ' feeling in many of these poems are unmistakable, as are also the frequent richness and visionary splendor of the imagery and the aptness and transfiguring power of the rhythms. But equally clear is the fact that the usual faults of the mystical imagination are al- ready hurting the poet's work. We all know what happened to the transcendently beau- tiful lyrical genius of Blake. Aleister Crow- ley should keep a copy of the 'Prophetic Books' next the whipcord scourge in his anchorite's cell. Already the world that he bodies forth in his verse is too often mere- ly a clotted mass of wilful emotional sym- bols. That this need not be so, such stanzas as the following from "Jezebel" prove be- yond cavil: "A lion's mane, a leopard's skin Across my dusty shoulders thrown; A swart, fierce face, with eyes where sin Lurks like a serpent by a stone. A man driven forth by lust to seek Rest from himself on Carmel's peak. "A prophet with wild hair behind, Streaming in fiery clusters! Yea, Tangled with vehemence of the wind, And knotted with the tears that slay: And all my face parched up and dried, And all my body crucified. "Ofttimes the Spirit of the Lord Descends and floods me with his breath; My words are fashioned as a sword. My voice is like the voice of death. The thunder of the Spirit's wings Brings terror to the hearts of kings." This is plastic enough, and so is the en- tire long narrative poem of which it is a part — plastic and immensely dramatic. Other poems show the same qualities. Of the mystical ardor that finds often beautiful and often wearisomely vague and wordy ex- pression in the later poems, the following stanzas may stand as representative: "O guardian of the pallid hours of night! O tireless watcher of the smitten noon! 0 sworded with the majesty of light, 0 girded with the glory of the moon! Angel of absolute splendor! Link of mine Old weary spirit with the All-Divine! "Ship that sbalt carry me by many winds Driven on the limitless ocean! Mighty sword By which I force that barrier of the mind's Miscomprehension of its own true lord! Listen, and answer, and behold my brow Fiery with hope! Bend down and touch It now! "Press the twin dawn of thy desirous lips In the swart masses of my hair; bend close, And shroud all earth in masterless eclipse, While my heart's murmur through thy being flows, To carry up the prayer, as incense teems Skyward, to those immeasurable streams!" No one who reads such poems as these, and in addition the strangely visionary "Nameless Quest," the sonnet to Allan Mac- gregor, and "The Rosicrucian," can doubt that this poet is authentic and will reveal to the world much new beauty, unless his eye be dizzied and his brain distraught by the raptures of Mysticism. Two other volumes of English verse are in their way interesting. Mr. Arthur E. J. Legge, though often the victim of the con- ventional phrase and the overworn epithet, pipes now and then a delightful stave. Wit- ness in his 'Town and Country Poems' (London: David Nutt) his SKYLARK IN FOG. Imprisoned soul, look up. The shrill, tumultu- ous sound Whirling, aspiring Strangely through these dark folds wherein all eyes are bound, Thy hope is firing. Darkened as ours, the sight of such brave song- ster halts, With no discerning Of that transparent dome for whose Illumined vaults Veiled hearts are yearning. He. poet, fool, who leaves the path of cautious birds, Lost In the dun light, Chasing a phantom thought through the vague mist of words, Soars for the sunlight. Mr. George Francis Savage-Armstrong, evidently a facile craftsman, offers the pub- lic in his 'Ballads of Down' (Longmans) a stocky volume of 359 pages. The worst that can be said of him is that he often writes like a belated Southey or a Burns manque. On the other hand, some of his poems show considerable power of a ratner conventional sort. Landor's well-known lines. "We go; and 'Is he gone?" Is all his best friends say." appear in an interesting peasant version in the stanzas called DEATH AND LIFE. "Puir Wully is deed!"— "O, is he?"— "Ay, cau'd in his coffin he's leein'!"— "Jist noo A em muckle tae busy Tae trouble me heed aboot deein'; There's ban's tae be got fur the reapin'; We're gaun tae the wark in the murn ; An' A'm thinkin' the rain 'ill come dreepln', The-night, an' destroyin' the curn." Mr. Sheridan Ford is presumably an Amer- ican domiciled in Paris. At any rate, he knows his French salons and studios, and he has had the rather happy idea of ticket- ing off contemporary artists in a series of epigrams ('The Art of Folly'; Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.). At times, he phrases very prettily and wickedly, as where he speaks Byronically of the subjects of the paint- ings in the official Salon as "Butchered to make a bourgeois holiday"; or describes Monticelli as "A blithe contortionist in color-rhyme"; or says of Bastien-Lepage: "Far-ruling Bastien won a brittle fame By modern methods and a kodak aim. Countless disciples awful failures breed. And a bad Bastien 's very bad indeed." Unluckily, Mr. Ford seems to have no sure ear for the concert pitch of satirical verse: "Claude Monet uses with essential ease The basic method of the Japanese." Possibly; but Mr. Ford should not fancy that, in telling us this, he is writing poetry. He should give his days and nights to Alexander Pope, and learn the art of tight- ening up every line of satire till it vi- brates. That Mr. Madison Cawein has a tempera- ment, the most grudging critic must con- cede. He has, too, an eye, an ear, a vocab- ulary, and even an imagination, albeit a fussy one. This is a very decent poetical outfit. What seems best in his present vol- ume, 'Weeds by the Wall' (Louisville: J. P. Morton & Co.), are his vivid impressionistic sketches of certain rather extravagant or fantastic aspects of nature. "Drouth" is one of his most successful sketches of this sort, but too long to quote. The following stanzas from "Sunset and Storm" represent him, perhaps not unfairly: "Deep with divine tautology. The sunset's mighty mystery Again has traced the scroll-like West With hieroglyphs of burning gold: Forever new, forever old, Its miracle is manifest. Time lays the scroll away. And now. Above the hills a giant brow Night lifts of cloud; and from her arm, Barbaric black, upon the world, With thunder, wind, and fire, is hurled Her awful argument of storm." Mr. Cawein's pet vice is quaintness both of mood and of speech, and this quaintness, together with his trick of swooning pictur-

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±54= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 esquely over trifles, seems likely to insure him vogue in the magazines. He may well be on his guard against the pathetic fallacy, against overworking the word "some," and in general against maltreating the Presi- dent's English. To speak of the winds as brooming this or that, of rivcred blue, and of languaging a mystery, is little short of play- ing ducks and drakes with Webster. Many of the characteristics of Mr. Moody's •Masque of Judgment' reappear in his new volume of miscellaneous Poems (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.). There is often the same lux- uriant symbolism, the same richness of im- agery, the same fine sense of the value of rhythm and tone-color. There is in many of the poems the same almost extravagant sensuousness, redeemed, nevertheless, by a sincere and at times even exalted delight in the things of the spirit. Nature, too, in this new volume is often as daringly unreal as in the 'Masque' — as mystically overcast with shadow or suffused with visionary love- liness: "Hark, where the deep feels round its thousand shores To find remembered respite, and far drawn Through weed-strewn shelves and crannies of the coast The myriad silence yearns to myriad speech." "Once at a simple turning of the way I met find walking; and although the dawn Was larger behind Him. and the morning stars Circled and sang about his face as birds About the fieldward morning cottager, My coward heart said faintly, 'Let us haste! Hay grows and it is far to market-town.' " Such passages as these recall the 'Masque' very closely in idiom and movement. No less interesting, and on some accounts even more pleasant to note, are the points in which the new poems differ from the earlier vol- ume. There is certainly great gain in direct- ness of human sympathy and in the power to find beauty in the commonplace, or to in- terpret feelings that are in widest common- alty spread. Doubtless, Mr. Moody is still experimenting here; neither his sense of poetic values nor his methods are sure. He sometimes overinterprets, forces the note, grows strident, verges on a fit of the nerves — as, for example, in the "Troubling of the Waters," where, to put it brutally, he seems gunning among the poor and lowly for poetic game. The "Menagerie," too, suggestive and far-reaching as is its motive, and delicious- ly humorous as are some of the verses and stanzas, is unmistakably amateurish; the wabbling of the imaginary speaker's lan- guage from godlike eloquence to gutter argot is greater than even the fumes of his much bad whiskey can account for. In "The Brute," on the other hand, Mr. Moody goes straight, from start to finish. It is a su- perbly successful defence of that age of ma- chinery which lackadaisical votaries of ar- chaic beauty have so often inveighed against. First, the Brute — the machine incarnate — duly makes his boast of his wreckage of human life and of Nature; then "a still and pleasant voice" takes the word away from him, recites with much finely imaginative detail all the good that the Brute is even now doing in spite of himself, and prophe- sies that "he must work men out salvation ere they send him back to hell": "All the desert that he made He must treble bless with shade. Ill primal wastes set precious seed of rapture and of pain; All the Strongholds that he built For Hi'- powers o( freed ami guilt— lb- must strew theft bOBtiODS down the Si choke their towers with silt; fie must make the temples Hrnn for the gods to Come again, And lift the lordly cities under skies without a stain." So the prophetic voice runs on, unriddling the future of the Brute, till finally it makes the happy forecast that "at the last day, They will whistle him away, Lay a hand upon his muzzle in the face of God, and say. 'Honor, Lord, the Thing we tamed! Let him not be scourged or blamed.' " So the Brute "comes to his own. 'Twixt the Lion and the Eagle, by the armpost of the Throne." This is all extremely good, and the entire poem is admirable alike in insight and in technique; the tone and the idiom and the imaginative color are just what they should be and are perfectly maintained. In this same class of poems that inter- pret themes taken direct from daily life, are the poems on the war in the Philip- pines. Too often such poems are mere rhymed rhetoric; Mr. Moody's are not; their rich symbolism marks them as works of creative imagination. In these and in the very remarkable poem "The Daguerreo- type"— a poem too personal and sacred in its subject to endure random criticism — Mr. Moody probably reaches his highest level. One last word may be said as to the echoes in his verse; surely he should be on his guard here. "The Daguerreotype" unmis- takably suggests Mr. Francis Thompson; so does "The Bracelet of Grass," which, in- deed, in its first stanza reproduces with hardly a change of vibration the lyrical movement of Mr. Thompson's "Dream- Tryst." "Harmonics" in its sestette is Ros- setti exact; a "Grey Day" has the imagina- tive mood and color of Rossetti's "Even So," and "Faded Pictures" is in Browning's dia- lect from first to last. It may be gladly conceded, however, that, with one exception, these are Mr. Moody's slighter poems, and that he seems to be continually growing surer and more independent, both in the play of his imagination and in the movement of his rhythms. Probably the best known of Dr. Weir Mitchell's poems in the new volume of 'Se- lections' (Macmillan) is the dramatic nar- rative, "Francois Villon"; and justly so. For, in spite of the charm of his occasional verse and the beauty of some of his lyrics, Dr. Mitchell's imagination seems at its best when dealing with life in its full scope, with life wrought out in deeds, with action and inci- dent and character and the play and coun- terplay of human wills. "Francois Villon" is remarkable for its union of qualities not easily reconciled. As a narrative it is forthright and swift; its external details are rich and picturesque; its incidents are high- ly dramatic, and the final situation is one of great power and pathos; and yet, in spite of all this dash and display, the characteri- zation is close, subtle, and complete. The poem tells the supposititious details of the death of Francois Villon — the spokesman be- ing the Seigneur de Luce, a debonairly repro- bate French noble. De Luce had bought rhymes from the "poet-thief," Villon, and had won with them a certain fantastic fair lady, Isabeau, and had married her. She soon finds out that the rhymes were Villon's, and grows scornful of her lord. At length, on a moonlight evening, De Luce comes on a man under her window: " And suddenly a hand of mastery swept The zittern. and — a whining love toDg leapt. Ah! but too well knew I the song he sang; I smiled to think It was his last. It rang Mad chimes within my head. 'Now then,' I crledi 'A dog-life for a love-life!' Quick aside My poet cast his zittern, drew his sword, Tried as he stood his footing on the sward, And laughed— he ever laughed— and laughing said, 'Before we cut two throats and one is dead, And talk gets quite one-sided, let me speak.' " Then follows a gay tirade, full of bravado, whim, and wit, and full also of Villon's au- dacious pride in his genius as a poet. First he vindicates the fair Isabeau; he has never even looked on her face, though true it is that his singing of the rose has made him "rose-hungry." Then he gives rein to his mad whim and his pride as a poet: " 'But if yon live or I, where'er she bide. One Francois Villon walketh by her side. Kiss her! Your kiss? It will be I who kiss. Yea, every dream of love your life shall miss I shall be dreamiug ever!' "The rapier clash Went wild a minute; then a woman's cry Broke from the hedge behind him, and near by Some moonlit whiteness gleamed. He turned, and I, By heaven! 'twas none too soon, I drove my sword Clean through the peasant dog, from point to guard, And held hpr as I watched him. Better men A many have I killed, but this man! — Then He staggered, reeling, clutched at empty air And at his breast, and pitching here and there Fell, shuddered, and was dead. "By Mary's grace, The woman kneeling kissed the dead dog's face." To throw all the stress, as this summary does, on the final situation, distorts the narrative badly; the subtle interblending of humor and pathos and wild fantastic ideal- ism in Villon's character that gives much of its charm to the poem, and that all comes to the reader half contemptuously through the cynical, well-bred, swaggering speech of De Luce, almost disappears. But even this summary must in some measure demonstrate Dr. Mitchell's power of swift, suggestive, and dramatic narration and of close characterization. Of Dr. Mitchell's lyrics, the most beau- tiful is doubtless the "Ode on a Lycian Tomb," which stands first among the 'Se- lections.' It is exquisitely tender in mood and melody, summoning up a series of images and pictures all touched with a chastened and pathetic light that is yet not sad or dim, and all defined with a sureness of plas- tic outline and a certainty of phrase that Dr. Mitchell by no means invariably attains in his lyrics: " Ah me! in death asleep; how pitiful. If in that timeless time the soul should wake. To wander heart-blind where no years may dull Kemembrauce, with a heart forbid to break. — Dove of my home, that fled life's stranded ark, The sea of death is shelterless and dark. " Cold mourner set in stone so long ago. Too much my thoughts have dwelt with thee apart. Again my grief is young: full well I know The pang reborn, that mocked my feeble art With that too human wail in pain expressed, The parent cry alnive the empty nest! " 'Come back,' I cried. 'I may not come again. Not islandless is this uncharted sea; Here Is no death, nor any creature's pain. Nor any terror of what is to be. 'Tis but to trust one pilot; soon are seen The sunlit peaks of thought and peace serene.' ' Of his other lyrics, the most memorable are "The Mother," "Evening," and "A Prayer." "The Mother" is a remarkably courageous vindication of sorrow and tragic suffering by one whose profession must have made him close witness of much that is most inexplicably horrible in human fate. "Evening" is a lyric of prospective leave- taking of life, possibly suggested by Tenny- son's "Crossing the Bar"— simpler and less ornate than the latter, and not so sure In its workmanship, if more direct in its sin- cerity of phrase. Very impressive, also, through its exalted sincerity and through its severe simplicity of diction— a severity

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Aug. 22, I9O1] The Nation. 155 and a simplicity that certainly have in them much of grandeur — is the poem called A PRAYER. Almighty God! eternal source Of every arm we dare to wield. He Thine the thanks, as Thine the force. On reeling deck or stricken field ; The thunder of the battle hour Is but the whisper of Thy power. Thine Is our wisdom. Thine our might; Oh, give us, more than strength and skill. The calmness born of sense of right, The steadfast heart, the quiet will To keep the awful tryst with death, To know Thee in the cannon's breath. O Lord of love! be Thine the grace To teach, amid the wrath of war, Sweet pity for a humbled race. Some thought of those In lands afar Where sad-eyed women vainly yearu Kor those who never shall return. (Ireat Master of earth's mighty school, Whose children are of every land, Inform with love our alien rule, And stay us with Thy warning hand If. tempted by Imperial greed. We, in Thy watchful eyes, exceed; That in the days to come, O Lord, When we ourselves have passed away, And all are gone who drew the sword. The children of our breed may say, These were our sirts, who, doubly great, Could strike, yet spare the fallen state. The charm and the grace of Dr. Mitchell's lighter verse must remain unrepresented in this notice. But from what has been said the reader may form something like a just notion of Dr. Mitchell's versatility, and of the range and the distinction of the poetry included in his volume of Selections. A Modern Composition and Rhetoric (Brief Course), containing the Principles of Cor- rect English for Schools. By Lewis Wor- thington Smith and James E. Thomas. Boston: Sanborn & Co. Practical Composition and Rhetoric. By Wil- liam Edward Mead and Wilbur Fisk Gor- dy. Boston: Sibley & Ducker. English Composition and Literature. By W. F. Webster. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The Working Principles of Rhetoric, Exam- ined in their Literary Relations, and Il- lustrated with Examples. By John Franklin Genung. Boston: Ginn & Co. If the multiplication of text-books of Rhet- oric is to persist, the day cannot be dis- tant when each instructor of the art shall have his own manual; indeed, in a subject of study where the personality of the teach- er is of such paramount importance, much might be said in favor of such a consumma- tion. At any rate, so long as the conditions of rhetorical instruction, the temper of classes, and the equipment of masters re- main so diverse, the greater the variety of respectable text-books the better. One may be unable to see much advance in the es- sentials of rhetorical theory since Quin- tilian; he may doubt, too, whether the aver- age young person of to-day writes as well as a young person of fifty years ago, with the English classics for his models and Blair for his master, would have written; but, notwithstanding this, the outlook is hopeful. Every attentive student of educa- tion knows that, within the last decade, the frequentation of rhetorical courses has rap- idly increased, and that within the last half- decade the practical teaching of English composition has improved in quality remark- ably. There has been a good deal of peda- gogic highfalutin commingled with a notable advance in enthusiasm and wise economy of means. All this can be seen in the present output of text-books, The "brief course" in rhetoric covered in the volume by Smith and Thomas is adapt- ed to a place in the curricula of high schools and academies. In the hands of a teacher of rather more than average cultivation, en- thusiasm, and skill, it should prove effec- tive. The intensive study of principles is carried on by it with moderation, and the arrangement for practical exercises in com- position seems excellent, so far as one can judge without actually trying the scheme with a class. If we were to specify a fault it would be the choice of illustrative ex- tracts. The English classics are but spar- ingly quoted. Conan Doyle and Richard Harding Davis, and the editorial writers of the Dial and the Independent are well enough in their way — it is true that in them the rhetorical principles lie near the sur- face easily to be seen of youth; but, de- spite that, and perhaps because of that, we cannot think them the best models. This is the peculiar merit of the book by Mead and Gordy. The examples and ex- tracts are of the best, unusually apt and pregnant, and chosen from a remarkably wide range of English and foreign classics. The development of the subject is admirably clear and logical, and the scheme for practi- cal exercises is exhaustive. We can conceive that the book as a whole might not arouse quenchless ardor in the student, but, if taught conscientiously, it should afford a solid grounding in composition; and that is the main matter. Webster's 'English Composition and Lit- erature' is conceived and written on a rather novel line. In theory it is excellent, and in certain special conditions is likely to approve itself in practice. As the title suggests, it calls for a course of parallel and reciprocal studies in literature and com- position. There is not much of the usual minute analysis of rhetorical combinations and permutations. The course, as the author remarks prefatorily, "has been so arranged that narration shall be taught by Hawthorne and Irving, description by Ruskin and Ste- venson, exposition by Macaulayand Newman, and argument by Webster and Burke." This is truly an exceptional rhetorical faculty, and the details of the course are so careful- ly worked out that this prefatory promise is actually performed. Hence, for the con- siderable remnant of every class to which the gods have granted some touch of imag- ination and taste, this particular text-book should be a blessing. It should help them to attain the expressiveness of the pictur- esque and telling phrase, and the grace of the deftly turned, rhythmical sentence. Un- luckily, however, every teacher of compo- sition knows that for the majority of each class the only grace attainable is the grace of clarity, the tolerably clear expression of sufficiently orderly and concrete thought; and this only at the expense of infiuite anxi- ety and pains on his part. The book, in short, is a good one, and we are prepared to believe that, with a fortunately bright and appreciative class, it might be used with as- tonishingly satisfactory results; but we fear that with the general run of students it would not prove so serviceable as the more formal and conventional Rhetoric. For most college graduates of the last fifteen years, Genung has been a name to conjure with; now we have the familiar 'Practical Elements of Rhetoric' revised, enlarged, and ripened into 'The Working Principles of Rhetoric' This is a thick vol- ume of some seven hundred pages, contain- ing material for the intensive study of both the generalities and the niceties of rhetoric. Space will not suffer us to present an out- line of the book, or to criticise the details of the treatment. It must suffice to say that it seems admirably suited to serve as the ground for extended collegiate courses in rhetoric conducted according to the so- called laboratory method. It is at once comprehensive and minute, shirking no dif- ficulty, and admitting no hasty hypothesis. The method and manner of the formal part strike the critical reader as unusually well considered and fructifying; but we would especially commend a timely chapter upon "The Approaches to Invention," in which such perennially important matters as "The Response to Occasion," "The Verifying Spirit," "Habits of Meditation," "Habits of Seeking Clearness, Order, and Independent Conclusions," and "Creative Reading," are discussed with insight and originality. Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, from Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources. By G. Le Strange. With 8 Plans. Ox- ford: Clarendon Press; New York: H. Frowde. Pp. xxxii, 382. Among the great cities of history which were founded by the will and foresight of one man, Baghdad holds an honorable place. Among the cities of the lands of romance it stands alone. When al-Mansur nourish- ed his mighty dream of binding to one im- perial city all the peoples of Islam, east and west, north and south, and, with the city, to the fortunes of his house, he could have had little thought that it, the darling cre- ation of his genius, would, in the process of years and through the drums and tram- plings of many conquests, sink to be the obscure capital of a remote province in a kingdom, a merest section of the Muslim world, ruled by uncouth barbarians from beyond the Wall of Gog and Magog. Still less could he, a man of the crassest com- mon sense, have dreamed that his new cap- ital, so laboriously built of solidest brick and guarded and adorned by iron gates, the plunderings of Persia, would come to be supreme over all faery lands, the home, again, of Babylonian enchantments. Yet so its fates have run. The soldiers and states- men of Baghdad, from the first strenuous Abbasids down through generations of de- generacy, have gone and their memories have followed them. Her grammarians and men of science, her theologians and law- yers, have passed as names written in sand. The massive round Burg of Mansur him- self and the Cathedral Mosque where for more than six centuries the Faithful wor- shipped, have vanished and left not a trace behind. Time has not spared the palaces and gardens where Haroun Alraschid and the Barmecides revelled and drank deep. Of the City of the Caliphs only the tombs of two or three saints, saved from oblivion and the gnawings of time' by the pious care of the tradition of the people, have sur- vived. The modern Baghdad is a new city, as far from the old as modern from impe- rial Rome. But, for all that, its line has gone out through all the earth, and it is a name to conjure with in every written tongue. There are few children whose days have not been glorified by its golden prime, and to whom Huroun and Mesrour are not the most real figures in all the East. Ha-

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156 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 roun and hl3 c5ty have left names which, If they do not point morals In the grace- less 'Nights,' at least adorn their tales. And the names are almost all that re- mains, for East or for West. In the East, the 'Nights' work no such dreamy magic as with us, yet the populace still remem- bers Haroun, and their proverb still asks, "Is he the fifth of the sons of al- Abbas?" But about his city no one asks, and it is only remembered when the rumor goes round that some Pasha is in disgrace and has been sent to honorable retirement as Governor of Baghdad. For Turk and Egyptian and Persian it is an uncomfortable ultima Thule, the very back of beyond Itself. There has been, In truth, more than or- dinary pathos in the destinies of this "Mo- ther of the World." Sieged and taken again and again by Turk and Persian, Arab and Mongol, only some two times has it with- stood its assailants, and then more by craft and luck than by innate strength. It was a city of spreading gardens and houses, not of towered walls. And so its history has been full of haps, and the glories of its palmy days, of which we mostly think, were short beside its years of decline and mourn- ing. In the East there are few now that do it reverence, and the great work of its historian and topographer, al-Khatib, still lies unprinted in our libraries. Cairo, Its younger sister by more than two centuries, and, curiously enough, the foster-mother of the 'Nights,' has not forgotten her chroni- cler and describer, al-Maqrizi, and his great Khitat has been printed at Bulaq. Her children, too, have not forgotten her. The topographer has found a successor in this generation in Ali Basha Mubarak, who does for Cairo much what Sir Walter Besant has done for London, and history was carried well into the last century by al-Jabarti. But of notices of Baghdad, except for stray articles in geographical lexicons and more or less trustworthy tales of travellers, lit- tle had struggled into print and its plan was an unread mystery. Menke, in his great 'Hand-atlas fur die Geschichte des Mittel- alters und der neuern Zeit' (p. 43), frankly confesses that the accessible texts, and es- pecially Yaqut, translated for him by Wus- tenfeld, do not yield materials enough for a map; and even so careful an Arabist as Spitta managed, in his life of al-Ash'ari (p. 115), to bury him at once in the ex- treme north and extreme south of the city. It was left then for Mr. Guy Le Strange, already known as a student of the Arabic geographers, to solve this problem. Follow- ing a suggestion of Sir Henry Rawlinson, he attacked it on the side of the canalization of the Euphrates and Tigris, undoubtedly the weightiest moment in the arrangement of the city, and in 1895 he published from the unique MS. in the British Museum the fundamental text of Ibn Serapion, who wrote about a. d. 900 on the canals of Baghdad. The essential Vorarbeit he has now followed up by the present volume, which puts us at last in the position of being able to understand and control the often ob- scure and perplexed statements of the Ara- bic historians. The value of the book, it may safely be said, will grow steadily with Its use. Every Arabist the track of whose work crosses Baghdad will have to keep it beside him, and its margins should grow rich with his garnered annotations. It will fur- nish, too, such a test of the historicity of dubious statements as has hitherto been lacking to us. It may even be possible to ascertain whether there is in 'The 1,001 Nights' any such genuine Baghdad stratum with verifiable local allusions as undoubted- ly exists for Cairo. For example (though the conjecture is very hazardous), is there any possible connection between the Road of the Painter in the Quarter of Karkh (p. 77) and the painter, as-Sandalani, who lived in that quarter, according to the story of Ibrahim and Jamila (Nights, 952-959)? Others, too, besides the professed student of Arabic, will find this book of interest and profit. Scattered among its details of topo- graphy there occur notices of the highest value for the history of civilization as Bagh- dad had a part in it. Here and there, the canals and palaces and public buildings drop out of view, and we see the people at work — that vast, silent basis for all society. If Mr. Le Strange would put together a volume of translations from the Arabic geographers and travellers bearing on Baghdad, as he has done for Palestine, it would form an excellent supplement, from this point of view, to the present book, and give the non- Arabist a more living impression of Bagh- dad than could anything else. Naturally, in the case of a book like the present, there could be much criticism of details, but for that this is not a fitting place. Mr. Le Strange has carried through admirably a difficult and laborious task, and has earned our gratitude and respect. It is highly improbable that the broad lines of his results will ever be altered. Nothing could be clearer than the eight maps and plans with which he has illustrated them, and his elaborate index is a model of its kind. The volume of translations of pub- lished and unpublished texts bearing on his subject is all that we can now ask of him. The Englishman in China during the Vic- torian Era. By Alexander Michie. 2 vols., 8vo. London: William Blackwood & Sons. Around the name of the late Sir Ruther- ford Alcock, Mr. Alexander Michie, himself unquestionably one of the keenest observers and ablest students of affairs in the Far East, has grouped the events of that "cycle of Cathay" now completed by the Boxers. As British consul under the first treaty which opened the Chinese seaports, other than Canton, to trade, and when a British consul needed, above all, power of initia- tive, Alcock made his mark at once. The "Model Settlement" at Shanghai and the foreign inspectorate of the imperial customs owed their beginnings to him. To execu- tive qualities of a high order, he added a philosophic grasp of problems and a power of clear exposition. Born in the same year with Gladstone, he predeceased that states- man by only six months. His books and literary articles on Far Eastern matters, from 'The Capital of the Tycoon,' in 1862. to his 'Handbook of North Borneo,' of recent publication, helped powerfully to inform and educate English-speaking people. In- heriting a taste for art from his father, he appreciated keenly the aesthetic products of the Japanese, and was the virtual pro- moter and organizer of the first Japan ex- hibit at the London World's Fair of 1862. As surgeon of the "British legion" in the Iberian peninsula, 1832-1837, and afterwards medical lecturer in London, his career as healer of men's bodies was closed in 1844 by an attack of rheumatic fever, a legacy from the siege of St. Sebastian, which par- tially paralyzed his arms and hands. While thus "on his beam ends," the appointment to China came. There, as in Japan, his methods of diplomacy were essentially mili- tary. He believed in "a solid substratum of force" always. He served twenty-seven years in the East, in both China and Japan, converting treaty stipulations on paper to practical realities, and then in England, from 1872, as President of the Royal Geo- graphical Society and in other offices, round- ed out a useful life. Vastly more than a biography, however, are Mr. Michie's two portly volumes, rich in text and historic illustration. In terse and nervous English he reviews the mutual action of Chinese and foreigners during six- ty years. Volume II. is virtually his sum- mary of the history of Japan, Korea, and the Chinese Empire since 1859, at least in their foreign relations. Reciprocity, as he quotes from Confucius, is the word ex- pressing his desire and attitude of mind. He is an apostle of stalwart commercial- ism, a Briton, to whom an American, a Russian, or a Frenchman is an anomaly, and he favors neither missionaries of re- ligion nor "the shallow moralism of the pulpit," while his knowledge of Korea and Japan, derived almost wholly from British authors, is quite one-sided. There is a ten- dency also to consider "our [British] in- terests" as the chief end of man — as repre- sented by his circle of readers. China is "England's milch cow." Nevertheless, if not wholly fair in judgment, he strives nobly to be so. His knowledge of the Chi- nese and their problems is so profound and practical, his insight into the many-sided situation in 1901 is so clear, his pictures of the living actors in the drama so arresting, that we do not hesitate to pronounce this the master-book on Chi- nese Asia and its international politics. Apart from its free criticism of British policy and the laying open, as by a scalpel, of the motives of the selfish eagles gather- ing round the expected carcase, Mr. Michie shows clearly that want of seriousness, a delay that is nothing less than felonious, and the mandarin's desire to "save the face" of everything by evading or avoiding the facts and hiding the truth, are at the bot- tom of China's troubles. Voyage Arch6ologique au Saf& et dans le Djebel ed-Dr&z. Par Rene Dussaud et Fr6d6ric Macler. Avec l'itineralre, 17 planches et 12 figures. Paris: Ernest Leroux. 1901. Pp. 228 + 17 double plates. In spite of the labors of several scholars, our knowledge and understanding of the graffiti of the Safa were for long uncertain and unsatisfactory. The contents — they are nearly all of the simple form, BIL- STUMPSHISMARK— and the execution in flying scratches defied equally the cop- ier and the decipherer. So they had to wait twenty years from their first discovery by Cyril Graham in 1857, through a necessary period of wonderful and eccentric conjectures, before Halevy found the key to their mysteries. They now show themselves as commonplace indeed, and of the most wearisome reiteration, containing little but names, and these seldom even of theophorous interest. Their value. In fact, lies almost entirely In their alphabet. In that respect they are a plain link between the

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Aug. 22, I9O1] The Nation. Hebrew-Phceniclan-Aramalc characters and the South Arabian. Further, they show that the development ran from north to south, and not vice-versa. Especially in the added light 01 the Lihyanic inscriptions we see clearly how the passage of the Phoenician alphabet to that of South Ara- bia can be explained only by a series of changes, relics of which are stranded in Safaitic and Lihyanic. This of itself marks an important enough stage in the history of the alphabet, and it is only part of the normal irony of palaeography that such a development should have depended for its record on the stray scratchings of Bedawin, half-herdsmen, half-husbandmen, who shel- tered from their wilder brethren of the desert behind the friendly fringe of Roman garrisons. The Safa where those inscriptions are found is a chaos of volcanic peaks, lava slopes, and fertile valleys some fifty miles southeast of Damascus. It was visited in the spring of 1899 by MM. Dussaud and Macler, pupils, evidently well trained, of Hartwig Derenbourg, and their results have now been published in eminently satisfac- tory form. These results may be shortly described as follows. We have the inscrip- tions themselves, which defy mostly both 157 camera and squeeze-paper, in copies as cer- tain as the conditions admit. Of course, there remains, and always will remain, a gleaning for him who comes after. These are equipped with a commentary, supple- menting but by no means superseding that of Halevy. There is also a careful mar- shalling of the evidence which makes them palaeographically so important, and a most probable hypothesis as to the time and cir- cumstances of their origin. The only point on which we must take issue Is the transla- tion of the I which stands at the beginning of each inscription by par. For a Semite it can mean nothing else than d, "belong- ing to"; an Arabic grammarian would say it was lil-milk, "to indicate possession." "Cut by A. B." could be rendered in Semitic only by "A. B. cut this," or "This is a cut- ting belonging to A. B." The part of the book on the Jebel ed-Druz deals mostly with Greek inscriptions. It has not the same interest and importance as the rest. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Alge, S., Hamburger, S., Rlppmann, Walter, and Buell, W. H. Newson's First German Book. New-son & Co. 60 cents. Blelocb, W. Tlie New South Africa: Its Value and Development. Doubleday, Page & Co. $3. Bticher, Carl. Industrial Evolution. H. Holt & Co. EUot, George. Personal Edition of her Works, Vols. 1 and 2. Doubleday, Page & Co Frlcdenwald, Herbert. A Calendar of Washington Manuscripts In the Library of Congress. Wash lngton: Government Printing OUlce Gorky, Maxim. Koma Gordyfeff. Scribners. $1. Gr ttin, A P. 0. A Union List of Periodicals, transactions, and Allied Publications Currently Received in the Principal Libraries of the Dis- trict of Columbia. Washington: Government Printing Office. Harrison. Eveleen. Emergency Koll: A Few Sim- ple Rules to be Followed In Case of Accident, While Awaiting the Arrival of a Doctor. Clar- ence L. Kain. Historical Romances of William Harrison AJns- worth. 4 vols. (Victorian Edition.) Philadelphia: George Karrle & Son. Ilott, Charles. The Book of Asparagus. (Vol. 1 Handbooks of Practical Gardening.) John Lane. Kirk, Eleanor. The Christ of the Rod Planet. The Publishers' Printing Co. Kron, R. German Dally Life. Newson & Co. 75 cents. Larned, J. N. History for Ready Reference. Vol. vi. Springfield (Mass.): The C. A. Nichols Co. Markwlck, W. F., and Smith, W. A. The World and its People, Book X. ; The South American Republics. Silver, Burdett & Co. 60 cents. Moss, Fletcher. Pilgrimages In Cheshire and Shropshire. Didsbury (England): Published by the Author. Niebuhr, Carl. The Tell el-Amarna Period. Lon- don: David Nutt. Is. Peattie, Ella W. The Beleaguered Forest. D. Ap- pleton & Co. Remington Brothers' Newspaper Manual, 1901. Remington Bros. Newspaper Advertising. $5. Rippmann, Walter, and Buell, W. H. French Dally Life. Newson & Co. 75 cents. Slauson, A. B. A Check List of American News- papers In the Library of Congress. Washington: Government Prlntlng-Offlce. Smith, E. A. The History of the Confederate Treasury. Harrlsburg: Published by the Author. The Holy Bible. Newly Edited by the American Revision Committee. Thomas Nelson & Sons. $1.50. Tschudi, Clara. Elizabeth, Empress of Aestrla and Queen of Hungary. E. P. Dutton & Co. Some Recent Foreign Language Books EDQREN AND BURNET'S FRENCH AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY. With Pro- nunciation, Etymologies, etc. By Hjalmar Edgren, Recently Professor in University of Nebraska, and Percy B. Burnit of the Chicago High Schools. 1252 pp. 8vo, $2.50, Reta'l. It is the purpose of this work to meet, as far as may be, the exacting demands of modern language study. It accordingly contains a host of rare and entirely modern words lacking in other dictionaries of Its size. Its defini- tions are carefully sifted and arranged with reference to historical continuity and English equivalents. The pro- nunciation of both the French and the English words are denoted by a simple and perspicuous system of subscript signs, representing not so-called' equivalents," but native sounds. And, finally, the French words are followed by their etymologies, according to the most modern theories, and the century of their first appearance in the language Is Indicated. " It Is based on the closest scrutiny of the highest authorities, and Is, In fact, a thoroughly scholarly work. It Is also practical In Its arrangement, and lucid In its apparatus of instruction."— From the New York Tribune. •' It Is a welcome Improvement upon school dictionaries of the ordiniry type. 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( Ready Aug- ust 3 nt. ) GOETHE : REINEKE FUCHS. The First Five Cantos. Edited by Edna B. Holman. Illus- trated. (Ready September ijth.) LESSING: HAMBURGISCHE DRAMATURGE. Edited by Charles Harris, Professor in Western Reserve University. (Ready August 24th. ) CABALLERO: LA FAMILIA DE ALVAREDA. Entirely new edition. Edited by Percy B. Burnet of the Chicago High Schools. (Ready August 24th. ) TIRSO DE MOLINA: DON GIL DE LAS CALZAS VERDES. With -vocabulary. Edited by Benjamin P. Bourland, Professor in the University of Michigan. (Ready Aug. 24th.) DUVAL AND WILLIAMS'S LE 17E S1ECLE EN FRANCE. Lectures historiques. Ar- ranged and edited by Delphine Duval, Professor in Smith College, and H. Isabel Williams, In- structor in Smith College. 106 pp. i6mo. 35 cents, net. VERNE: UNE VILLE FLOTTANTE. Abridged and edited, with vocabulary, by C. Fontaine, of the Washington (D. C. ) High Schools. 181 pp. i6mo. 40 cents, net. 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158 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 GINN ® COMPANY'S RECENT PUBLICATIONS IJV ENGLISH. Lockwood and Emer= son's Composition and Rhetoric. By Sara E. H. Lockwood and Mary Alice Emerson, B.A., Head of the Department of English in the State Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass. For introduction, $1.00. [Now ready Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. By Thomas Carlyle. hdited, with Notes and an Introduction, by Archibald MacMechan. Pro- fessor 0/ English in Dalhmsie College, Halifax, N. S. For introduction, $ 1. 15. Athcnaum Press Serirs. Selections from Five English Poets Edited with Introduction and Notes. By Mary E. Litchfield. For introduction, 20c. This volume contains a representative poem of Dryden, Gray, Burns and Coleridge, with two pcems by Goldsmith. Irving's Sketch-Book. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Mary E. Litchfield, Editor of Spenser's Britomart. For introduction, 60 cents. IJV HISTO'Ry. Myers' Rome. Its Rise and Fall. By P. V. N. Myers. For introduction, #1.25. A Second Edition bringing the narrative down to A.D. 800, in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee of the American Historical Association. riontgomery's English History " The Leading Facts of History" Series. By D. H. Montgomery. lamo, Cloth. 420 + lxxix pages. Illustrated Mailing price, $1.25; for introduction, $1. 12. Outline Maps for an Historical Atlas of the United States Illustrat- ing Territorial Growth and Development. By Frank Heywood Hodder, Professor of Ameri- cm History in the University of Kansas. [Now Ready IJV AJVCIEJVT AJVD MODE'RJV LAJVGX/AGES- Collar & Daniell's First Year Latin For introduction, $1.00. D'Ooge's Latin Compo= sition Based upon Selections from Cassar. By Benjamin L. D'Ooge, Professor of Latin and Greek in the Michigan State Normal College. [Now ready Foundations of French Arranged for beginners in preparatory schools and colleges by Fred Davis Aldrich, Master of Mod- ern Languages at Worcester Academy, and Irving Lysander Foster, Instructor in Romance Lan- guages in the Pennsylvania State College. For introduction, 90 cents. German Exercises, Book II. With Commercial Exercises. Selected and annotated by J. Frederick Stein, Teacher of German in the Boston High School. For in- troduction, 50 cents. GINN ® COMPANY Publishers Boston New York Chicago Sin Francisco Allinta Dallas Columbus London NEW" PUBLICATIONS.' Gibson's Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests. F™ly)thtehe b""* the Figworts, the Orchids, and similar Wild Flowers welcome the Bee, the Fly, the Wasp, the Moth, and other faithful insects. By William Hamilton Gibson. Edited by Eleanor E. Davie. Illustrated by the author, xviii., 197 pages, cloth binding, 80 cents; by mail, 90 cents. A lucid explanation of the theory of the cross fertilization of flowers, together with a brief history of the subject, twenty- five concrete examples, illustrative of all the ordinary methods employed by Nature to effect cross-fertilization, and a supplement of twenty pages wherein two hundred and sixty flowers are classified and all the data available, relative to their fertilization, tabu- lated. The style is charming and the illustrations are beautiful. It is designed for supplementary reading and the school library, and is adapted to the needs of pupils in the upper grammar grades. Newson's Modern Language Books. t^y^^tJl and German. Edited by Walter Rippman and Walter H. Buell. These books, which come to the United States with the prestige of a great success in England, lead the pupil to think in the language he is studying without reference to the English equivalents of foreign words. They are printed wholly in French and German, and are based on the famous Holzel Pictures, which are reproduced in miniature. " French Daily Life " and " German Daily Life," treating of French and German life, manners, and institutions, will be found especially helpful in class instruction. FRENCH NEWSON'S FIRST FRENCH BOOK. 217 pages, cloth, 50 cents; by mail, 55 cents. NBWSON'S SECOND FRENCH BOOK. 175 pages, cloth, 50 cents; by mail, 55 cents. FRBNCH DAILY LIFE, 173 pages, cloth, 75 cents; by mail, 80 cents. GERHAN NEWSON'S FIRST OBRMAN BOOK. 244 pages, cloth, 60 cents; by mail, 05 cents. NBWSON'S OBRMAN READER. 273 pages, cloth, 75 cents; by mail, 80 cents. QERMAN DAILY LIFE. 209 pages, cloth, 75 cents; by mail, 80 cents. NEWSON & COMPANY, Publishers, 15 East 17th Street, New York.

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Aug. 22, I9O1] The Nation. v Just Published GOOD BOOKS FOR. SCHOOLS Muzzarelli's Course, Brief French $1.25 By Antoine Muzzarelli, Officier d'Academie, Professor of Modern Languages and Literature. Daudet's L' Enfant Espion.and Other Stories, $ .45 Edited by Reginald R. Goodell, M.A., Instructor in Modern Languages, Uni- versity of Maine. Schultz's La Neuvaine de Colette, $ .45 Edited by Florence I. C. Lye, St. Mary's Hall, Faribault, Minn. Garner's Spanish Grammar, $1.25 By Samuel Garner, Ph.D., recently Professor of Modern Languages, United States Naval Academy. Alarcon's El Capitan Veneno, $ .50 Edited with notes and vocabulary by George Griffin Brownell, Professor of Romance Languages, University of Alabama. College Entrance Require ments in English for Study and Practice. 1901=1905,$ .80 Gildersleeve's Syntax of Clas- sical Greek. Part I. $1.50 By Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve, with the co-operation of Charles William Emil Miller, Johns Hopkins Uni- versity. Earle's (Ed i pus Tyrannus of Sophocles, $1.25 Edited by Mortimer Lamson Earle, Professor of Classical Philology, Bar- nard College, Columbia University. Miller's Ovid— Selected Works $1.40 Edited by Frank J. Miller, Ph.D., Professor of Latin, University of Chicago. Morey's Outlines of Roman History, $1.00 By William C. Morey, Ph.D., Pro- fessor of History and Political Sci- ence, University of Rochester. Send for copy of our Descriptive Catalogue of High School and College Text-Books. American Book Company New York Cincinnati Chicago Travel. TWO HVNDRED MILLION STEEL ENGRAVINGS of the most famous railroad train in the world are on sale in every city, town, village, and hamlet in the United States. The picture is the New York Central's Empire State Express, and was made from a photograph by A. P. Yates of Syracuse, taken when the train was limning 64 miles an hour. The photograph is a model of pho- tography and the engraving is a marvel of the engraver's art. 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vi The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1886 JVST TWBLISHET) Foma. Gordyeeff A powerfully dramatic novel by MAXIM GORKY The literary lion of the day in his native Russia and throughout Europe, and now first introduced to the American public by His Authorized Publishers for America Of this novel, his strongest work, Herman Rosenthal, Librarian of the Russian Department, New York Public Library, says: " It is long since an equally grand picture of contem- porary real Russian life has been painted with such bold strokes and in such vivid colors. Gorky's peculiar talent, becoming more and more pronounced with each new sketch, here attained its full significance, enabling us to predict the future master destined to create a new epoch" The story, translated by Isabel Florence Hapgood, is a powerful presentation, frankly realistic, of the hero's character, as developed from childhood amid incidents and scenes typical of the merchant class along the Volga. Illustrated (£f f\f\ A Biographical Prefa.ce by the Translator ^l«vrvF Charles Scribner-s Sons

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 887. THURSDAY, AUGUST 29, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. TALKS ON CIVICS By HENRY HOLT •Second edition. l2mo. $1.259 net The success of this work has been so marked that a second edition is already out. Mr. Holt's chief aim in writing the book was to help to develop in young people the character of mind which is proof against political quackery. The work has been so kindly received by the press and by the leading students of its topics, that the publishers beg to call attention to a few of their comments : " It is very well done. It is evidently a result of careful study. A great many tbings are put more sharply and correctly than I hare ever seen them put anywhere else. I hope that ic will have a wide circula- tion."— Prof. W. Gr. Sumner, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. " It is certainly a work of surprising vigor and clearness of thought and expression. It ought to have a wider circulation than any other solid work on public questions that I know of." — Prof. Charles H. Coolet, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. "The fruits of wide observation, reflection, and research, vigorous and practical in tone, and comprehensive in scope. An immense amount of information is conveyed in the simplest language. Any one who reads this volume will be rendered thereby, not only a wiser, but a better member of the community. I doubt if there is a dull page in the book. Any such page is rendered impossible by the graphic man- ner of treatment, and by the often out-jutting vein of dry, sometimes caustic, humor. More than fulfilling all the promise of its admirable preface."— Prof. Edwin A. Grosvenor, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. "The book was needed, now that it is done the need will be feit." — Prof. Wm. M. Sloane. Columbia University, N. Y. "I think it is a straightforward and essentially common sense pre- sentation of the subject, and I like most of what the author has said on the subject of taxation."— Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman, Columbia University, N. Y. " The author has been very successful, I think, with the cate- chetical form of treatment."— Prof. W. M. Daniels, Princeton Univers- ity, Princeton, N. J. " I think the author has struck the right note in demanding that instruction in this subject should be directed towards the fundamental social relations rather than to the details of political organization."— Prof. Frances Walker, Adelbert College. Cleveland, O. " Seems to me to meet a long felt need in our high school work, especially that part devoted to elementary law. With this book in the bands of a competent instructor, the study of civics can be made in- tensely interesting and of practical application not only to the political but also to the private life of the pupil."— Prof. C. W. Tooke, Uni- versity of Illinois. "I feel sure that it will make what many regard as dry and tedious subjects attractive especially to the young, and stimulate thought as well as patriotism. Above all I trust it may realize the author's hope of 'doing something to develop in young people the character of mind which is proof against political quackery.'"— Prof. Amos S. Hershet, State University, Bloomington, Ind. "Full of illuminating discussion of live questions of the day. I have tested it in many points, and the discussions are unusually satis- factory."— Prof. Jesse Mact, Iowa College, Grinnell, la. "A very clear and forcible presentation of the author's views, and these I consider for the most part safe and wise. It is a very valuable book." — Prof. Willard Fisher, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. " The author is well qualified for the work that he has undertaken. He is thoroughly informed, he is a clear thinker, ana he writes in a plain and forcible style. It is an ambitious design — to declare the whole duty of a citizen — but it is carried out with as much success as could reasonably be anticipated; perhaps with more success than any similar attempt has attained. . . . We can heartily recommend his book to young and old as containing a social philosophy of the best kind: animated with the spirit of benevolence as well as justice, free from cant and from fallacy, and practical because based on experience. Even those who do not accept all its conclusions will be benefited by observing how they are reached. To put such a book in the hands of an intelligent boy will do much to make him a good citizen." — The Nation. "The dialogue is so interesting and so well sustained, and Mr, Holt's own reasons for choosing it are so reasonable, that we are on reflection reconciled to it. . . . The book itself is the honestest piece of work we have seen in many a day, and fascinating in its frank- ness and aptness of illustration. . . . Every decent citizen, or every man who wants to become one, ought to read it and to think about it." — Educational Review. " The young man or woman who is repelled by text-books of the formal sort may be successfully reached by the ingenious conversa- tional devices of the present work."— The Dial " A book which will be extremely useful and instructive to the intel- ligent American youth; it will solve many difficult problems."— Chicago Banker. "This volume can be unhesitatingly recommended to every young man. It ought to be in the hands of every student of law as a pre- liminary work, which will lay solidly-built foundations for his profes sional study of the law of real property, the law of personal property, the law of contracts, and all matters of national, state and local gov- ernment. 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11 Tlie HN"ation. [Vol. 73. No. 1887 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED 10 Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. \ Entered at the New York City P st-offlce as second- class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 159 Editobial Abticles : The Lynching Horror 162 "Attacking" the Supreme Court 162 Morals at Home and Abroad 163 The Police "System" 164 Our Balance of Trade 165 Bpeoial Correspondence : Crlspl 166 Correspondence : Sir Peter Pett 167 Noteb 168 Book Reviews: Taylor's Classical Heritage 171 Some Physical Books 172 Fiance Before the Revolution 173 The Churches of Rouen 174 Japanese Plays and Play-Fellows 175 The Spanish People — Treason and Plot 175 The Play of Man 176 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars pper, the change of which to a subsequ»i,t date becomes a rece pt for remit- tan e. No other rece pt is sent un'es* requeued. 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Michigan Military Academy A splendidly equipped Prepartury chool of high gra le, oeateo In one, f the im»t lieautl'ul and hea.th- ful spots in the Northwest, will open for its twent -tilth year -en ember 17, unler the same 11 an .geinent as le retofore. For 1 atalogue, address Col. J.SUMNKH UOUKRs, >upt , Orchard Lake, vich. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A HOMB for a few young gins wis dng to study in or rear >;aniliriilge will reopen »ept 24, IH0I Apnllcatlon mav he made in writ'rg to Miss Sabah W F.isdick, I rtt. Camhrldie, Mass Particulars furnished at one upon application. NEW YORK )3i Nassau (" Dwlgr-t 1 aw or-Hani rSt" N" *.eiho1" LAW SLMOOH York City | of Instruction. L... B. In two ie .rs ; LL. M. in three years High stand- ards Prepares for bar of all states. Send for catalogue GE illliR CHASE Dean Miss GIBSON'S FAMILY and DAY SCHOOL for (litis. JDM? Del ancey Place, Pulla.. Pn 8uth year. Fall term ue»;lns Sept 26. IttUI College Treparaioiy. WABAN SCHOOL FOR BOVS i Waban, l il. pm.l-hi Hv. M A , Prln > __ WINDSOR HALL FOR GIRLS ' Mass. Ann \ M. Goodnow. K.A., Assoc. Prln. Sc/zool Agencies. 'PHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. I Evkkrtt O. Fi-k & Co, Proprietors. 4 Vshburton Place, Roston; 50o Pa. we., «»8hIngton; 1 511 Hfth Ave.. \ew Vork;4l4 ent. Bid . Minneapolis; ~>:t:i Cooper Bldg., Denver: 4 Evans ldg , "skoloosa; 208 Mich. Rlvd .Chicago; 525 Stlms'n Bk.. Los A geles; 420 Parrot! Building. San Franclsro ALBANY TEACHERS AGENCY, jC~L S Chapel =t., Albany, N Y.— Provides schools of all grades with '-ompeient teachers Assists teachers in obtaining positions Bents and sells SchO'd Pr •perty. Harlan P. Fkbnch, Proprietor. (TCHE RMERHORN Teaches' Agency. . J Recommend' best schools, tutors, governesses. Hoyssoo.n & Uockwkll. Mgrs., 8 E. I4ih St., N. Y. Teachers, etc. COM PA NION —A ladv experienced in foreign travel, speaking French, would like t" go ahroud with a lady, or would chaperon and te'C" voung girls Highest references Address M., 402« Walnut St . Philadelphia C II A PER iN A Indv of r,fine» ent and cu'ture. teacher of modern languages, would Iko to chaoer n one or twiiyounit women who wish (•■ study lu Europe. Excellent Elasiern references, vd 'ress M. It. W„ care of the .V ban. f^OMPETENT NATIVE P 4 PI SI AN, \_^ Instructress In French ' ltera'ure. Belies.' et res, etc ... des'res position as 'eaderof rench In university, college, or academy. High testimonl lis MadbmoiseLlu, care of the Nation.

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Aug. 29, 1901] The Nation. 111 6th thousand A Summer Hymnal By Jobrv Trotwood Moore Marion Harland says : " For we have in the ' Hymnal' one of the most exquisite pastorals of American life ever written. It is an Idyll— a ' Reverie,' than which nothing more charming has been offered to our reading public since Ik Marvel founded a school of his own fifty-one yaars ago. . . . Our ' United Country ' is proud of the State that has given us within a dozen years Charles Fgbert Craddock and this later and gentler painter of Tennessee life." "There is id the philosophy of this Dovel something deliciously sweet and comforting. ... A book of this sort occasionally is a delight an 1 an inspiration." -Lowsv lie T mes. "Mr. Moore di plays more sentime..t than does Mr. Allen, and a shrewder philosophy."— N. Y. T mes Satui dau It vew. 'Truly, this authir of ' A Summ3i- Hvmnal ' his touched and sustained a high note in novel writing. We shal think of him and of hi* boi>k-pe>ple as tenderlv as of mmmer days them- selves. He has written for our hearts as well as oar heads."— N. Y. World. 12th Thousand. In Search of Mademoiselle By (IE R JE CjlBBS. The New York Press 88 ys: "It is a gem. It ou; ranks 'Richard Carvel.' It dims the lustre ot -Janice Meredith.' Mr. Uibbs's style is unupproachab.e." 6th thousand J5he Tower of ^ Wye By WILLIAM HENRY BABCOCK Illustrated by GEORQE GIBBS. " The ra-ratlve is thrilling and en- thralling."— N. Y. World. "The story fascinates from beginning to end." — Current Literature, N. Y. " Well done and delightfully told. The story is 01 e of interest and power." — Louisville Times. HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. R emingtcm Typewriters are used by the hea.vy \isers This is the supreme te?t of a type- writer. Good woik on a brand new machine proves little or nothing. But it takes a first-class typewriter to keep doing good work, year after year, under the heaviest kind nf service. This is the secret of Remington supremacy. It accounts for the uni- versal preference shown for the Rem- ington by experienced users. Wyckoff, Seamans h Departmei.t, English HUh S bool, VVo.) Paper, 30 cents, Nm, postpaid; cl ■th, 60 cents, NET postpaid. Srl\KE5Pe\«b'S TWriLFTM MdrlT. SHAKESPEARE'S A MID5UMMER-N QHT'S DREA/1. Dscriptive circular* of the booki mentioned above wi I be sent on application. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 4 Park St., Boston. 85 Fifth Ave., New Yohk. 378-388 Wabash Ave., Chicago

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IV The Kation [Vol. 73, No. 1887 SOME PUTNAM BOOKS FOR TEACHERS. Economics. By Arthur Twining Hadley, President of Yale University. An Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare. Seventh thousand. 8vo, gilt top. Net, $2.50. " It is difficult to exaggerate the wealth of thought and the keenness of analysis in these chapters. Each one is crammed with matter . . . pregnant with suggestlveness."— Political Science Quarterly. A Book for AH Readers. Designed as an aid to the Collection, Use, and Preservation of Books, and th * For- mation of Public and Private Libraries. By Ainsworth Rand Spofford. i2mo. $2.00. Mr. Spofford, whose life has been spent amongst books, is certainly well qualified to write this volume. Among the subjects treat- ed by him are the following: The Choice of Books— Book-Buying— The Art of Book-Bind- ing—Book Plates— The Art of Reading— The Management of Libraries— The Qualifications of Librarians— Cataloguing— Poetry and Hu- mor of the Library— Rare Books, etc. Wales. By 0. M. Edwards, Lecturer on Modern History, Lincoln College, Oxford. i2mo. Fully illustrated. Net, $1.35. (By mail, $1.50.) Half-leather, gilt top, net $1.60. (By mail, $1.75-) No. 62 in " The Story of the Nations." Mediaeval Rome: 1073-1535. By William Miller, author of " The Bal- kans," etc. !2mo, fully illustrated, net $1.35. (By mail, $1.50.) Half leather, gilt top.net $1.60. (By mail, $1.75.) No. 63 in " The Story of the Nations." This period of Rome's history is far less fa- miliar to the average student than the earlier centuries. Its story is one of intense interest ; its importance to us seems more vital, because less remote, than the story of ancient Rome. A glance at the book reveals the following more important topics: Hildebrand, his career and plans; Arnold of Brescia and hie times; Rome under Innocent III; Frederick II in Italy ; ThaStoryof Man- fred; Couradiu's Life and Death; The First Jubilee; Rome during the " Babylonish Cap- tivity " of the Popes; Rienzi " The Last of the Tribunes"; the return of the Popes; the Orsini and the Colonna ; the Pontiflc ate of iEeneas Sylvius ; the Borgias in Power ; Rome and the Renaissance ; the Epoch of Louis X ; Charles V and Rome. Five Thousand Facts and Fancies. By William Henry Phyfe, author of "Seven Thousand Words Often Mispronounced," etc. Half leather, large octavo (nearly ready). A Cyclopaedia of Important, Curious, Quaint, and Unique Information in History, Litera- ture, Science, Art, and Nature. Including Noteworthy Historical Events; Civil, Military, and Religious Institutions; Scientific Facts and Theories; Natural Curiosities; Famous Build- ings, Monuments. Statues, Paintings, and other Works of Art and Utility; Celebrated Literary Productions; Sobriquets and Nicknames: Lite- rary Pseudonyms; Mythological and Imagi- nary Characters; Political and Slang Terms; Derivations of Peculiar Words and Phrases,etc. A Shorter Course in Munson Phonography. By James E. Munson, a.uthor of " The Art of Phonography," etc. 12mo, $1.25. Containing a complete exposition of the Au- thor's system of Shorthand, with all the latest improvements, adapted for the use of schools, and planned to afford the fullest instruction to those who have not the assistance of a teacher. " To those who are looking for the best sj'stem of instruction iu this most Important art Mr. Munson's system is cordially recommended. It has stood the test of thirty years. It is practical. The book Is a complete guide, compendium, and reference work." —Literary Era. The Stars. A Study of the Structure of the Universe. By Simon Newcomb, Foreign As- sociate of the Institute of France. Fully illustrated, 8vo. No. 9 in The Science Series. Further com- ment than naming the eminent author is hard- ly necessary. Heroes of the Nations. New numbers. Fully illustrated. i2mo. Each, $1.35 net. (By mail, $1.50,) Half leather, each, $1.60 net. (By mail, $1.75.) No. 33. OWEN 0.LYNDWR, THE NATION- AL HERO OF WALES. By Arthur Gran- ville Bradley. No. 84. HENRY V., the Typical Mediaeval Hero. By Charles L. Kinosford. No. 35. EDWARD PLANTAOENET (ED- WARD I.), THE ENOLISH JUSTINIAN- By Edward Jknks, M.A. (Oxon. et Cantab.)' Tutor of Balliol College. Do not fail to send for complete list of important forthcoming books. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London. Recent Text-Books Milne's Academic Algebra $1.25 By William J. Milne, Ph.D., LL.D., President, State Normal College, Al- bany, N. Y. Downey's Higher Algebra $1.50 By John F. Downey, M.A,, C.E., Professor of Mathematics, Universi- ty of Minnesota. Sanders's Plane Geometry $0.75 By Alan Sanders, Hughes High School, Cincinnati, Ohio. Newcomb's Elements of Astronomy $1.00 By Simon Newcornb, Ph.D., LL.D., formerly Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins Uni- versity. riacy & Norris's General Phys- iology for High Schools $1.10 By M. L. Macy, L.B., and H. W. Norris, A.M., Professor of Biology, Iowa College. Chapman's Flora of the South- ern United States $4.00 By A. W. Chapman, M.D., LL.D. Hunter's History of Philoso- phy $0.35 By Thomas Hunter, M.A. Putnam's Text-Book of Psy- chology $1.00 By Daniel Putnam, LL.D., Professor of Psychology and Pedagogy, Michi- gan State Normpl College. Hinsdale's The Art of Study $1.00 By B. A. Hinsdale, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of the Science and the Art of Teaching, University of Michigan. Swett's American Public Schools $1.00 By John Swett. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. -Publishers New York Cincinnati Chicago

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Aug. 29, 1 901] The Nation. JOHN WILEY & SONS SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Notes on Thermodynamics The Derivation of the Fundamental Principles of Thermodynamics and Their Application to Numerical Problems. By H. W. Span- gler, Whitney Professor of Mechanical En- gineering in the University of Pennsylvania. 12mo, vi + 69 pages, 31 figures, $1.00. Water-Filtration Works By James H. Foertes, member Am. 80c. C. E. 12mo, XYiii + 283 pp. illustrated with uiany line and half-tone cuts, cloth, ¥2,50. Towers and Tanks for Water-Works The Theory and Practice of their Design and Construction. By J. N. Hazlehurst, Mem- ber of the American Society of Civil En- gineers. 8vo. ix+2l6pp. Cloth, f 2. 50. The Economic Disposal of Towns' Refuse By YV. Francis Goodrich, A. 1. Mech. E. With 75 illustrations and numerous tables. Demy 8vo, xvi + 340 pages, cloth, $3.50. High-Temperature Measurements By H. Le Chatelier, Ingenieur en chef du Corps des Mines. Professor de chimie mine- rale au College de France, and O. Bou- douard, Assistant, College de France. Translated by George K. Burgess, Instructor in Physics, University California. 12mo, xi + 230 pages, 52 figures. Cloth, #3.00. Smokeless Powder Nitre-cellulose, and Theory of the Cellulose Molecule. By John B. Bernadou, Lieutenant United States Navy. 12mo, viii + 200 pages. Cloth, 12.50. Mechanical Drawing Written for the Use of the Naval Cadets at the United States Naval Academy. By F. W. Bartlett, Lieut.-Commander U. S. Navy. 8vo, Tiii-t- 188 pages. 132 figures. $3.00 net. The " Engineering " and Electric Traction Pocket- Book By Philip Dawson, Asso. M. Inst. C. E., Au- thor of '• Electric Railways and Tramways." Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 16mo, 1,354 pages, upwards of 1,300 figures and 947 tables. Morocco, $4.00. Theoretical Mechanics An Elementary Treatise. By W. Woolsey Johnson, Professor of Mathematics, U. 8. Naval Academy. 12mo, xv + 434 pages, 115 figures. Cloth, $3.C0 net. IN PRE PAR A TION A Text-Book of Inorganic Chem- istry By A. F. Holleman, Professor Ordinarius of Chemistry in the University of Groningen, Holland. Rendered into English by Hermon C. CooDer, Ph.D.. with the Co-operation of the Author. Shortly. The Mechanics of Engineering Vol. I. —Kinematics. Kinetics. Statics. By A. Jay Du Bois, C.E., Ph.D., Professor of Civil Engineering in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Shortly. The Cost of Food A. Study in Dietaries. By Ellen H. Richards, Instructor in Sanitary Chemistry in the Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology. Shortly. The Enzymes and Their Applica- tions By Dr. Jean Effront. Professor at the New University, Director of the Institute of Fer- mentations at Brussels. Translated by Samuel C. Prescott, S.B. Instructor in In- dustrial Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Two volumes. An Elementary Text-Book of the Kinematics of Machines By R. J. Dcjrley, B.Sc. (London), Professor of Mechanical Engineering, McGill Uni- versity. Power and Power Transmission A work designed for elementary instruction in Colleges and Manual Training Schools. By E. W. Kerr, M.E., Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engiueering, A. <fe M. College of Texas. Velocity Diagrams Their Construction and Their Uses. Addressed to all those interested in Mechanism. By Prof. C. W. MacCord, Stevens Institute. 8vo. Cloth, $1.50. Shortly. Plane Surveying By Professor Paul C. Nugent, Head of De- partment of Civil Engineering, Syracuse University. Shortly. Handbook on Sanitation By Dr. George M. Price. In four parts: Sanitary Science, Sanitary Practice, Sanitary Inspectors, and Sanitary Laws. Illus- trated. '■ It will be the text-book for candidates who wish to prepare themselves for the coming examination for tenement-house Inspectors."— Public Health Record, Augunt. 1901. College Algebra A Text-book for Technical Schools and Col- leges. By Leonard Eugene Dickson, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Mathematics in the University of Chicago. Treating only the subjects usually given In the college course In Algebra, with a more detailed treatment of the more difficult topics. NEW EDITIONS. A Treatise on Hydraulics By Henry T. Bovey, Dean of School of Ap- plied Science, McGill University, Montreal. Shortly. Architectural Engineering With special reference to High Building Con- struction, including many Examples of Prominent Office Buildings, also Details and Methods of Calculation employed in the De- sign of Steel Buildings. By Joseph K. Freitag, C. E. Shortly. Elementary Lessons in Heat By S. E. Tillman, Professor of Chemistry, U. S. Military Academy, West Point. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 8vo, viii. + 178 pages, 56 figures. Cloth, $1.50 net. Descriptive General Chemistry A Text-book for Short Course. By 8. E. Tillman, Professor of Chemistry, Minera- logy, and Geology, United States Military Academy. Third Edition, Revised. Svo, x + 429 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. Elements of Differential Calculus By Edgar W. Bass, formerly Professor of Mathematics in the U. S. Military Academy. Second Edition, Revised. 12mo, viii + 356 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $4.00 net. A Catalogue of Text-Books and Industrial Works For Schools, Colleges, Polytechnic Institutes, Engineers, Architects, Chemists, Military and Naval Officers, etc. This catalogue will be sent on application. JOHN WILEY (®l SONS 43-4-5 East 19lh St., ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ London: Chapman rf'32 Hall, Limited ftetv yorK

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 SELECTED FROM The Macmillan Company's Announcements for Early Issue A Student's History of Philosophy By Arthur Kenyon Rogers, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy in Butler College. Author of " A Brief Introduction to Mod- ern Philosophy," etc. Cloth, Crown 8vo. Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology Edited by J. Mark Baldwin, Stuart Professor of Psychology at Princeton University. 3 vols. 8vo. Each $ 5. 00 net. The work is to be strictly a dictionary, and will have two general features: (l) It will contain concise definitions of all the terms in use in the whole range of philosophical study. (2) It will contain such historical matter under each term as may be necessary to justify the definition given, and to show that the usage suggested is the outcome of the progress of philosophy. Foundations of American Foreign Policy By Albert Bushnell Hart, Professor of History, Harvard University. Author of " American History Told by Con- temporaries," etc. Cloth, 1 2mo. This book is substantially a collection of the writer's studies on the actual practice of the United States during a century and a quarter, as to annexation of territory, government of territory, and relations as a world power. George Washington; A Biogra.phy By Norman Hapgood, Author of "Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People," etc. Illustrated with a frontispiece in photogravure, interesting portraits and facsimiles. Half leather, gilt top, crown 8vo, $1.75 net. Also in box uniform with "Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People." Maryland as a Proprietary Province By Newton D. Mereness, sometime University Fellow in History in Columbia University. Cloth, crown 8vo, #3.00 net. This is a history of the government rather than of the people. However, the absorbing interest of the populace is shown to have been in the atruggle that gradually resulted in a transition from monarchical to popular government. The Control of Trusts By John Bates Clark, Professor of Political Economy Columbia University, Author of "The Philosophy of Wealth," "The Natural Distribution of Wealth," etc. Cloth, 1 zmo. This little work aims to show that a certain definite policy will draw the fangs of the trust and transform it from a public enemy into a public servant. By William Shakespeare: Poet, Dra.ma.tist and Man Hamilton W. Mabie, author of "Under the Trees," "My Study Fire," etc. With 8 full-page and 100 text illustrations. Cloth, 1 2mo, $2.00 net. \^A new and cheaper edition. George Washington and Other American Addresses By Frederic Harrison, M.A., Hon. Fellow of Wadham Col- lege, Oxford; President of the English Historical Society, etc. Cloth, crown 8vo, $1.75 net. American History Told by Contemporaries Volume IV. Welding the Nation (1845-1901) By Albert Bushnell Hart, Professor of History in Harvard University. Cloth, 8vo. 4 vols. Each $z.od net. Volumes already published: Vol. I. Era of Colonization (1493-1689). Vol.11. Building of the Republic (1689- 1783). Vol. III. National Expansion (1 783-1845). Vol. IV. includes two main subjects: the causes and practice of the Civil War; and the political and diplomatic problems of the last quarter century, including the Spanish War and the new territory. Words and Their Ways in English Speech By James Bradstreet Greenough, A.B., Professor of Latin in Harvard University, and George Lyman Kittridge, A.M., Professor of English in Harvard University. Cloth, 1 2mo, $ 1 . 2 5 net. This is a popular exposition of the most important and interesting tendencies in the history and development of English words and their meanings. The treatment is not technical. The author's purpose is to answer the thousand questions which intelligent persons who are not linguistic scholars are continually asking with regard to their mother tongue. The Life and Letters of John R-ichard Green By Leslie Stephen. Author of "A History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century "; "Life of Henry Fawcett," etc. Sometime editor of "The Dictionary of National Biography." Cloth, 8vo. Arnold's Expedition, to Quebec By John Codman. Cloth, 8vo. Illustrated, $2. 25 net. In this volume the dramatic story of the ill-fated expedition which Benedict Arnold led through the forest wilderness of Maine and Canada against the im- pregnable fortress of Quebec is told for the first tim: in its completeness. The Making of an American: An Autobiography By Jacob A. Riis, Author of "How the Other Half Lives," etc., etc. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net. It would not be fair to Mr. Riis to say that his life has been typical of that of many foreigners who hive become American citizent after the storm and stress of naturalization. His experience has been exceptional. It has been the experience of twenty men in one. He has overcome obstacles which few youthi encounter and still fewer can stand against in their effort to adjust them- selves to American life. A feiv titles selected from new book list. A complete list will be sent on application. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, AUGUST 29, 1901. The Week. In the Virginia Republican Convention on Wednesday week a Presidential boom was started for Mark Hanna, and the suggestion of his name by one of the speakers was followed by loud "applause." It is easy to understand how this ap- plause was procured. At the present time nobody is booming candidates for the Presidency in 1904 spontaneously. All such movements are evidently "put-up jobs," and in the case of Hanna are un- doubtedly paid for by somebody. Nobody is likely to compete with him in getting applause in Southern State Conventions in that way. He can easily secure in- fluence in any and all States which the Republican party has no chance of car- rying at the polls. Yet these States have just as many votes in the National Con- vention, in proportion to their popula- tion, as those which cast their electoral \otes for the Republican ticket. There- fore, Mr. Hanna may turn out to be a formidable candidate for the nomination, although few persons of character and responsibility now consider him such. It is not impossible that he may come to the Convention in 1904 with all the Southern delegates "in his breeches pocket." This would imply that "the money power" was interested for Hanna, since the men who engineer the Southern delegations do not usually stir around for nothing. The men who have the good of the Republican party at heart had best keep an eye on this Southern demon- stration for Hanna. Accounts of the Pennsylvania Repub- lican Convention which met at Harris- burg on August 21 agree that it was probably the briefest known in the whole history of the party in that State. This is quite credible, the only wonder being that the Quayites took the trouble to hold a convention at all. As it was, neither Quay nor any of his head henchmen found it necessary to attend. They for- warded the platform and the programme of nominations, and left the dupes and minor conspirators to "do the rest." They did the rest in just one hour and thirty minutes. The platform which was for- warded by the absent Quayites and adopted by the Convention was evidently drawn by a humorist. He was at his best when he conceived the notion of congratulating the Republicans of Penn- sylvania "that there is no longer any division in the Republican party" of the State. The Quay henchmen at Harris- burg swallowed this without choking, as well as a later declaration that the Re- publicans are "amused rather than con- cerned" over the recent indictment of the Quay administration by the Demo- cratic State Convention. It is interest- ing to note, by the way, that amusement rather than concern has taken the form among the Philadelphia machine Repub- licans of something very much resem- bling a panic. Notice has been sent to the division leaders, nearly all of whom are office-holders, that they will not be permitted to hold their places if they do not carry their divisions, and the in- formation is said to have spread con- sternation among them. But let this pass; it does not affect the cheerfulness of the Pennsylvania Republican humor- ist. He points out that the real cause of disturbance in that Commonwealth is not Quayism, as some have supposed, but the newspapers. They make charges against the Quayites in control of the State. This is horrible. The platform hints that something ought to be done to silence the newspapers, and, if Quay is to continue his rule in Pennsylvania, we should think something of this sort would have to be done. A telegram to the Associated Press from Cleveland, 0., gives the outline of a proposed Trust to embrace all the ship- building plants in the United States, and to have its general offices in Cleveland. "As soon as the organization is complet- ed," says the dispatch, "which will be before the opening of 1902, a commercial battle for the conquest of the world will begin." Rumors of the proposed combi- nation have been in the air for a long time, and they have always been con- nected with the Hanna-Payne Ship-Sub- sidy Bill. Probably the commercial bat- tle for the conquest of the world is to be preceded by a political battle for the conquest of the United States Treasury. A victory in the latter case would go far towards insuring victory in the former. It would be only a question of the amount of the subsidy. Whatever sums the Government contributes to the cost of running the ships will enable the ships receiving the same to "compete," and there is no reason why the commercial battle thus foreshadowed should not re- sult in a victory, unless foreign Govern- ments should contribute money to their own ships to the same extent. In the latter case we should enjoy a rare spec- tacle, something unique in the world's history, that of half a dozen civilized countries collecting taxes to enable a few men in each to carry passengers and freight on the ocean for less than cost, or perhaps free of cost. If subsidies are really for the public good, they are as good for England and Germany as for us. But if England and Germany and other countries should pay subsidies to the same extent as ourselves, our ship- owners would get no advantage. The failure of the Amalgamated Asso- ciation to influence on Sunday the South Chicago workmen to a reconsideration of their refusal to strike is a severe blow to the strike managers. Coupled with the somewhat hazy announcement that the Amalgamated leaders are willing to con- sider terms of settlement, to be formu- lated by certain mediators, it indicates that the strike is likely to go to pieces in a very short time. Ever since the re- fusal of the South Chicago lodges to re- pudiate their contracts with the mill- owners, it has been seen that these lodges formed the key to the situation, and con- sequently every form of pressure was brought to bear upon them. Reports that they were about to yield had been freely circulated, and, though these were completely refuted by the document is- sued a fortnight ago by the men them- selves, the gathering of strike agitators on Sunday at South Chicago showed that the hope of turning the men from their decision had not been lost. How misera- bly disappointed this hope must have been is clear from the telegraphic report that only eight of the steel-workers themselves were present at the meeting, and that but one recruit was gained for the Amalgamated. Whatever may be the proposals to be offered the mill-owners by the new mediators, it is not likely that they will be accepted by men whose vic- tory is in sight, unless they amount sub- stantially to a cession of all the issues at stake. Another Southern sheriff — North, of St. Clair County, Ala. — has become distin- guished by doing his duty to save a criminal in his hands from execution by a mob. A negro had been guilty of "the usual crime" upon a young white girl, but he had been promptly arrested, tried, convicted, and sentenced to be hanged within a month. There was consequent- ly assurance that justice was to be done in the case by the constituted authori- ties, and no excuse whatever for any in- terference by outsiders. Yet hundreds of people gathered and attempted to take the prisoner from the sheriff. He refused to surrender his charge, and when the mob resorted to violence, the sheriff and his deputies fired upon them, wounding three men, one of them fatally, and then lemoved the negro to a place of safety. This is in clear response to the protest against lynch law recently made by ex- Gov. Jones in the Constitutional Conven- tion of Alabama, and, like the action of Sheriff Kyles of Tuscaloosa, in the same State, week before last, it indicates that officials are coming to recognize their duty in this matter.

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160 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 Mr. John Barrett has at last got an of- fice, and thus saved the Administration from the reproach of being ungrateful to a man who had eaten his own words in its service with the graceful abandon of Ancient Pistol. Mr. Barrett, it will be remembered, as ex-Minister of the Unit- ed States in Siam, had got into friendly relations with the Filipinos, for whose character and capacity he repeatedly ex- pressed the highest admiration. Shortly before the clash at Manila, he came out in a solemn warning to our Government. It was pursuing a dangerous course in the Philippines. The American authori- ties in the archipelago did not un- derstand the natives, and were walking straight towards a collision of which it would take a hundred years to efface the bitter memories, and so on. But the Hon. John Barrett took all this back promptly, and went stumping and magazining for McKinley with the greatest enthusiasm. His "friends" at once began mentioning him for various offices, from Minister down to Consul, but he has had to serve by standing and waiting until now. Finally, the Administration has recog- nized him as a brother fashioned "hol- ler" for word-swallowing, and has ap- pointed him Commissioner-General for Asia and Australia in behalf of the St. Louis Exposition of 1903. Thus does the office seek the man. The troubles of that great and good man, Congressman Hull of Iowa, have not ceased with his departure from Ma- nila. It now appears that while Mr. Hull has been showing all the world that he is no mere political "drone" by feathering his nest in "our new posses- sions," his rivals at home have taken the opportunity to undermine his pres- tige, with a view to ousting him from Congress. These disturbers of Mr. Hull's peace of mind have actually had the im- pudence to pretend an indignation at his industry in the Philippines. As if his ability to capture the best contracts and timber lands to be had in the islands were not conclusive evidence of his un- surpassed fitness as a law-giver, a benefi- cent civilizer, and an Expansionist! How good a business man Mr. Hull is may be seen from the Manila account of his company's rise to greatness. According to his partner, Dr. Vawter, it already has concessions in many places, a whole isl- and of its own, sawmills, and lumber lands galore. Steameia and elephants are to be its next purchases. As Dr. Vawter well puts it, "You see, the com- bination is very strong, has good men backing it, and a good purpose." We re- gret extremely that the Manila New American found the remarks of the Treasurer of the company, which were "too frank," unprintable in view of "the present crisis in Benguet." We are sure, however, that the voters of Mr. Hull's district will approve of the "good pur-- pose" of the company in its aim to fill Mr. Hull's pockets, and that they will return him to Congress. As a horrible example of the unblushing and con- scienceless exploiter in a high position, who uses his office and the nauseating cant of Imperialism and Expansion to forward his private ends, the country needs him, and needs him badly. By u recent decision of United States Judge Estee, all Chinamen born in Ha- waii are declared to be citizens of the United States. No immediate rush of Chinese immigrants to this country can result from this decision, for there are in all only some 21,600 Chinese in Ha- waii, according to the latest census, few of whom, presumably, were born in the islands. But if the Chinese colony flourishes and increases, our new step- ping-stone to the riches of the East will also serve as a stepping-stone for such Orientals as wish to come here. To ex- tend the decision to the Philippines would be an effective way of driving a coach-and-four through the Chinese Ex- clusion Act. Probably the courts will find a way around this new embarrass- ment of the Expansion policy. Before the Chinese Exclusion Act is attacked in any such indirect way, it is to be hoped that some general immigration law will have replaced that ungenerous and impolitic measure. The July report of the Chief Sanitary Officer, Major Gorgas, shows that Ha- vana is now a healthier city than Pitts- burgh or Washington or New York. In referring to the excessive death-rate of New York for July, Major Gorgas ob- serves that «i large number of deaths was due to heat-stroke. He adds quietly, re- versing the ordinary notion of the trop- ics, "Havana, not being subject to such excessive heat, does not suffer from this cause." It is. however, the success of our army surgeons in almost extirpating the infection of yellow fever in Cuba which has given them a world-wide reputation, and which ranks high among the bene- ficent sanitary triumphs of the age. The July record was the best ever known in Havana and its suburbs — only four cases, mid but one death. In 1897 the deaths from yellow fever in the same month were 168. The difference seems to justi- fy Major Gorgas in believing that all the Ideal centres of contagion have been eliminated. Every case of fever occur- ring this yeai was introduced from with- out. With the new light on mosquitoes as the vehicle of the yellow-fever germ — and this distinct contribution to knowledge made by our army surgeons is attracting the attention of scientists in all countries — and with the subse- quent intelligent efforts to exterminate the infected insects and destroy the larva? and drain their breeding-places, the prospect is that Havana will soon be as free from its old scourge as Kings- ton is. It is a great victory for science and humanity. The establishment of a promising public-school system is another fact v.hich must be reckoned for righteous- ness unto American control in Cuba, and unto the army officers who, oddly enough, have been set to do this civilian work. Lieut. Hanna, who is acting as Commissioner of Public Schools, has just published his first annual report, and the statistics show a very remark- able and gratifying success in laying the foundation at least of a system of public schools. Practically nothing of the kind was known under Spanish rule. Neglect of public education was one of the standing grievances of the Cubans against Spain. The work was all to do when our army began the American oc- cupancy in January, 1899. At that date, it is doubtful if there was a single pub- lic school in Cuba. At present, Lieut. Hanna reports a total of 3,567, with C.608 teachers, and a total enrolment of 172,273 scholars. The amount appro- priated for teachers' salaries is $686,000 — a sum which shows that, as the Com- missioner remarks, Cuban teachers are paid from 20 to 80 per cent, more than those of the same grade in the United States. We fear that this is but one of the many instances of the lavish and un- wise use made of the island revenues. After the recent important decision of the United States Circuit Court of Ap- peals, that the searching of passengers' baggage by the customs officers is op- tional and not obligatory, the present ab- surd, vexatious, and inquisitoiial methods of the examiners are left quite without excuse. According to the new interpre- tation of the law, search need be made only when the customs officials have rea- son to suspect smuggling. There is no other customs service in the civilized world where the officials are not trusted to discriminate between genuine travel- lers and smugglers. The examination through Europe, where tariff walls are as thick as our own, is, in the case of personal baggage, a mere form, and this it should always be. An effective service does not waste itself in collecting the last cent the law allows, nor in an- noying the general run of travellers. If common sense presided at the local examinations, the force of examiners could be largely reduced, the work could still be done more quickly, and certain not unprofitable visits of customs offi- cials to the business offices of recently landed Americans would cease. Under the new decision Secretary Gage has no reason, except that of conciliating the most extreme protectionists, for con- tinuing the present cumbrous and ex- pensive system

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Aug. 29, 1901] The Nation. 161 After a week of "scare heads" from South America, the Colombian-Venezue- lan imbroglio appears in its true light as nothing more than a combination of revolutionary movements, neither of which is, internationally speaking, of any great seriousness. There is every reason to believe that the Colombian Government is able to maintain the neu- trality of the Isthmus without the as- sistance which under treaty we are bound, when necessary, to render. What is gratifying about the whole matter is the complete indifference with which the American public has let pass an opportunity for a bellicose flourish. We all know the ways of South Amer- ican republics, and are glad to keep out of their family quarrels. Even a little ignorant waving of "the Doctrine" has been properly rebuked by the Adminis- tration press. Yet these same nasty- tempered republics (such is our word for them now) were, within the memory of all, our dearest allies and friends. The absence of European interference makes all the difference. It is a pity that the French and German papers which fear that we shall do something rash in South America, cannot see how good we can be when no worthy oppor- tunity for "tail-twisting" presents itself. That the German Agrarians have for- titude enough to bear the misfortunes of others — and to profit thereby — is shown in a recent incident. As a reprisal for the new German rates on agricultural products, the Russian Finance Minister threatened to stop the annual migration of some 150,000 Russian farm laborers to the fields of East Prussia. To this the Agrarian press simply replied that the industrial depression was so great in the western provinces of Prussia that the discharged workmen were generally re- turning to the fields, so that there will be no lack of farm labor this year. When it is remembered that the tariff which has been proposed will mean the shut- ting down of more mills and the dis- charging of more workmen, the almost grotesque selfishness of the Agrarians appears with startling clearness. To raise artificially the price of agricultural products, and by the same process cheap- en the price of farm labor — this is the thrifty plan of the land-owners. How long the industrial classes will bear this position between the upper and nether millstones is another question. The Gov- ernment may yet feel that, of all political alliances, one with the party of ignorance and selfishness is the most hazardous and costly. The announcement that the directors of the Austro-Hungarian Bank have de- nied to begin the introduction of gold coin by a small issue of 20-kronen gold pieces (worth about J4.05 eachl indi cates the completion of a movement that has occupied the attention of Austrian financiers for about ten years. The first serious preparations for putting the currency on a specie basis were made in 1892 and were protracted until 1898. In 1898 the gold that had been acquired by the state was paid to the Austro-Hun- garian Bank, and a large volume of state notes were refunded into bank currency, while an issue of subsidiary silver was also made. All that then remained was to determine the circumstances under which the coins could be pushed into actual circulation, instead of being held in the vaults. The first issues now to be made will be merely experimental, in order to accustom the population to the use of gold. Such an idea as this seems bizarre in a country like the United States. When the greenbacks were made redeemable in 1879, no such precaution was adopted, but they were freely redeemed upon demand. As soon as it appeared that the notes were really equal to par, no one longer pre- ferred gold, and the tendency to hoard- ing disappeared. In Austria, however, the conditions are entirely different. How unfamiliar is the use of banks and bank- ing methods may be understood when it is remembered that fully two-thirds of all checks drawn in Austria are payable to the drawers themselves. It has so far been almost impossible to induce the business public of Austria to abandon the custom of keeping available cash in pri- vate strong-boxes. In the present condi- tion of Austrian exchange the public must accustom itself to the use of gold in ordinary business and to the redepos- iting of it in banks. Otherwise, the suc- cess of the new reform will be endan- gered. It is hopeful to note that the older customs are slowly being modified, and that of late there has been an increased use of credit devices. This result is largely the work of the Austrian postal savings-bank and its network of 5,000 branches. Further progress in public sentiment favorable to the gold standard may be traced in the movement now making such headway in Switzerland for separating that country from its associates in the Latin Union. Switzerland has always been careful to limit her issues of silver as rigidly as possible, and the amount to be redeemed by her in case a separa- tion should be effected would be well within her control. The immediate stimulus to action is found in the steady maintenance of a course cf exchange highly unfavorable to Switzerland, and necessitating considerable sacrifice on the part of Swiss business men who have debts to pay in France and Belgium. The situation is aggravated by some results of the present banking organization of the country. Notes are issued by thirty- four authorized banks, which are re» quired to keep on hand a reserve of hot less than 40 per cent, of the amount of their outstanding circulation, and this reserve must be exclusively devoted to redemptions. The outcome of these regu- lations is a struggle to hold coin, and, in view of the probable introduction of the gold standard, to make redemptions in silver rather than in gold. Thus, when merchants seek to obtain coin by presenting notes instead of purchasing bills, they put the banks to the necessity of purchasing coin in France for the purpose of restoring their depleted re- serves. While some relief may be ob- tained from improvements in the bank- ing system and from favorable changes in the balance of trade, a more thorough- going remedy will be the introduction of the gold standard. Such a standard may easily be obtained when once Swit- zerland shall be separated from the Latin Union. The action of Austria, with which country Switzerland has large dealings, will further stimulate the tendency to secession. Every day brings its fresh "settlement at last" in China, but the impression is deepening among serious men, both in this country and in Europe, that no solid and durable settlement is probable. The simple truth is that the Chinese, from their point of view, have had the best of their set-to with Western civilization. The foreign troops were not going to withdraw except on certain conditions, but, one by one, those conditions have been abandoned. Bishop Graves of Shanghai expresses in last week's Churchman the dissatisfaction of Amer- ican missionaries on the spot with the way things have gone, and with the out- look, which he thinks cloudy. The pu- nitive expeditions simply left famine and anarchy behind them. In the prov- ince of Chi-li there is now "such a state of misery and confusion" that one who has recently seen it, and who "does not speak carelessly," describes it as simply "hell on earth." There is no real sign, Bishop Graves believes, of an intention by the Chinese Government to reform. What it sees clearly now is that the foreigners can be bought off with an indemnity, and, once it gets them out of the country, it will be free to do again as it likes. The good Bishop thinks the troops ought to stay until they have compelled the establishment of a "good government." If they have got such a thing in their knapsacks, most of them would do well to carry it off home with them, where it certainly is in as much demand as in China. And as their stay in Chinese territory has, on the testi- mony of the missionaries themselves, produced a hell on earth, it would seem to the distant observer that they might as well go and let the Chinese try their hand at governing. They couldn't do worse than the foreign invaders, and, if they ruined the land, it would at least remain their own.

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162 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1887 THE LYNCHING HORROR. The occurrences at Pierce City, Mo., during the first three days of last week, merit the attention of the whole coun- try. On Sunday afternoon a young white woman, who had attended church in the town and started alone for her home in the country, was found by her brother, who had lingered behind, ly- ing dead, with her throat cut, near a railroad culvert, with evidence that she had had a terrible struggle with some person who had assailed her. A copper- colored negro had been sitting on the bridge a short time before the tragedy occurred. Great excitement prevailed, and a mob was soon organized which decided that a negro named Godley was the guilty man, and on Monday night he was put to death. Thus far there had been nothing to distinguish this lynching from the fre- quent cases where a mob of white men takes vengeance on a black man for "the usual crime." But as time passed, the excitement which had raged in the town spread throughout the surrounding country, and by Tuesday morning crowds of men had poured into Pierce City, which is near the junction of four rail- roads, by trains from all directions. The grandfather of Godley had been put to death at about the same time with him. On Tuesday morning the mob cremated Peter Hampton, an aged negro, in his home, set the torch to the houses of five blacks, and, with the aid of State militia rifles stolen from the local com- pany's arsenal, drove thirty negro fam- ilies from their homes, many of them hiding in the surrounding woods. The excitement died down about noon, and the mob dispersed, "more from lack of negroes upon whom to wreak their ha- tred than from any other cause." By the time that something like order had been restored, the conclusion was general that the negro who had been lynched was not the guilty man; another against whom suspicion was aroused came so near being lynched as to incriminate a third, in order to save his own life; two others who were also suspected were caught in places some distance away. The significance of all this appears only when one inquires where Pierce City is, and what sort of people inhabit the region. It is in the southwestern corner of Lawrence County, which is in the southwestern corner of Missouri, and is separated by only one county from Arkansas on the south and Kan- sas and Indian Territory on the west. The section is inhabited almost exclu- sively by whites, Lawrence County in 1890 having only 364 blacks out of a population of 26,225; the adjoining county of Newton, 681 out of 22,098; Jasper, 913 out of 50,484; Barry, 97 cut of 22,0 (3; and McDonald but 3 out of 11,273. The voters of this sec- tion are divided almost evenly between the two parties; Lawrence having gone for McKinley last year by 239 plurality, and Barry, McDonald, and Newton for Bryan by pluralities ranging from 204 to 331, while Jasper, the most populous, gave McKinley 8,751 votes and Bryan 9,660. Pierco City has churches, schools, and all the other characteristics of a progressive town in a civilized country. These facts clearly show that the latest outbreak of lynch law on a great scale is without any of those excuses which are sometimes plausibly made in behalf of white people living in the "black belt" of the South. The colored popula- tion of the town, as of all that section of the State, is but a trifling percentage of the whole number of people. It is im- possible that the whites should live in the dread of the blacks which undoubt- edly exists in regions where the blacks outnumber them ten or twelve times. The administration of justice is, of course, absolutely controlled by the whites, and there cannot be the slightest difficulty from race causes about the proper pun- ishment by the courts of any colored of- fender. If the people had waited until the real criminal of Sunday week had been caught and his guilt had been shown, there could have been no question about his conviction. The only reason alleged for the action of the mob in its whole- sale operations was that "the citizens of Pierce City say that, as negroes have committed several crimes in the last ten years, none shall live there in the future; the same feeling already existing at Mo- nett, four miles east of Pierce City, and the end of the 'Frisco passenger divi- sion." The Pierce City occurrences show that there is developing a spirit of cruelty, a craze for vengeance, which is most alarming. Every day brings some fresh report which illustrates the same ten- dency. In Grayson County, Texas, a white woman was murdered on Saturday week. A negro was suspected of the crime — wThether justly or not, does not appear; he was captured by a mob of 300 whites, and was burned on the fol- lowing Tuesday night. The dispatch which tells the story contains a passage that shows how the passion for torture, which we used to consider characteristic of the savage, is now exhibited by the superior race without any sense of shame: "The negro was taken to a tree, and swung in the air. Wood and fodder were 1 beneath his body and a hot fire was made. Then it was suggested that the man ought nottodii too quickly, arid he was let down to the ground, whih a party went to T)evter, about two miles distant, toproeurecoal oU. This was thrown on the flames and the work completed." On Sunday last the scene shifted to Winchester, Tenn., where a negro mur- derer was burnt with coal oil in the presence of no fewer than 6,000 persons. There were some ia this mob who did have the courage to protest, among them the local District Attorney, but the crowd would not listen to his appeals or to those of other men of standing in the community. For this example of moral courage in opposing the will of the mob we must at least be thankful. But what is to become of a community of whites which puts blacks to death on mere sus- picion, and drives whole families from their homes because many crimes have been committed by persons belonging to their race during the past ten years? What have we left of civilization when hundreds of men, having in their power an alleged criminal, will not even put him to death promptly, but deliberately prolong the most ingenious tortures? We commend to all Southerners the mag- nificent utterance of a Mississippi clergy- man, the Rev. Quincy Ewing, to be found in Sunday's Sun. "While we are waiting," he concludes, "for a Legislature to he elected decent enough to pass some law in restraint of lynching, there is one very practical thing that the respectable people of this county, and of every other county in the State, can do to keep this blot upon our civilization from getting any bigger or blacker than it is. Law and order leagues should be formed in every county of men willing, if need he, to give up their lives in defence of the fair name of their State, sworn to stand to- gether and see to it, as far as lies within their power, that in their several counties there shall be no hangings of their fellow-men, black, or white, or yellow, or brown, who have not been duly indicted, duly tried be- fore judge and jury, with counsel to defend them, duly convicted, and sentenced to death." "ATTACKING" THE SUPREME COURT. Congressman Littlefield's trenchant review of the insular cases, read before the American Bar Association at Denver on Thursday, was denounced by one ex- citable lawyer present as "an attack upon the Supreme Court of the United States." The incident is reported to have made a "sensation," though Mr. Little- field was warmly applauded, and con- fessedly carried a large majority of the Association with him. All that he did was to apply a logical scalpel to the confused and conflicting opinions of the Court; to point out its hesitan- cies and limping argument; and to con- clude from his whole examination that "the incongruity of the results and the variety of inconsistent views expressed by the different members of the Court are without a parallel in our judicial history." Is that to attack the Supreme Court? Did Congressman Littlefield really come short of that regard for the decisions of our highest judicial tribunal which is incumbent upon him as a lawyer and a citizen? We do not think it can be main- tained for an instant. There is just one thing which we owe the Supreme Court as such — that is, immediate and cheerful acceptance of its judgments. They declare the law, for the time being, and we must obey the law. But this is a very different thing from asserting that the Court is a

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Aug. 29, 1901] The Nation. 163 sacrosanct and infallible body, about v. hich no good American will speak ex- cept with bated breath. We are not bound, either in law or in morals, to have more respect for the personnel of the Supreme Court than it is entitled to by its real weight of character and strength of mind; and about its reasoning we are at perfect liberty to reason. To deny this is to fall into & confusion of thought. The whole duty ef an American citizen in the premises was laid down by the learned "Mr. Dooley" in his comments on the in- sular cases. He put into the mouth of Justice Brown the words, "Mind now, what I say goes." That is all there is in it. The judgment of the Supreme Court •'goes" in law and government; but to pretend that it is beyond scrutiny, above debate, and as fixed and irreviewable as a law of the Medes and Persians which altereth not, is to affirm a doctrine of political slavery and of legal imbecility. Why should we be more tender of the Court than the Court is of itself? The judges are under no illusion about each other. When the new Law Courts were opened in London, the judges drew up an address to the Queen, in which they had a phrase about being "conscious of our own weakness." Witty Lord Bowen proposed to amend, so as to make it read, "conscious as we are of each oth- er's weaknesses." This kind of conscious- ness was, at any rate, what the judges at Washington had. Justice White bluntly told Justice Brown that his law was bad and his reasoning unintelligi- ble. Chief-Justice Fuller tried his caus- tic pen upon Justice Brown as well as upon Attorney-General Griggs. As for Justice Harland, he came out in a solemn and almost tearful protest against the position of the majority. Was this con- tempt of Court? If so, it was contempt of Court by the Court. If the deci- sions of the Supreme Court are sacred- iy to be removed from all criticisms, let Messieurs the Judges begin. It is late in the day to tell Ameri- cans that they must not let their minds play freely upon the politico-legal de- cisions of the Supreme Court. How can the Court be made to reverse itself, as it so often has done, except by discus- sion and reargument? It reversed itself in the legal-tender cases, and so it did in the income-tax cases. Will any man assert that the judges yielded, in those instances, to aught but what they thought the force of reason? But how are you to find out the force of reason except by freely reasoning? If it was lawful and proper to discuss the income- tax cases, and bring them to a rehear- ing and reversal, so is it to do like- wise with the insular cases. In this there is no attack upon the Supreme Court; it is only common sense and American practice that are attacked by those who deny our right to speak of the Supreme Court in anything but whispered hum- bleness. Congressman Littlefield is not a man afraid to stand alone, but he has plenty of good company both in his views and in his fearlessness in uttering them. Judge Simeon E. Baldwin of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, who is also lectur- er on law in Yale University, has, in the last number of the Yale Review, an ar- ticle on the insular cases, which is, ac- cording to this new-fangled doctrine, a flagrant "attack" upon the Supreme Court. He calls its disposal of the cases before it "lame and halting," and agrees with Mr. Littlefield in holding that, while there was a "judgment" of the Court, there was no "opinion," since "no one concurred in the opinion" which Justice Brown gave when announcing the judgment of the Court. Judge Bald- win flatly declares that, anyhow, the judgment "could not be rendered with- out either overruling or explaining away one of the leading cases decided by the Supreme Court in the time of Chief Jus- tice Marshall." And this Judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, referring to the supposed "fundamental rights" of American citizenship, says that now they "are such, and such only, as the few men who chance to occupy the bench of the court of last resort may see fit to recognize. There is no appeal from their decision, and that decision rests on no written law. It seems probable that the liberties of the millions of new inhabitants now brought under the pow- er of the United States will not be left to a protection so indefinite and inse- cure." No one can hold a higher view than we do cf the place of the Supreme Court in the American political system; nor can any one be prompter than we in submit- ting, and counselling unhesitating sub- mission,, to its interpretations of the law of the land. But no American is required to abdicate his reason before this or any other agency of government. Freely to think and freely to utter our thoughts not only is of the essence of liberty, but is the only way by which the Supreme Court itself can be made, in the long run, the bulwark of liberty. A prime requisite in a judge, according to Bacon's notion, is to be "advised"; and there is no better way of making an American judge advised than by permitting, nay, by welcoming, the freest and fullest dis- cussion, by competent and impartial men, of any decision that is given from any bench. MORALS, AT HOME AND ABROAD. An interesting discussion as to the public morals of Frenchmen and Ameri- cans has recently been started, which has a timely relation to one aspect of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. Jules Cambon, the French Ambassador 10 the United States, made a trip home, rot long ago. and he was so much im- pressed by what he saw in the Paris streets, during the summer season, that he felt constrained to make an earnest protest against what seemed to him bad tendencies. He complained of the mark- ed increase in the absinthe habit, and of the growing quantity of indecent pic- tures and cartoons to be seen in the public thoroughfares. Such a deliver- ance from a Frenchman of M. Cambon's standing could not fail to command at- tention. Parisians could laugh off any "strait-laced Puritan" from England or America, who should profess to be shocked by the sights in their streets, but the Ambassador of France to the United States is a man of the world, who could not bring such an indictment against his countrymen unless there were evils, and very real ones. Another prominent Frenchman promptly confirm- ed the justice of M. Cambon's censure. Senator Berenger, who is at the head of the Society for the Prevention of Li- cense in the Streets, admitted that the police have of late put hardly any re- strictions upon the exposure, in the cen- tral parts of Paris, of engravings and cards which offend decency. What gives this matter international importance is the statement by Senator Berenger that the evil in question is al- ways at its worst during the summer months, and that its unusual prevalence at this season is because it "springs up especially to meet the average foreign- er's conception of the gay capital." This French legislator says that thousands of foreigners go to Paris every year for ^ short vacation, "naively intent on hav- ing a good time, and declaring their in- tention so loudly that the city takes on a particular hue for their benefit." This view has been emphatically sustained by the pastor of a French Protestant church in Paris, who asserts that Anglo- Saxon visitors are the foreigners most to blame in this matter, and Americans the worst offenders of all. He says that the keepers of kiosks where quantities of "lurid photographs" are sold tell him that Americans are their best custom- ers, purchasing handfuls of vicious pa- pers and cards, which they distribute widely in their own country. Striking testimony to the truth of all this has just been furnished by a mem- ber of the United States Congress. Rep- resentative Gillett of the Springfield (Mass.) district, a man of high stand- ing and proved independence, has been travelling for some weeks, with Speaker Henderson of Iowa, in England and on the Continent. In a recent letter to the Springfield Republican, written some time before the Cambon-Berenger dis- cussion, Mr. Gillett virtually confessed the truth of what the French Senator and the pastor of the French Protestant church say about the attitude of Ameri- cans in Paris. He remarked that the shops, the hotels, and, above all, the class of amusements which we call "Frenchy," and which Americans flock

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164 The .Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 to Paris to see. seemed to him "arti- ficial and made to order to meet the taste of American visitors." He frank- ly allowed that "it's no credit to us what they think our taste is," and blunt- ly declared that he had been "thorough- ly disgusted to see not only American men, but ladies, too, trying to be amused by sights which they would think both stupid and low at home." He added that it seemed to him as though "quite a proportion of the Parisians were engag- ed in exhibiting as their natural life and recreations a pretence of high spirits and risky abandon which was all affect- ed, a constant bore to the participants, and only interesting and endurable to strangers as long as they are deceived into believing it is the custom of the country." There is thus virtual agreement on the part of the French legislator, the American Congressman, and the French clergyman that foreign visitors, and particularly American tourists, are giv- ing Paris a worse reputation than it de- serves— in fact, making the city by their presence worse in the summer months than it is during the rest of the year. The clergyman quoted clears the resi- dent American colony of blame, pro- nouncing it exemplary, but he thinks it "impossible to deny that visiting Yan- kees do Paris far more harm than Paris does them." Senator Berenger holds the outsiders to equal responsibility. "If Paris is to grow better in this respect," he says, "surely the foreign visitors must cooperate." It is difficult to answer such an in- dictment. The most effective way of meeting any evil is to bring a healthy public sentiment to bear upon those re- sponsible for it. But in this case the offenders are a host of people, represent- ing all parts of the country, not one of whom can be held individually to ac- count by the press. There is one thing, however, which American newspapers can do, and that is to insist that any great fair in this country shall be free from all ground for criticism in such matters. If we organize expositions which we consider worthy of patronage by foreigners, and then allow in them practices which make a visiting Frenchman think that Americans have low tastes, we have no right to com- plain if the Parisians conclude that our people want to gratify such tastes when they go abroad. The Midway has be- come a recognized feature of the modern exposition, and it has its proper prov- ince. People get tired of inspecting ex- hibits, and they want recreation. It is quite right that a portion of the grounds should be set apart for amusing shows of various sorts. There is only one essen- tial condition — that everything must be decent. It is an outrage for the nation or for a city to lend its support to any great enterprise, like the World's Fair at Chi- cago in 1893 or the Pan-American Ex- position at Buffalo this year, and then permit the presentation of spectacles which offend good taste and even public decency. The Chicago Exposition sinned in this respect, and the managers of the Buf- falo Fair have imitated the bad exam- ple. Creditable as is the scheme of this great show, and magnificent as is the electrical display every evening, there are some features of the Midway which should never have been permitted — bull- fights, for example, even if they be "fakes"; Oriental dances, which are ad- vertised as offensive; slot picture-ma- chines which show by their placards that they should be suppressed. It has been the one blot upon an exposition which otherwise reflected the greatest credit upon those who conceived it, that a few concessionaires on the Midway should have been allowed to offend de- cent people until criticism forced the au- thorities last week to stop what they should never have permitted. If we can- not regulate American travellers in Paris, we can at least keep our own great expositions clean throughout for the in- spection of foreigners. The promoters of the fairs which are to be held in the early future at Charleston and St. Louis should take this lesson to heart at the start. THE POLICE "SYSTEM." Every fair-minded man must suspend judgment in the case of the three po- licemen arrested on Tuesday week. The evidence against them, so far as it has been made public, certainly comes short of being legally conclusive, however overwhelming it may be morally. We presume that the District Attorney has in reserve corroborative testimony that will be produced on the trial — if the Tammany lawyers are not able indef- initely to stave off the trial of these men, as well as that of Capt. Diamond. But no court proceedings are necessary, no further examinations of witnesses, in order to make perfectly clear the "sys- tem" under which the police are made a Tammany instrument of blackmail and tribute-gathering. The whole thing was uncovered to the light of day by the testimony which Capt. Flood re- luctantly gave as to the nature of the activities of Wardman Glennon. Who is this man? He is known to the force as one of Devery's "pets," on« of his "right-hand men." His court rec- ord is no secret. He was indicted six or seven years ago, but disappeared be- fore trial, and his bail-bond was forfeit- ed. Thus it was a man, as the Assistant District Attorney put it to Capt. Flood, "previously accused of felony by a court of competent jurisdiction," who was giv- en special privileges on the police force of this city! And what were the duties of this extraordinary "plain-clothes man" of the Tenderloin precinct? Ap- parently only those of a chartered and roving representative of Devery's, to do whatever he liked. No orders were ever given him by his nominal chief. He never made any written reports. It was evidently his function to go about seek- ing whom he might devour, and, in the intervals of hob-nobbing with Devery, live a life of elegant leisure. Probably Capt. Flood is not to be held directly accountable for such a scandal in his command. The thing seems to have been taken out of his hands. He found Glennon in the precinct when he went there, and "made no change in his way of working." The inference is obvious that Glennon was there in the service and at the orders of a higher power. Capt. Flood chose his other wardmen, gave them orders regularly, and received writ- ten reports from them. Glennon was the exception. He was free to go or come, and no questions asked. How he employed his time the sworn testimony of Whit- ney indicates only too plainly. -He was apparently kept in the precinct as the gamblers' ally, the paid protector of vice, and the general representative of Tam- many, to stand in, for a money consider- ation, with the criminal and vicious classes. This, then, is the Tammany police sys- tem seen in actual operation. What goes on in Capt. Flood's precinct doubtless g es on in all others where there are pickings fat enough to make it worth while. The powers "higher up" have their chosen and trusty agents all over the city, for the purpose of using the police, not to repress and punish crime, but to levy the price of peace upon it, and to extort bribes and hush-money from the degraded beings who prey upon society. Thus we have Tammany inverting the whole civic order. Those who should pro- tect the city are its scourge, and the vio- lators of the law have only to strike hands with its sworn upholders in order to secure immunity. In Mazzini's time there was a class in the south of Italy known as the "watch- ed-over" (attendibili) . They were not ascertained to be positively criminal, but they were violently suspect. That is the state to which Tammany collusion and corruption have now reduced the police force of this great city. Employed to watch over us, we have to watch over them. Even the honest men on the force — and we still believe, with Mr. Riis, that they outnumber the scoun- drels-have to suffer from the universal ill-repute into which our police admin- istration has fallen. The Tammany smirch is upon good and bad alike; it touches nothing to which it does not im- part something of its own foulness. Cor- ruption descends from "higher up" to the ordinary patrolman. No one can doubt for a moment that an honest and effi- cient Commissioner, something other than the elderly and timorous figure- head we now have, with the aid of a-

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Aug. 29, 1901] The ISTation. 165 Deputy who would spend his time in do- ing something besides railing at reform- ers and defying decent opinion, could make of the police force a very different body, even without extensive changes in its personnel. Tammany, however, has no desire for an effective and incorruptible police. That is the last thing it wants. "Thou hatest to be reformed," said the Psalm- ist (Prayer-book version), as if with Lis eye on the police au'hciities of this city, who, after all that has been re- vealed, brazenly declare at headquarters that nothing really will be done; that none of their men can be convicted; that if the jury does find any of the accused officers guilty, clever lawyers and com- plaisant judges will keep them out of prison. So they settle back in their chairs and ask the old impudent ques- tion, "Well, what are you going to do about it?" The answer is very simple. We are going to keep right on exposing Tammany complicity with crime. We are going to send the guilty men to jail if we can, but, in any case, we are going to hold them and their more guilty su- periors up to the indignant gaze of the citizens of New York. And then we are going to call upon the self-respect, the honesty, the self-interest, the decency, the sense of pride, and the sense of shame of this great metropolis, to vote out of office the disreputable crew that is so hug.' a danger and so burning a dis- grace. If we do not succeed in doing this in November, we shall have to do it at the next opportunity, unless we wish to see New York become as Sodom and Gomorrah. But we mean to do it in November. OUR BALANCE OF TRADE. The American balance of trade is be- coming more and more the object of at- tention among the financiers and publi- cists of the Old World. Professor Suess oi Vienna has turned his thoughts upon this subject, and his views are deemed of sufficient importance to be cabled to the Associated Press. Professor Suess made a serious error, a few years since, in predicting, upon geological grounds, a decline in the world's production of gold, and his opinion was welcomed, five or six years ago, as a great help to the sil- ver party in both Europe and America. Almost immediately after this opinion was expressed, the gold production of three continents began to increase in the remarkable manner that we all know of. Notwithstanding this miscalculation in geology, Professor Suess holds his high standing as an economist and pub- licist, and his views on the American trade balance will attract attention on both sides of the water. He says that our balance Las reached an unparalleled figure, and that it is a serious question whether the present political units of Central Europe are strong enough to make head against it, taking into ac- count the difference in physical condi- tions. By balance of trade is meant the surplus of exports over imports of goods, which leaves a balance to be settled by the importation of gold or of American securities held abroad, or of foreign se- curities taken as investments by our own people. Views similar to those of Professor Suess, but expressed at greater length, are those of Professor Baron von Wal- tershausen of the University of Strass- burg, in the Manufacturer of Philadel- phia, published August 15. This is the most careful and lucid exposition of the American trade balance and its probable consequences that we have seen from any European source. The United States, he says, now holds the leading place as an exporting country. As compared with the German Empire, she has gained 80 per cent, in exports in five years, while Germany has gained only 50 per cent. This gain, he predicts, will con- tinue to increase; and he holds, con- trary to the opinion of most writers, that there will be no decline in our ex- ports of cereals and cotton, but that these will increase also. As regards manufactures, the superiority of the United States, so far as it is due to cheapness of raw materials, is incontest- able, and will make itself felt more and more as the Americans learn to econo- mize the materials. At the present time there is too much waste of raw mate- rials, but, oa the other hand, there is less waste of labor than in Europe. The inventive faculty, which seeks to replace man power by machine power, is cease- lessly, preternaturally active in the United States. Experiments are going on all the time, and although some adven- turers lose their money in this way, and are crushed in the crowd, nobody is in- timidated. There is a steady and mar- vellous advance all the time. Trusts and combinations, the Profes- sor thinks, have added to the power of the nation to compete in foreign mar- kets. They do this by selling for lower prices abroad than at home. How can this kind of competition be met by Eu- rope? Professor Waltershausen suggests that Germany, Austria, France, and Rus- sia put a differential duty on articles of American production in proportion to the lower price at which they are sold for export compared with the prices at home. This would be in effect the same as our differential duty against bounty- fed sugar. The American bounty in the case of steel products, for example, is paid in the shape of a protective tariff, but it is a bounty just the same. This is a rather " 'cute" discovery on the part of the learned Professor, but we fancy that we have not heard the last of it. As for the Trust generally, the Professor calls it "a sphinx which propounds severe enigmas to politicians and economists, and which, peradventure, may hurl the much-praised democracy into the abyss." Undoubtedly, all governments have their future abysses. That of Germany at. present seems to be Socialism. Ours may be the Trust, or the vague thing called the "money power." Professor Waltershausen recognizes the fact that protection cannot protect an exporting country. "If the European industrial countries," he says, "could re- tain undisturbed possession of the out- side markets, they could make up for the loss of the United States market by in- creasing their sales to the world mar- kets; but in all quarters of the globe the sales of American manufactures make strong progress." This tendency, being uncontrollable, must have the result of changing the forms of industry. Europe must make more and more of those ar- ticles of luxury, such as art works, fine wines, delicacies, and high-grade dress goods and ornaments, which a country growing rapidly in wealth will be will- ing to receive in exchange for the goods they export. But eventually the Amer- icans will make these finer articles for themselves also, as they are already Go- ing to some extent. Professor Walters- hausen's horoscope for the future of German industry is gloomy. Germany, he thinks, will begin to run in debt for American goods, and then she will begin to decline. The results of such indebt- edness "will show themselves in (1) less ability to stand taxation; (2) growth of unproductive indebtedness; (3) possibly the necessity of resorting to a paper currency; (4) the emigration of manufacturers and skilled operatives; (5) the transplanting of our factories to foreign countries; (6) want of em- ployment for labor; (7) stagnation of social reform; (8) finally, weakness of the national military strength." Yet he has no better remedy to suggest than that all European countries should beware of treaties of reciprocity with the United States. A European Zollverein against us he considers impracticable; but Euro- pean countries may help themselves to some extent, he thinks, by giving the cold shoulder to American trade and the warm one to each other. CRISPI. Romola, August 13, 1901. The last, not the least, of the makers of Italy has left us; and if we cannot but rejoice that the prolonged agony, the lin- gering clays of torture, are ended, none the less does an aching void remain in the place occupied till yesterday by the strong, steadfast, vivacious figure of Don Ciccio, our faithful friend throughout nearly half a century. Death does not cast for U3 a sentimental glamour around the man or the statesman; we feel no desire to pal- liate his faults or to deny his errors now that he is dead, any more than we did when his stanch, enthusiastic, thoroughly honest champion, W. J. Stillman, who pre- ceded him on his last journey by so few months, challenged our right to judge this

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166 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 "greatest of all Italians in modern times." Yet, even in the days when Italy brought forth giants — Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cattaneo, Cavour — Francesco Crispi appeared a nota- ble figure; undistinguished on battle-fields, where the Medicis, Bixios, Sacchis, Sirtoris, Nicoteras, and Pisacanes carried all before them, but holding an eminent place in the councils of the conspirators; ever ready to go and to do, to be the light-bearer and the path-preparer, without the slightest ap- pearance of self-assertion, of vanity or of ambition. Only when, one by one, his chiefs had passed away, and, after Gari- baldi's death, the eighties and early nine- ties swept away all his compeers, did he appear, to himself and his worshippers, a colossus among the pigmies of later degen- erate days. Silent the old King's "Commando io"; silent, too, the voice of Garibaldi, never raised to order, because his eye enforced obedience; dead, too, Bertani, "his Ma- jesty," as Crispi himself dubbed him, who kept his "subjects" well in hand; dead, too, Alberto Mario, who, in the columns of the Lega, "admonished" pretenders, laughed down the aspirants to dictatorship. Dead also Nicola Fabrizi, the Puritan saint, the next to Mazzini among the Apostles of Unity, a sort of second father to Crispi, who rarely chafed under his reproof, and generally accepted his advice, knowing how Nicola loved him, and remembering that, foremost among Continental Italians, he had been the earliest and most enthu- siastic lover of and believer in Sicily and the Sicilians. Then, between his descent from power (1891) and return to power (1894), died Nicotera, the "Young Italy" conspirator at the age of fourteen, wound- ed at Rome in 1849, left for dead on the bloody field of Sapri; the saviour of all his surviving accomplices; immured in a dun- geon well in Favignana till 1860; soldier, officer, and general in 1866-7; again con- spirator with Mazzini in 1869-70; the first member of the party of action called to the helm by Victor Emanuel in 1876. This, Mazzini's leoncino, kept his past friend, present rival, in check, gave a Roland for his Oliver to the very last— gave him, also, frank and friendly council as his last New Year's greeting in 1894. He, too, died in July of that year; and Crispi remained alone, and friendless save for one whose warnings he heeded not, surrounded by satellites and sycophants, and genuinely ad- mired and applauded by poets and grateful patriots who had "not known the Josephs." Had Crispi died at the close of his second ministry, 1886-91, he would have passed to posterity as an ideal Italian conspirator mil- itant; unitarian stanch and true; one of the Thousand, vice-dictator of the Southern campaign; reforming statesman, who, in his five bright years of power, moulded into laws the aspirations, redeemed the pledges, and fulfilled the promises of the party of anion before it came to power. But in- herent tendencies and conducive circum- stances had rendered his constitution pe- culiarly susceptible to the then incipient, now universal, malady of what is euphemis- tically called imperialism— in Italian, mega- lomania. It invaded his system, took pos- session of his brain; but fate, kinder 1.0 the Latin than to the Anglo-Celtic races in the Old World and the New, restricted this malady to the man and his immediate cir- cle; the chief scapegoat, Oreste Baratien, heroically silent, passed away only one week since— died and gave no sign. But the people of Italy— unlike their English brethren, who, untaxed, uncompelled to mil- itary service, possessing the vote and the power to coerce their one-time masters, hailed the "imperial" filibusters and have kept, and still keep, them in power— the people of Italy, taxed to starvation point, with every other son a conscript, still suf- fering grievously from yet unsuppressed op- pressors, protested as one man against the squandering of billions and the wasting of thousands of strong young lives for the transformation of the first son of the king- elect into an emperor of the dark regions, with Crispi as his alter ego. And the pro- test, in its unmistakable fierceness — its fe- rocious intensity — prevailed. The dream of empire faded, and the dreamer fell — never again to rise, maker or marrer of his coun- try's fate. Crispi's biographer is, we trust, yet un- born. The dying and incoming generation have not, and cannot acquire, all the ma- terials necessary for the task; royal, pri- vate, and well-guarded state archives still preserve jealously many a secret indispensa- ble to history, while loves and hates per- meate the atmosphere too densely for the bare shadow of impartiality to prevail. Writing in this secluded nest among the pine woods skirting the valleys of the Elsa and the Pesa, with no telegraph and with a post (when it arrives) brought over the hills by diligence, we have not now, just six-and-thirty hours since he breathed his last, a single paper save the one announc- ing the bare fact of Crispi's decease. But during the last three weeks he has been "with us always"; nay, so painful grew the suspense that a fortnight since we took carriage up to Montespertoli hoping to get at the truth from Sonnino, Crispi's most faithful henchman, and there lord of the soil. He was absent, but we telegraphed and received answer from Donna Lina that left no hope of recovery; and, being occu- pied on some reminiscences which may never see the light, certain letters and documents set aside for the task took us back to the old days when attempts ana disasters united us in a common hope. Though Crispi's Italian career commenced in 1858-9, precisely when we first made his acquaintance in London, whither he came from Paris — an undesirable residence for Italians after Orsini's attempt— he had a fair continuous record as Sicilian repre- sentative and conspirator throughout fifteen previous years. His foes among the pigmy crew who accuse him of deserting the re- publican party may do well to remember that he was among the first and most enthu- siastic supporters of the Prince of Genoa, Victor Emanuel's second son, as candidate for the Sicilian crown in 1848, and among Sicilian Deputies he was almost the only one to proclaim the necessity of Italian unity. An unpublished letter of the poet- patriot Dall' Ongaro in 1850 gives insight in- to the aims and hopes of the dispersed ex- iles after the fall of Rome and Venice, the restorations in Sicily and Tuscany, the re- turn of the Austrians to Lombardy in 1849. It is addressed to Francesco Crispi-Genova (like many Sicilians, Crispi added his moth- er's to his lather's name), in Turin: "Fratsllo, here is a letter from Ricciardi, from De IJoni, a few lines from Mazzini and from Carlo Cattaneo, which sum up their po- litical views; so you can now spread all your sails. The fact that all these men agree on the essential point, must convince you and all who are of good faith that there is but one path that can lead Italy to salvation. Ricciardi, who for so many years has been the apostle of national unity, writes to the Sicilians and to all other Italians to detach from the sacred tri- color all signs of dissension [i. e., all municipal emblems, and of course the white cross of Savoy]; Cattaneo repeats Tasso's cry, 'Italy and Rome ! ' Of Mazzini and De Boni I add nothing ; our programme is known to all and we have written it in blood. With liberty we shall gain independence; for the war of princes we shall substitute that of the people fortified by ex- perience and by past disasters. After Pied- mont's two armistices, after the heroic deeds of Rome and Venice, to trust again in kings, not to seek in republican faith the true saviour of Italy, would be either madness or treachery. Let us unite, then, in this noble apostolate, and prepare ourselves for events which may sur- prise us from one day to another, and summon us to fight the supreme battle. "During the conflict, a strong power, a dic- tator must decree the concordant forces of all the insurgent provinces. Once the sacred soil of Italy freed from the foreigner, the victorious people will send their representatives to the capital, and there will be decided the form of government which free Italy will choose for herself. The minority must bow its head to the sovereign national will. This is our programme; it imposes neither a king nor a republic, but accepts the fiat of all men of good faith. Who refuses it, denies universal suffrage and the sovereignty of the people. Health and frater- nity—Your brother, Dall' Ongaro." We do not find Crispi's answer, but, from several of his letters sequestrated by the police and still extant in the archives of Palermo, we see that he kept up correspon- dence with the patriots, encouraging them to persevere, but to abstain from all revo- lutionary attempts, "because while, before 1848, the despots had no idea of the latent resolve of the oppressed to throw off the yoke, they are now on the look- out, are prepared and all-powerful; any fail- ure would be ruinous. Arm yourselves with pa- tience; prepare and send me a list of the num- bers and strongholds of the enemy, also of the numbers, capacity, and intentions of our asso- ciates. When the peoples of Europe reawaken, Sicily must appear in the vanguard." During 1850, '51, '52, Crispi cooperated with Mazzini in preparing for future action. Expelled from Turin after the failure of the 6th of February in Milan, he took refuge in Malta, edited papers, and conspired till he was expelled from the island, and, after a daring transit through Sicily, spent four years in London and Paris; in 1858, edited, with Alberto Mario, the Mazzinian paper Paisiero ed Azione. In 1859 he signed the declaration of the party of action refusing to participate in the Franco-Sardinian war, taking a pledge to work and fight for United Italy with, without, or against the King of Piedmont, and then and there, at great risk and fearful odds, went through Sicily alone in disguise, transporting arms, teach- ing the conspirators to manufacture bombs, then escaped by the skin of his teeth, promising to return and head the insurrec- tion fixed for the 4th of October. He went to central Italy, which, with Tuscany, had proclaimed Victor Emanuel, and found Ni- cola Fabrizi and other magnates full of hopes for the southern provinces. Here is a letter of his to Mazzini, given to me by the latter when he returned to Switzerland. In cipher for the most part, it is dated Tu- rin, December 29: " Dearest Brother Mine : I have thine it

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Aug. 29, 1901] The Nation. 167 the 29th of November. I wrote a long letter to Nicola [Fabrizi] on the 22(1 inst. Our house- hold affairs prosper. Rattazzi maintains his promise, and will soon give us a thousand muskets or carbines. For what concerns the organization of Garibaldi's men [Garibaldi was then president of the society "La Nazione Ar- mata" suppressed by Cavour in the twinkling of an eye on his return to power], all necessary measures are taken, and the concert of the individuals designated insured. Fanti, it seems, IS hostile, but, with Garibaldi present in Turin, I hope we shall be able to arrange everything. The worst of it is that many here wish to await the issue of the congress; to which I am opposed as injurious to the interests of the country. Palermo demands the promised arms. "Thy Ciccio." Both Crispi and Rosalino Pilo address fervent epistles to the Sicilians, stinging them with reproaches for their silence and inactivity, which for Italy "signified their contentment with their lot, their subjection to the Bourbon yoke." Rosalino offers to go at once, promises that Garibaldi and Sirtori will follow, and sends them the blessing "of him who lives only for Italy and awaits their decision." But Rattazzi fell, and Cavour, who towards Mazzini and his followers manifested constant, undeviat- ing hatred, would none of him, objected strongly to any interference with the king- dom of Sicily, and, had the King permitted, would have arrested Garibaldi in person as soon as he had scent of the Sicilian expedi- tion. While it is untrue that it was Crispi who decided Garibaldi to head that daring attempt — Bertani, Bixio, and, above all, the return of the pilot who had steered Rosali- no's frail bark into Messina and come back to report the success of the revolution, being the chief actors and factors thereof — it is certain that, once landed at Marsala, Crispi, after Garibaldi, was the man of the situa- tion. At Marsala he proclaimed Victor Emanuel King of Italy and Garibaldi Dictator; then journeyed from commune to commune, in- ducing the syndics to follow suit. And at Palermo we found Don Ciccio, the radiant, cordial friend of yore. There was nothing pretentious or overbearing about him in those days; he had refused the lucrative and exalted position offered him by Garibaldi, intent only on armament, on the organiza- tion of the provinces, on keeping down the separatists and Federalists with firm hand. If he opposed Cavour, who insisted on the immediate annexation of the island, and compelled Garibaldi to expel Cavour's agents, it was to keep the island as a basis for Garibaldi's passage across the straits; and in this he succeeded, and then and there won the proud, loving hearts of the Sicilians, who adored him in life, even when his hand pressed on them most cruelly, and who are now welcoming him to his last home in their hearts and in their "city of initia- tives." In Naples, where the Cavourians had forced on the instantaneous annexation by plebiscite, Crispi, who would have had the question decided as in Tuscany and the central provinces, by local assemblies elect- ed by universal suffrage, won, by his calm pertinacity, the esteem of all, of Carlo Cat- taneo especially. During the debates held by Mazzini in Nicotera's house in Naples as to the future oonduct of the party of ac- tion, Crispi did not advocate the entrance of its members into Parliament. "Remem- ber," he said, "if we take the oath, we are bound by it; if I do enter, I shall never re- sign." Mario, Saffl, Nicotera, were the star.chest opponents, but all save Mario yielded, with Crispi, to Mazzini's appeal to go into the House and force the Govern- .ment to liberate Venice and take possession of Rome. Crispi was elected unanimously in various colleges of Sicily. He accepted that of Castelvetrano, but the vice-dictator of the two Sicilies was so absolutely poor that his electors subscribed for his maintenance in turn, till his renown as advocate enabled him to maintain himself with decorum, but never in luxury. True to his pledge, when Garibaldi, Cairoli, Bertani, all the members of the Left resigned at the close of 1863, owing to the atrocities committed by Ca- vour's lieutenants in Sicily and Naples, Cris^ pi remained in the breach; and one by one, Saffi alone excepted, the deserters return- ed to their posts. Crispi's speeches in the old Parliament are all memorable. He did not take part in the attempts of 1862, but, after Aspromonte, was the exposer of the vulpine double-face policy of the Ministry, the scathing denouncer of their servility to the French Emperor. Throughout three years no cloud had shadowed his friend- ship with Mazzini. It was Crispi who dis- covered the author of the forged letters published in the Moderate papers as Maz- zini's; Crispi who proved that Greco, the pretended would-be murderer of Napoleon, with Mazzini and James Stansfeld for ac- complices, was a spy in the pay of the Pied- montese Government. Yet it was in that same year (1864) that the close, fast bonds of friendship were severed never again to be reunited. And so unjustly! Crispi was opposed to the September con- vention, because to him the transfer of the capital to Florence signified the renuncia- tion of Rome, capital of one Italy. "You oppose because you are a 'republican,' " said Mordini, a seceder from the Left to the Centre. "No," exclaimed Crispi; "the Monarchy unites, a republic would divide Italy." Mazzini wrote words that had bet- ter have been left unsaid; Crispi replied with true but very bitter ones. Another outburst from Mazzini; then came Crispi's poisoned arrow taunting Mazzini "with serving princes while remaining a republi- can"— a quite unfair distortion of Maz- zini's advice to Charles Albert, "to create Italy one and become King thereof"; or to Victor Emanuel, "Unify Italy, then become Dictator, President, or King for ever." Nev- er again did they clasp hands or write or meet. It was the only instance in which Mazzini remained inexorable. He wrote a prophecy of Crispi's future which was all too faithfully fulfilled. We were living in Florence, and constantly seeing Don Ciccio, who had admirably and successfully de- fended Mario, brought to trial for his letter refusing to represent the college of Modena in Sicily because "I should loathe to take the oath to the King who shed the blood of Garibaldi on the sacred road to Rome." Never have I seen him or any other man so profoundly, so grievously distressed — anx- ious for a reassuring hope that the breach might yet be healed. But not even after Mentana, when Crispi and Mazzini were at one on the utter hopelessness of the at- tempt, nor even in 1870, when, for the first and only time, Crispi threatened to resign with all the Left unless the order to march on Rome should be given to the troops, could personal friends or political allies pre- vail. Yet Crispi remained from first to last a loyal, true Mazzinian, faithful to the fun- damental doctrine, "Unity before all"; faith- ful, also, as so few of his followers were, to Mazzini's religious faith In one omniscient God, the mini Christ Jesus, and in immortal- ly. When the Left came to power, in 1876, and Crispi was chosen Speaker of the Chamber, his impartiality, ability, and se- renity were admired by friends and foes. During those years we met almost daily, as, at his request, I was making an in- ventory of his invaluable documents, which, with Bertani's, were to form the nucleus of revolutionary archives. "You may copy and use any of them," he wrote; "of course, avoiding anything that may injure the dead or hurt the feelings of the living." Brief and brilliant was his first Ministry, dur- ing which Victor Emanuel died. The Pope died; the conclave was held in such free and orderly style as to convince Europe that the subjection of the Church by the State was a barefaced fiction. Then the speech of Humbert the First was a master- piece, and it was an evil day for Italy when the false accusation of bigamy com- pelled Crispi to retire. What hopes were reawakened when, after the death of De- pretis, in 18S6, Crispi was again summoned to the helm. All the reforms demanded by the Liberals and that had been prom- ised in their name were effected — sanitary reform, reform of the charitable institu- tions, provincial and communal reform, the abolition of the infamous Contagious- Diseases Act — when, by a sudden and, we believe, unpremeditated coalition of fac- tions that could not be called par- ties, he was hurled from power, and for the next three years Italy was in a state of anarchy and Sicily in actual revolt. It was a cruel fate that summoned Cris- pi to the rescue, nor have we space or heart to follow his career — with not a friend to aid, and cowardly foes to hin- der, between 1894 and 1896. Our correspon- dence ceased after one long letter on the state of Sicily, which we had just visited, remained unanswered; nor was that cor- respondence renewed until two months since, when it reopened anent the famous documents he possessed relating to the revolutionary years of 1848-9. "They are at the service of whosoever will under- take to continue Cattaneo's 'Archivio Sto- rico Triennale,' " he answered. And we had half decided to go South once more when news of his increasing weakness and ill health came. And now all is over. We shall never feel the strong hand-clasp again, nor review old times, both bad and good. Italy seems to us a cemetery; we feel ourselves watching the procession wending to the bay that bears the "last of the Old Guard" to the land of his birth and of his glorious and triumphant work for Sicily and for Italy. We do not think the evil that he did will survive his death. We do believe that the good effected by him and his peerless peers will survive them all. J. W. M. Correspondence. SIR PETER PETT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In Andrew Marvell's "Last Instruc-

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168 The N"ation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 tions to a Painter" there occurs the follow- ing passage, satirizing the attempts of all parties to throw the blame for the Dutch victories of 1667 — the burning of English ships in the Thames, etc., etc. — upon the devoted and yet comparatively innocent head of the Commissioner for the Navy, Sir Peter Pett: "After this loss, to relish discoutent, Some one must he accused by Parliament. All our miscarriages on Pett must fall, His name alone seems fit to answer all. Whose counsel first did this mad war beget? Who all commands sold through the navy? Pett. Who w< u!d nut fol ow when the Dutch were beat? Who treated out the time at Bergen? Pett. Who the Dutch fleet with storms disabled met? And, rifling prizes, them neglected? Pett. Who with false news prevented the Gazette? The fleet divided? Writ for Rupert? Pett. Who all our seamen cheated of th.-ir debt, And all our prizes who did swallow? Pett. Who did advise no navy out to set? And who the forts left unprepared? Pett. Who to supply with powaer did forget Languurd, Sheerness, Gravesend, and Cpnor? Pett. Who all our ships exposed in Chatham net? Who should it be but the fanatic Pett? Pett, the sea-architect in making ships, Was the first cause of all these naval slips; Had he not built, none of these faults had been; If no creation, there had been no sin; But his great 1 rime, nne h"nt 'nony be xen'. That lost our fleet and did our flight prevent." Most of the allusions here are plain enough and the trend and the justice of the satire are unmistakable. But I should be glad to know whether in lines 741-2, the last two of the quotation, there is an al- lusion to any definite incident, and if so, what that incident was. I suppose the lines to be purely ironical; Pepys's details would tally with this notion. As if one boat more or less could have made any difference in the midst of the universal folly and fri- volity! Under date of June 18, 1667, Henry Savile writes to Sir George Savile: "Commission- er Pett was sent for from Chatham, and sent last night to the Tower. He is most undoubtedly to be sacrificed; all that are greater lay the fault upon him in hopes that he is to bear all the blame." Pett was, I believe, actually impeached and de- prived of his office. — Yours truly, Lewis E. Gates. Camdkid'ie, Mass., August 17, 1901. Notes. J. B. Lippincott Co. have in press the thirteenth volume of Dr. Furness's "Va- riorum Edition" of Shakspere, viz., 'Twelfth Night'; a 'History of the Jesuits in England,' by E. L. Taunton; 'The Diamond Necklace,' a translation from Funck-Bren- tano, by H. Sutherland Edwards; 'Wash- ington, the Federal City,' in two volumes, by Rufus Rockwell Wilson; and 'Million- aires and Kings of Enterprise,' by James Burnley. 'Life on the Stage,' by Clara Morris, is announced for September by McClure, Phillips & Co. Funk & Wagnalls Co. will soon have ready 'The Real Latin Quarter,' by F. Berkley Smith, son of the writer-artist, F. Hopkin- son Smith. Charles Scribner's Sons will publish dur- ing the autumn on this side of the water Sir Walter Armstrong's 'Life of Turner,' notable not only for its text, but also for some ninety reproductions of the artist's finest pictures, mostly in photogravure. The same firm will bring out a new volume of verse by Miss Martha Gilbert Dickinson, 'The Cathedral, and Other Poems.' James Pott & Co. will be the American publishers of 'Brother Musicians,' an ac- count of the late Edward and Walter Bache, by Constance Bache. A posthumous biographical work, 'Disci- ples of Aesculapius,' by Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, containing also a sketch of the author's life by his daughter, Mrs. George Martin, with portrait and illustrations, is promised next month by E. P. Dutton & Co. A. C. McClurg & Co.'s fall announcements include 'Lady Lee, and Other Animal Sto- ries,' by Hermon Lee Ensign, with or'g'nal designs in photogravure; 'Tennessee Sketches,' by Louise Preston Looney; 'Lin- coln's First Love,' by Carrie Douglas Wright; 'Justice to the Woman,' by, Mrs. Bernie Babcock; 'A History of American Verse,' by James L. Onderdonk; 'Word and Phrase: True and False Use in English,' by Joseph Fitzgerald; 'Ad Astra: Being Selec- tions from Dante,' with decorative and il- lustrative designs by Margaret and Helen M. Armstrong; 'Rugs, Oriental and Occi- dental, Antique and Modern,' by Rosa Belle Holt; 'Criminal Sociology,' by Francis A. Kellor; 'Zanzibar Tales,' by George W. Eateman; 'Swedish Fairy Stories,' by Anna Wahlenberg; and 'At the Sign of the Ginger Jar,' poems by R. C. Rose. 'The Story of Missouri' is In preparation by the well-known Representative in Con- gress of the Ninth District, Champ Clark, and Walter Williams, editor of the Columbia Missouri Herald. The volume will be illus- trated. Mrs. Olive Thorne Miller, pursuing her favorite theme, gives us 'The Second Book of Birds' (Houghton, Miffiin & Co.). With a laudable desire to promote a greater ap- preciation of and familiarity with the bird life surroimding us, she selects conspicuous examples from the various bird families of the North American continent. Her de- scriptions of the appearance and habits of her subjects are clear, entertaining, and free from technical phraseology, while, throughout, her own strong affection for the species is made manifest by the many anec- dotes aptly introduced, and by her willing- ness to take up the cudgels in defence of such commonly reputed nuisances as the crow, Jay, etc. Eight colored illustrations and a number in black and white are of a high order of excellence, and should not be passed over without a word of praise. As first fruits of the welcome appoint- ment of Mr. F. LI. Griffith as reader in Egyptology at Oxford, we have his inaugural lecture on the study of Egyptology (Ox- ford: Clarendon Press, 1901). It is a lucid statement of the condition and bearings of that study at present, looking at it as a field for serious and prolonged work. Mr. Griffith has already won his spurs as one of the most careful and accurate, perhaps the most careful and accurate, of the English Egyptologists of the new school, and the views which he expresses in this little pamphlet are refreshing in their san- ity and modesty. When a scholar of his calibre says that the 'Book of the Dead' is still in the main unintelligible to us, a flood of light is thrown upon some recent pub- lications. 'Erinnerungen an Friedrich Nietzsche' is a recent brochure of 111 pages, by Dr. Paul Deussen, professor in the University of Kiel (Leipzig: Brockhaus). A portion of It, as our readers are aware, appeared Octo- ber 15 In the Wiener Rundsehau under the title "Die Wahrheit iiber Friedrich Nietz- sche," but gave an inadequate conception ' of the nature and scope of the completed work. Deussen and Nietzsche were fellow- students at Schulpforta and at Bonn, and were soon brought into intimate relations of friendship by the enthusiasm which they both felt for Greek poetry, and especially for the odes of Anacreoa. In these 'Remi- niscences' the reader can trace the stages of Nietzsche's intellectual development, and is thereby enabled to form a correct appreciation of his character and of the abnormal influences which led to his mel- ancholv end. The volume contains a por- trait of Nietzsche and twenty-six letters (two in facsimile) written by him to Deus- sen from 1864 to 1887. In the concluding chapter (or "appendix," as the author calls it) we have a clear and concise discussion of the fundamental principles of Nietz- sche's philosophy. In this connection we may call attention to two critical and more or less patho- psychological studies of Nietzsche, which may serve as supplements to Deussen's personal recollections: 'Friedrich Nietz- sche: Fur gebildete Leser geschildert,' by Dr. Julius Reiner (Leipzig: Seemann), and 'Nietzsche: Eine psychiatrisch-philosophi- sche Untersuchung,' by Wilhelm Schacht (Bern: Schwind & Francke). The first of these treatises discusses Nietzsche as a poet and philosopher, his solution of the problem of morality, his conception of the ideal of humanity as embodied in the Ucbermensch, in whom Dr. Reiner dis- covers many features strongly resembling those of Lombroso's typical criminals, and his ideas of religion and woman. "Mein Heute widerlegt mein Gestern" (My to- day refutes my yesterday) is the expression not of commendable pleasure in progres- sive development, but of morbid pride in the crassest inconsistencies, resulting in the presentation of the passing whimseys of an over-excited brain for profound reve- lations of truth. A still more systematic study of these peculiar conditions is of- fered to the public by Dr. Schacht. It is impossible here to discuss the details of his investigations, the nature of which is clearly indicated by the title of his work. In the forty-ninth annual report of the Boston Public Library we note that 683 books were read by the Fiction Committee, and that while 28 unfavorably reported on were accepted by the Trustees, 76 favo.ably reported on were rejected. "This year, for the first time, children's bcoks have been read by the Committee." "The most popu- lar publication of the Library for some time" is the 'Finding List of Genealogies, and Local and Town Histories Containing Family Records.' Though intended for the Library itself, there has been a demand for it from all parts of the country. Mr. Worthington Ford regrets "that in each State a certain number of copies of docu- ments should not be set aside for the great public libraries," or given to the State Li- brary for such distribution. At least a monthly list of State documentary Issues might be sent to libraries. The Imperial Botanic Garden of St. Pe- tersburg has begun the publication of a Bulletin edited by A. Fischer de Waldheim. It will be devoted to short articles, and will appear as often as is warranted by the accumulation of material. The initial num- ber contains articles on the 'Exoasci of the Caucasus,' and on the 'Mycological Flora of Russia,' by A. Jaczewski, and on 'Migratory

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Aug. 29, 1901J The Kation. 169 Lichens,' by A. Elenkin. The papers are In Russian, but each one is followed by a brief rGsume' in French or in German. In announcing the Ideal, a fine-art quar- terly publication, Mr. George Newnes of London aims only at the wealthier class of art-lovers. The price of each of the four parts will be ten guineas, the year's sub- scription for all the parts, thirty-eight. The return will be a large folio volume (20x15 inches), printed on fine handmade paper, containing in each quarterly part at least eight full-page etchings, photogravures, mezzotints, or other superior form of re- production. Several color prints will be in- cluded in each number, both in the full- page and in the text illustrations. The selection of pictures will be made by Mr. A. G. Temple, Director of the Guildhall Art Gallery, London. The specimen con- tents page sent by the publisher shows that the choice will cover a wide range of ancient and modern art, while the ex- amples will be almost exclusively drawn from little-known masterpieces in private collections. Thus, we are promised six Velasquezes and as many Fortunys, five Tademas, and four Turners. Evidently the prevailing taste is to be considered in the selection, and at this, since there is some- thing for all tastes, no austere subscriber should cavil. For the student of Biblical antiquities, peculiar interest attaches to the statement of Dr. Bliss, contained in a letter written to the Palestine Exploration Fund and pub- lished in part in the last issue of the Quar- terly Statement, that "the majority of the objects found in our excavations are now arranged in a small museum." A large room in the Government School, just inside Herod's gate at Jerusalem, has been set aside for this purpose. Last autumn Dr. Bliss numbered and catalogued the objects selected for exhibition. In one of the cases there are 101 examples of pre-Israelite pot- tery, and in another 184 specimens of Se- leucidan ware; besides which there are pot- tery figurines, gems, tablets, scarabs, and various objects of bronze, iron, bone, stone, and glass, as also a collection of coins. Small as this museum is, it is unique In that "it contains the only full collection from which the history of Palestinian pot- tery may be studied from pre-Israelite to Roman times." The existence of this small museum will, doubtless, add to the effec- tiveness of the work of the American School at Jerusalem, which enters on its second year this autumn, with Professor Mitchell of Boston as director. It is an- nounced, also, that the University of Chi- cago will send a special field class to Pales- tine, under the direction of Prof. Shailer Matthews. Another interesting mosaic, described by Mr. Dickson, British Consul at Jerusalem, as "a work of art of high order," was found towards the end of last March in the grounds of a Jewish colony, northward of the city, near the Damascus gate. The proprietor of the ground, in building a cistern for his house, found this mosaic scarcely three feet under the surface. The design is heathen. Orpheus is represented, life-size, playing upon his harp. Beneath him are Pan and a centaur. This portion of the mosaic is surrounded by a frame of ornamentally entwined branches, en- closing various other figures. Beneath this are two women, around whom is an in- scription in Greek letters — Theodosia and Georgia. This is the second mosaic which has been found in the last few years in this locality, besides those discovered on the other side of the Jordan, the most fa- mous of which was the map of Palestine from Madeba. The last number of the Zcitschrift des Deutsche* I'alacstina-Tr reins, the organ of the German Society for Palestinian explora- tion, contains a translation of a hitherto un- published manuscript, an account of the pil- grimage to Jerusalem of Duke Henry the Pious of Saxony, written by one of his com- panions, Steffan Baumgartner of Nuremberg, and now in the German National Museum at that place. Duke Henrysetoutonhis jour- ney, as we learn from the Saxon archives, on the 31st of March, 1498, the proper day for the commencement of the enterprise having been astrologically determined. He left Venice for Jaffa on the 23d of June in the same year, reaching Jerusalem on the 18th of August. There, in the night of the 22d-23d, he knighted thirty- seven pilgrims in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. He reached Venice on his return journey en the 19th of October. The document contains little that is new about the conditions of the Holy Land, but is au interesting record of a princely pilgrimage of that day, and the conditions under which it was conducted. In the same number Dr. Littmann, who accompanied the American Crosby-Hyde-Macy-Stokes expedition to Syria, publishes a curious official list of the Bedawin tribes of the East Jordan country, prepared by a Turkish official for purposes of conscription and taxation some thirty-odd years ago. According to this singular docu- ment, the nearest approach to a census of that region which has yet been made, the Bedawin in the Belka and east and south of it, number 724,700 men capable of bearing arms, distributed among a large number of tribes, of which the greater part pay no tribute, others a tribute of sheep, while a few only are subject to conscription. The current number of the Mitteilungen der Vordcrasiatischen Ocsellschaft is devoted to the publication, in transcription only, of a new "Minrean" inscription, discovered by Dr. Glaser at Berakis (Jatil), and translated and commentated by Dr. Otto Weber. It is an ex-voto, containing about 150 words in eighteen lines. In a note Dr. Weber says that there are, in Glaser's possession, valu- able inscriptions from Kataban, an Ara- bian kingdom which stood at some pe- riod— when, no one knows, unless it be Gla- ser— in close relation to the South Arabian "Minsean" kingdom, the two being often mentioned together at the beginning of those inscriptions. Weber's note is a wail of lamentation: "How long will it be that Glaser's one hundred Katabanian inscrip- tions, not even ex-votos, but long, well-pre- served texts from all periods of the Kata- banian kingdom, sleep in Glaser's boxes and note-books? How much light they might spread over all questions as to which we must still grope in the dark!" The pres- ent publication is worthy of notice only as an addition to the scanty material available for the study of the early history and civil- ization of Arabia, which possess just now special interest for the student of Semitic antiquity. The new International Association of Academies of Sciences, established about a year ago at the suggestion of the Berlin Royal Society, has initiated ways and means for the International exchange and inter- change of manuscripts for study and re- search. The Frankfurter-Zeitwg reports that this has now been arranged as far as the University and other great libraries in various countries are concerned. Requests for manuscripts are made through the local society, which assumes the guarantee for their return in good condition. The only ex- ceptions are especially valuable documents, or those which, on account of their weight or condition, could not be sent away with- out damage. The various governments have been requested to assist the Interna- tional Association in carrying out this scheme, which is a great improvement on former methods, when it was possible to se- cure a manuscript from a foreign library, if at all, only through the tedious corre- spondence of foreign offices. Hans Ludvig Forssell, the Swedish states- man and writer, died at San Bernardino, Switzerland. August 2, 1901. He was born at Gene, Sweden, January 14, 1843. After taking the doctor's degree in 1866, he was appointed docent in history at the Univer- sity of Upsala, but a few years later mov- ed to Stockholm and entered public life. He was one of the leaders in the movement that led to the adoption of a common sys- tem of coinage for Scandinavia; and he also introduced many administrative re- forms at home. In 1875 he became a State Counsellor and later Minister of Finance. Forssell made a number of valuable con- tributions to historical literature, the most important of which are contained in two volumes of 'Studies and Criticisms.' Dur- ing the last twenty years of his life he was a member of the Swedish Academy, to which he was elected to succeed the his- torian Fryxell. The note in No. 1885 of the Nation, upon solicitation by publishers, leads another correspondent to say that in 1897 a well- known New York firm asked "the privilege ol submitting a confidential proposition with a view of having your [his] testimonial and endorsement" of a newly completed liter- ary undertaking. When he declined to promise in advance commendation of books not examined, a second letter was receiv- ed which renewed the suggestion, and said that when an attached request was signed and returned, "we will take pleasure in sending you full particulars respecting the special discounts and liberal terms we pro- pose offering you." An agent also called with an appeal to personal vanity by of- fering to publish the likenesses of those, or of some of those, who would recommend the books, and actually exhibited the names of a number of well-known persons who, as he said, bad accepted the proposition. Our correspondent flatly characterized the whole business to the firm itself as an at- tempt at bribery, resolving itself into a question of bargaining, and, of course, re- fused to consider the subject, repeating that lie was not for sale. —When the editors of the Weimar edition of Goethe's works first made public their estimate that forty octavo volumes would be required to print all the letters and diaries of the poet (not including the let- ters to Goethe), together with the neces- sary critical notes making up about one- fifth of the pages, the announcement was received with some surprise, even by

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170 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 those familiar with his remarkable episto- lary achievements. The latest volume pub- lished— the twenty-third in the series— in- dicates, however, that the original estimate was not excessive. These twenty-three vol- umes contain 6,609 letters, covering the period from May, 1764, to August, 1813. The first three volumes cover seven, four, and three years respectively. But with ad- vancing years the poet became more and more addicted to writing, so that the vol- umes following rarely dispose of more than two years each. The five years up to August, 1813, yield about 200 letters each, and as the following eighteen years and a half must comprise at least the same average number, Dr. Ludwig Geiger is justi- fied in concluding that at least 4,000 more letters await publication. The total num- ber will be about 10,000. Many of these have never before been printed. The twenty-third volume contained among its 333 numbers 175 not previously published, while in the latest volume the respective numbers are 285 and 126. These 285 let- ters are addressed to no fewer than 77 dif- ferent persons. That this vast amount of epistolary material includes a great deal of rubbish is a fact which even the en- thusiasts who edit the Weimar edition feel half inclined to apologize for. While in his earlier letters Goethe was often impelled to reveal his feelings and to tell about the things which occupied and interested him, the later ones are less apt to be spon- taneous effusions than answers to other letters, usually dry, matter-of-fact, and without literary flavor. Geiger thinks that the absence of personal revelations in the later letters is due largely to the fact that the poet dictated them, and therefore had reason to fear that an indiscreet secretary might furnish cause for unwelcome gossip. — If there be such a species of erudition as "Catholic science," its character and contents can nowhere be better learned than in the Proceedings of the Internation- al Congress of Catholic Savants, known officially as "Congres Scientifique Interna- tional des Catholiques," of which the fifth convention was held some months ago in Munich, the "Akten" being published in a solid volume of more than half a thousand pages by Herder of that city. Former con- ventions of this body were held in Paris (twice), in Brussels, and in Swiss Freiburg, but the proceedings of none equalled in value those of the Munich convention, chiefly on account of the preponderance of the Germans, whose Catholic savants have been more in touch with the scientific prob- lems of the times, and have at least at- tempted to hold their own in competition with the Protestant representatives of re- search. Of the 260 addresses and papers published in full or in extract in the Mu- nich deliberations, 183 are in the German language, while 41 are in French, 13 in English, 10 in Italian, 9 in Spanish, and 4 in Latin; the Congress having declared equal rights to the "six leading languages." In a number of the addresses the spirit of progress and considerable independence are displayed, reminding the reader of the position taken two years ago by Professor Schell of Wiirzburg, but condemned by the Church authorities, namely, that true mod- ern scientific research is consistent with the teachings of the Catholic Church. In this way Professor Grisar of Innsbruck, who has recently begun the publication of ' a work on a grand scale to undermine in majorem Papoe gloriam the famous eight- volume classical account of Mediaeval Rome by Gregorovius, nevertheless, in his paper on the Principles of Historical Re- search, says some sharp things against the legend and miracle-believing methods pre- vailing among his coreligionists. Some of the papers on Biblical subjects, such as those of the Jesuit von Hummelaueron Deu- teronomy, and Professor Hoberg of Frei- burg i. B., on Negative and Positive Criti- cism, while combating Wellhausen on spe- cific literary points, in principle do not seem to differ materially from his meth- ods. In fact, the independent spirit that prevailed in the Munich meeting was in rather strange contrast to the declaration of submission to the Church adopted by the convention. A great variety of subjects was discussed in the eight sections of the congress, viz., History of Religion; Phil- osophy; Social Science and Jurisprudence; History; History of Civilization and Arts; Orientalia; Philology; Natural Sciences, including Mathematics and Geography. — 'Biblische und Babylonische Urge- schichte,' by Prof. HeinrichZimmern of Leip- zig, the last number of "Der Alte Orient," published by the Vorderasiatische Gesell- schaft, is an admirable popular discussion, based to a considerable extent on_ Gun- kel's well-known work, 'Schopfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit,' of the re- lation of the Hebrew myths of Creation, Paradise, the Forefathers, and the Flood to the Babylonian. Taking the Creation myth, Zimmern argues — from various poetical pas- sages in Job, Psalms, and Isaiah, alluding to a conflict between Yahaweh and Rahab, the leviathan or the dragon— that there existed among the Hebrews a folk-myth, identical in its main features with the Babylonian myth of Creation, in which Bel, having slain the dragon, Tiamat, makes out of her body earth and heaven, and, out of dust mingled with divine blood, men. The folk-myth which appears in these poetical passages was the foundation of the cosmogony formu- lated in our first chapter of Genesis and com- posed during the time of the Babylonian captivity. The myths of Paradise, the Fore- fathers, and the Flood ran a similar course. The similarity of these Hebrew myths to the Babylonian was not due, he argues, to iden- tity of origin, but to borrowing, as is prov- ed by the peculiar Babylonian coloringof the Hebrew myths. But this borrowing was not done by the Hebrews, but by their predeces- sors, the Canaanites, in that period of Baby- lonian intellectual domination of which we have evidence in the Tel el-Amarna ..ablets. As those tablets show, old Babylonian myth- ological texts were used as school-books by the scribes, and finally Babylonian myths were adapted or adopted by the Canaanites, to be taken over in turn by the Hebrews on their conquest of the country. It is notice- able, however, that it is the late "Priest Code," composed in or after the Babylonian captivity, which, in the story of Creation, the Flood, the Forefathers, etc., uses the old Babylonian myths thus freely, and at the same time transforms them into prosaic narratives of a semi-scientific character, imbued with monotheistic doctrine of the highest spirituality. But we have also, in the book of Genesis, besides this later priestly treatment of these old myths, an earlier handling of the same themes in the documents commonly known to critics as J and E. Here there is more of local Pal- estinian material and coloring, more poetry and folk-feeling, and on the other hand less spirituality and less monotheism. Precise- ly why the later priestly treatment should have held more closely to the Babylonian original, Zimmern does not make clear. —The study of the Nile, with a view to the regulating and augmenting the water supply of Egypt, which has been the prin- cipal scientific work of the English since the occupation, is now directed to the investi- gation of the still unknown factors which combine to produce the annual rise of the river. The observing stations which have been for several years established on op- posite shores of the Victoria Nyanza, to reg- ister the daily rainfall and level of the lake, are to be supplemented by similar stations on the Blue and White Niles and on the Albert Nyanza, the most important of the sources of the main river. In the expecta- tion that a still greater increase of water will be needed than can be supplied by the reservoirs now being built, an accurate sur- vey of the cataract region south of Wady Haifa has been ordered to determine upon the site of a second reservoir. At the same time investigations are to be made to see whether this increase could not be better secured by regulating the outlets of the Equatorial and Abyssinian lakes, or by open- ing up the Bahr-el-Gebel, the great western branch of the river. In order to do this, two enormous blocks of sudd, one three miles, the other twenty-five miles, in length, must be removed. During the past year fourteen of these blocks, some a mile long and from 15 to 20 feet thick, have been haul- ed out by means of chains and wire hawsers attached to the gunboats. It has been found that the sudd is not, as has generally been supposed, a tangle of weed floating on the water and descending a few feet below the surface, but "a mass of decayed vegetation, papyrus roots, and earth, much resembling peat in its consistency, and compressed into such solidity by the force of the current that men could walk over it everywhere, and even elephants could, in places, cross it without danger." When all these blocks shall have been removed, not only will the water supply of Egypt be increased, but the vast swamps of the eastern Sudan will be drained and become cultivable land. — A great African enterprise, the Uganda Railway, is nearly completed. By the end of October it is expected that the rails will reach the terminus on the Victoria Nyanza, 583 miles from the ocean. The difficulties of construction have been exceptionally great. The first half is through an unheal- thy wilderness, without resources and sparsely populated. Supplies of every kind had to be brought from England and In- dia for the army of 20,000 workmen, and even water had to be carried through dry tracts from twenty to sixty miles in extent. The remainder of the road runs through a mountainous region, the highest altitude reached being 8,300 feet. Among minor diffi- culties were the tsetse fly, which prevented the use of transport animals, and in some parts "the laborers were constantly being frightened off the work by man-eating lions." It is estimated that the total cost will be about twenty-six million dollars, and that in from five to ten years the road will be doing a good paying business, and "twen-

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Aug. 29, 1901] The 3STatioii. 171 ty years hence will not be able to meet the demands upon it." The main end sought by the railway has been to establish rapid communication with Uganda and the country about the headwaters of the Nile in order to develop their great natural resources by providing a market for their products. A vast tract has also been opened up, with ex- cellent soil, and sufficient rainfall to pro- duce all kinds of crops, at an elevation above the sea-level fit for European habi- tation, but practically uninhabited. Consid- ering the facts that Indians built the road, and that the present passenger traffic upon the completed parts, besides the officials and troops, consists principally of Indian merchants and coolies, it seems probable that this region will eventually be colo- nized by them, making it an African Punjab. — 'The Mineral Resources of New South Wales,' by Edward F. Pittman, an octavo volume of nearly 500 pages, has been pub- lished by the Geological Survey of the col- ony under the direction of the Minister for Mines. It describes the mode of occurrence of the principal types of ore deposits, with lists of the known localities of the differ- ent economic minerals. The first part is devoted to metals and metalliferous min- erals, the second to non-metalliferous sub- stances. There are also descriptions of several mineral springs and of the artesian water supply. The chapter on gold con- tains an interesting historical account of the discovery of that metal in Australia. That its being found there was known to the Portuguese and Spaniards more than 350 years ago, is conjecturable from the fact that on the "Dauphin Chart," a map of Australia believed to have been repro- duced from earlier Portuguese charts about 1530, the northwestern coast of the island is named "Costa d'Ouro." The first defi- nite record of the discovery, however, is a note made by James McBrien, a surveyor, in his field-book on February 15, 1823. A facsimile of the page containing this record is among the illustrations of this volume. It was not until 1851, when E. H. Hargraves called the attention of the Government to the existence of gold in the districts of Bathurst and Wellington, that the actual working of the gold-fields was begun. It is believed that few countries contain such a diversity of mineral wealth in proportion to area as New South Wales. The total value of all metals and minerals yielded prior to December 31, 1899, was £134,064,- 712, while the value of the mineral produc- tion for 1899 was £6,157,557. TAYLOR'S CLASSICAL HERITAGE. Tin Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages. By Henry Osborn Taylor. The Columbia University Press (Macmillan). 1901. Pp. xv, 400. Mr. Taylor's little book is a contribution to a kind of history that is almost if not quite new. It deals with the views of life, the sentiments and tastes of the cultivated classes in the past. Of such matters our "histories" have little or nothing to say. Some hints of the scope and character of the intellectual life of educated mankind may be found in the histories of philosophy, lit- erature, and religion; but works of this class have special aims, and are not compre- hensive enough to satisfy the legitimate curiosity of their readers as to the range of interests and the general outlook of the cultivated contemporaries of Solomon, Mar- cus Aurelius, Erigena, or Petrarch. This cu- riosity has, no doubt, been partially gratified by writers like Lecky, Draper, Ozanam, An- drew D. White, although each of these con- fined himself ostensibly to some one phase of intellectual development. We need, there- fore, a new type of history which shall dis- play broadly and generously the attitude of mind of those, like Cicero, Gregory the Great, or Erasmus, whose sentiments we may safely assume were acceptable to large numbers of their contemporaries. It is to this field of investigation that Mr. Taylor has devoted himself for a number of years. The volume in hand is not, how- ever, nominally a continuation of the author's 'Ancient Ideals,' although it forms a natural sequel to the earlier volumes, the sterling merits of which have been generally rec- ognized both in this country and in England. Mr. Taylor defines his present theme broad- ly; his purpose is to follow "the changes undergone by classic thought, letters, and art on their way to form a part of the in- tellectual development of the Middle Ages, and to show how pagan tastes and ideals gave place to the ideals of Christianity and to Christian sentiments." The discussion centres in the period extending from the fourth to the seventh century, although at times it naturally reaches farther back and occasionally forward to the thirteenth cen- tury. The west of Europe, the history of which "has a personal interest for us, mak- ing a part of our own past," is the province of the book, although something is said of the Hellenic East, to which the author appears to have devoted a good deal of attention. The great law of historic continuity has now for some time been piously venerated by historians; it is nevertheless often set at naught in their writings. Indeed, the im- placable working of the law is somewhat humorously illustrated by the tenacity with which we still cling to the cataclysmic and par secousses conception of the past. It happens that Mr. Taylor has pitched upon a period in which the real continuity is even more ignored than usual. There appears to be little inclination among the readers of the Greek and Roman authors to attend to anything later than Tacitus and Lucian, so the pagan literature of the four centuries preceding the Barbarian conquest is prac- tically unknown. This leaves a great gap at precisely the point where the historical explanation of the mediaeval spirit is to be sought. The numerous works upon ihe Church and its literature have, until recent- ly at least, done little to supply the deficien- cy; only lately have Hatch, Harnack, and certain French scholars endeavored to do full justice to the influence of pagan thought upon Christianity, and have in this way furnished certain links in the chain of de- velopment. Nothing will perhaps strike the readers of Mr. Taylor's book more forcibly than his description of the natural and gradual tran- sition from the world of Cicero to that of Gregory the Great, of the way in which the older possessors of antique culture in Italy and the provinces were transformed, and how through decade and century there went on "a ceaseless blending of the new, old, and the transitional." All the influential and cultivated Christians had pagan educa- tions, and the pagans had, long before the complete victory of Christianity, reached, in Stoicism and Neo-Platonism, conceptions of life and man's ideals which trench upon those of the Middle Ages. So, in spite of the fundamental differences between Chris- tian and pagan thought, they were less like two hostile armies arrayed against one an- other in mortal conflict than like two streams which, becoming more nearly paral- lel as the centuries went on, gradually merg- ed into one another. Boethius stands at the confluence of the streams, and we seek in vain to decide whether he was a pagan or a Christian. The well-known decadence of the Gra-co-Roman world, especially during the two centuries immediately preceding the Conquest of the Empire by the Germans, exercised a most important influence upon the spirit of the Middle Ages, for it was the decadent forms of philosophy, rhetoric, poetry, and art that the Middle Ages in- herited. Antique culture was passed on in such compendia as the allegorical manual of Martianus Capella and the treatises of Bo- ethius, which were doubtless far better suit- ed to the taste and need of succeeding cen- turies than the earlier and better works. Besides these pagan contributions, "a great mass of pagan culture and phil- osophy passed over into the Middle Ages modified or transformed in the works of Christians of the transition centuries. In these Christian writings pagan and Christian thoughts sometimes are crudely mingled, as in the poems of Synesius. Again, the pagan and Christian elements are more closely united; instead of a mechanical mixture, as it were, there is a chemical compound, the ingredients of which are altered by their union. The writings of Pseudo-Dionysius are an example: although their inspiration was Christian, their constructive principles were drawn from Neo-Platonism." In establishing conclusively the continuity of the culture of the lower Empire and that of the early Middle Ages, and in this way lessening the importance both of Christian- ity in its pristine form and of the coming of the Barbarians as explanations of the mediae- val spirit, Mr. Taylor does not allow the world-wide contrast between the classical and mediaeval to become blurred. The spirit and principles of Christianity, he writes, "differed so essentially from those of the classical antique that some of its elements of strength corresponded with what were defects according to the classical standards. Self-control, measure, limit, proportion, clarity, and definiteness were principles of the antique; the Christian spirit broke through them all. Its profound spirituality, often turning to mysticism, had not the clarity of classic limitation. It did not rec- ognize limit. Its reach was infinite, and therefore its expressions were often affected with indefiniteness. Classic self-control meant measure, nothing in excess. Christian self-control soon came to mean the exclusion of a part of life; it knew no measure; of what it condemned it could not have too little, of what it approved it could not have enough. The higher paganism sought to weigh and proportion the elements of mortal life according to their intrinsic values and their relations to the economy of human happiness. Christianity scarcely regarded these mortal balancings. It had its own universal principle of apportionment— the love of God which comprehended love for all men and for self in conformity with God's love of his creatures." Mr. Taylor first discusses those pagan elements in the later Roman culture which passed over to the Middle Ages without needing Christianizing. The 'Story of Troy' and the 'Deeds of Alexander' show the way in which the classical taste was sinking to the mediaeval level, and the com- pendium of Martianus and the codifications and abridgments of the Roman law illus- trate the form in which science and juris-

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172 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 prudence were to pass on. In his discus- sion of the transmission of the law, Mr. Taylor might have emphasized the clear lines with which the dominant institution of the Middle Ages, the Church, is delineat- ed in the Roman law, for there is no more conclusive proof of his general thesis than the last book of the Theodosian code, which might almost have been drafted by a jurist attached to the curia of Innocent III. Among those pagan elements which were Christian- ized and adapted to their own purposes by Christian writers were allegory, symbolism, and the mystery. The failure to distinguish between real mysteries, which exist by rea- son of the limitation of human knowledge, and artificial mysteries is plainly shown in the intellectual, religious, artistic, and lit- erary history of the whole mediaeval pe- riod. Mr. Taylor believes that this confu- sion must be regarded as wilful. "It was not the germinal mental chaos which ex- ists in savages and barbarians, who have not developed the faculty of perceiving clear distinctions; it was rather a confu- sion to which human beings abandoned themselves after periods of clear thinking among their ancestors, Roman, Greek, and Hebrew." But the mystification was rather purposeful than wilful, and gratified a deep- seated craving to assimilate this indepen- dent and recalcitrant universe to human uses and ideals. And the writer recognizes that "allegorical interpretation represents that conservative religious progress which avoids a breach with the past and clings to the statements of ancient seers." The chapter upon Monasticism — the ideal Christian life — and the character it illus- trated and engendered, is preceded by an admirable discussion of the changes in the ideals of knowledge, beauty, and love. Here, as elsewhere, the author remains a sincere- ly impartial historian. He simply aims to understand; he neither condemns nor ap- proves, and yet avoids a cold, unsympa- thetic attitude. He has sought his knowledge of the monastic spirit at the sources, in the utterances of Jerome, Benedict, Gregory the Great, and those who did most to assure its growth in the West; he shows how ir- resistibly the ascetic life appealed to those of the most diverse instincts and experi- ence, the mystic, the scholar, the lover of nature, the disappointed, and the merely indolent. About a third of Mr. Taylor's volume is given to Christian prose and poetry, both Greek and Latin, and the transition to me- diaeval poetry. He traces the slow substitu- tion of accent and rhyme for quantity, and endeavors to correlate this change with the general tendencies and needs of the period. Christian emotion found the classic metres too confining for its purposes. Not only was the old verse, based upon quantity, no longer in accord with the spoken speech, it was too restrained and artificial, too mea- sured, to express the vague and mystic long- ings and frantic apprehensions of mediaeval religion. "Such unmeasured feelings were not to be held within the controlled har- monies of the hexameter nor within the Sapphic, Alcaic, or Pindaric strophes." "The new quiver, the new shudder, the utter terror, and the utter love," which appear in the mediaeval rhymed accentual poetry, and the inappropriateness of classical metre to express such emotions, are all shown in lines like these: "Desldero te tnlllie*, Ml Jesu; qutndo reulee* Me laetum quando fades, Ut vultu tuo saties?" "Quo dolore Quo moerore Deprimuutur miseri, Qui abyssis Pro commissis Subnaergentur inferi." While allusions to pagan tradition and mythology never cease in mediaeval poetry, the antique spirit gives way completely. "Speaking more particularly, the antique sense of form and proportion, the antique observance of the mean and avoidance of extravagance and excess, the antique dis- like for the unlimited and monstrous, the antique feeling for literary unity, the ab- stention from irrelevancy, the frank love for all that is beautiful or charming, for the beauty of the body and for everything connected with the joy of mortal life, the antique reticence as to hopes or fears of what was beyond the grave, the antique self-control and self-reliance — these quali- ties cease in mediaeval Latin poetry." In the closing chapters upon architecture and painting the author holds that, in them as in the poetry of the time, the antique spirit is superseded by the genius of the Middle Ages, although the classical sur- vives in mere references and allusions. The volume closes with an elaborate bib- liographical appendix, arranged to corre- spond with the chapters of the text, and an index. To sum up, Mr. Taylor's work gives evidence of a rare form of scholarship. He has the general preparation of a scholar, the necessary acquaintance with the five most essential foreign languages and with the literatures which each represents. He has the adequate special preparation which he derived in this case from such very solid works as those of Ebert, Norden, Harnack, Zbckler, Krumbacher, Choisy, but above all from the sources themselves, which he has read with a patience little common in our country, where the ipse dixit of the German irudit still too often satisfies our scholar- ly ambitions. Lastly, he exhibits a broad human insight which keeps him within speaking distance of the beings whose spirit and predilections he seeks to surprise. In- stead, however, of giving the public three stout tomes, as he was well prepared to do, he condenses the results of his studies in- to a handy little volume which many will read who know nothing of even Dill and Boissier. SOME PHYSICAL BOOKS. Contributions to Photographic Optics. By Otto Lummer. Translated and Augmented by Silvanus P. Thompson. Macmillan. 1900. 8vo, pp. 135. Experimental Physics. By Eugene Lommel. Translated by G. W. Myers. J. B. Lip- pincott Co. 1900. 8vo, pp. 664. An Introduction to Modem Scientific Chemis- try. By Dr. Lassar-Cohn. Translated by M. M. Pattlson Muir. D. Van Nostrand Co. 1901. 12mo, pp. 348. Practical Electro-Chemistry. By Bertram Blount. Macmillan Co. 1901. 8vo, pp. 374. Dr. Silvanus P. Thompson is known as an excellent physical Investigator, and the author of several particularly admirable expository works. In translating Professor Lummer's articles on Photographic Optics he has U3ed great freedom in Improving upon the German author, quite rewriting many passages, and adding two chapters, to- gether with ao appendix and as interesting preface. In this preface, Dr. Thompson la- ments the badness of British text-books of optics, which he attributes to the fact that optical books will not sell in England un- less they are cram-books for university examinations set by non-optical examiners. English text-books "serve admirably to get up the subject for the tripos; but they are far too academic and too remote from the actual modern applications. In fact, the science of the best optical instrument- makers is far ahead of the science of the text-books." It is certainly very unfor- tunate that the possibility of publishing a scientific treatise in England, and far more in America, should depend on whether or not it will be a means of making money for the publisher; but it would be hardly better if it depended on its serving to make money for an optician. Even in Ge<*many, publication is not so facile as might be supposed. Dr. Moritz Cantor's great 'His- tory of Mathematics' hung fire for years before Teubner would proceed with the sec- ond volume; and other works which have notably advanced human thought have cost their authors the savings of their lifetime. Meantime, the master-key to the theory of lenses was given by a British mathema- tician, Rowan Hamilton, as long ago as 1833; and it has remained substantially un- used, while German scientists have pursued the fearfully tortuous and labyrinthine anal- ysis which was more directly suggested by the exigencies of the instrument-makers. A photographer Is not thoroughly accom- plished in his profession until he knows at least as much about lenses as is taught in this volume, and there Is no other in any language in which the outline of the theory is made equally clear. It will prove a tough nut to crack for most readers; but there is no help for that until the mathematicians have furnished new developments. The two authors seem to be of opinion that photo- graphic lenses have now reached their high- est pitch of perfection — at least, until new kinds of glass are produced. But this may be doubted; for hitherto nothing has been aim- ed at except to bring all the waves of light from any one point of the object to focus on a given point of the plate, without Inquir- ing whether they arrive at that point In the same phase of motion, so as to reinforce one another fourfold, or in opposite phases, 80 as to extinguish one another. A photographic lens may easily be too perfect, In an opti- cal sense, to produce an artistic effect for any eyes except those which see exception- ally well. We desire that a picture should present nature as It looks to us when we are In a sympathetic mood. If the lens Is much more perfect than the human eye, the view reminds us of how things look when our nerves are strung for stern and disagreeable duties — only more so. But from this it must not be argued that the photographer can af- ford to neglect the seven kinds of aberra- tion which Lummer and Thompson exp und after Seidel. On the contrary, the proper conclusion Is, that, to the study of this book, the photographer should add that of physi- ological optics. In order to know what par- ticular kind of defects to value In his lens, and In what different degrees. Lommel's 'Experimental Physics' is writ- ten in a lucid and agreeable style. The au- thor shows a decided faculty for making the subject clearly intelligible with surprising- ly little mathematics. The book is not too

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Aug. 29, 190T] The Nation. 173 large for use in a high school. The Eng- lish edition has a really tasteful appearance, In striking contrast to most of our school- books, however handsome they may be; and this ought to recommend it to teachers and school boards. For when a boy has thor- oughly studied a book of natural philosophy, he ought to keep that volume within reach for the rest of his days. It is, therefore, particularly important to inquire what kind of a book this is. We will accordingly ex- amine a single section, occupying about a page_a section neither among the best nor among the worst in the book, but chosen as embodying several qualities that are very characteristic of the whole. It relates to the heat of chemical combination. The au- thor begins by treating the heat of crystal- lization, and here we remark that the trans- lator says that the color of a certain salt Is "bright grey." The setting of plaster ot Paris is considered. It is a well-chosen il- lustration, for it is a process that every boy wants to understand. Unfortunately, the explanation Is pretty thoroughly wrong. The statement made is that plaster is cal- cium sulphate, or gypsum, which has lost its water of crystallization. The truth is, that the essential constituent of plaster is a salt which contains one-fourth as much water as gypsum. That is the reason why the burning of gypsum is such a delicate oper- ation, for if it is heated only a little too much, it loses all its water, and becomes substantially anhydrite, an Insoluble salt which absorbs water only very slowly, and will not make a cast in any length of time because it won't hold together. The true plaster, on the other hand, dissolves in the water, and then pretty soon combines with the water in which it is dissolved to form insoluble crystals of microscopic size. In do- ing this it contracts slightly and evolves heat; but, owing to the crystals lying "every which way," they are not packed accurately together, and microscopic interstices are left, so that the whole mass has a tendency to swell enough to fill out every fine line of the mould. Thus, notwithstanding the pores, the crystals are pressed against one an- other so closely at certain points as to come within the range of powerful cohesive attraction, which gives the cast a certain degree of strength. The author next considers the slaking of lime, of which we have the following ac- count: "Burnt calcium (calcium oxide, CaO), generated by heating native calcium (calci- um carbonate, C'aC03) in a calcium oven, thus driving off the water, combined with water to produce calcium hydroxide (CaH202\ or ulaked calcium, which is a solid." A lime-kiln may properly enough be called a furnace, in English, but hardly an oven; nor is lime called "calcium," or lime-stone "native calcium." A little below there is a small table of heats of combustion of ten substances commonly burned for fuel or light. It would have been appropriate to include some food-stuffs. Of these ten val- ues, six are grossly in error, five having the decimal point put one place too far to the left, and in the sixth, alcohol, 91.90 being printed. Instead of 71.90. The translator has studied in Germany, and he evidently thinks himself qualified to improve upon the English language. This sometimes has disastrous effects; as where the rhombic system of crystallization (which we identify by his giving the syno- nym "quadratic," and also by his not other- wise enumerating this system), being call- ed by the translator "rhomboidal," is con- founded with the rhombohedral system; and the pupil is told that it is a hemihedral variation of the hexagonal system, which, by the way, is not true even of the rhom- bohedral crystals. Water cooled below 32 degrees F., but still liquid, is said by the translator to be "undercooled." Other writers call it "overcooled." A hydrometer the readings of which are inversely pro- portional to the density is christened a "volumometer." Truly, with three such lovely words as "volumenometer" and "volumeter," already in the dictionary, and now the new-born "volumometer" — all meaning entirely different things— the Eng- lish language ought to be supremely happy. The volume is crowded with contributions to the dictionary. We know very well that Mr. Pattison Muir is a translator acquainted with the English language and with the science of chemistry — is, indeed, thoroughly skilled in both. Under these circumstances, we can- not understand his choice of Lassar-Cohn's book, or how he could call it an "introduc- tion to modern scientific chemistry," when there is not a word in it about the dominant kind of chemistry of to-day. The name of Ostwald does not occur from cover to cover. The doctrine of valency is much insisted upon; but we hope that that is not regarded as particularly modern or as particularly scientific. There are two pages about the "unsymmetric carbon atom," which dates from 1869, as does Mendeleef's table of ele- ments, from which the Helium-Neon-Argon- Crypton-Xenon series is omitted. We notice, by the way, that in two of the three places where xenon is mentioned it is called "xeon." Selenium, too, is called "selenion," throughout. Yet helium is not called "helion." On page 215, the fol- lowing dictum is printed in authorita- tive italics: "It is impossible to think of life without the presence of nitrogenous substances." That is not a proposition in chemistry; and to slip it into a chemistry for children, where nobody would suspect such proselytizing, may accord with North German notions; but, in this country, some people will not deem it dealing honestly with parents. Since Mr. Pattison Muir has failed to see the impropriety of it, the pub- lishers would do well to cut it out of the plate. It is a doctrine of metaphysics, and uncommonly metaphysical metaphysics. There are other eccentricities. Thus, the translator adds a note of his own to say that "in our preposterous English system of weights and measures, there is no simple relation between the units of weight and volume." The British unit of weight is the imperial pound; the unit of volume is the imperial gallon. The imperial gallon is de- fined as the volume of ten pounds of water under standard conditions. No relation could be simpler. This system was the result of the most careful and deliberate considera- tion on the part of the most competent metrplogists that British science has ever produced. It is a little bit pre— something- let us say premature — for Mr. Pattison Muir to call it "preposterous" in that par- ticular feature. Mr. Bertram Blount discusses the economic aspects of every branch of electro-chemis- try. In eight sections he considers (1) gen- eral principles, (2) the electrolytic mining and refining of metale from aqueous Mlv tion, (3) the electrolysis of Igneous liquids, (4) the electric furnace, (5) electro-deposi- tion, (6) the alkali and chlorine processes, (7) the electrolysis of organic compounds, and (8) power. There are some electrical processes the details of which are kept se- cret. Others have never been put Into prac- tical operation under economic conditions. In such cases, there is, naturally, not very much to be said; but what there is to be said is here said, and said well. Under the sixth and seventh sections there are chemical re- actions that some students will think Mr. Blount has not got to the bottom of. But where the questions relate simply to the economics of electricity, the discussion Is masterly. The bitter-beeriness that per- vades the British arts is occasionally illus- trated in these pages. Thus, we read of an American silver-refining company that has to remelt its silver with a little copper be- fore sending it to England, because the English dealers cannot acmit on any evi- dence that silver can be more that 998 fine. In the last chapter, the following question is put as if it were a poser: Into one of two vessels, both filled with a solution of sul- phate of potassa and connected with a si- phon, is placed a bar of carbon, and into the other a bar of zinc, these bars having been connected with the terminals of a gal- vanometer. There is a momentary current, which promptly ceases. Now into which vessel shall we pour a little sulphuric acid in order to make a steady current, and why? The great name of Ostwald is invoked for a principle on which to decide this question — a Titan imported to crack a hazelnut, as any American amateur electrician would find it. FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. Elude.? sur VHistoire Economique de to France (1760-1789). Par Camille Bloch, Archiviste du Departement du Loiret. Preface de M. Emile Levasseur, Membre de l'Institut. Paris: Picard. 1900. Pp. ix, 269. Here is a little collection of papers to which it is worth while to call attention, because it illustrates one of the most hope- ful tendencies in recent French historical writing. For some time past it has been realized that the history of the French Revolution had been written too exclusively from the point of view of Paris; conse- quently, attention has been more and more directed to the provincial archives. Hith- erto, indeed, the object of the investigator has usually been to trace the progress of the Revolution itself in the several localities. But our judgment concerning the several stages in that tremendous episode is neces- sarily colored by our beliefs as to the evils which occasioned or preceded it. We may remember, for instance, how Mr. John Mor- ley rebukes Burke's sentimentalism by a reference to the "mainmortables in the gorges of the Jura." And hence it is com- ing to be felt that an exact understanding of the prevailing social conditions in the half century before the outbreak is a good deal more instructive than the details of this or that atrocity after the outbreak had once taken place. The schism in the nation is still so far from being healed, and his- torical work has unfortunately been so well organized in two rival camps, that we may expect the inquirers for some time to bring forth from the mass of material at their

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174= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 disposal mainly what suits partisan pre- possessions. However, with the increase in the number of students, and the appli- cation of a sounder historical method — created, perhaps, first in the Bcole des Chartes, in the investigation of the less contentious mediaeval field, and then ap- plied to later centuries — we may hope for a growing objectivity and a more general approximation of results. It does not seem improbable that within a generation all intelligent students of the subject will agree as to the facts of pre-revolutionary France: there will doubtless always be room for difference of opinion as to the moral judgment to be passed upon them. M. Camille Bloch, a graduate of the Ecole des Chartes, is now the archivist of the De- partment of the Loiret, which has Orleans for its chief town, and he has taken advan- tage of the opportunities of his position to look into some of the official documents of the last decade of the ancicn regime in that region. He is careful, and seeks to be fair, and the result is a col- lection of papers of considerable value. In the first of these he sets before us, with the help of the correspondence of the in- tendant of Orleans, the difficulties which that official experienced in carrying out the edicts of 1763-4, introducing free trade in grain. He shows that a series of bad har- vests aroused all the old popular hostility against "forestallers" and "regrators," and that the intendant himself, ardent believer in the doctrines of "the economists" as he supposed himself, was carried off his feet and urged the Government to reimpose the old market restrictions. He shows how the Government courageously stuck by its prin- ciples— and it must be remembered that this was a dozen years before Turgot's ministry — and refused to yield to popular clamor until the Parlement threw the weight of its authority on the side of the populace. But he also points out that the Government was not consistent enough to leave the grain trade altogether alone; that it still thought it must take measures for the pro- visioning of Paris; that the agents of the "Compagnie Malisset," with which it had quite innocently made a contract for this purpose, did somewhat abuse their semi- official position, and that, though the "Facte du Famine" is a pure myth, the populace had some reason for grumbling. The next paper is a statistical survey of the distribution of landed property in cer- tain parishes around Orleans, based upon the assessment rolls for the "vingtieme" in 1787. According to the figures here pre- sented, the amount of land owned by the peasants varied enormously — from 18 to 78 per cent., the highest figure being reached in what was by far the largest parish. But, in spite of M. Bloch's elaborate tabulations ■ — somewhat too elaborate, indeed — the fig- ures can tell us but little without some further account than is here given of the rural situation. It is an obvious suggestion that the wide differences in amount of land owned by the peasants has something to do with the prevalence of metayage in part of tin' district. If so, one would like to know whether the mfitayers were much worse ofl than peasant owners, and whether their tenure was practically less stable. Everybody who has read De Tocquevillc knows his chapter on "The Great Adminis- trative Revolution," the work of the re- forming monarchy, "which preceded the political revolution." In his third paper, M. Bloch studies the process of formation, in the generality of Orleans, of the "muni- cipal assemblies" prescribed for every parish by the edicts of 1787. He is rather inclined to magnify the differences between these councils and those created in 1789; but he candidly observes that the latter grew out of the former, and his own account seems to indicate that, in their actual constitution, there was little difference between them. One of the interesting points brought out by M. Bloch is the resemblance in the mat- ter of property qualification. He calls our attention to the fact that reformers like Condorcet — in this, as he notices, only -carry- ing out the doctrines of Turgot— actually proposed the exclusion from the suffrage of all but the owners of landed property. Con- dorcet's proposition, laid down in 1787, that only the proprietors of a land ought to be regarded as its citizens, is an exact French version of the Scotch Lord Braxfield's senti- ments, familiar to the admirers of 'Virgini- bus Puerisque.' What Stevenson calls senti- ments "cynically anti-popular" in the Scot- land of 1793 were the height of physiocrat enlightenment. But the explanation is to be found in the incidental remark of Con- dorcet, that "the proprietors of land are very numerous in France." Like most abstract political propositions, the bearing of this principle, common to Turgot and "Weir of Hermiston,' lies in its application. The cahiers sent up to the States-Gen- eral of 1789 from the Bailliage d'Orleans form the subject of the next paper. The agricultural grievances are familiar enough: we should like to know who wrote them down, considering that, as the previous pa- per has told us, there were many parishes in which no one could write but the cure1. More novel is the account of the demand by the smaller "tradesmen" of Orleans for the complete restitution of the metier (or gild) system. There seems no evidence of the existence of an oppressed journeyman class in 1789; the proposal that the metiers should be altogether abolished proceeded entirely, it would seem, from the "haute bourgeoisie." The sixth and last paper — we may pass over the fifth, which is of slighter interest- is of a different character. It deals, not with local conditions, but with the wide sub- ject of the commercial treaty with England in 178C, and it is based on the unpublished letters of the English Ambassador (Sir Wil- liam Eden) now in the English Foreign Of- fice. M. Bloch makes it clear that the treaty excited almost as much discontent in Eng- land as in France; nevertheless, he comes to the conclusion that the French complaints had more justification. He thinks that Eng- land gained more than France by the bar- gain, and that Lord Sheffield was right when he declared that "the French for once were taken in." This is a conclusion which evi- dently troubles M. Levasseur, the distin- guished economist, who furnishes a preface to M. Bloch's work, and who probably wants to think as well as he can of the partial application of free-trade principles; and, indeed, M. Bloch certainly does not go into the matter with sufficient detail to make out his case. But the negotiations and their outcome are not without their significance, whether that point can be decided or no. The difficulty is not so much to make a fair bargain as to persuade the two nations that it is so; and as. nations get thoroughly -de- mocratized without ceasing to be protection- ist, the prospects for believers in reciprocity treaties are likely to become less rather than more cheerful as time goes on. The Churches of Rouen. By the Rev. Thomas Perkins, M.A. — The City of Chartres: Its Cathedral and Churches. By H. J. L. J. Masse, M.A. (Bell's Handbooks to Conti- nental Churches.) London: George Bell & Sons; New York: The Macmillan Co. We have on divers occasions discussed separately the greater number of the score of volumes in the English series. A high general average of merit was found to exist in them, while the difference between the volumes with regard to the thoroughness of treatment, and with regard especially to the keenness of the author's eye for artistic distinctions, was found to be considerable. The French series has begun with Chartres and Rouen: but the attempt to include all the important architectural fine art of the city loads the book in each case very heav- ily. In Chartres this may not be felt so much; the parish churches there are of minor importance, however interesting to the student who takes time and gives con- tinuous thought to his work, and the other buildings of the town have among them that character which is of infinite interest to the seeker for the picturesque and the antique, but is of less importance when they are considered as objects of historical re- search. The Cathedral may, therefore, be allowed to occupy the whole of Mr. Masse's volume, excepting a preliminary chapter of six pages and a final one of eight pages; and so much space as is left may be thought to suffice for the Cathedral itself when treated in the popular way inevitable to such a series. But in the case of Rouen the two unique churches of S. Ouen and S. Ma- clou dispute with the Cathedral the time and the affectionate regard of every visitor to the Norman capital; and accordingly these two churches taken together occupy almost exactly as much space in the volume as the Cathedral itself. There remain still a num- ber of minor churches, nine of which are treated in a single appendix of three pages; and nothing is said of the other buildings of the town, important as they are. In fact, Rouen, though despoiled of the greater num- ber of its ancient private houses, is still so rich in monuments of every epoch from the beginnning of the twelfth to the end of the eighteenth century, that two volumes of the size of this would not do it as much jus- tice as the single volume does for Chartres. It seems a pity that this obvious considera- tion has not been allowed to influence the arrangement of this series. It is a pleasure to see how heartily Mr. Perkins enjoys the buildings which he stud- ies. He is worried by the assertions of Ruskin and other theorists about the rea- sons for the difference between late Gothic and eajly Gothic architecture, and he is troubled because he likes S. Maclou much better than his masters would allow him to do. In like manner, he feels deeply the astonishing constructional merit of S. Ouen and also its cold formality of design. In fact, if this writer had not been swayed by Fergusson and Ruskin as he seems to have been, he would prove an excellent archi- tectural critic for one who is not wholly absorbed in the study of that art. The il- lustrations are, as we found them in the

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Aug. 29, 1901] The Nation. 175 English series, extremely well chosen. There are comparative plans of the Cathedral and of S. Ouen; there are about thirty-five half- tones and a few line cuts of some value; but this is not to say much because pic- tures of the buildings of Rouen are so abundant. What is worthy of note is the very careful selection of the subjects; it ■would be hard to choose better. As for Chartres, advantage is taken of the more ample space afforded to make a somewhat minute study of the famous sculptures of the porches. The great north porch and the equally important south porch have been analyzed so far as that many of the portrait statues are identified, and all or nearly all of the symbolic sculptures are explained though briefly. The as yet in- complete restoration of the church is also inquired into and treated with what seems perfect equity. In like manner, though there is not much artistic discussion, what little is said about this famous cathedral— un- equalled, perhaps, in its effect upon minds the most sensitive to appeals of archi- tectural fine art — is well said. The photo- graphs are taken from very well chosen points of view, and there are some which even the experienced and well-supplied col- lector of such memoranda will be glad to see. On the other hand, the line cuts of details are singularly awkward and cold in drawing. Most of them have been chosen from the publication of the Archaeological Society of the Department of Eure-et-Loir, a society which has not covered itself with glory, in this instance at least. Two line cuts of different origin are from drawings by Mr. Gerald C. Horsley, and these have the evidence of that minute care in detail which marks so much of the work of English students travelling and studying on the Continent. One finds himself vexed by the doubt excited in the mind of him who studies the drawing of the southwest tower facing page 3, namely, whether the im- bricated pattern on the sloping walls of the spire and the sharp-edged notch pat- tern on the ribs were put in here as speci- mens of what covered all those surfaces from top to bottom. Photographs of the tower taken at epochs very wide apart show these patterns covering the whole sur- face, and memory confirms the report of the photographs; and if the draughtsman was Justified In putting in this detail to no great- er extent than he needed it for his own purposes, it does not follow that the repro- duction of it here without a word of ex- planation is excusable. Japanese Plays and Play-Fellows. By Osman Edwards. New York: John Lane. Mr. Edwards resided in Japan just long enough. For the writing of a charming book like this, the measure of time was ideal. It was not over six months nor less than six weeks — sufficient to enjoy with rapture and without one pang. As nicely calculated as the poise of Mahomet's coffin was Mr. Edwards's habitat between the alien living in "unassimilative exile," who has a malediction ready for every one of your benlsons, and the work-a-day world of na- tive traders, wage-earners, and farmers. He escaped from the dull reality of life as seen by the Briton in the ports and the Jap- anese in the shop and dusty roads, and for the nonce lived in a world of song, music, and fancy. His comrades were actors, sing- ers, pleasure-seekers at the springs, and the various characters who live to amuse, for a consideration, their money-getting fellow-mortals. Sensitive especially to the manifold influences of art, fairly well pre- pared by seme knowledge of the language, withal helped by good guides, the author saw and felt much which the tourist misses wholly. He has certainly presented us with a charming book, unique in value. For al- though not a little has been written upon the theatre, aesthetics and sociology of the Japanese, no one work gives us such a gen- eral insight, with solid and accurate infor- mation, into their world of appreciation and amusement. Here not only do we see them seeking enjoyment in nature and art, but we are let into the secrets of the harmony be- tween the islander and his environment. Other features, glaringly lucking in so many modern books on Japan, depth and perspec- tive, are here supplied. We are made to feel that there are well-nourished roots as well as flower and fruit. Heeding not the Jeremiads of resident aliens or the bitter cry of outcast profes- sors, this aesthetic Londoner passed at once from the seaports and foreign communities into the atmosphere of the theatre. Here, indeed, the heirs of all the ages of Dai Nip- pon do themselves take refuge from the matter-of-fact routine of their modern life, and the strenuousness of politics and mod- ern machinery generally. Outside may be engine and steamer, but, within, the Mid- dle Ages still reign, for feudal and spectac- ular Japan lives on the boards and in the old costumes. The new and reforming soshi actors may attempt the modernization of the stage by grafting bud and twig from Paris and London on the traditional stock, but their success is not conspicuous. The century-old stories of feudalism and of the heroic and divine age still thrill mighty audiences. In spite of what even conserva- tive reform led by Danjuro may bring in, or modern mechanical facilities furnish, facial expressions and contortions are still be- loved of the native spectator, and these more than anything else stir him beyond himself to cry out "Hi-ya, hi-ya." In recent years there has been a revival of the classical opera or religious play called No, there being in Tokio no fewer than six troupes with a repertory of from two to three hundred plays. Cultured con- servatives still furnish admirers who appre- ciate the rhythmic posture of the charac- ters, the dancing, the music, and the allu- sions to phases of life gone a thousand years ago. The No can never be popular; but with Japanese nobles and educated audiences, fit though few, they will probably persist for centuries to come. "Being compressed with- in severe limits, . . . they present in ex- quisite epitome the literature, the history, the musical and choregraphic art of mediae- val Japan." In his chapter on Popular Plays the author also analyzes the ideals and work of the new school of dramatic art (soshi), showing reasons for their lack of success in Japan. The new plays are more apt to be a series of tableaux than true ex- pressions of Japanese life, for the people "value Western imports of a material kind, but prefer their own moral and social ideals to those of foreigners. Railways and iron- clads may be readily adopted, but not the New Testament or the New Woman." So long as native audiences demand a whole day's entertainment, and the orchestra is never silent, requiring falsetto tones in the actor, and men monopolize the stage, and a playwright must satisfy manager, actor, and musician, who all wish to interpolate for the amusement of the uncritical multitude, it is hard to see how reform of the old popular drama can be accomplished. At the antipodes of that book-maker who, before starting for Japan, vowed not to refer to the musume, or the geisha, our author scarcely loses sight of her; while in the chapters entitled Geisha and Cherry Blos- som, Playing with Fire, and The Scarlet Lady, he walks hand in hand with her and her less honorable sisters all the way through. In Vulgar Songs, he shows how the people dream and sing and write poetry very copiously to gods earthly as well as heavenly, and to trees and flowers. With true British insularity our author uses, all the way through, the abominable vulgarism "rickshaw," while all his black sheep, both rams, ewes, and lambs, are Americans. Nev- ertheless, his rhetoric is lush, reminding us on every page of the Japanese citizen, for- merly of America, Lafcadio Hearn, to whom he dedicates the book with admiring grati- tude. There are sixteen beautifully colored reproductions of native pictures, and an in- dex of plays, persons, and places. Though light be his themes and highly improper some of his subjects, Mr. Edwards's book is a valuable addition to the library. The Spanish People.— Treason and Plot. By Martin A. S. Hume. D. Appleton & Co. To Mr. Martin Hume the composition of a work on Spain, or the reign of Queen Elizabeth, has become a mere incident in the year's work. Knowing the facility with which he writes, we are not surprised to re- ceive two new books that bear his name: 'The Spanish People' and 'Treason and Plot.' The first of these is the opening volume in the "Great Peoples" series, edited by Prof. York Powell. The "Heroes," the "Leaders," and the "Nations" all having had their turn, an opportunity has at last come to the "Peoples." What the aim of the present scheme is may be gathered from a statement by the editor: "It is, in fact, not so much a set of political or military or even social histories as a sequence of readable studies on the tendencies and po- tencies of the chief peoples of the world, that this series will strive to present." Each contributor will be an expert, who, it is implied, has also the gift of writing agreeably. With such an aim in view Prof. York Powell must have been glad to secure 'The Spanish People.' Mr. Hume expresses the hope that "this story of the progressive evolution of a sympathetic and epoch-mak- ing people may commend itself to the stu- dent as well as to the general reader." In other words, he has made his book weighty as well as popular. There are a good many footnotes, and Mr. Hume does not shrink from calling the provinces of Roman Spain by their Latin names. The best feature of his treatment is simplicity. He sets out to trace the rise and progress of broad ten- dencies. Copious details are furnished, but the original purpose of restricting the topics to the most important is not forgotten. One motive which lends unity to the book is the stress laid upon local allegiance. Mr. Hume attaches great weight to the regional char- acter of Spanish institutions, and his nar- rative is in large part a development of the idea that the centrifugal tendency explain!

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176 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 the paradoxes of Spanish history. The strength of local sentiment "has aided the geographical causes in preventing the com- plete fusion of the peoples, and has re- tarded the organization of the nation on the usual modern lines of unity of race and soil; because the separate regional units have retained traditions of their primitive institutions, and have resisted political ab- sorption, as strongly as their circumstances have run counter to ethnological amalgama- tion." Mr. Hume is more hopeful for the future of Spain than nine observers out of ten would be. He thinks she has "cast off her winding-sheet and has entered again in- to the land of living nations." "The loss of the colonies in the last war with America must not be accepted as a sign of fresh de- cadence in the nation, but as the natural result of the political and administrative dishonesty which itself is the last dying remnant of the bad old times. The danger which still threatens Spain is the ineradi- cable tendency of certain regions to assert autonomy." 'Treason and Plot' is as special in its scope as 'The Spanish People' is general. It seems to have sprung out of Mr. Hume's recent work on the Spanish calendars for the reign of Elizabeth, and is limited to the last decade of the Queen's life. The author has already described in his 'Year after the Armada' the attempt of an Eng- lish freebooting expedition to place a pre- tender on the throne of Portugal. The ac- tion is now shifted to England, where Spanish agents continued to hatch conspir- acies against the Protestant form of gov- ernment until, and even after, the accession of James I. The plots which Mr. Hume ex- amines, though of the same origin, were organized in different parts of Great Brit- ain and Ireland by a wide variety of per- sons. The national victory of England over the Spaniards had deeply impressed the Catholics and caused a breach among them. During the early part of the reign they had all been willing to attack the heretical queen, but alter the Armada many of them came over to her side. "It was this new patriotism that divided the Catholic forces in England, and the knowledge, then gen- eral, of Spain's selfish objects that divided ithem abroad; and, as a consequence of the -changed position, the struggles to impose •Catholic supremacy upon England that fol- lowed the catastrophe of the Armada dif- fered entirely from those that preceded it." \\ <■ shall not attempt to distinguish be- tween the numerous plots which Mr. Hume has ferreted out, or even to state the lead- ing facts in that most interesting of them, the Lopez conspiracy. The causes of fail- ure arc more suggestive than the details of intrigue, while the conduct of certain in- dividuals is more singular than either. Elizabeth herself plays a slight part in this volume, but such is not the case with her successor. Polwhele and Collens, Yorke and Williams, Father John Cecil and Father Henry Walpole are among the for- gotten names of history. On the contrary, James VI. was a king, and his plots for the succession belong to a different class frrom the by-play of private cabal. Mr. Hume drives another large spike into James's coffin by tracing his manoeuvres with the Papists in 1599 and 1600. Thanks to Tyrone, the chances of Protestantism were fast being clouded, and Spain had good hopes of making England Catholic through Ireland. It was a juncture which encour- aged the Scottish King to bid for Catholic support. "James, almost for the only time in his life, was warlike, with, as he thought, all Catholic Europe behind him, and the English Puritans betrayed by their leader [Essex]; and the moderate Cecil party were face to face with the fact that they had been outflanked and outbidden by the King of Scots. The religion of Eng- land, which meant the fate of civilization, was trembling in the balance." Sir Rob- ert Cecil, by dint of craft, finally chang- ed the aspect of the situation and brought James in as a Protestant King, but Spain came near winning a victory on the eve of Elizabeth's death. In 'Treason and Plot' Mr. Hume has been enabled to use a good many rare manuscripts, and his entertain- ing volume has the merit of breaking new ground. The Play of Man. By Karl Groos, Professor of Philosophy in the University of Basel, author of 'The Play of Animals.' Trans- lated, with the author's cooperation, by Elizabeth L. Baldwin; preface by J. Mark Baldwin. 1901. D. Appleton & Co. 8vo, pp. 412. Play is activity without serious intent, the exercise of an impulse merely for the en- joyment derived from it. It is also called by Dr. Groos experimentation, and may be enjoyed by one or many. The first play of the infant is with the sense of touch, when it becomes conscious, and the touch sensa- tion is a seat of pleasure the life long; so is the sense of temperature, which is akin to touch. The specialized senses, taste, smell, sound (audition and sound-produc- ing), sight, with perception of color, form, and movement, all have their playful as well as serious activities. Indeed, active bodily play is consciously known and enjoyed through sight and touch sensations. The second division of play, relates to the manifold coordinated muscular movements of which our bodies are capable, and which are necessary for life's tasks. Here belong all playful movements of the bodily organs, desultory or cultivated, and all play with foreign bodies. If any one desires to appre- ciate the enormous amount of time and en- ergy spent on this part of the subject, let him consult the Patent Offlce or some dealer in sporting goods — though there Is a dis- tinction to be drawn between play and pro- fessional sport. The third class of play is in the use of the mental powers, thinking, feeling, and will- ing. The reader will recall the delight of early days in games of memory, of imagina- tion, attention, and the reasoning powers. Here is the place for riddles and conun- drums, and the birthplace of humor. Our author's discussion of the play of the feel- ings brings out all that class embracing the enjoyment of pain, grief, surprise, and fear. The "luxury of grief," the enjoyment of tragedy, the tyranny of hurtful fashions, no less than the acute pleasure of eating horseradish, the shock of a cold plunge, and the sting of fiery drink, are as keen as the most delightful feelings. Play with the will is illustrated by the effort to avoid laugh- ing when two persons stare at each other. Part second of the work before us is con- cerned with plays in which two or more per- sons are Involved, Including fighting plays, in which the contestants measure their strength, mental or physical; indirect con- test plays, as in betting and gambling; of- fensive plays, destructiveness, teasing, and the comic; by way of supplement, hunting plays and witnessing contests. The Influ- ence of sex is appreciated in this connec- tion. The last forty pages of the work are devoted to summing up the results of the preceding chapters in theories of play, phys- iological, biological, psychological, aesthetl- cal, sociological, and pedagogical. From the physiological standpoint two principles underlie the theory of play, name- ly, that it is the discharge of surplus energy, and that it is the recreation of ex- hausted powers. These are supplemented by the tendency to repetition and the trance condition, or what might be called the reck- lessness of play. From the biologist's point of view the genetic explanation of play Is not found in the inheritance of acquired characters, nor in Darwinian natural selec- tion, nor in the new doctrine of germinal selection. Play depends on the elaboration of immature capacities to full equality with perfected instinct, and the evolution of hereditary qualities to a state of adapta- bility and versatility surpassing the moat perfect instinct. There is no general Im- pulse to play. On the psychological side, play is the sat- isfaction of inborn impulses. The sensori- motor and mental capacities press for dis- charge and lead to enjoyment which they find in play. The most elementary psychic accompaniment of play is the enjoyment de- rived from the satisfaction of an instinct which makes play an object for psychology — that is, when actions acquire, through repe- tition, the character of conscious processes, accompanied with enjoyment. These are grounded on attention, the demand for ef- ficient cause, imagination, or illusion, and sense of relief from the bondage of work and life's anxieties. Play and fine art have their meeting-ground in pleasure. The low- est form of aesthetic enjoyment is identical with sensuous play. Although art trans- cends the sphere of play, it is rooted in playful experimentation and imitation. Play differentiates artistic production from com- mon toil, and makes appreciation of the thing go hand in hand with its production. Play, from the sociological point of view, finds its ground In the impulse for aggrega- tion and that for communication, partly to follow suit and be influenced, and partly to overrule. In the one case it prepares the individual to be a harmonious unit in a com- plex whole, on the other it is a preliminary practice in the art of ruling. The educa- tional value of play has been recognized from the time of Plato. Between the austere belief that play is trivial in pedagogy, and the effort to reduce all study to frivolous play, there is that exalted condition in which "the very exertion of physical and mental powers in work involving all the capabilities fills the soul with joy. This is the highest and noblest form of work." As to guiding play to useful ends, there are wrong roads as well as right ones, since too much restraint "meddles with the ten- der buds of childhood's garden," and no guidance conducts to lawlessness and over- play. Dr. Groos's work is written in a charming style, and is faithfully translated out of the German. The author's modesty In differing from others in opinion, as well as in stating his own, disarms criticism.

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Aug. 29, 1901] The Nation. Vll Biicher's Industrial Evolution Translated from the third German edition by S. Morley Wickett, Ph.D., University of Toronto. 8vo, 385 pp., $2.50 net. REVIEWS OF THE ORIGINAL: Prof. E. R. A. Seligman of Columbia University, in Political Science Quarterly: . . . Three entirely new essays are addei . . . These new essays are marked by the same qualities which were seen in the first edition, and which immediately put Professor Buoher in the very front rank of histori- cal economists. Here, as there, he displays an unusual power of wide generalization, based upon a minute study of facts, and a gift of arranging the ordinary but unnoticed facts of everyday life into a solid phalanx to support his own conclusions . . . It is much to be hoped that the book will appear in English dress. Prof. William J. Ashley of Harvard University, in Politic il Science Quarterly : It is the work of a man who in a part, and that a large part, of his field 1ms an unrivalled acquaintance with minute facts; and yet it is one full of broad views and sweeping generalizations. To read it gives a sense of enjoyment like standing on a hill top in the face of the wind. Prof. Sombart in Jahrbuch der Natiovaliikonoinie und Siatistik: It would be difficult to give in a [review the wealth of fresh conclusions which Biicher has once more presented to the scientific world. Prof. Schmoller in Jarhbuch fiir Gesetzeund Verwallung: The admirers of BUcher will read (the work) with enjoyment, as will also the reading public for whom it is intended and to whom it will appeal. Kellogg's Elements of Zoology By Vernon L. Kellogg. Professor in Stanford University. (Ready in October. ) This text-book provides for work (a) in the laboratory, including the study of structure by dissection, and of physiology by observation; (b) in the field, through observation of the habits and behavior of animals, and their relations to eacli other and to their surroundings; and (<-•) in the class-room through discussion of the significance, relations, and general application of the ob- served facts. David Starr Jordan, President of Stanford University : It seems to be better adapted for the use of elementary classes in the University than any other book yet published. It is equally well fitted for High School use by the omission of those chapters which the classes might not have time to finish. It is adapted for thorough work, and in this regard the demand of the High School should not be less than that of the College. It seems to me a mistake to suppose that a text-book is made " ele- mentary " by making it short. A book which covers the same ground as a larger one and is abridged by leaving out explanations is not elementary. I am thoroughly pleased with Professor Kellogg's work, and I anticipate for it a record of great usefulness.— August 12, 1901. HENRY HOLT & CO., £swwEasL2!„ s7vE NEW YORK. CHICAGO. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., Wholesale Book DeaJers. We carry all the books of all the publishers. At this season we make a specialty of SCHOOL 'BOOKS. Our selected school book stock enables us to save you time and money. We can ship IN ONE SHIPMENT. PROMPTLY. INTELLIGENTLY. ACCURATELY. Send for School HooK Catalogue. 33-37 Ea^st 17th, Union Sq. North, New York. JUST READY. Composition and Rhetoric By Saba E. H. Lockwood and Mary Alice Emerson, B.A., Head of the Department of English in the State Normal School, Bridgewater. Mass. For introduction, $1.00. Three important characteristics which give this book a distinct individuality are: (1) the cumulative method of treatment shown in the illustrative examples, in the text, and especially In the exercises ; (2) the constant em- phasis on the Importance of the pupil's own thinking and writing ; and (3), In Parts III and IV, the correlation of composition work with the study of the college requirements in English. The book has been prepared to meet adequately all the requirements of secondary school work in composi- tion and rhetoric. It makes a close and natural connection between the writing required in the grammar school and the more advanced work of composition. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Columbus London Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray's Works and Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper Large type, easy to read, t-ize 4i^by6^ inches and only ]4 inch thick. Bound in cloth, $1.00 each. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. 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SOHON, Instructor in Chemistry, Peter Cooper High School, New VcrkClty: " I can only repeat my former Mate incut : the author's met hoi I is logical, expli mations clear and concise, subject matter good, live and up to date, and well adapted to the needs of the average high school pupil." J. M. GREENWOOD, Sup't of Public Schools, Kansas City, Mo.: "IVters's Modern Chemistry, in my judgment, is without a peer in secondary class work. It is a Twentieth Century text-book for Twentieth Century teachers." IRVINQ P. BISHOP, Teacher of Physical Science, State Normal School, Buffalo, N. Y.i "The author's style is exceedirgly smooth and lucid and his statements couched in good rhetorical as well as scientific form. As clearness and con- ciseness of statement are essential in science— more essential than in fiction even— I consider this fea- ture a highly desirable one in a chemistry." MAYNARD, MERRILL & CO., Publishers, 29-31-33 East Nineteenth St., New York City T WE. XT IE TH THO USA ND. HEROD A Tragedy in Three Acts- By STEPHEN PHILLIPS. Author of "Paola and Francesca." Crown 8vo. ClotK. Price, $1.50. London Times: "Here Is a notable work of dramatic imagination; dealing greatly with great passions; multicolored and exquisitely musical." POEMS. By Stephen Phillips. $1.50. PAOLA and FRANCESCA. By Stephen Phillips. $1.25. MARPESSA. By Stephen Phillips. 50 cents. Lea- ther, 75 cents. JOHN LANE, 251 Fifth Ave., New York. MAX MULLER. Last Essays. By the Bight Hon. Professor Max Muller, K.M., late Foreign Member of the French Institute. First Series. Crown 8vo, pp. vi + 360, $1.75. " Needless to sav this is one of the books every scho- larly reader would like to have at hand In his own library."— Chicago Record- Herald. LONGMHNS. GREEN, SCO. 91 and 93 Fifth Ave., New York. "A performance of rare merit. Such clever characterization I have not seen in years."— John Burroughs. EVERY ONE HIS OWN WAY By EDITH WYATT. Stories of Plain "People. " This book cannot have coo large a circulation. 1 have read it twice and parts of it three times."— Joel Chandler Harris. PRICE $1.50. McClure, Phillips ®. Co.,New York NY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- plied to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly filled. Liberal discounts. I. Biylies, IIS Putnam Ave. (Brooklyn). New York City. A

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... Vlll Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 CLARENDON PRESS RECENT PUBLICATIONS. VOYAQES OF THE ELIZABETHAN SEAMEN TO AMERICA. Se'ect Narratives from the "Princpal Navigations" of Hakiuyt. hdued by Edward John Payne, Mi, Second series. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1 25. THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF BACTERIA. Bv Alfred Fischer, Professor of Botany at University of Leipzig. Trans. ated into English by A. Coppen Jones. With 29 woodcuts. Royal 8vo, cloth, $2.10. ORGANOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. Especially of the Arche?oniatae and Spermaphvta. By Dr. K. Goebel, .Professor in the University of Munich. Authorized English Edition b/ Isaac Bivley Balfour, M.A M. D., F.R.S. Part I. General Organography. With 13c woodcuts. Royal 8vo, half morocco, pp. xvi+27o,$3 10. Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis JVebv Volumes, flotv "Ready. CROWN 8VO. PLATONIS OPERA Paper Covers $1.25 TOM. II (Tetralogiae III, IV) Limp Cloth ... 1 so J. Burnet On India Paper 7.75 XENOPHONTIS OPERA Paper Covers 75 TOM. Il (Libri Socratici) Limp Cloth uo E. C. Marchant r y ARISTOPHANIS COMOEDIAE Paper Covers 75 TOM. II F.W.Hall L*"'PTCloth- P° e „, AT n On Inaia Paper I.JO & W. M. Geldart (ai/VAT0M 1) 2.10 SEND FOR CATALOGUE. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, 91 and 93 Filth Ave., New York. \yonMxxfoie CK5\L>o. Carpets. Lowell Brussels Carpets, Bigelow Axminst;r Carpets, in our new and specially prepared designs. Oriental Rugs. An unsurpassed assortment for Libraries, D ning Rooms and Halls. Designed exclusively tor our Kail trade. Upholstery. Curtain Materials, Tapestries, Furniture Coverings. Lace Curtains. JDtooAvau CAJ 1 Jin ugs e.v r orf ered to th3 educ ittonal pub.ic. Tq^ foremost living Ameri- can composers nave put music Lj a numb jr ot the duest lyrics iu tin dish and American literature Be- sides these, the St.in Jar J Composers are well represented, and the selected material is fresh, practica- ble, and beautiful. The Story of ©c Child TRANSLATED FRJM THE FRENCH OF PIERRE LOTI By wAR.OL.INE F. SM.TH "An interesting and valuable translation. I am greatly pieased to see this valuable book made accessible in English and to the te-icaers of our country. '— Wm. X. Hiatus, U. S. Commissioner of Education. The Lavirel Classics SHAKESTEAHE'S ME*RCHAJ*TOF VENICE (Initial (dumber Edited by FREDERICK MANLEY The editor has endeavor id to ennjiss a wree-f. tairoduje ojty iudi.pj.ij>abid aids tt the student, «ud to awaken in him an iuterest in Shakespeare's art rather than to make nim learned in the oddities of Elizabethan diction and phraseology- C. C. B1RCHARD & COMPANY, 221 Cjlumbas Ave., Baston. BOOKS | When calling please ask for AT mk. uKain •• I.lbtRAL I Whenever you need a book DiS.OUinTS. I audre»s Mr. Urant before buying books wrne lor quotation.. An a«- soriiiiiui ot cutalogut'S and spe lal slips of books at re- duced prices 66..1 lor to-cent .tamp. F. E. ORAnT, Books. 83 W. 42D St., NEW YORK. {.Mention thU adverlinement and receive a discount.) Reading Case for the Nation, To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with l%e Nation stamped on the side in gold Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of 75 cents.

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Aug. 29, 1901] The !N*ation. IX THE EQUITABLE IS THE STRONGEST LIFE COMPANY 1 IN THE WORLD ft$kP£&£IES ARE THE GOVERNMENT BONDS OF LIFE ASSURANCE WRITE FOR FULL PARTICULARS the EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY Travel. i 8pacc " 'J he rY$$$. "A Krint deul In a little apace ' "THE FOUR-TRACK SERIES" This is the title of a series of hooks of travel and education Issued by tin Pas- senger Department of the NEW YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. Thes-smill books are filled with in- formation regarding the best mod.- of travel and the education thai can best be obtain -d by travel. They relate sneciflcallv to the great resorts of America— to trips to the isl- ands of the -ea and around the v»orld. They also contain numerous llluntra- tions an I new and accurate maps of the country described. A copv of the 40-page Illustrated Cata. logue of the " Four- Truck Serins" will he sent free, postpaid, upm receipt of posl ige stamp by George H. Daniels, General Pas- senger Awrent. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, Grand Central Station, New York. . pp The unit £ p STATrs 120 Broadway, New York J.W, ALEXANDER, President; J.H HYD£vVKe President A BOOK FOR LAWYERS Speeches and Addresses Of D. M. DELMAS "Mr. De'ra s Is one of the most eloquent lawyers ef the Pacific Slope, ai.d his collected speeches, legal, political, and liter t Cabin $40-$45 upwards, depending on steamer. S.S "Winine ilian," 10.500 ton-*. Auuust 2>i; S.S. "Lancastrian." 6.000 tons, Sept 11; S S "Devonian." 11.000 tons, Sept. 18; S. S "Caledonian" to London, Sept. 21. F. O. HOLOHTON & CO., Oen'l Agents, 115 Mate Street, Boston. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. Two ladles, experienced chaperons, thoroughly familiar with foreign art centres, would be glad to take charge of two or three young girls who wish to spend the coming winter in Europe. References from those whom thev chaperon d abroad last year. Address Miss M. E. HALE, Elizabethtown, New York. EUROPEAN TRAVElT MISS WbLLiON WILL TAKE SIX YOUNG LADIES ABROAD. Restricted. Highest References. Address, for Pro»peciu« of the trip. MI«S WE DON. "The Moorings." Howard. Pa. Financial. for our list of income paying securi- ties. It will prove valuable in the selection of sound investments. We deal in high grade securities exclusively. E.H. Gay & Co. BOSTON NEW YORK 131 DEVONSHIRE ST. I NASSAU ST. PHILADELPHIA MONTREAL ■+21 CHESTNUT ST. CANADA LIFE BLDG LETTERS OF CREDIT. We buy and sell Mils of exchange and make CaWe transf rs of money on Eu- rope. Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and Issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available In all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WAI/l STREET.. NEW TORE.

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X The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1887 IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT READY SATURDAY, AUGUST 31ST CAPTAIN RAVENSHAW BY ROBERT NEILSON STEPHENS Author of "Philip Winwood": "An Enemy to the King," etc., etc. Beautifully illustrated by HOWARD PYLE and other artists. Cloth, 400 pages, $1.50. Mr. Stephens' best work. Read it. Mr. Chas. G. D. Roberts says of "Captain Ravenshaw": "Mr. Stephens has succeeded in the difficult task of wedding the methods of the Realist.-; to the matter of the Romanticists." OTHER GOOD NOVELS The Devil's Plough By ANNA FARQUHAR Author of " Her Boston Experiences." Illustrated. Cloth, J 1.50 "Head and shoulders above the so-called historical romances." Philadelphia Press. Arline Valere By JOSEPH HAM. WORTH A realistic novel of Modern New York. Illus- trated. Cloth, $1.50. / /.'/ amili reproduce. i ipt. " In every respect the production of an artist." — Boston Transcript. She Stands Alone The Story of Pilate's Wife By MARK AsHTON Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50. " It will attract and repay earnest readers." — New York World. Antonia By JESSIE VAN ZILE BELDEN A Talc of Colonial New York. Illustrated. $1.50. "A jewel of a book." — Philadelphia Times. A Daughter of Mystery By NORMAN SILVER A stirring "detective story," rilled with breathless incident and climaxes. Cloth, 121110, $1.50. Send for New List of Publications L. C. PAGE & COMPANY 200 SUMMER STREET, BOSTON

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 888 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. History of England FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN VICTORIA. BY BENJAMIN TERRY, Ph.D., 'P'ROFESSO'R IJV THE X/fflVE'RSITy OF CHICAGO. The author has made the narrative of England's growth a most interesting and attractive story. In general, the plan has been to combine with political narrative an account of the constitutional and social development of the English people. In carrying out this plan conventional proportions have been, to some extent, disre- garded. Less space has been given to the petty squabbles of modern politicians and the mere twaddle of court gossip, more to the development of early institutions, less to the intricate processes of modern diplomacy, more to Alfred and William I., Henry II. and Edward I. The wars of Great Britain with Afghans or Zulus or Chinese have been barely mentioned, but an entire chapter has been given to the Norman reduction of England. In order, also, that each chapter may present a distinct movement as a whole, an arrangement by topics has been substituted for the familiar arrangement by reigns. The book is thus not a collection of dry details, but an animated account of the institutions of the English people and a well balanced record of actions and motives as they display themselves in the lives of men and women. It is full of life and color and will hold the interest of the student throughout. Thirty-five maps (seventeen in color), thirty=five genealogical charts, and tables of contemporaries. Crown octavo, 1096 pages. $2.00 net. SCOTT, FORESMAN & COMPANY, Publishers, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

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11 Tlie Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. f Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 177 Editorial Articles : An "Expert" on the Cuban Constitution.... 180 The Larger Hope tor the City 180 The Coal Question 181 The Union in the Kitchen 182 Special Correspondence : The Church as a Protector of Forests 183 lime, de Genlis as an Educator 183 Correspondence : The Fourth at Manila 184 French Morals 185 NOTE3 185 Book Reviews: Courtney's Constitution of the United King- dom 188 Two English Musicians 1*0 GoOCh's Annals WO The Social Life of the Hebrews 101 The Problem Of Conduct 102 Sounding the Ocean of Air 193 The Constitution 194 Ignaz von 1 Killinger 191 Theology at the Dawn of the Twentieth Cen- tury 195 Books of the Week 196 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars ptr year, in advance, postpaid, to any pare of the United Staes or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U 00. The aate when the subscription expires is on the address label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent date becomes a receipt for remit- tan e. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the nsk of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by cheek, e.r ..ress order, or Postal Order, payable to 'Publish r of the Na- tion." When a change of addre-s is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publicat on Office, 2o8 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents pi r agate line, each insertion; 1 ', lines to the inch. Twenty per cent advance for choice of page, or top Of column. A column, $t0 each insertion; with choice of page, $21,. A page, $80 each insertion; frort -cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Copy received until Tuesday, 6 P. M. DISCOUNTS. TlME- I insertions 5 i>er cent. 8 " 10 18 " Vi% " 20 " 13 89 " 20 BS " 25 Amount 9100 within a year 10 per cent. 860 '• '■ 12H " 500 " " 15 750 " " 80 1.000 " " 86 1,500 " " 80 2.000 '■ " 33H " The NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it us long as advertisement continues. *»* Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens £ Brown, Trafalgar Square. Charing Cross. Educational. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. ^HE MISSES H EBB'S 1 Boarding and Day School for Girls Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore. 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. T7DGE IVOR Til BOARDING and DA Y £2, School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre, ' Miss E. D. Huntley, Principals. Maryland. Baltimore, 915 N. CharleB Street. SOUTHERN HOME SCHOOL FOR O Girls. Miss Duff, Miss Pendleton, successors to Mrs.W. M.Cary and Miss Cary. Oct. 1.1901. 60th year. B Massachusetts, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean. Samuel C. Bennett. New York, Tarrytown-on-Hudson. TTOME INSTITUTE. 11 A Boarding and Day School for Girls. College preparation. Mlts M. W. Metcalf, Principal. Ohio, Cincinnati, 2643 Bellevue Ave., Mt. Auburn. \/TlSS LUP TON'S SCHOOL PRE 1 Vl pares for college, its pupils have taken degrees during recent years at Vassar College and at the t in cinoati and Chicago Universities A few boarding pupils are received and may enter now for the February term. 5 Oregon, Portland, Park ard St. Clair Streets. T. HELENS HALL. A School for Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts, Ph.D.. Prin. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. ]\/fRS. LUCIA POLR CHAPMAN and IVl MISS JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GYS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Germantown,59 High St. TVY HO US E. 1 Preparatory to Bryn Mawr and other colleges. Address Miss Mary E. Stevens. PARIS, France. 1 Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Studv-Home for young ladles. Resident French teacher, only French spoken. For particulars and circular address J. F., Boulevard Arago (XlVe). A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circularon application. Opens Sept. 86. 1350 Pine St.,Phila , Pa. A/fISS RE YNOLDS' School, 66 IV. 45th IVl St., New York —Special students admitted to reg- ul ir classes. A few young girls received into the family. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A resident lal College for the Women Students of McGIll University. For conditions of entrance, scho- larships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and uther particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Mont real Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss FlobBHCH Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from I his school. Diplomas given in both Genera] and College Preparatory Courses. Fine fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. GIRLS' CLASSICAL SCHOOL, INDIANAPOLIS, INL>. 80th year opens Bent. 18th. Best eiiuipment for College Preparatory and full Academic work. Fine, separate buildings for school and residence. Twenty-two In- structors. Catalogue on request, Theodore L. Sew- ill, Pounder, Mai Weight Bewail, Principal, Fre- iio.NiA ALLEN, Assistant Principal. THE HIGHLAND MILITARY ACADEMY, Worcester! Muss. 46th session begins sept 11th. Traluing for I Diversity, Scientific School, Business Life. The Kt. Bev. William Lawkknck, D. D., Visitor. Josejmi Ai.de.n Shaw, A. M., Head Master. Helicon Hall, on-the-Palisades. The Englewood School for Boys. John W. Craig. Englewood, New Jersey. The Browne and Nichols School Cambridge »lnss. loth year. Course, H years. classes limited to is. No subordinate teachers s pupils continuously under head teacher In each department. Exceptional facilities for ttttlug for Harvnrd. Illus- trated catalogue. Educational. r National ^ Cathedral School FOR GIRLS. The Rt. Rev. HENRY YATES SATTERLEE, D.D., LL.D. President of the Board of Trustees. Fireproof building, the gift of Mrs. Hearst. Park of 30 acres, overlooking the National Capitol. Preparation for College. Unrivalled advan- tages in Music. Individual teaching in every grade. Instructors College Graduates. Modern Gymnasium, Tennis, Basket-ball and Golf. Miss BANGS and Miss WHITON, Principals, Mount Saint Alban, Washington, 0. C. M* — — — W ANCUACES \ schoo'/^fe.. Isjjj (.'Ottilia** Method (complete). Krencli, Spanish, etc.. in '.20 Lessons, $1.50 Awarded First Prize Columbian Exposition. Fren h Sample. 8 lessons. 30c. PHONOGRAPH j lsg Records, any language, $10 Circulars, etc., on application. Cat. of other text and imported Spanish Books. R. P. Cortina Academy of Languages. 44 W. 34th St.. N.Y. New York I It-i Ji/fFii'T V ^ sessions from 3:30 to 6 P. M LaW oCnOOl > H to I0 P. M (LL. B. after ^^_-v^^^~v^^^O three years.) Graduate Classes lead to LL. M. Tuition, $100. For circulars address L. J. TOMPKINS, Registrar, Washington Square, H. T. City. v Sixty-seventh year opens Oct. ( 1, 1901. Day Classes with (LL B. afer two years.) cuing Classes, sessions Michigan Military Academy A splendidly equipped Preparatory school of high grade, located in one of the most heautitul and health- ful spots in the Northwest, will open for its twent% -fifth year t-ep'ember 17, under the same management as heretofore. For catalogue, address Col. J. SUMNER ROGERS, supt , Orchard Lake, Mich. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A HOMB for a few young girls wishing to study in or near Cambridge will reopen Sept. 24, 1901 Application may be made in writing to Miss Sarah W Fosdick, 13-* Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass. Particulars furnished at one- upon application. NEW YORK )33 Nassau I " Dwignt 1 \\\r crnr\m fst ■< N"1 /Method" LAW SCHOOL \ York City, (of Instruction. LL.B. In two yenrs ; LL.M. in three years High stand- ards Prepares for bar of all states. Send for catalogue GEORGE CHASE Dean. Clinton Preparatory School CLINTON, N.Y. (9 miles from Utica). 13 Boys. 6Teachers. Preparesforany College. Boy* 10 to 14 at time of entrance preferred. References:— Bishof Hdntikgton, Bishop Whitehead, pour College Presidents. J. B.Wheeler, A.M., Prin. yy Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to Smith, Vas- sar, Wellosley, and Wells. Four acres for out- fe door spurts. Golf, Basket Ball. Tennis. Address Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, M.A., Prin., Lowell, Mass. Miss GIBSON'S FAMILY and DAY SCHOOL for Girls. 2087 DeLancey Place, Pnila., Pa. 30th year. Fall term begins Sept. 26. 1901 College Preparatory. School Agencies. rpiIE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everktt O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 156 Fifth Ave.. New York; 414 Tent. Bid., Minneapolis; 533 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Bldg., Oskaloosa; 203 Mich. Blvd., Chicago; 523 Stlins'n Bk., Lob Angeles; 420 Parrott Building. San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, JT1 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. ^^^ Harlan P. French, Proprietor. (TCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. »J Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huvesoojr & Rockwell, Mgrs.i 8 E. 14th St., N. Y.

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Sept. 5, 1901] The Nation. 111 Composition and Rhetoric By Sara E. H. Lockwood and Mart Alice Embkson, B.A., Head of the Department of Eng- lish in the State Normal School, Briagewater, Mass. 470 pages. For Introduction H 00. Two important characteristics which give this hook a distinct individuality are: (1) the cumulative method of treatment as developed in the illustrations in the text, sod especially in the exercises; and (2) the constant emphasis placed on the student's own thinking and writing. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Teachers, etc. COMPANION.— A lady experienced in foreign travel, speaking French, would like to go abroad with a ladv, or would chaperon and teach young fills Highest references. Address M., 4028 Walnut t.. Philadelphia. COMPETENT NATIVE PARISIAN, V_^ Instructress In French ,I,iterature, Belles-Lettres, etc.. desires position as Reader of French In university, college, or academy. High testmion als. Madkmoisklle, cure of the Nation. 1\ JR. NEWEL PERRY, Ph.B ,Pli.D., J.VJ. formerly Instructor in Mathematics In the Unl- ven-liy of California, who is now residing at Munich, Bavaria, Uallcricstr, 1 5. desires to otter his services as private tutor to Americans residing iu Germany. f^HAPERON A lady of refinement and \^ culture, teacher of modern languages, would like to chaperon oDe or two young women who wish to study In Europe. Excellent Eastern references. Address M. K. W., care of the Nation. TJ/ANTED—PROf-ESSOR OF ENG- W llsh and History for the Western I'niversity of London, Canada. Address THE REGISTRAR, Vi estern University. Travel. 'A United America.' THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. At Buffalo, N. Y., arranged in the interests 01 the commercial and frater- nal relations of '"all the Americas," is described and illustrated in "Four- Track Series " No. 15, issued by the NEW YORK CENTRAL This folder contains information valua- ble to travellers regarding Buffalo, the Exposition, and the train service of the New York Central; also maps in colors of Buffalo and the Exposition grounds. A copy of No. 15, the " Pan-American Ex- position and Express." sent free, post-paid, to any address on receipt of a postage stamp by George H. Daniels, General Pas- senger Agent, Sew York Central Kallroad, Grand central Station, New York. GOINO ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly. Boston — Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin $40-$45 upwards, depending on steamer. S.S. ■'Devo- nian" (new), 11,000 tons, Sept. 18; S.S. "Oestrian," 6,000 tons, Sept. 25; S.S " Winifredian" (new), 10.500 tons, Oct. ~. S. S. "Caledonian" to London (new), Sept. 21. F. O. HOUGHTON & CO., Oen'l Agents. 115 State Street, Boston. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. MISS WELDON WILL TAKE SIX iOUNG LADIES ARKOAD. Restricted. Highest References. Address, for Prospectus of the trip, MISS WELDON, "The Moorings," Howard, Pa. Ch.ica.go London T WEN TIE Til TIIO USA ND. HEROD A Tragedy in Three Acts- By STEPHEN PHILLIPS. Author of "Paola and Francesca." Crown 8vo. Cloth. Price, $1.50. London Timks: "Here Is a notable work of dramatic Imagination-, dealing greatly with great passions; multl colored and exquisitely musical." POEMS. By Stephen Phillips. $1 50. PAOLA and FRANCESCO By Stephen Phillips. $1.25. MARPES5A. By Stephen Phillips. 50 cents. Lea- ther, 75 cents. JOHN LANE, 251 Fifth Ave., New York. "A e'ear, succinct guide-book and a penetrative catechism. Such a hook is sure to ke>jp alive in America a kn nvledec of, and regard tor. what is best in our imaginative literature ihus far That ia a grand result in this rapid, modern age." Edmund Cusknce stedmau. American Literature, A Laboratory Method By H. L. MASON, Profeissor of English al lirexel Institute. " You might have found In Bacon a motto for your book; ' Prudent quenloning is the soul of science. ' "—Edward Dowdbn. PRICE, $1.50 To be obtained at the Book Oep't of JOHN WANAMAKER, Philadelphia. LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private. School, College, and Club Libraries with all current Books promptly and cheaply. It is our specialty We deal in nothing but books. . it. were brought to this country by Mr. 1 YV Bouton of New York, aud sold by him not long after As I am writing a hook which deals largch will) the life and writings of Moore, I should deem it a high favor If 1 1 e present owner or custodian ol any or all of these note-books would communicate to me a descrip- tion of their contents, with a view to allowing ine To make some extracts tor my work. I should be glad to learn of any Moorclaoa. J. C. L. Clark, Lancaster, Mass. ELLEN; or. The Whisperings of an Old Pine. A PHILOSOPHICAL NOVEL By JOSEPH BATTELL. This book demonstrates through the. great prin ciple of the universality of natural laws the prin- ciple upon which all science rests, that the Dar- winian theory of evolution and all undulatory theories are alike absurd and impossible. It for lows that the same is true of all niateri ilistic con- ceptions of existence, i.e. of any concept ions of existence which do not give to mind, aud mind only, the creative power A man through the operations of his mind can make a spade, but the spade cannot make a man. Although antagonizing some of the theories of science, the book is thoroughly and entirely sci- entific, placing science upon a permanently firmer, truer an 1 sounder basis. In the same direction all of the most advanced scientific thinkers are tending, as was shown at the recent meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, at Paris, when it was demonstrated that -\ ray light is composed of material particles. This, of course does away with all undulatory theories, for it would be as probable or possible for nature to have two or morn methods for the production of rain or any or all phenomena, as for the production of li 'lit; be- sides, as the book shows, the law of creation itself must be universal, and this means that every ma- t rial thing is made by the combinatiou of matter in its different elements aud proportions There is no possible question in regard to this, nor do we consider it possible that any man of intelligence, when the matter is brought to his attention, will seriously undertake to question it, any more than he would that the sun shines. For the universali- ty of natural law is not an hypothesis or opinion which, as Socrates said, "are bad all," but a great truth, supported by every fact which comes within our knowledg' "A book with much ingenious construction of the most vital truths."— Henry Watterson in Louisville Journal. irnrb is not a eiiticism of science, but of certain theories of scientists, and enlarges the sphere of human knowledge by demonstrating the homogeneousnoss of physical phenomena that hith- erto have been considered the independent results of remote ami distinct causes, 'ibis feature of the work marks a material advance in physical science that is very auspicious for the beginning of the new century, as well as a diadem for the old." — T. H. Mcleod, in Midulebury ivt.J Kegisier. 850 pages. Handsomely illustrated. Price, Cloth, $2; Leather, $3. ADDRESS AMERICAN PUBLISHING CO., MIDDLEBURY, VT. A BOOK FOR LAWYERS Speeches and Addresses Of D. M. DELMAS "Mr. Delm 's is one of the most eloquent lawyers of the Pacific Slope, and his collected speeches, legal, political, and literary, are full of virile power and a positive geniuofor declaration.''— The Con iter- Journal, Lou sville. "His utterances are well worthy of preservation this permanent form."— The Dial, Chicago. A large octavo volume, severe classic bind ing, gilt top, deckel edged paper. :ii>3 pages, $2.50 net. Published by A. M. ROBERTSON, 126 POST ST., SAN FRANCISCO. AN ENGLISH COMMENTARY ON DANTE'S DIVINA COMMEDIA. By the Rev. II. F. TOZEB, M.A. Crown 8vo. Cloth. $i 10. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PR.ESS, American Branch, 91 & 93 Fifth Ave., N. Y. COMPLETE LINE CABINET SETS, standard authors. Catalogue free. DANA ESTES & CO., Boston.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 6th thousand A Summer Hymnal By John Trotwood Moore Marion Harland says : " For we have in the ' Hymnal' one of the most exquisite pastorals of American life ever written. It is an Idyll — a ' Reverie,' than which nothing more charming has been offered to our reading public since Ik Marvel founded a school of his own fifty- one years ago. . . . Our ' United Country ' is proud of the State that has given us within a dozen years Charles Egbert Craddock and this later and gentler painter of Tennessee life." "There is in the philosophy of this novel something deliciously sweet and comforting. . . . A book of this sort occasionally is a delight and an inspiration." —Louisville Times. "Mr. Moore displays more sentiment than does Mr. Allen, and a shrewder philosophy." — N. Y. Times Saturday Review. "Truly, this author of ' A Summer Hymnal ' has touched and sustained a high note in novel writing. We shall think of him and of his book-people as tenderly as of summer days them- selves. He has written for our hearts as well as our heads."— N. Y. World. Jujt Vttblished. Elizabeth Stoddard's N£ Works (Mrs. Richard Henry Stoddevrd) TWO MEN: A Novel. By Eliza- beth Stoddard. i2mo, cloth extra, $1.50. TEMPLE HOVSE Elizabeth Stoddard. $1.50. THE M0RGES0NS: A Novel. By l2mo, cloth extra, A Novel. By Elizabeth Stoddard. i2mo, cloth extra, $1.50. The above three volumes forming the " Library Edition " of Elizabeth Stoddard's works. l2mo, cloth extra, in a box, or sold separately. "Two Men," "Temple House," and "The Morgesons." as Edmund Clarence Stedman says, are "essentially modern and in keeping with the choicest tvpes of recent fiction." James Russell Lowell once said of Elizabeth Stoddard that she was the one woman in Amer- ica who had revealed the profoundest depths of genius. And Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote of her first book, shortly before his death, " It seemed to me as genuine and lifelike as anything that pen and ink can do. There are very few books of which I take the trouble to have any opinion at all, or of which I could retain any memory so long after reading them as I do of 'TheMor- gesons.' " HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. LONGMANS, GREEN, ® CO/S PUBLICATIONS A New Trigonometry By DANIEL A. MURRAY, B.A., Ph.D.. Instructor in Mathematics, Cornell University; Author of " Introductory Course in Differential Equations," "An Elementary course in the Integral Calculus," etc. A Text=Book of Physics For Colleges and Scientific Schools. By Wm. Watson, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. Crown 8vo. 918 pages, with 564 illustrations. 13.50. "It lfi a book which. 1 hope, will be us^d In an increasing number of American colleges, it will certainly lead to a better appreciation of tin- true- principles of physics " - Prof. .1. s. A niks, Johns Hopkins University. "I have decided to utc Watson's Physics in connection with my lectures."— Prof. Chablis R. Cross, Massachusetts Institute of Technology With Liberty Documents Contemporary Exposition and Critical Comments Drawn from Various Writers. By &IA.BBL Hill, of the State Normal School, Lowell, Mass. Edited with introduction, by Aljiekt Busunell IIakt, Ph.D., of Harvard University. Crown 8vo. 580 pages. ..O0. A Text=Book of Inorganic Chemistry By 6. S. Newtii. New Edition. Crown Svo. 682 pp., with U<; illustra- tions. |1.75. This new text book of Inorganic Chemistry is designed to meet h number of serious difficulties which have hitherto prevented the general adoption of Mendeleeff's natural system of classification as the basis of elementary text- books. That the book is acceptable to teachers may be inferred from its speedy adoption by many hading Colleges, among them Columbia Unl sity, Uryn fiawr, Princeton, Ohio State University, Bradley Polytechnic In- stitute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, University of Wisconsin. Wesleyan University, Amherst, Armour Institute, Dartmouth, Lewis Institute, Univer- sity of Michigan. Northwestern University, College of the City of New York, etc . eli-. Elementary Inorganic Chemistry. A Laboratory Manual for Beginners. By (i. s. Newth. V. l.< ., l'.C.S. With 108 Illustrations and 254 Experiments. Crown 8vo. ■W:i pages, 90 cents. Plane Trigonometry, with a Protractor, Plane Trigonometry, and Tables, . . Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables, Spherical Trigonometry, A Reader in Physical Geography Beginners for By Richard E. Dodoe, Professor of Geography, Teachers College f Columbia); Editor of the Journal of School Geography. With about sO illustrations, largely from original photographs by the author, chosen for their geographical value. Adapted to advanced grades in grammar schools. l2mo. 247 pages. TO cents. Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, $ .90 J-25 . .60 .60 , 1.25 David Ki<;r\k Smith. Stale normal School, Brockport. N. )"..• "Of course It was aforegoi luslon thai Or. Murray would get out .1 scholarly work." Milton i. Comstock. Knox College : ".Peculiarly rich In examples, and the expla- nations are admirable." .11, Hurt k, Venison University: " Prof. Murray Is to be commended for the full discussions Which appear In his hook. I am glad we have one author who writes i"! the -indent." w. s_ (!kkkso\. Lewis Institute : "lam particularly pleased with the order of the Introduction of the topics." Geo. D. Olds, Amherst College: "The hook Is thoroughly well done. The treat- ment Is systematic, clear and flesh. 1 he ever present historical notes add ma- terially to the value of the book." An Introductory Course in Differential Equations Tor Students in Classical and Engineering Colleges, By Daniel A. Mi itn.w. B.A., Ph.D., formerly Scholar and Fellow of Johns Hop- kins University; Instructor in -Mathematics in Cornell University. Crown 8vo. 850 Pages. Price, net: f 1.90. The aim of this work is to give a brief exposition of some of the devices employed in solving differential equations. The book presupposes only a knowledge of the fundamental formula' of integration, and may be de- scribed as a chapter supplementary to the elementary works on the integral calculus. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 93 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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The Nation NEW YORE, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1901. The Week. A tribute from Gen. MacArthur to the Filipinos, quoted in the Chicago Record- Herald, is ncne the less interesting be- cause it is the praise of the conqueror for the conquered. He finds their char- acter "lovable," themselves "intelligent, sympathetic, poetical," and he has all the Imperialistic optimism that the islands will quickly become "Americanized and an addition to the United States to be proud of," the people being already "im- bued with the nineteenth-century spirit." He insists that it is personal liberty, and not national independence, which the Filipinos are seeking, and bases his be- lief that the future will be smooth sail- ing, upon the theory that the personal freedom to be granted to them by the American republic will completely sat- isfy them. Were Gen. MacArthur as close a student of history as he is re- ported to be of military service, he would know that nothing breeds nations and the national instinct more quickly than the desire to right personal wrongs. A nation which in the course of its first steps towards unity and out of the dark- ness of the Middle Ages has produced men of the type of Rizal, Buencamino, and Aguinaldo, can be counted on to pro- duce other souls whose ideals will not stop short of government of the Filipinos, by the Filipinos, for the Filipinos. The very American text-books now imported into the islands by the ton will breed men quick to think and ready to question the rule of white men, who, Gen. Mac- Arthur says, will never be able to do physical labor in the Philippines. At the moment Gen. MacArthur was giving out this interview, came the news that the garrison of Manila, now consisting of 1,000 soldiers and 800 white policemen, is to be increased by the addition of 400 more troops. Little effort is longer made to conceal the fact that there is an active move- ment to secure the early annexation of Cuba, and that it has the support of the Administration. The Washington cor- respondent of the Philadelphia Press makes Gen. Wood's visit to the national capital the text for an exposition of the situation from the standpoint of those who favor this movement. It is held that American control must continue un- til a Cuban President shall have been inaugurated and a native government established, and that, even if the pre- liminary steps should be taken imme- diately, 112 days must elapse before the first election (for civil governors and a Congress) can be held, and 112 more be- fore the second (for President and Vice- Fresident) can occur. This means more than seven months at least; and if every- thing possible should be done to ex- pedite the matter, a government could hardly be established before the latter part of next spring. The correspondent oL' the Press reports that it is the gen- eral belief that so long a postponement of the possible inauguration of a Cuban government means that there never will be one, but instead the annexation of the island, and he states that "Gen. Wood's report clearly indicates that an- nexation is the only salvation of the island." It is significant that the announcement was recently made that the revised Cu- ban tariff, on which a great deal of time and labor has been expended, will not be promulgated. Gov. Wood is quoted as justifying this on the ground that it would be unwise to change the present system, but the correspondent of the Press durmises that "the real reason is that the new tariff was to have been a part of the new Cuban governmental system," and if there is never to be any Cuban Government, there had better not be a new tariff. There is an element in Cuba which favors annexation, and it is understood to be their purpose to send a delegation of their very strongest men to Washington when Congress meets, to urge upon it the wisdom and advantage of bringing Cuba in as part of the United States. Here certainly are signs enough of an active movement to se- cure annexation. Whether there is to be any strong opposition apparently de- pends upon the attitude of the protected interests in this country, and that has not yet been made clear. The Metropolitan Museum, according to dispatches from Pekin, is soon to re- ceive a valuable collection of Chinese bronzes, porcelains, and carvings. These inestimable objects of art were, in part at least, purchased by Mr. Squier, Sec- retary of the American Legation, at the numerous sales of military and mission- ary loot which followed the occupation of Pekin by the allied Powers. That the gift is felt to come in a questionable shape is shown by the comment of the Curator of Paintings of the Museum, which is reported in Tuesday's Tribune. With one of those blessed phrases of which only administrators have learned the art, Mr. George H. Story reminds us that the collection has had "a com- mercial experience" — has suffered, that is, a kind of purifying sea change, which makes it no longer loot, but a right hon- est and authenticated gift which the Museum should not hesitate to receive. Such a matter can be settled on grounds of absolute morality only by a casu- ist who is not too much of a connois- seur of Oriental art, and such a referee would do well to reserve his decision until he learned just how far and how thoroughly Mr. Squier's collection has been "commercialized." In law, however, a precedent is frequently more valuable than a principle, and we believe that mu- seum directors generally, in receiving gifts of the art of inferior races — espe- cially gifts which, like the present, fol- low closely upon a war — would do well to take their stand firmly upon the tra- dition of their craft. There is, in fact, most respectable authority for accept- ing loot, even when it has remained un- sanctified by "a commercial experience." In this matter museum directors have never been too nice, for it is a wise di- rector who can assert legitimacy of the smaller part even of the beautiful ob- jects under his watch and ward. A wise director, then, never raises the question. Mr. Bryan improved his opportunity on Labor Day to tell what he thinks about the steel strike. His first observa- tion was that "each decade in our his- tory shows greater production of wealth, and the men who produce it have less to show for it." This is another way of re- peating the sophism that "the rich are growing richer and the poor are growing poorer" — a sophism that has been often refuted, but is always recurring because it is generally accounted useful at the polls. If wages are rising, while the cost of living at a certain standard of com- fort is not increasing, then the state- ment, as Mr. Bryan puts it in his Labor Day speech, or in its common and more sententious form, is untrue. Whatever may be the conditions in other countries, it is untrue here that the poor are grow- ing poorer. Not all the people in the United States are growing richer, but a large majority of them are, and the gains are not confined to any class of society. The masses are better able to secure the comforts of life in this coun- try than they ever were before. The steel strike, which is not a strike for wages or for hours of labor, is one evi- dence of this fact. Mr. Shaffer and his followers have virtually declared that they have nothing to complain of as re- gards the remuneration of their labor. But would they not have something to say on that subject if they were grow- ing poorer? The report presented to the Bay View lodges of the Amalgamated Association by the two delegates recently sent to Pittsburgh is illuminating in its esti- mate of the genesis and present condi- tion of the steel strike. Mr. Hickey, one of the two Bay View men, was former-

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178 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 ly Vice-President of the Amalgamated, and is well qualified to understand the inner workings of the organization. His verdict must be taken as authoritative when he announces that the strike is lost, and charges President Shaffer and his associates with gross mismanage- ment at the least. Perhaps the greatest significance of Mr. Hickey's speech in presenting his report is, that it affords hope of as dignified a close for the strike as can now be possible. It shows that the members of the Amalgamated may not be subject to the despotic control that has been supposed. The strike might now merely collapse of its own weight, the men return to work, and nothing further be said. Such a course would leave the Amalgamated shattered almost beyond hope of recovery. Mr. Hickey confesses that serious, if not per- manent, damage has been done to the union cause by President Shaffer's un- wise and dishonest course. That an influential labor journal should now urge the impeachment of President Shaffer might have been ex- pected, in view of the impending failure of the steel strike. The editorial in the Pittsburgh Labor "World, where the im- peachment proposal appears, bases its recommendations upon a great number of charges against Mr. Shaffer, ranging from the enumeration of technical over- sights of various kinds to an indictment on the real moral issues involved. The best thing in it is the count which recites that he ought to be deposed "for the blow he has given to organized labor, not only in teaching that union agree- ments are not contracts to be respected, but also in showing that constitutional safeguards are no guarantee to a unionist when a Shaffer is at the head of things.' His contempt for pledges is the grievance of the public against him. A white man who helped to lynch a negro found guilty by a jury of his peers and sentenced to imprisonment for life — this is the novel and gratifying news which comes from Wetumpka, Ala. If this is not the first case in which such a conviction has been secured, the others have been so isolated as to have faded from the memory of newspaper readers. Not even the resistance of a few brave sheriffs is as encouraging as this conviction, in prompt response to the ap- peal of ex-Gov. Jones that the law should take its course, not only with the negro, but with the negro-lynchers. How sig- nificant this conviction is, appears when one considers that the prisoner was tried in his own home district, where the sym- pathy of his race must have been at its highest, and that the jury itself imposed the life sentence. The same jury has since found two other men guilty of mur- der in the second degree and made their punishment ten years in prison for par- ticipating in the same outrage against the law. The Birmingham Age-Herald and the Savannah News, among many Southern newspapers, have been prompt to recognize the great value of these con- victions, and to bestow hearty praise upon the jury and the fearless Judge Denson, who is presiding over the trials, which will not be ended until several more men are tried. Among recent not- able protests, the strong words of Bishop Gailor of Tennessee must not be over- looked. "The white people," he declares, 'must themselves be protected from the madness of pelf-ruin." No one can justly contend that such a statement smacks of exaggeration. The news from Richmond that the Suffrage Committee of the Virginia Con- stitutional Convention has at last agreed upon a suffrage provision for the new Constitution, which seems certain to be adopted, settles a much-vexed question that was one of the main objects for which the convention was called. The plan is to register as voters for life, be- fore January 1, 1903, all those who can understand the Constitution. All whites could then be put upon the voting list, while negroes could be excluded. Begin- ning with 1903, a property qualification would be enforced against all unregis- tered voters. Thus the existing white voters could be practically exempted from the operation of the property re- strictions, and the eligibility of future voters could be settled in a non-partisan way, subject to the terms laid down by the suffrage clause. This is as ingenious a plan as could well be devised. It would require a long time for a test case to pass through the various courts up to the supreme tribunal, and quite possibly a final decision could not be handed down before the opening of 1903, by whica time the lists of life voters would have been prepared. The other restrictions upon the suffrage would be left intact, even were the "understanding clause" pronounced unconstitutional, and would probably prove sufficient to eliminate undesirable voters. How obnoxious to negroes such provisions are likely to prove is indicated by the movement now making headway in Alabama for the de- feat of the new Constitution in that State, which resorts to the same sort of subterfuges. A remarkable uniformity in the rela- tive proportions of the native and the n-born in the population of this city is disclosed by a comparison of the figures for 1000, which were given out on Thursday, with the corresponding show- ing in the census of 1890. So far as there has been any change, "the foreign element" shows a slight loss. The coun- ties of New York, Kings, Queens, and Richmond, out of which Greater New York has since been made, contained eleven years ago 2,533,600 people, of whom 9G2,763 were born in other coun- tries— almost exactly 38 per cent. The New York city of 1900 returned 3,437,202 inhabitants, of whom 1,270,080 were for- eign-born— almost exactly 37 per cent. There has been a somewhat greater vari- ation in the division between races dur- ing the decade. In 1890 there were 40,562 colored people in the whole territory, or 1.6 per cent.; in 1900, 67,304, or a trifle less than 2 per cent. A large proportion of the native population is practically as much foreign as that which came from other countries. In the old city of New York there were, in 1890, 852,641 white people, young and old, who had been born in the United States, but only 270,- 487 of these were the children of native parents, while those who either were themselves born abroad or were the children of foreign-born parents aggre- gated 1,219,140, or nearly 82 per cent, of all. Thus, while "the foreign element," as the phrase is often understood, eleven years ago was but 38 per cent, of the whole population, and was only 37 per cent, last year, an overwhelming ma- jority of the people of Manhattan are foreign in their bringing-up and inherit- ed notions. The means by which Philadelphia has been controlled and plundered by the Re- publican ring that plays in that city the part which Tammany plays here, contin- ue to be revealed. Facts just now being brought to light illustrate the close al- liance betwen the Republican ring and the corrupt Democratic machine, and show how completely the minority party has abandoned the duty of watchfulness and exposure. Ex-Gov. Pattison is mak- ing a tour of the wards, inquiring into the condition of the local Democratic or- ganizations, and his discoveries are little short of startling. One ward leader ad- mitted that there had not been a minori- ty inspector at the polls in his ward for five years, and that there was absolutely no check upon the opportunity for cor- rupt ballots and false returns. "It has be- come a question," he said, "of how many votes the Republicans want, not how many they cast. They count for the ma- chine as many as they want." Like con- ditions were found in many other wards. It is freely admitted that this apathy on the part of the minority is not so much the result of continued defeat — though this factor undoubtedly enters into it — as of the relations between the two ma- chines. In many cases there is practi- cally but one machine, opportunities for plunder being distributed between those who call themselves Republicans and those who call themselves Democrats. There is something intensely suggestive to citizens of New York in these Phila- delphia revelations. What would be the

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Sept. 5, 1901] The Nation. 179 result if an investigation were made in this city of the condition of the minority organization in the districts which al- ways return large Tammany majorities? The news that the assessed personal property valuations for Cook County, 111. (Chicago and its suburbs) will amount to approximately only $90,000,000 is amusing and discouraging. At this rate, supposing the estimate of $250,000,- 000 a correct statement of the value of Cook County realty, $35,000,000, at least, must be added to the taxable basis in some way in order to avoid a larger def- icit than usual. The efforts of ex-Gov. Altgeld to detect the alleged attempts of various prominent men to undervalue their personal property upon the tax- schedules, resulted only in a laughable farce; clerks and hotel attendants being haled before the Board of Review to an- swer questions regarding their concealed wealth. An increase of only $12,000,000 over the figures of the assessors was or- dered by the Board of Review — no more, probably, than would have been added in any event, independently of the ingenu- ous Altgeld. On the other hand, much property has, of course, escaped apprais- al, as it always will and always must, under the existing system of personal- property taxation. The recent decision in the ticket-brok- ers' case at Buffalo possesses a curious interest. The Lackawanna Road had applied for an injunction against sixty- one brokers in Buffalo who were dealing in special tickets, on the ground that these tickets constituted a contract with individual purchasers. Such a contract would be broken if buyers were allowed to violate the terms of purchase by sell- ing to brokers. This contention is held by Judge Hazel of the Federal Court to be correct. The roads have a right to make special contracts with particular individuals, and to protect such con- tracts by prosecuting the brokers. So much might have been anticipated, from the legal standpoint, whatever may be thought of the ethical principle involv- ed. The most interesting feature of the case lies in an unexpected turn in the decision. Since the passage of the In- terstate Commerce Act and the various anti-pooling acts, it has been usual for courts to nullify contracts implying a violation of either of those statutes. It appears that the special tickets sold by the Lackawanna have been issued pur- suant to an agreement with other roads, which implies a violation of law by the avoidance of competition between roads. The tickets are evidences of this illegal agreement, and consequently contracts with purchasers based upon another con- tract, itself illegal, must be void. The use of an equitable remedy, like injunc- tion proceedings, implies that the com- plaining party to the case shall have done equity, and hence the remedy ask- ed by the Lackawanna must be denied. The public revenues continue to play queer pranks with the legislative proph- ets. It will be remembered that the revenue-reduction law of March 2 was designed to cut down internal revenue by $40,000,000 per annum. The law went into operation July 1, and was attended, during the ensuing month, by an increase instead of decrease, the total receipts rising $2,300,000 over July, 1900, and ev?n the internal revenue go- ing $770,000 higher. We pointed out, when the July figures were at hand, that, though estimates might be at fault, the increase was probably temporary, and should be set down to the same causes as the similar gain under similar condi- tions in 1883. This suggestion seems to have been correct; at all events, the close of August shows the public revenue to have decreased in the second month under the cax-reduction law about as much as had been originally expected. The total receipts for August fell about four million dollars below those for the same month of 1900, all of the decrease being from internal revenue. Continued at this rate, the reduction would make good the estimates of last spring. But, in the meantime, public expendi- ture has made a totally unexpected drop. Secretary Gage, in his estimates of last December, looked for a substantial in- crease. He made, it is true, allowance for some appropriations which did not occur. For the regular sources of out- lay, however, he figured out that the army, during the current fiscal year, would cost only $27,000,000 less than in the year before, and the navy $18,800,000 more. But the August figures show a de- crease of nearly half a million in naval outlay, and of no less than six millions in the War Department. The outlay even for the civil establishment is reduced nearly five millions; the net result being that the month's expenditure falls ten million dollars below that of August, 1900. Instead of the moderate deficit returned for the month a year ago, the surplus of revenue over expenditure will run to something like $5,000,000. Clear- ly, if decrease in public outlay is to con- tinue at any such rate, a $40,000,000 re- duction in the fiscal year's tax receipts will be a small affair. In the first two months of the fiscal year 1901 there was created a deficit of $4,800,000. For the same period in the present fiscal year there is a surplus of $4,400,000. When the Transvaal war broke out in the autumn of 1899, the question instant- ly arose in the mind of financiers, Where will the European banks obtain their fresh supplies of gold? During the calendar year 1898 production on the Witwatersrand had amounted to $75,- 500,000, which was one-fourth of the total output of the world, and much more than either Australia or the United States produced. Practically all of this Transvaal product went at once to Eu- rope. During the nine months ending with September, 1899, England had im- ported from South Africa, by the Board of Trade returns, $68,300,000, or an aver- of $7,500,000 monthly. On October 10 the Boer ultimatum was issued, and within a week mining and transporta- tion of the Transvaal gold were stopped. In November, England imported from that quarter gold to the total value of only $231,000. During the whole year 1900 the estimated output of the Rand was but $8,300,000. Of this amount, more- over, only $1,890,000 came to England, as against which insignificant receipt London was forced to send $8,900,000 to South Africa itself, to provide for war expenses. Thus far in 1901 shipments of Transvaal gold to Europe have been less even than in 1900. Add to this the fact that the Boer war has already lasted three times as long as the experts of 1S09 expected, and it might be supposed that the influence on gold sup- plies would have been extremely serious. But a comparison of the stock of gold now held by the world's great banking institutions with their reports before the Transvaal war broke out, makes a show- ing which few people would have pre- dicted in 1899. The position of the American reserves is generally known, The Treasury holds, in gold uncovered by deposit certificates, $9,000,000 more than it held two years ago to-day, and the estimated total amount circulating outside the Treasury has increased by no less than $150,000,000. This has been commonly assumed as a consequence of our national prosperity. But, if the same test be applied in the case of foreign in- stitutions, it will appear that the Bank of England holds $18,000,000 more gold than it held two years ago last week, the Bank of France $100,000,000 more, the Bank of Austria-Hungary $43,000,000 more, with smaller gains in every other Continental institution except the Bank of Russia, which has lost some $84,000,- 000 in the period. Such a showing for the world at large is as peculiar as it is interesting. To some degree this general gain, in the face of the Witwa- tersrand embargo, has been caused by the increase of $28,000,000 or there- abouts in the yearly North American production. The return of gold from outlying points, such as India, Egypt, and Japan, has had still greater influ- ence. No doubt, also, the return of spe- cie from country circulation, on the slackening of Europe's interior trade, has contributed large amounts to the city markets. The general outcome proves, however, the great capacity of the mod- ern financial world to adapt itself to really troublesome emergencies.

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180 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 AN "EXPERT" ON THE CUBAN CON- STITUTION. The Tribune, for its issue of last Sat- urday, secured the services of "one of the ablest Cuban experts in this coun- try," who wrote on "Cuban Constitution Defects." "His official position precludes the use of his name in connection with this analysis," says the Tribune. Fortu- nately, his unknown official style can- not preclude a counter-analysis of the extraordinarily disingenuous article to which that paper accorded two columns of valuable space. The chief defect in the Cuban Con- stitution, according to its critic, is that it permits an excessive centralization of power in the hands of the President and Congress. He says that "the prov- inces, corresponding to the States of the American Union, practically are without power. They have no legislature, but simply a provincial council, a sin- gle body whose powers are limited to correspond somewhat to the duties of county commissioners, as defined in many States of the Union." This is a fair description of the Cuban system, but the following comment, "The form of government is an imitation of the American system, not one growing out of local conditions," is merely self-con- tradictory, while the further statement that "even municipalities are at the mercy of Congress," and that "this is a degree of centralization never before attempted by any successful govern- ment," is simply false. One would pre- fer to impute so grossly misleading a comment rather to ignorance than to malice. We shall see from the further analysis of his article that our "Cuban expert" is apparently ignorant of the constitutions of the so-called Latin na- tions, which naturally served as models for the Cuban Convention. Descanting upon the absence of local self-government under the Constitution, the critic goes on to say that the plan, "if it had been presented to the Consti- tutional Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States, would not have had a patient hearing." Very likely, but does it really argue a pe- culiar heinonsness in a people that has never had genuine provincial autonomy that it does not act like a people which had had a century and more of local self-government? Is it fair to ask the Cubans, who had no states, to act on the theory that they had? It is a novel re- quirement that a Constitutional Con- vention should be obliged to create for itself presentable historic antecedents. Considering the history of the island, the Constitution is a liberal one. That a race which has suffered the miseries of civil war, and has never had the chance to build up strong local institu- tions, should desire a strong central gov- ernment is most natural. The centrali- zation, when all is said, is no greater than that of the French Government. which must apparently be classed among the "unsuccessful." Naturally, after saying that the Cuban system would have been impatiently re- jected by the Fathers, and that it is a unique monstrosity, the critic pauses to repeat his favorite comment that it is "a theoretical adaptation of the Ameri- can system." Continuing, he expresses his surprise that a government which "is no federation, but a single state," like Cuba (like France and like Italy, he might have added), should presume to exercise the prerogatives of statehood — raise armies and provide for its own de- fence, for example. Merely remarking that this argument would make it right for federated Switzerland to maintain a military force, but wholly presumptuous for centralized Belgium, we pass to the most important part of the argument, which concerns the powers of the Presi- dent. The President, by Section 10 of Arti- cle 68, "shall appoint for the discharge of the other duties created by law the proper officers, provided that the ap- pointment thereof is not specially dele- gated to other officers or bodies." With- out noting that this "sweeping power" of appointing all officers of the central government is practically that which our own Constitution grants to the Presi- dent of the United States, the Tribune's "expert" declares, in substance, that this is an awful power to be in the hands of an ambitious or an unprincipled man — of a Cuban, in short. This is all as true as the multiplication-table; but when he goes on to say that "there is no civil-service list to which he must confine himself, but he is absolutely un- restrained by anything but the policy which he may please to adopt," he deals in the grossest misrepresentation. Arti- cle 3 of Section 10 reserves to the Cu- ban Congress the right to regulate do- mestic and foreign commerce, postal and telegraphic service, and all railroads; article 8 of the same section, the right to "organize naval and military ser- vices"; article 10, the fight "to regulate the establishment of all service of roads, canals, and ports." That is, the appointive power of the Cuban President is in the fullest measure subject to the law-mak- ing power of Congress. It is in all es- sentials our own system, and here, if anywhere, the charge of servile imita- tion would lie. In view of these facts, how puerile to say that there "is no civil-service list." Since when, pray, have civil-service lists been provided for in national constitutions? Since when have we been so virtuous ourselves? If the Cuban Congress wishes to borrow a leaf from our book, and by the prompt passage of a Civil-Service Law set its of- ficial house in order, it is free to do so. It would be easy to show that the re- quirement that a Presidential decree be eountersigned by a Minister is in direct imitation of the similar Constitutional restriction upon the Spanish monarch, that it is a mere form, and that it is not likely to be "a fruitful source of irrita- tion." Here, in fact, is tradition, the ab- sence of which in the Constitution has been so bitterly deplored — not an original deviltry of the present Cubans. With equal ease it could be shown that the talk of tariffs between the separate prov- inces raises a sheer bugaboo for the shrinking American investor. In the first place, the immemorial custom of the Latin countries is against interprovincial tariffs. The provincial governments of Cuba must, furthermore, restrict them- selves to taxes which are "compatible with the general tributary system of the republic." The Cuban Congress would certainly exert this power to prevent the levying of provincial tariffs, and the at- tempt to start a scare on this ground was too foolish even for a self-elected Cuban expert. We prefer not to discuss the tone of an article of which the constant basis is the belief that all Cuban forms of govern- ment are bad, and the Cubans utterly unfit to manage their own affairs. This is; a tenable view, though, we believe, a mistaken one, and if it had been frankly expressed, an opponent could only have registered his frank dissent. To cover an attack upon Cuban independence as such under the guise of an expert analy- sis of a Constitution, was little creditable to anybody concerned. THE LARGER HOPE FOR THE CITY. If little minds go ill with a great em- pire, small views do not become the citi- zens of a great municipality. Yet. if one were to let the newspaper gossips lead him by the nose, he would think that the anti-Tammany campaign in New York had already dwindled down to petty personalities and political considera- tions no larger than a mustard-seed. The flood of rumor and chatter which makes up each day's "news" about probable nominations, would give to a foreigner the impression that we in this city could rot see the forest for the trees; that we were fussing and fretting about anise and cumin to the entire neglect of the weightier matters of the law; and that we were going about with a micrometer trying to measure a large man. We think this appearance of nervous pettiness is mostly a creation of the newspapers, and that the men who really have the shaping of the campaign in their hands are not taking so contracted a view of things as they are credited with. Their words are often misquoted 01 misinterpreted, and the contradictory columns of "it is said" and "there is rea- son to believe" give a wholly wrong im- pression, we opine, of their real atti- tude, their real hopes and plans. But for the sake of the public It is high time an effort were made to hold general at- tention more fully and fixedly upon the

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Sept. 5, 1901] The Nation. 181 true nature of the great work before us, and of the large means that must be adopted to compass our large end. All this microscopic examination of one sug- gested candidate after another — all this troubled inquiry about this "vote" and the other "interest," this race and that church — tends to distract the mind, and to make us forget the magnitude of the task to which we have set our hands, and which will tax our wisdom and cour- age and endurance to the utmost. Put it down first and foremost that what we are about is not electing a Mayor, but saving the city. We must not forget the city while thinking too anxiously about a candidate. It would be possible, we suppose, to elect an anti- Tammany Mayor who would not only disappoint, but destroy us. By skilful manoeuvring', a man might be nominated who had made no enemies because he had no convictions, and who, by being kept under lock and key during the canvass, might slip his little way into the Mayor's chair. But if he had no no- tion of the work to be done, and neither capacity nor character to undertake it, what should we be advantaged? All these painful disputes about the minute "eligibility" of this name or that, in one direction or another, really begin at the wrong end. We have a mighty enter- prise of reform and rescue before us, and if we look steadily enough at that, the very bulk of it will of itself rule out the puny men whom some talk of select- ing to undertake it. We do not set Tom Thumb at a labor of Hercules. The right note was struck by the Citi- zens' Union in its platform of last April. It pointed out the enormous disgrace and peril of a city government of which it could truly be said that the "men controlling it are using public office for private plunder." Corrupt and contam- inating from top to bottom, it was in need of disinfection and renovating throughout, the Citizens' Union assert- ed; and then, at the end, it properly fit- ted worker to work, reformer to re- form, by declaring roundly: "We will nominate no candidate unless his career and record are such as to justify public confidence in his assurance that, if elect- ed, he will not use his office or permit it to be used for the benefit of any political organization." There it all is in a nutshell — the city to be rescued, and a man to do it with- out fear or favor or the smirch of "poli- tics." The spirit of that plank of the Citizens' Union platform must be put into the platform upon which the united anti-Tammany forces are to stand. This is to be not only a union campaign, but a non-partisan campaign; not a mixing up of parties with an eye to a general scramble for the spoils afterwards, but an agreement of all concerned that there are to be no politicians' spoils at all; that the city is to be officered by the best men attainable, wholly irre- spective of party. "A ruler who appoints any man to an office when there is in his dominions another man better quali- fied for it, sins against God and against the State." That is from the Koran, not the Christian Scriptures, though full worthy of a place in them; and it is the rule which we must insist upon, in both ante-election promises and post-election performances. But what clear-sighted bravery, what tenacity, what patience, what grasp of mind and grip of will, that man will need who is called upon to apply such a canon of sound municipal government to this debauched and plun- dered city! We have only to think of these high standards requisite in a can- didate, and we at once see that many of the men put forward as fit are dwarfed the moment they try to measure up to the work which must be' done. We should deal largely by the city, and enter into the campaign in no mean spir- it. One thing is certain — Tammany can- not be beaten by shrewd devices. The tricks and intrigues, the dodges and sur- prises, the angling for this group and the bribing of that, we may well leave to the intrenched plunderers, adepts in low cunning as they always have shown themselves. Our reliance must be upon large forces and strong and honest men. The signs of the times are auspicious. One organized body after another is en- rolling itself for warfare against the foes of civilization who insolently be- stride the city. To unite them all on a broad platform of civic honesty, to give them a leader whose known capacity and character make it certain that he will make his deeds fit his words, that he will not only desire reform, but know how to effect it — that way victory lies. And it would be a victory not of candi- date or party, but of the people, and would mean the triumph of the larger hope for the city and for democracy it- self. The issue should determine the candi- date. We want, in our government the antithesis of Tammany rule. We can be sure of such an administration only from a man whose character and record show not merely that he is against Tammany for the purposes of the present cam- paign, but that he has no lurking sym- pathy with Tammany methods. Nobody is a fit candidate for Mayor on the anti- Tammany ticket who has been a prom- inent man in the Borough of Brooklyn or that of Manhattan during the last dozen or fifteen years, and failed to pro- test against the rule of McLaughlin 01 Croker so long as he could get office him- self from one or other boss. Nobody is a fit candidate for the opponents of Tam- many, either, who is ready to lend his reputation to Tammany now in return for its nomination if he cannot be the leader on the other side. The help of all men who are opposed to Croker now, for whatever reason, is to be welcomed, but it is not among his former followers that the leader of a hopeful reform cam- paign is to be sought. It was inevitable that machine politi- cians should try to introduce partisan considerations, as Piatt does when he says that Comptroller Coler will not do for a candidate because he supported Bryan last year, and Sheehan, when he says that the nomination of any Repub- lican will forfeit the support of the Greater New York Democracy, while the naming of Mr. Low would drive it to endorse the Tammany ticket. The raising of the Bryan issue is absurd, while the drawing of a hard-and-fast line against any member of the Republican party is worse. There are legitimate rea- sons for objections to the Comptroller, based upon the prevalent distrust re- garding his sincerity, but the fact that he voted the Democratic ticket in the last national campaign is not one of them. As for ruling out members of the party which supported McKinley, the ri- diculous character of such a rule can be fully appreciated only when one reflects that almost every Independent Democrat within the possible range of choice voted for the Republican candidate last fall. What Sheehan really means is that he takes no interest in any movement against Tammany in the city this year which does not promise to help him and his crowd in State politics next year; and this is exactly what was to have been expected. THE COAL QUESTION. Little more than a year has passed since extravagant fears regarding the possible decline of her coal supremacy were expressed in England. In America correspondingly high anticipations of the future were being entertained. Ex- ports of coal had shown a considerable increase, and it was maintained that, in spite of distance, in spite of higher freights, in spite of the low value of the product in proportion to its bulk, the advance in coal prices abroad was rap- idly bringing about such a state of things that American exporters could pay all the charges and yet profitably export coal to Europe. Several reasons for such a forecast were assigned. It was shown that the output per person employed in mining in the United States had far outstripped any analogous increase in foreign coun- tries, and the view was advanced that greater progress in mining had been made here than elsewhere. But the chief reliance was placed on the argument de- veloped by Jevons in 'The Coal Ques- tion' concerning the cumulative increase in cost of mining, due to the necessity of sinking thafts to lower and lower levels, and the concomitant difficulties arising from the necessity of ventilating and pumping out deeper mines and rais- ing the product to the surface. Some months later new cause for alarm by

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182 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 British coal -exporters was found in the tax of a shilling a ton on coal for for- eign shipment, which was carried through Parliament by Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, despite the cries of danger from foreign competition in case the coal trade were saddled with a new ex- port duty. It is interesting to note how far these hasty predictions have been verified. While the a-\erage export price of Brit- ish coal was estimated at 8.98 shillings per ton in 1897, at 9.92 in 1898, and at 10.72 in 189!), it ran up to 19.5 at New- castle for lorg periods in 1900, and at the end of August the best steam grades were quoted at from 25 to 30 shillings. Of late, prices have received a material setback, and the return to normal con- ditions implies results of great economic importance, not merely to consumers, but also to the receivers of the future dividends of gas, railway, and numerous other companies. The fact that nearly all railway coal contracts are being re- newed at five shillings less per ton than a year ago, while the cost of bunker coal for steamships has fallen off ten shil- lings a ton, will result, according to the estimate of the London Economist, in a saving on the year's coal bill of more than $13,000,000 to the railways and $30,000,000 to steamship-owners. Grant- ing a yearly British consumption of 165,- 000,000 tons, the saving implied by a re- duction of five shillings would amount to considerably over $200,000,000. It was maintained that the export duty would necessitate a corresponding re- duction in price, in order to enable British producers to compete with for- eigners. This argument, however, could have applied only to export coal, and could have had but an indirect effect on the price of coal for home consump- tion. Moreover, it is hard to see why a forced decrease of this character should be more than the amount of the tax. As a matter of fact, recent statistics show that, coal exports have slightly declined in amount, being about 25,000,000 tons for the first seven months of 1901, as against 26,000,000 for the same period in 1900. This slight decrease has taken place in the exports to Russia, Holland, and France. So very moderate a de- cline can afford no comfort whatever to the theorists who anticipated a won- derful opening for American coal in competition with British. For the twelve months ending with June, 1901, Ameri- can coal exports showed an increase of less than 500,000 tons over the pre- ceding year, being 7,676,149 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, as against 7,188,648 for the previous twelve- month. It was admitted by many writ- ers, a year ago, that with cheap freights something might be done by American exporters in Mediterranean ports, yet the much-talked-of Marseilles shipments have amounted to little. Only 208,941 tons in all have gone to France during the past year. While it is now report- ed that the special rates offered over French railways for American coal are likely to enable it to supplant the Ger- man product in Swiss markets, this is probably due merely to the temporary maintenance of rates by the German coal monopoly. These rates may break down at almost any moment. On the whole, the developments of the past year have done nothing to justify the fears expressed by British producers on ac- count of the higher price of last sum- mer (due, as it was, to labor troubles and exceptional foreign demand), or on account of the later export duty. They have done no more to give color to the extravagant anticipations concerning American competitive power. There is always great danger in un- dertaking any kind of economic fore- cast. Industrial conditions are likely to change so rapidly that any such an- ticipations must be considered of the most hazardous character. This danger is well illustrated in the case under dis- cussion, for the extraordinarily acute analysis of Jevons has in a number of ways proved quite incorrect, and the arguments of followers who expected that the end of the last century would certainly realize his predictions, by transferring the coal supremacy of the world from England to the United States, have once more been refuted by the logic of events. As a matter of fact, Jevons's predictions regarding the amount of output have signally failed of accomplishment. True, his forecast of prices seems to have had a curious artificial correctness, but the rise has oc- curred almost wholly during the past three years, and at present seems to be subject to a reaction. The irregularities in the aggregate consumption of coal from year to year cannot easily be ac- counted for, and show that no regular progression in demand and production can be foreshadowed. The growing use , economics fails in its forecast. THE UNION IN THE KITCHEN. Several things have combined within the past few months to bring forward the servant problem with renewed force. The widespread prosperity of light man- ufacturing industries has furnished an exceptionally strong demand for the la- bor of women and girls, and a better economic condition has made workers less and less willing to accept what they regard as a decline in social status, even in exchange for good wages. In Eng- land, just now, the servant question seems to be more pressing than usual, on account of the necessity for closer economy in household expenditures, re- sulting from higher war-taxation. This has made the domestic servants' lot somewhat harder, and the average work more exacting. Recently, in the House of Commons, it was asked whether the Post-office might not assume the work of keeping a servants' registry, with a small charge to those who might wish to consult the lists. Commenting upon this proposal, the London Daily News pointed out that much of the difficulty with servants is due to the overwork and bad treatment to which they are frequently subjected — ■ causes which would not be altered by a labor-exchange of any kind. A striking commentary upon one phase of the servant problem has been furnished by the organization in Chi- cago of the so-called Workingwomen's Association of America, which has re- ceived widespread, though for the most part rather flippant, consideration. The organization was addressed the other day by Miss Jane Addams and by several apostles of "the labor movement." Most of the discussion turned upon methods of raising wages and of removing the social stigma said to rest upon domestic service. Only one speaker showed an insight into the real difficulties by sug- gesting that the new movement would "force the employers to organize." That the matter deserves serious con- sideration Liust be apparent to all who compare the conditions of domestic service with those of other employ- ments. The former are absolutely sui generis. If real, rather than money, wages be had in mind, there can be not a shadow of doubt that the rewards of do- mestic labor are far larger than those of most other occupations requiring no greater skill. Few workingwomen em- ployed in factories, offices, or shops can show a clear balance of from $15 to $30 a month after ordinary living expenses have been paid. On the other hand, the demand of employers for domestic ser- vants is so keen that any one willing to work, though devoid of special training, or even of ordinary good character, can readily secure employment. Under such circumstances it might easily be suppos- ed that little, if any, need for a ser- vants' trades-union could exist. In fact, the efforts of the Chicago or- ganization seem to be devoted to placing domestic service on a higher social plane, and securing greater regularity of hours, with a fixed scale of wages, for the members. While these objects are legitimate, they should not exclude others which could well be aimed at by such a union if it were to work along the lines already indicated by sim- ilar bodies. What is most urgently need- ed was suggested by the speaker before,

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Sept. $, 1901] The Nation. 183 the union meeting who referred to the possibility of an organization of em- ployers. If, by some form of coopera- tion between employers and servants, there could be worked out a mode of settling differences and establishing uni- form and recognized rules of service, which should be binding upon both par- ties to the contract, there would cer- tainly be much less friction than at pres- ent. The suggestion of training-schools for servants, made some time ago, but rejected by Miss Salmon in her book on 'Domestic Service,' might become fea- sible if regular conditions for admission to the union should be made, incompe- tent applicants refused, and employers thus protected against inefficient ser- vice. As a complement to such mea- sures, the union should, like other bodies of the kind, undertake the work of sup- plying labor in adequate quantity and of guaranteed quality. The objection would naturally be made that no such measures, however agreeable to employers, would be likely to be adopted by servants. It must be admitted that these objects are not the ones sought by the proposed union, and that the command of the situation is now so completely in the hands of servants that they are not likely to make concessions or surrender any ad- vantage. Moreover, the supply of labor is already short, and might become still more scanty if restrictions as to com- petency and character should be placed upon those entering the occupation, while no such adequacy as is desired could be safely guaranteed. There is some rea- son to think, however, that these objec- tions might ultimately be surmounted. High wages and easy and permanent conditions of employment render do- mestic service attractive in everything but the alleged loss of social position re- sulting from engaging in it, and in re- spect to various minor grievances. These might be redressed by a self-respecting and serious attempt to make the terms and conditions of employment fixed and uniform. Thus there are distinct possi- bilities in the new organization, but whether it will be developed in such a way as to shed light upon a very gloomy- province of domestic life, must still be open to doubt. THE CHURCH AS A PROTECTOR OF FORESTS. Athens, August, 1901. The eastern part of Greece, especially Attica and Argolis, is sinking almost hope- lessly into an arid condition. The lack of forests to hold the moisture causes the heavy rain-fall of the winter months to sweep down the gullies and river-beds, and, overflowing these, to carry off a good deal of soil every year. Then, during the four months, June to September, as a rule, no rain falls over the greater part of the kingdom. Forests therefore find it hard to hold their own. Nothing more impresses one who has been several years continu- ously in Greece and then travels through Austria, for example, than luxuriant foliage and green field3 in mid-summer. Within the last few years some attempt has been made at tree-planting, but this, as is so often the case in Greece, is likely to be spasmodic and to avail little against the drift already mentioned, which is pow- erfully assisted by goats and forest fires. Greece pays dearly for her goats. They are everywhere, and wherever they are young trees cannot grow. The holm oak, for ex- ample, if left to itself, attains a height of thirty or forty feet; but it is usually kept down by the goats to the dimensions of a shrub at the top of which they can con- tinually gnaw. An even greater enemy is the forest fire, because it is constantly attacking groves of larger trees — pines, for example — which have escaped the goats. A few years ago nearly the whole side of Pentelicus, which confronts Athens, was on fire for two nights, making a grand spectacle for Athens. I once counted twenty-four forest fires on a journey by sea from Piraeus to Nauplia. But all these were cases where the fire was simply completing or fore- stalling the work of the goats. It was the cankerworm supplementing the work of the palmerworm. Fire, however, chooses in- dependent fields for itself, and works great disasters which balance, or even over- balance, the loss caused by the constant gnawing of the goats. The burning, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, of half of the magnificent pine forest which cover- ed Mt. iEnus in the island of Cephalonia, was counted as a great calamity throughout the Mediterranean basin, where these pines were well known under the name of Abks Cephalcmica. About five years ago half of what was left of this forest was burned, the most serious disaster occurring to the pine forests in recent years — yet, after all, only one of a series. Hardly a summer passes in which one or more areas of several square miles are not denuded of their pines by fire. This evil is difficult to cope with, because, in the long, dry summer, the vegetation on the surface of the soil is reduced to tinder, and when the gentle shepherd, who always smokes, throws down his match, he is like- ly to start a fire. He is suspected of doing it sometimes of set purpose in order to increase the area of pasturage. Of the at- tempts to prevent fires in the last few years that of setting guards has not proved effec- tive. The area can hardly be covered by the available force of guards, and then, be- sides, quis custodiet ipsos cuslodes? Two years ago it was seriously proposed to in- troduce the punishment of expatriation for those who had even inadvertently set fire to a forest. This expatriation meant merely transportation to another part of Greece, but even this would, to a Greek, have con- siderable significance, inasmuch as to him the little town or village in which he is born is his fatherland, his narpiSa, as lie calls it. The proposed measure was never adopted, and the evil ran on. Now one of the strangest measures, perhaps, ever adopt- ed to meet such an emergency has been taken, and the result of it may be watched with great interest. On July 2 there appeared among the of- ficial bulletins issued by the Government an encyclical proclamation of the Holy Synod "to all priests, monks, and other Christians, to the end that they refrain rigidly for the future from burning a for- est, and from every other damage to public and private forests and trees, and from concealing or protecting those guilty of such a crime." The encyclical gives effect to the proclamation by the following curse: "If, then, contrary to hope and expecta- tion, and in spite of this proclamation, there should be Christians who persevere in this unholy practice, abhorred of God, either setting fire to forests themselves or encour- aging others in I lie act, or not bringing in- formation immediately before the proper authorities against the persons whom they know to have set the fires, and not coming forward as witnesses to secure confirmation of their guilt and punishment of the guilty, and not affording zealous cooperation with the public officials in the matter when they are able to do so; let all such persons, who- ever they may be, be excommunicated from the Church, accursed, and shut out from for- giveness. The wrath of God and the curse of the Church be upon their heads, and may they never see the success of what- ever labors they may be engaged in, and may they have the curses also of all the saints and the inspired fathers of the Church." In a concluding paragraph "the Holy Synod enjoins upon the reverend hierarchs and the bishops to announce in all the churches of the realm the punishments to be inflicted upon the burners of forests, whether public or private." It is not strange, considering the magni- tude of the threatening evil, that recourse should be made to almost any means to pre- vent it, but this is probably the first case on record in which the enginery of the hierar- chy, curses and all, has been brought to bear upon the destroyers of forests. The matter may have more than an ephemeral and local interest. Rufus B. Richardson. MME. DE GENLIS AS AN EDUCATOR. Paris, August 20, 1901. Madame de Genlis had an undoubted right to be counted among the precursors of fem- inism, and she takes that place in M. Louis Chabaud's book immediately after Madame de Maintenon. Sainte-Beuve, who wrote in his "Causeries du Lundl" an excellent ar- ticle on Madame de Genlis, says of her: "Madame de Genlis was something more than an authoress; she was born with the sign on her forehead. God had said to some 'Sing,' to others 'Preach'; to her he said, 'Be a professor, a teacher.' She was born to be the most gracious of pedagogues." It may be said that she spent her whole life in teaching everybody about everything— letters, science, philosophy, religion, history, geography, anatomy, medicine, natural his- tory, gymnastics, music; she was universal. Stephanie-Felicite, Ducrest was born on the 25th of January, 1746, at the chateau of Champcery, near Autun. Two years after her birth, her father bought the estate and the chateau of Saint-Aubin. Saint-Aubin is not far from the little town of Bourbon- Lancy (a watering-place in the neighborhood of Moulins). He took its name, with the title of Marquis which was attached to it. Ma- dame de Genlis described in her books this chateau, which she compared, with its walls and towers, to the castles described by Ann Radcliffe. Madame de Genlis tells us that she play- ed, at the age of six years, the part of Love in the prologue to an opera. "I shall never

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184 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 forget that my costume was pink, covered with lace and with little artificial flowers of all colors; it came down to my knees. I had small boots, straw and silver-colored, my hair flowing, and blue wings." At the age of six years she was made a canoness in the noble chapter of Alix near Lyons, and be- came Countess of Bourbon-Lancy. Her father was ruined and died, and she was received, with her mother, into the house of a wealthy farmer-general, La Popelinidre (so often mentioned in the memoirs of the 18th century). She led in his house the gayest life, was much admired, and married at the age of sixteen a brilliant officer, the Count de Genlis, colonel of the Grenadiers of France. M. de Genlis was the nephew of the Minister, M. de Puisieux, who had prepared for him a rich marriage. Being afraid to offend his uncle, he mar- ried Mademoiselle de Saint-Aubin secretly. The secret could not be kept long; M. de Puisieux at first refused to see his nephew's wife, but when he saw her he was reconciled to her and to M. de Genlis. Madame de Genlis had an aunt who was a great beauty and a most agreeable and culti- vated person. She also was married secretly, but she could not take the name of her hus- band, who was the Duke d'Orleans; she re- mained Madame de Montesson. There was for a moment a question of Madame de Genlis entering the royal household, but she refused to do so, because she was ex- pected to call first upon Madame Dubarry, the King's favorite. By the influence of Madame de Montesson, her aunt, she was made one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Duchess d'Orleans. As soon as she was married to M. de Gen- lis, she gave way to her literary fervor. At the age of nineteen, before she was con- fined of her first child, she wrote a book entitled 'Reflections of a Mother Twenty Years Old.' The manuscript has been lost. and was perhaps destroyed by her, but, as M. Chabaud says, we have sixty-four octavo volumes of Madame de Genlis to console us for this loss. As soon as she entered the Palais-Royal as one of the ladies of the Duchess d'Orleans, she established her in- fluence by her beauty and her cleverness; it was decided that she should become the governess of the daughter of the Duchess, a child who was only just born. Madame Campan tolls us that on the day when the birth of the Dauphin, the son of Louis XVI., was the occasion of a court function, the Duchess of Orleans approached the chaisi longue of Queen Marie Antoinette and ex- cused Madame de Genlis for not appearing at a time when all the Court was congratu- lating her Majesty; adding that .she was prevented from doing so by an Indisposition. Marie Antoinette answered "that the celeb- rity of Madame de Genlis would, in truth, cause her absence to be remarked, but that she was not of a rank that demandt id the sending of an excuse." Madame de Genlis, it is said, never forgave this answer, and she became one of the enemies of Marie Antoinette. Her position at the Palais- Royal was, however, extremely singular; she was not only the governess of tin Infant daughter of the Duchess; the Duke, who also had fallen under her charm, had made her the governor of his son. This appoint ment gave rise to many comments and epigrams. One of the gentlemen of the court said that the Duke de Luynes, who was very fat, might ask to be the nurse of the young Dauphin. The King said to the Duke de Chartres, when he announced the appoint- ment to him: "I fortunately have a Dau- phin; the Countess of Artois has children; you can do with yours just as you like." The pupils of Madame de Genlis were the Duke de Valois.who became afterwards Duke de Chartres; the Duke of Orleans, who reigned in France from 1830 to 1848 under the name of Louis Philippe; the Duke of Beaujolais, his brother, and Mademoi- selle d'Orleans, his sister, who never married, and who was known under the name of Madame Adelaide. Ma- dame de Genlis had to chose all the in- structors of these children and to super- intend all the details of their education. She had very pronounced views on education,, and gave to the studies, to the amusements, to the occupations of her pupils a very practical and realistic tendency; she as- signed to the study of the modern languages, of science, mathematics, natural history, to bodily exercises, an importance not gener- ally given at her time. I have heard from one of the sons of Louis Philippe that she made him walk with leaden soles on his shoes, in order to train him for walking and to harden him. Louis Philippe learned by her orders the trade of a carpenter, of a locksmith, etc. (Notoriously, Louis XVI. also was very fond of working with his hands, and became quite expert as a clock- maker.) In 1790 the young princes, the eldest of whom was now seventeen years old, ceased to be under her care, and she had charge only of Mademoiselle d'Orleans. At that time she incurred the disfavor of her mis- tress, the Duchess of Orleans, for reasons which are not very well known. Was the Duke of Orleans too attentive to her? Had she presumed to play a part in the Palais Royal which had become too predominant? Jealousy was probably not the chief cause of the rupture. The Duchess was well aware of the infidelities of her husband. A mystery still hangs over Pamela, whom Madame de Genlis introduced at the Palais Royal and who became afterwards Lady Fitz-Gerald. Her history would be an interesting subject. After the death of Fitz-Gerald she remar- ried and had several children. I have no data on the latter part of her life. It is said in Hoefer's "General Biography" that "in 17KU Madame de Genlis quarrelled with the Duchess of Orleans, who refused to have any explanation with her on the sub- ject. She had grave reasons which remained unavowed besides those which were avowed, and which consisted in the influence that .\l.idanie de Genlis had exercised in inducing the Duke to adopt the party of the Revolu- tion." Madame de Genlis was familiar with Mirabeau and many other members of the Constituent Assembly. She remained, how- ever, the governess of the young daughter of the Duke of Orleans. She left France with her, and took refuge in Switzerland, in the convent of Bremgarten, during the stoimy times of the Revolution. All this part ot her existence is told, with the most minute and interesting details, in her own Memoirs. Her husband, the Count de Genlis, was guillotined with the Girondists on Octo- ber 30, 17U3; the Duke of Orleans, Philippe figalite, was guillotined on the Cth of No- vember of the same year. Madame de Genlis bi came for a time the only protector of the young Princess Adelaide. We will not follow Madame de Genlis through all the periods of her long life. She died only in 1830, after her pupil Louis Philippe had become King of France. To her credit, it must be said that both Louis Philippe and his very able sister, Madame Adelaide, a woman of great intellect and of a masculine character, remained faith- ful to her to the end. Louis Philippe paid her visits very regularly, and showed her the greatest consideration and gratitude. It is interesting to know on what lines she organized the education of her remarkable pupils. She wrote an enormous number of pages on education, but they are spread somewhat disorderly in her novels. M. Chabaud cites a pamphlet, which has be- come very rare (Sainte-Beuve did not know of it), entitled 'Plan for a Rural School for the Education of Women, by Madame De- genlis' (1S01), and gives long extracts from it. She proposes, in this pamphlet, to create in some old abandoned district a school al- most the counterfeit of Saint-Cyr. Her programme was "religion, which comprehends morals, writ- ing, arithmetic, English, German, Italian (the language only, neither poetry nor lit- erature proper), a few elements of history and geography, copying and painting of flowers; the internal economy of a house, consisting in (1) directing the general washing; (2) care of the linen; (3) poul- try-keeping; (4) care of the milk; (5) care of the fruitery; (6) cooking, learning the prices of things, their quality, good, bad, or indifferent; (7) the art of distillation; (8) breadmaking. Besides this, the girls should have knowledge of the commoner plants and the principal medicinal drugs." If I cite this extract, it is because it ex- presses the chief character of education as conceived by Madame de Genlis, a practi- cal education, preparing children for the most pressing and common needs of life. She was evidently under the influence of the ideas of J. J. Rousseau, and his commen- dation of "l'homme de la nature." Correspondence. THE FOURTH AT MANILA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: An eventful Fourth of July was ushered in this morning, with clouds and ap- pearances of rain, to end finally in the brightness and sunshine of a Philippine summer, which conveys so much physical discomfort to the many Americans now in and about Manila. This particular Fourth of July will become known in the history of this archipelago as the day in which civil government was inaugurated in the Philip- pine Islands, excepting those portions still in contumacy or contested by what are known here as insurrcctos. Over these mil- itary government continues, and is in the hands of the general commanding the troops, Major-General Adna Chaffee. The place of inauguration of the Civil Governor, Judge Taft, was a stand erected on the plaza of the walled city, and facing the Palace now jointly occupied by the Headquarters of the Division of the Philip- pines and the Civil Commission, of which Judge Taft is the head — a Commission which is soon to include in its functions that of a Cabinet and Executive Council. The large stand from which the new Governor took his oath of office and made his inaug- ural address, was well filled with officers

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Sept. 5, 1901] The ISTation. 185 of the army, navy, and Insular Government, members of the consular corps, and ladies and notable civilians. The audience, which rather loosely filled the plaza, wai, from fifteen hundred to two thousand in number, possibly two-thirds Americans and foreign- ers, and the rest the average Filipino towns- men. Considering that the population of Manila and its suburbs is about 300,000, and that the day was a public holiday, the in- terest of the people in the historical event of the establishment of a civil government over most of this insular territory was shown by abstention from attendance. At nine o'clock, after the assemblage had been called to order by Gen. George W. Davis, the Provost-Marshal-Gen- eral (who had not so long before resigned his military governorship of Porto Rieo to a civilian), Gen. MacArthur, in a few words, introduced his successor, Judge Taft, who proceeded to read his inaugural address, al- ready published to the world. The Secretary of the Commission rendered the address in- to Spanish, from time to time, in a very ef- fective manner. The address was pleasant- ly received; there were no signs of disap- proval, and there was some occasional applause. The admirable sentences of the new Governor in regard to the vital neces- sity of a pure civil service were received with a respectful silence. Was not this the age of McKinley and Corbin, and the territory of their disciples? Representative Hull of Iowa alone showed his disgust at such sen- timents. Disapprobation was not to be ex- pected, as Manila is too strongly policed and garrisoned to permit of any outward and visible signs of disapproval. After the inaugural ceremonies were over, the notables adjourned to the palace, where Gen. MacArthur turned over his command to Gen. Chaffee in a few well-chosen words, and that rugged warrior assumed the duties of commander of the troops and Military Governor. This change of command took place in the Military Governor's room, where from the walls looked down frescoes and portraits suggestive of the old glories of Spain and its warriors. After a short, in- formal reception, Gen. MacArthur, escorted by a squadron of cavalry and by the notabilities of the day, proceeded between lines of in- fantrymen from the palace to the landing on the Pasig River, where he embarked on board the Meade, sailing in the morning for San Francisco, via Nagasaki, and obtaining, it is to be hoped, a well-earned rest before entering into the routine duties of a military department at home. It is not necessary to sum up here the career of Gen. MacArthur in these islands, but he shines, both in civil and in military matters, by comparison with his predecessors in all grades. His judgment has been excellent, and he has steered well between the Scylla of Washing- ton and the Charybdis of Manila. The insurrection is not extinguished. Samar is still unsubdued and Cebu almost isolated from its surrounding country, but the active operations now in progress will soon quiet both islands, for the present. The difficulty in all parts of the Philippines is the same found by the Germans with the francs-tireurs in the Franco-German war. Amigos, or innocent tillers of the soil, would reappear, when occasion permitted, as active and enrolled military enemies in the field. With this in remembrance, the disguise of the Maccabebes in the Funston expedition was, to say the least, excusable. I cannot but feel that no one for many has entered upon a tier task than the new Governor-General of the Phil- ippines. MacArthur dealt with the Filipinos through the agency of troops of his own kind. Gov. Taft has to work out his problem with people whose standpoint in almost every matter is widely different from the people and race from whom the able and optimistic Ohioan came. H. FRENCH MORALS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sip,: The testimony of MM. Cambon and Berenger, and of Representative Gillett, re- ferred to in No. 18S7 of the Nation — "Mor- als, at Home and Abroad" — is not the only evidence that morals in France, particularly in Paris, are, in America, believed to be worse than they really are. During the past dozen years I have heard private American citizens, who have travelled or lived in France, give testimony to the same effect. The fact that these men and women were not talking "for publication," and that their names, if given, would not be recognized out- side of their circle of acquaintance, makes their opinions in this matter only the more valuable. G. S. W. Wkstminstke, Ml>., August 30, 1901. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have read with great interest your article on "Morals, at Home and Abroad," but it seems to me mere justice to add that France is not the only country that acts as a caterer to the depraved taste of Americans. If a Frenchman is shocked at the bad taste displayed by his American friend in the selection of what he chooses to call his French library, the same disap- pointment may fall to the lot of his not necessarily unfriendly neighbor from across the Rhine on seeing the same American's collection of German pictures. A good deal of the stock of obscene pictures of B & Co. of Cologne has found its way to this country. O. T. Notes. [The following excerpts from a dis- cussion in the London Academy of Au- gust 21 are pertinent to the above let- ters. Miss Hannah Lynch, a novelist of lepute and Paris correspondent of the Academy, is discussing the makers of pornographic French literature. — Ed. Nation.] "The views I express regarding the works of Pierre Louys are those held by every French writer of distinction I have met; and the article I sent you was discussed by me before writing it with two of the greatest French critics of the day, and met with their full approval. When I ask for what market such deplorable literature is fabricated, I am answered in Paris: 'For the foreign markets. Only ignorant for- eigners revel in it, and fondly believe that they are making acquaintance with French life and wit.' . . . "But, alas! second-rate English people and Americans go over to Paris, do Mont- martre and the Quarter, and then believe they know all about literary Paris. They think it chic and Parisian to admire fervently all that is basest in modern French letters. It is a way of advertising one's artistic tem- perament, while, all the time, real literary Paris, of which I know something, is much more formal, more correct, more fastidious, than any other literary society of Europe. Not a touch of Bohemianism to be found here, and art is not accepted by those who count on its creation as a legitimate outlet for all that is brutal, obscene, base, and malodorous in mankind." The Macmillan Co.'s fall list of announce- rs is, by selection which leaves much unnoticed, as follows: In biography and history: 'The Making of an American,' be- ing the autobiography of Jacob A. Riis; 'George Washington,' by Norman Hapgood; 'George Washington, and Other American Addresses,' by Frederic Harrison; 'Napo- leon I.,' by Thomas E. Watson, and another Life of Bonaparte, by J. H. Rose; 'The Life of Sir George Grove,' by C. L. Graves; 'The Life and Letters of John Richard Green,' by Leslie Stephen; a three- volume Sup- plement to the 'Dictionary of National Biography,' edited by Sidney Lee; 'Select Documents of English History,' by Prof. George B. Adams of Yale; 'A History of England for Beginners,' by Katharine Co- man and Elizabeth Kimball Kendall of Wellesiey; 'Welding the Nation, 1845-1901,' by Prof. Albert B. Hart; 'Arnold's Expedi- tion to Quebec,' by John Codman; and 'A Short History of Germany,' by Ernest F. Henderson. In fiction: 'A Maid of Venice,' by F. Marion Crawford; 'New Canterbury Tales,' by Maurice Hewlett; 'The Con- queror,' the romance of Alexander Hamil- ton's life, by Gertrude Atherton; 'The Bene- factress,' by the author of 'Elizabeth and her German Garden'; 'Heirs of Yesterday,' by Alfred Hodder; and Thackeray's Works in thirty volumes, edited by Walter Jer- rold, with Charlotte Bronte's in twelve, and Balzac's in forty — the last two being "Tem- ple" editions. In travel: 'The Isle of the Shamrock,' by Clifton Johnson; 'The Scenery of England, and the Causes to which it is Due,' by Lord Avebury (Sir John Lubbock) ; 'Highways and Byways of the English Lakes,' by A. G. Bradley, with illustrations by Joseph Pennell; 'The Scott Country,' by William Shillinglaw Crockett; and 'Tales of the Spanish Main,' by Mowbray Morris. 'Oldtime Gardens,' by Mrs. Alice Morse Earle; 'Upland Game Birds,' by Emerson Hough; 'Salmon, Trout,' by Dean Sage and A. Nelson Cheney; 'The Deer Family,' by Theodore Roosevelt, T. S. Van Dyke, and H. G. Stone, may be bracketed together. In art: 'Furniture of Olden Times,' by Frances C. Morse; 'French Furniture and Decora- tion of the 18th Century,' by Lady Dilke; 'The Saints in Art,' by Mrs. A. G. Bell; 'Fra Lippo Lippi,' by Edward C. Strutt; a new and enlarged edition of 'Lorenzo Lotto,' by Bernhard Berenson, who also produces a new work, 'Study and Criticism of Italian Art,' in two volumes, with about eighty il- lustrations; 'The Chatsworth Van Dyck Sketch-Book,' edited by Lionel Cust; 'Hu- bert von Herkomer, R.A.,' a study and a biography, by A. L. Baldry; 'The Print Col- lector's Hand-book,' by Alfred Whitman; and 'Lessons from Greek Pottery,' by John H. Huddilston. In belles-lettres: 'The Be- ginnings of Poetry,' by Prof. Francis B. Gummere; 'A Lexicon to the Poetical Works of John Milton,' by Laura A. Lockwood of Wellesiey; 'What Is Shakspere?' by Prof. L. A. Sherman of the University of Nebraska; 'Lane's Arabian Nights,' edited in six vol- umes by Joseph Jacobs, with 100 photo- gravure illustrations by Stanley Wood; 'More Letters by Edward FitzGerald,' edited by W. Aldis Wright; and a new ver- sion of Marcus Aurelius, by Gerald H. Ren- dall. Add 'Words and their Ways in Eng-

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186 The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 lish Speech,' by Prof. J. B. Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge of Harvard; and 'A Middle-English Reader,' by Prof. Oliver F. Emerson of Western Reserve University. In politics, etc.: 'A History of the Appoint- ing Power,' by Prof. Lucy M. Salmon of Vassar; 'Foundations of American Foreign Policy,' by Prof. A. B. Hart; 'Colonial Gov- ernment,' by Prof. Paul S. Reinsch; 'Amer- ican Municipal Progress,' by Charles Zue- blin; 'Democracy and Social Ethics,' by Jane Addams; 'Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties,' from the French of M. Ostrogorski; 'The Government of Ohio,' by Wilbur H. Siebert; 'The Government of Michigan,' by Webster Cooke; 'The Control of Trusts,' by Prof. John B. Clark of Co- lumbia; 'The Anthracite-Coal Industry,' by Peter Roberts; 'Custom and Competition,' by Prof. Richard S. Ely; and 'Domestic Ser- vants: Their Rights and Duties,' by Mrs. L. Seely. From Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s list we choose these titles: 'Architecture in Italy,' from Constantine to the Renaissance, by Charles A. Cummings; 'New Tales of Old Rome,' by R. Lanciani; 'The Argive He- rasum,' by Charles Waldstein; 'Our House- boat on the Nile,' by Lee Bacon; 'Our Na- tional Parks,' by John Muir; 'A Short His- tory of the Mississippi Valley,' by James K. Hosmer; 'Before the Dawn: A Story of Rus- sian Life,' by Edmund Noble and Lydia L. 1'imenoff; 'The Fireside Sphinx,' by Agnes Repplier; 'James Russell Lowell: A Biog- raphy,' by Horace E. Scudder; 'Bishop But- ler: His Life and Writings,' by the Rev. W. A. Spooner; 'The Rights of Man: A Study in Twentieth-Century Problems,' by the Rev. Lyman Abbott; 'Essays Theological and Literary,' by the Rev. Charles Carroll Ev- erett; 'The Life Everlasting,' by John Fiske; 'Old-Fashioned Views of Modern Ed- ucation,' by Le Baron R. Briggs; 'Nature and Human Nature,' by Ellen R. Emerson; 'American Traits, from the Point of View of a German,' by Prof. Hugo Miinsterberg; 'A Multitude of Counsellors,' a collection of codes, precepts, and rules of life, by J. N. Lamed; 'Applied Perspective, for Architects and Painters,' by W. P. P. Longfellow; 'Great Epochs in Art History,' by Prof. James M. Hoppin of Yale; 'Footing it in Franconia,' by Bradford Torrey; 'Of Busi- ness, and Of Politics,' by R. R. Bowker; 'The Teachings of Dante,' by the Rev. Charles A. Dlnsmore; the "Cambridge Edi- tion" of the Complete Works of Shelley, edited by Prof. George E. Woodberry; and a second series of Talks on English,' by Prof. Alio liates. Henry Holt <fc Co. promise 'The History of English Romanticism in the Nineteenth Century,' by Prof. Henry A. Beers of Yale; The Life and Works of Schiller,' by Prof. Calvin Thomas of Columbia; and a fourth volume, 'Literature and Art,' of J. D. Champlln's "Young Polks' Cyclopaedia." Fleming ll. Revel! Co.'s announcements include 'Constantinople,' by Dr. Henry Otis D wight; -China in Convulsion,' by Dr. Ar- thur H. Smith; The Lore of Cathay,' by Dr. \Y. A. 1'. Mail in; and 'Musical Ministries in the Church,' by Prof. Waldo S. Pratt. From Henry T. Coates & Co. we are to have 'With "Bobs" and Kruger,' by Frede- rick W. Unger, war correspondent of the London Duilij Xcus; 'London, Historic and Social,' by Claude de la Roche Francis; 'Ire- laud, Historic and Picturesque,' by Charles Johnston; 'Scotland, Historic and Pictur- esque,' by Maria Hornor Lansdale; 'The Pilgrim and the Shrine ; or, Passages from the Life and Correspondence of Herbert Ainslee, B.A., Cantab,' by Edward Mait- land; 'Short History of the American Trot- ting and Pacing Horse,' by Henry T. Coates; and 'The Principles and Practice of Whist,' by Lennard Leigh, Ernest Berg- holt, and W. H. Whitfield. 'The Desert: Further Studies in Nat- ural Appearances,' by Prof. John C. Van Dyke of Rutgers, is in the press of Charles Scribner's Sons. A book of reference for churchmen, 'The American Church Dictionary,' prepared by the Rev. William J. Miller, is to be pub- lished directly by Thomas Whittaker. Nearly ready, with the imprint of James Pott & Co., is 'American Authors and their Homes,' edited, with illustrations of the homes only, Dy Francis W. Halsey. Doubleday, Page & Co. announce 'How to Make Baskets,' by Mary Whiting; 'Pho- tography as a Fine Art,' by Charles H. Caf- fin; 'In the Forest,' by Maximilian Foster; and 'The Life of James Madison,' by Gail- lard Hunt. Forthcoming from T. Y. Crowell & Co. are 'Flowers from Persian Poets,' edited by Nathan H. Dole and Belle M. Walker; 'Handy Dictionary of Prose Quotations,' and 'Handy Dictionary of Poetical Quota- tions,' by George W. Powers; 'Who's the Author?' a guide to notable works in Amer- ican literature, by L. H. Peet; 'Colonial Prose and Poetry,' selections illustrating American culture and ideals, 1608-1770, edit- ed by W. P. Trent and B. W. Wells; and 'Problems of Evolution,' by F. W. Headley. Ginn & Co. will soon issue 'Hand-book of the Trees of New England,' by Lorin L. Dame and Henry Brooks; and 'Old Indian Legends,' by Zitkala-Sa. 'Shell Life: An Introduction to the Brit- ish Mollusca,' by Edward Step, F.L.S., with 600 illustrations, will be added shortly to Frederick Warne & Co.'s "Library of Nat- ural History Romance." The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, have in preparation 'Geometric Exercises in Paper-Folding,' by T. Sundara Row, with exercises and material for folding; a re- vised translation of Kant's 'Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysic'; and 'The Le- gends of Genesis,' by Dr. Hermann Gunkel. 'Reporting for Newspapers,' by Charles Hemstreet, is to be published by A. Wes- sels CO. Chapman & Hall, in conjunction with Henry Frowde. will soon bring out a com- plete pocket edition of Dickens's works on the Oxford India paper, with upwards of 600 illustrations, and a list in each volume of the principal characters. The Oxford University Press collotype facsimile of the First Polio Shakspere, which cannot be ready for delivery under a year, was, we are informed by Mr. Frowde, subscribed for within six weeks of the issue of the prospectus. The 'Botticelli' of the Knackfuss series of "Monographs on Artists." with its large array of illustrations, has now been Eng- lished by Campbell Dodgson of the British Museum (Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing; New York: Lemcke & Buechner). Besides this advantage for the English reader, there has been added to the list of pictures dis- cussed in the text, the bibliography, and the summary of contents, an index — the first, we believe, in the series, whether German or English. When Eduard von Hartmann published his 'Philosophy of the Unconscious,' in the year 1869, he won immediate fame. Unfortunately, his style and general treat- ment of his subject appealed to the intelligent public at large, and this was sufficient to discredit him with the profes- sional philosophers or professors of phil- osophy, who practically ignored him, as they did Schopenhauer in the years 1820 to 1860. It is likely, however, that Hart- mann's latest volume, 'Die Moderne Psy- chologic,' just published at Leipzig (Haacke), will cause these professors to attend to his case. It is a history of German psychology during the second half of the nineteenth century, and its eight chapters are largely taken up with a crit- icism of about fifty psychological treatises, written mostly by German professors of philosophy, who have, within this period, devoted their attention to psychological problems rather than to metaphysics, which used to be their specialty. Switzerland is likely soon to have an- other rival in the mountains of the Cau- casus. Forty years ago little was known about them. Since then, Abich, Freshfield, Dechy, Raddy, and the Russian military photographers have done much to call at- tention to them, and the last edition of Baedeker's 'Russia,' just out, shows how far they are accessible to tourists. An important work on the same region has also been issued at Leipzig lately, by Duncker & Humblot — 'Aus den Hochre- gionen des Kaukasus,' by Gottfried Merz- bacher. It is in two volumes, of 917 and 963 pages, with 246 illustrations, some of them of striking grandeur. Merzbacher spent two summers in these mountains, and, while his objects were largely scien- tific, he also bore in mind the eager cu- riosity of tourists. His assertion regard- ing the unique precipitous granite peak Ushba — that "no mountain in the Swiss Alps can rival its form" — will doubtless cause not a few travellers to turn their steps that way. The author is a good writ- er, and some of his descriptions of perilous ascents of peaks, and of glacier tours, have the fascination and exciting interest of the pages of Whymper and Tyndall. The Geographical Journal for August con- tains a description, by Major F. R. Maunsell, of a section of the highlands of Kurdistan south of Lake Van, with many interesting facts respecting the life of the people. The inhabitants of the Christian district of Jelu, for instance, "are wonderful travellers, making begging tours to all parts of the world. Consequently, people talking a lit- tle English are easy to find, but it was rath- er disconcerting to be addressed in a strong American accent by a man who had been through the recent Spanish war as an Amer- ican sailor, but who had just returned to tend his home farm; the sense of attach- ment to this little canton in a valley under Geliashin being stronger than the delights of civilization." Col. G. E. Church con- tributes some historical notes on the explo- rations of Northern Bolivia from the time of Pizarro to those conducted by Colonel, now President Pando (between the years 1892 and 1898); a map of these lat- ter accompanies the article. In his

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Sept. 5, 1901J The ISTatioru 187 paper on "Sand- Waves in Tidal Cur- rents," Dr. Vaughn Cornish shows the re- markable similarity between the effects of a rhythmic wave-movement in the air, water, and sand, illustrating his views by numerous diagrams, charts, and photographs. A re- view of some recent census reports shows that India has gained far less than in the preceding decade, while the German empire exhibits a greater rate of increase than has taken place in any previous lustrum, being 14 per cent., or nearly 5 per cent, more than that of Austria. Italy shows the same rate of 14 per cent, increase since the last census taken December 31, 1881. The Executive Committee of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland have appointed Mr. W. S. McCormick, Professor of English Language and Literature in University College, Dundee, as Secretary to the Trust. His enthusiasm for English literature led him to start a publishing firm in Glasgow several years ago along with Mr. Frederick W. Wilson, a noted bookman, under the style of Wilson & McCormick. Their publications were always daintily got up, and one of the best known was an ex- cellent edition of Walt Whitman's 'Leaves of Grass,' with which the poet was greatly delighted. Mr. McCormick was selected for the chair of English Language and Litera- ture in University College, Dundee, ten years ago. University education, its meaning, form, and expression, was the main topic of the inaugural address of Mr. Asquith at the summer meeting of Oxford University Ex- tension students. He maintained that the aim of academic education was not to teach particular arts or to initiate into profes- sions, but "to awaken intellectual interest, to bring the student to conceive of know- ledge, not as a means, but as an end." Not specialization, but catholicity, should be the end sought. "The best use of the best kind of teaching was to enable us to multi- ply our intellectual interests, to cultivate an accessible and hospitable mind, not to hedge it in and shut it off in an isolated field." Referring to the fact that "we were starting the twentieth century with the loss of almost all the great masters of style," he urged that every one should do some- thing "to maintain the purity and to pre- vent the debasement of our language." The need was never greater, for "had they not all been vexed by the uncouth and pseudo- classical terminology of the men of science, by the tortuous and nebulous phrases of the philosophers, by the pretentious con- ventionalities of the art critic, by the slip- shod slapdash of the newest school of jour- nalists, who kept their omniscience up to date?" Clearness, simplicity, naturalness of expression were qualities of style with- in the reach of all. He closed with a half- humorous, half-sorrowful apologia pro Uteris Inimanioribus, founded on the fact that in all the immense variety of classes held in 128 provincial centres with 1,600 teachers and 19,000 students during the last twelve months, "there had been only one in Greek, at which the attendance reached the modest average of three." It is a significant sign in the world of lit- erature and scholarship that the library of Max Miiller will go to Japan. The collec- tion, consisting of almost 13,000 volumes, including many Sanskrit manuscripts, has been bought by the Japanese Baron Iwasa- ki, and will now become the property of the University of Tokio. It is announced by the Russian authorities that the oft contemplated change in the Julian Calendar in that country is to be made this autumn. A commission appoint- ed for the purpose will hold its sessions in the chambers of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, with the Grand Duke Constant ine as Chairman. It consists of a number of members of the Academy, of representatives of the various state min- istries, and of the Holy Synod. The ar- rangement for work, etc., is in charge of the stated clerk of the Academy of Sci- ences, Dr. Dubrovin. —In the third volume of their 'History of the Four Georges and William IV." (Har- pers), Mr. Justin McCarthy and Mr. J. H. McCarthy cover the whole reign of George III. To American readers this will doubt- less prove the most attractive part of the work, for the authors write in a spirit of full sympathy with the colonial cause, and pay homage to the leaders of the Revolu- tion without stint. They are ready to ad- mire not only Franklin and Washington, but Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams. In- deed, their strain is exactly the same as that which Sir George Trevelyan has recent- ly adopted. Although the name of his son stands on the title-page, the general de- sign of the work is traceable to Mr. Justin McCarthy, who may be said to have created a special style of historical composition. He has never found a better field for his talents than is afforded by the latter part of the eighteenth century. The character of social and political life in the days of George III. lends itself perfectly to his bright, rapid, and journalistic treatment. There is no dearth of picturesque detail. He finds narrow-minded bigots to ridicule, and great politicians to be criticised or ad- mired. With the exception of a chapter on "Ninety-eight," the narrative virtually ends at the beginning of the war with re- publican France. The few pages which are given to the contest with Napoleon and the period of the Regency are nothing more than a link between the ministry of Pitt and the reign of George IV. During the period of the Great War, constitutional changes and liberalism languished, and it is in such things that Mr. McCarthy is chiefly inter- ested. The breach with the colonies is, on the whole, the leading topic; Burke, Fox. and Pitt come next; Warren Hastings third; and finally the Irish disturbances. The crapter on "Ninety-eight" is graphic and also temperate. Pitt's spies have always been a target for Irish denunciation, and we can estimate Mr. McCarthy's aloofness from mere party spirit by the following passage: "As political morals were then, and are pei haps even now, it would be absurd to find fault with Pitt because he made use of the services of spies and informers to get at the plans of a number of men who proposed to invite a foreign enemy of Eng- land to invade the Irish shores, and were doing all they could to secure by armed re- bellion the independence of Ireland. The v/onder that will now occur to every reason- able mind is, that the Irish leaders should have failed to guess that whatever monev would do would be dona 6y the English Gov- ernment, as it would have been done by any other government under similar conditions, to get at a knowledge of their designs and to counteract them." — Of the many historical series now in progress of publication, Hassall's "Periods of European History" (Macmillan) is among the very best, and the appearance of a new volume is always welcomed by those who have the welfare of the undergraduate at heart. 'The Close of the Middle Ages, 1273- 1494,' by Professor Lodge of Edinburgh, comes in between Tout's 'Empire and Pa- pacy' and Johnson's 'Europe in the Sixteenth Century,' although the latter work and most of the others have gone before it to the press. Perhaps for the very reason that it seems to have been retarded. Professor Lodge's book will be examined with curiosity both by teachers and by their classes. The period is not an easy one to treat in a short sketch, or, indeed, at greater length. Regarding the inherent difficulties of his task, Professor Lodge says: "The import- ance of the period is more than equalled by the almost superhuman difficulty of nar- rating its events in anything like orderly and intelligible sequence. Such unity as had been given to Western Europe by the mediaeval Empire and Papacy, disappeared with the great interregnum in the middle of the thirteenth century; and such unity as was afterwards supplied by the growth of formal international relations, cannot be said to begin before the invasion of Naples by Charles VIII. of France at the end of the fifteenth century. In the interval between these two dates there is apparent chaos, and only the closest attention can detect the germs of future order in the midst of the struggle of dying and nascent forces." This statement should not be taken as a mere plea for indulgence. The age which extends from Rudolf of Hapsburg to Charles VIII. is marked by such enormous diversity of action and thought that a true estimate of values requires the utmost tact. The dif- ferent countries of Europe outgrew medise- valism not at the same moment or by the same means, but at different times, and by processes which varied much according to the nationality. There are all the older factors still to be considered, while the Swiss Confederation, Burgundy, the Hanseatic League, and Poland create fresh complica- tions for the historian. By cutting down the number of his chapters to twenty-two, Pro- fessor Lodge has excluded the minor topics, and kept an adequate amount of space for the leading states, the Papacy, the Councils, and the tangled politics of Italy. He freights his text pretty heavily with facts, but his style is less dry than in his well-known sketch of modern history. His account of the Renaissance as an intellectual movement seems to us perfunctory. In other respects the book steers its course well among the dangers which have been mentioned. We must not forget, either, to commend Pro- fessor Lodge's care in giving so many tables of intricate and important genealogy as the appendix contains. —In the title to 'A Century of Scottish History' (London: Blackwood; New York: Scribners) Sir Henry Craik has made free with chronology, for his work traverses the whole period from the Union to the middle of the nineteenth century. What the title means to convey is that the part which deals with events prior to the '45 is an introduc- tion. The main theme is the progress of Scotland from the fall of the Jacobites to the days of the Free Church schism. Not long ago Scottish schoolboys were gravely agitated because the title of the new king r

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188 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 ■was announced to be "Edward VII." and not "Edward I. of Great Britain and Ireland." Remembering how James VI. of Scotland, out of regard for English prejudice, took the style of "James I." when he succeeded to the throne of Elizabeth, the youthful pa- triots of North Britaiin felt that their part of the realm was being slighted. While Sir Henry Craik's motive is not a puerile jeal- ousy of the "predominant partner," he wishes to do justice by an unduly neglected subject. "From 1745 onwards the history of Scotland has hitherto been treated for the most part only as subsidiary to the history of the Empire, and as forming a subordi- nate chapter in the history of England. . . . The object of these volumes is to give a chronological narrative of all the principal incidents — political, ecclesiastical, and legislative, as well as literary, social, and commercial — which form the history of Scotland throughout a very momentous cen- tury, in the course of which the character of herpermanent contribution to the common life of the Empire was chiefly shaped." One of Sir Henry Craik's traits as a historian is fondness for general statement. He has a large share of that Scottish quality which we so often term the philosophical temper, and to which is frequently added a love of theological discussion. Without slighting the political and social aspects of Scottish lite, he is most at home when he approaches the affairs of the Church. The beginning of dissent, the patronage question, and the at- titude of the state towards the Establish- ment are among his favorite topics. It is towards the end of the second vo.urne that religious agitation reaches a. climax of in- terest with the growth of Chalmers's influ- ence and the painful birth of the Free Church. Of the disruption Sir Henry Craik says: "We have now to trace the course of a struggle, in some respects the most re- markable of the whole period which we have had under review. It shows the latest phase of a strife, the elements of which had been present for centuries in the life of Scotland, but the ultimate bearing of which had not been seen only because her history had exhibited so many striking and dramatic contrasts that nothing approaching a logi- cal or constitutional settlement had been possible." Among other important matters which are examined at length, we can only name a few: the growth of loyalty to the House of Hanover, the strifes of Whig an 1 Tory, the death of the old Toryism, the in- crease of national wealth and Scottish phi- losophy. Sir Henry Craik is willing to speak out strongly when the need ari and he has a wide horizon. His work is se- rious, but not dull. Its tone is ten it is based on ample knowledge, and it tills a gap in the historical literature of Great Britain. — 'The Early Trading Companies of New France,' by Mr. H. P. Biggar (University of Toronto Library), is a learned essay which, having been presented at Oxford for the degree of bachelor of letters, is now pub- lished In an "enlarged and somewhat im- proved form." Chronologically the work is rather limited, for if we omit two chapters of introduction its dates are 1600-1632. But within the field chosen Mr. Biggar 's re- searches have been conunendably thorough. His footnotes constitute a large bibliogra- phy, and in the appendix a full statement regarding the sources, both official and nar- rative, is given. Mr. Biggar's second title is "A Contribution to the History of Com- merce and Discovery in North America." The economic motive is the stronger, and the main interest of the study centres about the restrictions which were placed upon trading to the west of the Atlantic. The headings of the chapters register the stages of Mr. Biggar's advance: "The First Fur- Trade Monopoly," "The Two Monopolies of Monts, 1604-1608," "The Freedom of Trade, 1069-1613," "Champlain's Company, 1614-1620," "The Caens' Company," "The Company of New France, 1627-1629," "The Scottish and English Company, 1629-1632." To build up trade without having colonists was a difficult matter for the French, and Mr. Biggar traces the failure of commercial experiments partly to the treatment which the settlers received from the Government. "Not only were they forbidden to engage in any way in the fur trade, the staple in- dustry of the country, but they had to sell all their produce at half or even less than half its real value, as well as to pay the very high charges demanded by the com- pany for all the articles brought from the mother country, and, finally, they were often treated by the company's servants not as free settlers, but as mere dependents." Monopoly was the rule, freedom of trading rights the exception. "The open system, in force between the years 1609 and 1614, would doubtless have succeeded in time, had the Government taken over the post at Quebec and left discovery and trade to look after themselves. But, then as now, France had a strong centralized government at home, and could hardly be expected to do things on a different system in her colony. Thus, be- tween the two evils of no colonists and ex- cessive governmental control, New France during these years never prospered." — The Korea Review, freighted as usual with matter of interest to all who study or watch things Korean, contains in its June number a sketch of the life of the late Baron P. G. von Mbllendorff. This Ger- man sinologue was one of the most strik- ing figures among the foreigners who, from selfish or altruistic motives, or from a mixture of both, chose to make their ca- 'S in the Far East. After the military < mi uli of l^N2 in Seoul, the Min faction ap- pealed to Chiua for aid, and then began that series of Chinese encroachments on the independence of Korea which issued in the war with Japan in 1S94. However, for twelve years the Mins led progress, secur- ing Von Mollendorff, from the Chinese Im- perial Customs Service, as chief adviser of their Foreign Ollice and organizer of cus- toms. Of commanding presence, affable in manners, and fluent in speech, withal a pro- found scholar in Chinese, this learned Ger- man adopted Korean dress, headgear, and details of household service. For two years his influence was enormous. His pro- gramme was one of multifarious enterprise, and the years 1SS3-16S5 are red-letter in the national story. For a time he was virtual dictator of Korea. Had he possessed the character and temperament of a Verbeck of Japan or Hart of China, the present pover- ty, anarchy, and wretchedness of the Ko- reans would have been unknown. But it seemed impossible for Mollendorff to work impersonally. So, despite amazing and mul- tifarious industry and enterprise, little or no trace of his work remains. The sus- picion of his being in Russian pay, probably wholly unjust, compelled his departure from the peninsula. He died at Ningpo, April 20, 1901. COURTNEY'S CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. The Working Constitution of the United King- dom and its Outgrowths. By Leonard Courtney. London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Macmillan. 1901. This excellent treatise does not possess exactly the kind of merit which ordinary readers would expect to find in the work of so experienced and so eminent a public man as Mr. Leonard Courtney. Its merits are all professional. Had this treatise on the English Constitution been the fruit of lec- tures delivered from the academical chair. it might well have received from a fair re- viewer little but unqualified praise. It dis- plays in a high degree the best characteris- tics of academical teaching. The style is clear, forcible, and dogmatic. Each of these qualities is, in a lecture, an indubitable vir- tue. Lucidity is the primary, if not the highest, quality of a teacher; the man who cannot make himself understood cannot teach. Strength, again, cannot be dispensed with by any one whose duty it is to force truths, or even truisms, home for the benefit of dull, careless or unwilling hearers. Dog- matism, lastly, if taken in its favorable sense, is, from a professional point of view, a merit. Pupils come to lectures to acquire not ingenious doubts, but sound and estab- lished doctrines. Assuredly, one element in first-rate teaching is a capacity for inspiring the spirit of inquiry. The man of genius who can achieve this is more than an in- structor; he is a prophet. But the duty of one who undertakes to instruct others is to make known and comprehensible to them the certainties, or, in other words, the dog- mas, of the subject, be it mathematics, his- tory, or constitutional law, which they are studying. Add to all this that few charac- teristics are more valuable in a teacher than well-placed self-confidence; the lecturer who hesitates is lost. Mr. Courtney, judging from his book, does not know the meaning of hesitation. His treatise, then, is, considered as a body of lectures, as good a book as could be found for introducing an intelligent student to the study of the British Constitution. It is in style clear and terse; it sums up, and sums up in a very small number of pages, the best established and most generally received principles of English constitutional practice or custom. It is absolutely free from all reference to authorities. Mr. Courtney no doubt knows that other and not undistin- guished writers have made the English Con- stitution an object of study. He has, of course, read Hallam, Freeman, May, and a score of other authorities on the history or the practice of English constitutionalism, but his readers are not troubled or distract- ed by references to Mr. Courtney's re- searches; his treatise might, as far as its language goes, be the first attempt ever made to expound the mysteries of the Eng- lish Constitution. This is no small gain. Ordinary readers profit nothing by laborious proofs of their teacher's erudition. Re- search is, though this obvious truism is apt to be forgotten, not the same thing as ex-

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Sept. 5, 1901] The Nation. 189 position or narrative, and a writer's attempt to give evidence of his research more often than not confuses his readers. We are heartily glad to see in Mr. Courtney's writ- ings a return to the style of older writers, such as Paley, whose 'Moral Philosophy' con- tains an admirable outline of the British Constitution as it actually worked towards the end of the eighteenth century. Every line of this sketch bears traces of study, but not a reference is made to any authority. Mr. Courtney's book, lastly, displays a quality of high value which is often lacking even in writings of considerable worth. This quality is breadth of view; our author is never troubled or overpowered by the mi- nutiae of his subject. He knows its details, but he lets them fall out of view, and keeps his eye fixed upon the broad outlines. He has mastered the difference, which is often overlooked, between going through the whole of a subject and looking upon a sub- ject as a whole. It is this broad and com- prehensive treatment which gives a certain originality to Mr. Courtney's work. He deals with the Constitution not only of the United Kingdom, but of its "outgrowths," and traces the connection between the govern- ment of the United Kingdom and the govern- ment of the Colonies, betraying by the way, unconsciously, no doubt, the extent to which the conception of England as the centre of an empire influences the imagination of a writer who, as a statesman, would assuredly not be called an Imperialist. Then, too, be- cause he looks at his subject as a whole, he attempts to connect the local government of the United Kingdom with its general po- litical constitution. A reviewer may be par- doned for wishing that Mr. Courtney had thought out the nature of this connection more completely than he has done. To us, at least, it seems that his treatise would have gained something had he, following the example of Bagehot, omitted almost all reference to history, and, leaving to others the growth of the Constitution, directed his attention exclusively to the actual working of the institutions of the United Kingdom. It must, however, be admitted that this lim- itation of Mr. Courtney's subject would have involved the sacrifice of the chapter on the Scots' Constitution down to 1707, which, short as it is, is full of interest. Mr. Courtney's book, with all its excel- lence, lacks certain qualities which, from its author's position and career, it might natu- rally be expected to display. It bears hardly a trace of that knowledge of men and that practical acquaintance with the working of parliamentary institutions which he must have gained from long experience of public life. The contrast in this respect between our author and Bagehot is as noteworthy as it is paradoxical. Mr. Bagehot was a man of letters and a student. Of his extraordi- nary literary capacity this is not the place to speak at length; exception may easily be taken to his style, but, in the capacity for putting new thoughts into apt words, he is, among modern English writers upon public affairs, unrivalled. He was a student, and, so far as he came into contact with practical life, versed rather in banking than in poli- tics. He never, at any rate, sat in Parlia- ment; and great as the gain to the world would have been of Bagehot's actual partici- pation in Parliamentary business.it is a lit- tle difficult to imagine the kind of constitu- ency which would have given him a seat in Parliament. Nor is it at all certain that if (say) the London University had sent him as its representative to Westminster, he would as a speaker have commanded the attention of the House of Commons. What is certain is that the opportunity of addressing Par- liament never came to him; he remained throughout life a student and a man of let- ters, and a man of business. Mr. Courtney, on the other hand, though he can write and has written with vigor, Is primarily a politician. The best part, or at any rate the best-known part, of his life has been spent in politics. He has held office, though he has not, we believe, ever sat in the Cabinet; he has exerted a great and most salutary influence in Parliament, for even those critics who may disagree with some of Mr. Courtney's political doc- trines and be unable to sympathize with some parts of his political action, will easily acknowledge that his uncompromising inde- pendence and sterling vigor have done a great deal to raise the tone of English statesmanship and to reinvigorate the best traditions of English Parliamentary life. Nor can it fairly be said that Mr. Courtney's virtues have not been appreciated. An in- nate tendency towards virtuous opposition is hardly compatible with the frequent ten- ure of office; but a man who all but be- came Speaker of the House of Commons must assuredly have commanded the respect and confidence even of opponents, and from the nature of things must himself have ac- quired a most intimate knowledge of Eng- lish public life and an intimate acquain- tance with English politicians. If, then, one compared the position and career of Bagehot with the position and career of Mr. Court- ney, one would almost be driven to the con- clusion that, if they each wrote a treatise on the British Constitution, Bagehot would display (it might be) profound knowledge of constitutional history or of constitutional doctrines, but would assuredly be somewhat wanting in his knowledge of life, and that his book would show a lack of what, in the expressive slang of to-day, is called "actu- ality." Mr. Courtney, on the other hand, one would as naturally assume, might ex- hibit some deficiency in the learning to be gathered from books, but would show, in whatever he wrote, a vivid knowledge of Parliamentary men and manners. Whoever has read Bagehot's 'English Con- stitution' and then has perused Courtney's 'Working Constitution of the United King- dom,' will know that these natural expecta- tions are absolutely falsified. Bagehot, the student and man of letters, does not exhibit any very profound knowledge of Constitu- tional lore, but he displays at every turn the keenest interest in the actual working of institutions. His insight into human character is marvellous. He no doubt makes mistakes. He reminds one occasionally of Pope's dictum, "Men may be read as well as books too much"; but, whether he reads right or wrong, he is always trying to read men. What Lord Althorpe thought, how Peel look- ed at public life, how constitutional fictions affected the mind and the politics of a man like Lord Russell, what were the sources of the influence exerted by Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, and, above all, what was the way in which the ordinary M. P. or the common- place elector looked upon public affairs, were the questions which really interested Bagehot's intellect. He could hardly tol- erate an abstract principle till he had, to use the odd though celebrated expression of Lord Eldon, "clothed it in circumstances." Hence the Constitution ceases, under his treatment, to be a body of rules or doc- trines; it becomes, so to speak, a living thing, and Bagehot keeps his finger upon the pulse of the machine. Mr. Courtney, on the other hand, though he must have learned much from experience, hardly com- munieates to his readers the results of his learning. He writes as well (if not better) about the Scotch Parliament, which he never saw, as about the Parliament at West- minster which he has seen and known for years. The experienced Member of Parlia- ment remains from the first page to the last page of his book an admirable Professor of Constitutionalism. It is Bagehot, the man of letters and the student, who has described the inner life of parliaments in which he never sat, and of cabinets which he had never even the remotest chance of entering. TWO ENGLISH MUSICIANS. Brother Musicians: Reminiscences of Ed- ward and Walter Bache. By Constance Bache. London: Methuen & Co.; New York: James Pott & Co. 1901. Although Edward and Walter Bache must be classed with the minor musicians, the story of their brief career was worth tell- ing, and their sister has told It well and modestly. The older of the brothers, who died forty-three years ago, illustrates musi- cal affairs in London in the period of Men- delssohn worship, when no other god was acknowledged except Handel; whereas Wal- ter Bache, who died thirteen years ago, was one of the leading apostles of the new Ger- man school. Though the brothers were but nine years apart in age, their opinions and tastes diverged as widely as if they had lived in different centuries. To Edward, who was "italianissimo," the music of Ber- lioz was "horrid rubbish"; and regarding Wagner's he wrote from Dresden that it' was "so abominable that you cannot imag- ine such a noise as yet in England"; where- as Walter spent a great part of his life and a third of his income in making propaganda for the "music of the future," especially that of the third in the trio of musical monsters, Franz Liszt. There was nothing strange in Edward's preferring Italian music to German; thou- sands do so to the present day. What was strange was that a musician of any de- gree of intelligence should have ever penned such ludicrous assertions as that the Ital- ians were "much greater masters of modu- lating and harmony" than the Germans, and that Donizetti and Rossini displayed enor- mous intellectual power" in planning their operas! "There is no human weakness," he declares, in the music of Rossini— 90 per cent, of which, as a matter of fact, was a weak concession to the fashionable demand of his time for trivial tunes overladen with cheap ornaments. In one of his letters (185G) Bache writes: "I have played lately much of Schumann's music, and every successive piece increases my dislike to it in t.oto. He has musical learning enough, but everything is con- fused and noisy (Schumannites say deep)., and when you hear a melody it is not at all original. T admire more and more the much-abused Italian school, and wish to devote myself to it, as I consider it the only great and beautiful school." Of Beethoven he liked the Septet, but he r

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190 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 drew the line at the later works, beginning with the third ("Eroica") symphony! To send a youth with such tastes to Ger- many for his musical education was, no doubt, a mistake. In Leipzig and Dresden he thought that all the arts, including mu- sic, were fast going to the dogs. But one thing he did like. Regarding German cook- ery he writes: "We had what the good people here call an English dinner — I suppose because the bill of fare comprised beef and plum pud- ding; but I don't think any Englishman would recognize, in the light, digestible stuff they call plum pudding here, the heavy stuff we designate so in England. Most certainly they do know how to live here: everything is so well cooked; I am just as ready to work after dinner as before, and not because I eat less, because I think my appetite would astonish you; but be- cause things are fit to eat and properly cooked." The "incessant whirl of symphony mu- sic" in which Bache lived in Germany did not convert him. "The feature of German music" was to him the playing of the Lan- ner and Strauss waltzes; nearly everything else he detested. The dream of his life was to compose English operas after Ital- ian models. When he at last betook him- self to Italy, it was too late to do any- thing. The seeds of consumption were in his system and soon proved fatal. "My coming to Rome," he wrote a year before his death, "was the greatest pos- sible mistake. The climate here is the coldest (damp, cavernous cold) I have yet felt in my life, and the occasional bursts of hot sun only increase one's constant fever. It may do for rich people who can afford English comforts, but for a poor fellow it is better to stay at home." What he had dreaded all his life was to be condemned to be a professor of mu- sic in England. He wanted to be a com- poser; "but musical taste is not yet suf- ficiently advanced in England to make a composer's career possible." "If I had been a Frenchman, I should now be draw- ing an income of £200 or £300 a year from the theatre, and be secure in it, being legislated for, and even represented in the Senate. We have no musical composers in Parliament, Fancy Sterndale Bennett be- ing elected member for the musical in- terests in England! And yet on the Con- tinent it is so." In other letters he ex- presses his agreement with the common saying that England is no place for ar- tists. "There are only two classes," he writes, "who can succeed amongst us: these are, first, composers who have already made a European renown, . . . and, second, charlatans who simply amuse the public for a time." He deplored the ab- sence of the necessary emulation ami warmth, and concluded that money was the ruin of young artists in London. They found teaching, etc., "far too profitable to be neglected in favor of continued artistic improvement." Holding these pessimistic views, it is not strange that, when he heard that Walter also was determined to choose a musical career, he strongly dissuaded him. "1 should much prefer seeing you a well-educated musical amateur, making your living by something else." But Walter was not to be suppressed. He, too, was sent to Leipzig and to Rome, and he seems to have started out with ideals similar to his brother's. At Leipzig a friend made a caricature of him holding in his hand a portfolio with "Trova- tore" printed on it in large letters, indicat- ing that that was his love at the time; and a few years later (1863) he writes from Rome, after hearing Rossini's "Mose in Egitto" half-a-dozen times, that he has "become as italianissimo as ever." But this was not to last long. Already he had heard Liszt, whose Swiss pieces made a deep impression on him; and ere long he was his pupil. In taking this step he was influenced by an English lady residing in Florence, Mme. Laussot, an intimate friend of Wag- ner, Biilow, and Liszt. She was an excellent musician herself, and founded the Societa Cherubini, of which she was the conductor. In speaking to Bache one day of the great results a serious musician could achieve in the way of creating a musical atmosphere by perseverance, Liszt referred to what this gifted woman had done in fifteen years in improving Florence, "the most unmusical place, perhaps, on the face of the globe." Walter Bache had no occasion to regret following Mme. Laussot's advice. She had told him that she had never known Liszt to disappoint any one, al- though he had been applied to by people of very inferior ability. Walter was not one of this class, as Liszt discovered at once, and the English youth soon became one of those on whom he bestowed special favors. Their first meeting was not very promising, however. Walter was so nervous that he could not say a word, when Liszt, pitying him, said kindly, "Do you need money?" It was not for lessons alone that hundreds of people constantly pestered the great pianist. He was obliged to move to the Monte Mario to get away from his tor- mentors and find leisure for composition. Bache was one of those who were allowed to visit him there, with whom he walked, and for whom he often played. Liszt even returned his pupil's visits, and played for him in his humble lodgings — he whom no- thing could tempt to play in public any more. Bache had reason to write to Mme. Laussot: "I am quite of your opinion that the more one knows him, the more one adores him as a man and as a musician." It was the zealous affection which Liszt thus inspired in his pupils and in all who knew him personally that induced Bache, as soon as he returned to London, to ap- point himself the apostle of this much- abused and neglected composer. As if jealous of Liszt's unprecedented triumphs as a pianist, and determined that he should not also win laurels as a composer, the whole professional world was against him (partly, too, because he had become the most power- ful champion of the hated Wagner). The London critics were determined that the revolutionist Bache must be suppressed. Until towards the end of his career he re- ceived scant courtesy and little encourage- ment. He wisely refrained from entering into any controversy, but quietly went his way. "Liszt," he declared, "is the most ill- used genius the world ever saw. All are ungrateful to him. No Wagner, Biilow, Joachim, or Klindworth would be here but for Liszt. Liszt's music has marked a step in non- theatrical music." For these rea- sons he determined to devote his life to Liszt alone, however much he might admire others. Every year he gave a concert de- voted chiefly or entirely to that composer. He played, he conducted. There was no posing, no vanity, no self-seeking. He did the best he could to interpret the music faithfully; and when he could secure the aid of others, like Biilow, Manns, or Dannreuther, he gladly did so. Orchestras are expensive. The concerts — given solely for the sake of acquainting Londoners with some of the best music ever written — cost him seldom less than $800 or $1,000. The tickets he mostly gave away; the critics stayed away, or came only to scoff and scold. Abuse failing, they tried to coax him from his noble task. "Should the talented young musician ever follow the beaten track of the old masters," one of them wrote, "in- stead of lingering among the vagaries of Liszt and Wagner, how brilliant might be his future." But Bache was not to be thus beguiled. He persevered, regardless of persecution and losses, and in the end he conquered. The critics came to admit that his concerts were among the most important events of the season, and then came the apotheosis — Liszt's visit to England, three months before his death; a visit during which even the statesmen and politicians passed out of sight in the Liszt furore. That was the happiest and proudest moment in Bache's life, when he got Liszt's letter, concluding with the words: "Without Walter Bache and his long years of self-sacrificing efforts in the propaganda of my works, my visit to London were indeed not to be thought of." He came to London as a composer, to be present at the performance of his "St. Eliza- beth." He declined, in advance, to play, writing to Bache: "I cannot consent to this in public, as my seventy-five-year-old fingers are no longer suited to it; and Biilow, Saint- Saens, Rubinstein, and you, dear Bache, play my compositions much better than my hum- ble self." He was too good-natured, how- ever, to abide by this decision. He did play, repeatedly, in semi-public. How he played, and what he played, together with the other details of his London visit, are entertaining- ly told in Miss Bache's volume, which also contains a pathetic account of Liszt's fu- neral. Her book, with its account of the self-sacriiicing Liszt and his equally self- sacrificing pupil, cannot be too highly com- mended to the professional world, in which disinterestedness is all too rare. GOOCH'S ANNALS. Annals of Politics and Culture (1492-1899). By G. P. Gooch. Cambridge [England]: University Press; New York: Macmillan. • 1901. This elegantly printed octavo of 530 pages presents a double chronological table of the world's history from the discovery ot America. The left-hand page deals with po- litical history, the right-hand page with what the author has termed, for the sake of brevity, "Culture." The political oc- currences of each year are grouped to- gether under the names of the various coun- tries. The events belonging to "culture" are placed under numerous separate cap- tions, as, English Church, Russian Litera- ture, Science, Art, Philosophy, Philology, Education, Economics, Geography, An- thropology, Social. The scope of the work in this department, it will thus appear, is very wide, so that the plan of the book, as the author avers in his preface, represents a new de- parture. Mr. Gooch is anxious to credit

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gept. 5, 1901] The Nation. 191 Lord Acton with the idea o£ the publica- tion. With such a generous amount of space at the compiler's disposal extreme brevity was not called for, and the consequent fulness of statement, which is a salient feature of the work, renders the volume much more than a mere book of reference. The gener- al reader, as well as the student of history, is tempted to linger over the pages cram- med with such varied information, the in- sertion of which has been made possible by the aid of numerous efficient collabora- tors in special departments. Mr. Gooch has served up in an attractive style of pre- sentation the minutiae of modern history in every field, and he has left hardly a corner untouched. An enumeration of the celeb- rities, other than political, that figure under a single year, will help to illustrate the range of topics. Turning, for example, to the year 1851, we find mentioned (we fol- low the order in tie text) : Greg ('Creed of Christendom'); Newman, Carlyle, Borrow, Macready, Charles Kean, Barbey d'Aurevil- ley (whose " 'Une Vieille Maitresse' antici- pates the naturalistic school"); Bodenstedt, Longfellow, Rangabe (who revives the Aris- tophanic drama); Schwabe (who proves the periodicity of sunspots); Hofmeister (bot- anist); William Thomson, Perkin (who dis- covers aniline purple); Ruhmkorff (with his electric-coil); Wagner, Ruskin, Verdi, Ten- niel (who begins to draw for Punch); Spen- cer, Solovief (who produces his history of Russia); Schoolcraft, Neal Dow (founder of Prohibition in Maine); and the Prince Con- sort (in connection with the Exhibition in Hyde Park). As the two chronological ta- bles are constantly kept abreast of each other, and as it was purposed to set up the pages without any considerable blank spaces, the author has had to face a deli- cate task in apportioning the material in such a way that the space devoted to one set of events under any individual year shall equal that allotted to the other. This has been adroitly done, but of necessity by the sacrifice of a proper balance, and by the insertion of numerous facts not entitled to inclusion on their own merits. Each paragraph is numbered, so as to provide an easy means of reference through a general index. The book in its main features bears evi- dence of a vast amount of more or less scholarly labor, but the efforts of the com- piler and his associates have resulted in ful- ness and comprehensiveness rather than ac- curacy and completeness, and it is a pity that the work was not submitted to at least one searching revision at the hands of some scholar acquainted with the pitfalls that be- set encyclopaedists. For one thing, it might have been rescued from the short- comings that abound in the department of United States history. In spite of manifest destiny and the position of a world-Power, acquired at this threshold of the twentieth century, it would seem to be still the lot of the United States to be ruthlessly-shoved in- to the background by the encyclopaedic Pow- ers beyond the sea. Mr. Gooch is distinctly behind the age in refusing separate black- letter headings to a people on whose lands the sun does not set, and in lumping their achievements with those of their feeble neighbors under the general caption of "America." We ourselves have learned to abide such affronts, but how Mr. Gooch came by his curious errors and omissions we must confess we are at a loss to imagine. August for Antletam, April for Chancellorsvllle, no Chickahominy or Chattanooga. McLellan invariably for McClellan, and Sheridan the taker of Richmond! Sins of omission and commission appear at shorter intervals throughout the volume than need be even in such a copious storehouse of facts, names, and dates. Turning, for instance, to the events of the Thirty Years' War, and the prelude to it, we encounter various enig- matical, loose, or inaccurate statements. Un- der the year 1612, we read, "The Protestant Union allies with the elector palatine," af- ter having been correctly informed under the year 1608 that the Palatinate was one of the states which formed the Union in that year. The battles of Dessau and Lutter in 1626 are given in inverse chronological order. Under 1638 a naval victory of the French in the Mediterranean is chronicled in connection with the events of Germany. Under 1613 we encounter a curious instance of coming events casting their shadows before them, the word "war" being put in anticipatory fashion to stand for "Thirty Years' War." The account of the changes in the political constitution of Europe consummated at the Congress of Vienna is very defective. Among the points overlooked are the retention of Ceylon, etc., by England, and the recogni- tion of Russia's title to Finland. The state- ment that the "part of Saxony" annexed by Prussia was Lusatia is wide of the mark. Prussia did not "receive" Posen, but merely regained possession of the region. The union of the duchy of Prussia with Brandenburg is given under 1611 and 1618 (the latter date being the correct one). The heading "Hun- gary" is singularly out of place in connec- tion with the paragraph about Michael the Brave under 1600. What does Mr. Gooch mean when he states, under 1604, that "the Hungarians join Stephen Bocskay, who in- vades Hungary," etc.? It was Bocskay him- self who organized the insurrection in Hun- gary which shook the throne of Rudolph II. Under 1621 we read, "The Archduke dies, and the Netherlands are reannexed to Spain." Did the appointment of the Archduke Al- bert to the Governorship of the Netherlands sever their connection with Spain? We might go on pointing out errors and omissions in the political annals of the world (an easy task in the case of most encyclopaedic works like the present), but it would hardly be a gracious performance on our part in view of our prizing the vol- ume before us mainly as an exhaustive trea- sury of facts relating to the history of "cul- ture," in the broad sense in which that word is used by the author. With all the manifold scholarship that has been lavished upon the work in this latter capacity, there is still sufficient room for improvement in a future edition, and the presence of many trivial entries in the pages (item 3687: Aubrey Beardsley becomes art editor of the Yellow Book) will facilitate the making of fresh insertions. Among the omissions that have come under our notice is the ab- sence of all mention of the discovery of gold in California (the discovery of the metal in Australia in 1851 being recorded, though, singularly enough, under political occur- rences), of the opening of the Pacific Rail- road in 1869, the construction of the St. Gothard Tunnel, the opening of the Erie Canal (a landmark in American economic history), the invention of the ophthalmo- scope by Helmholtz, the construction of Morse's telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington, the determination of the position of the North magnetic pole by Ross, the public introduction of the use of anaes- thetics by Morton, or of Howe's invention of the sewing-machine. Vasco da Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope before the close of 1497, and not in 1498. Peary's mem- orable traverse of North Greenland was made in 1892, not in 1891. Frequently a chain of events is introduced under one year when the date belongs to the initial event only, without any indication of this fact. Thus, Nansen's great achievement in reaching 86 deg. 14 min. is entered under 1893 in connection with the event of hi3 sailing, without any mention of the year 1895. It is going rather far to speak of Maxim having invented a flying-machine (entry 3686), considering that the appara- tus in question was not asked to do more than soar a few inches from the ground. The "annals" are followed by a very volu- minous but ill-digested and extremely de- fective bibliography. A volume like the present that is not furnished with a satisfactory index is like an elegant edifice with a leaky roof. A glance at the index, with its ten thousand entries or more, reveals plenty of gaps, which make the body of the work appear much more defective than it is. The pres- ence of a statement to the effect that only about half of the names mentioned in the text will be found in the index will hardly extenuate the culpability of omitting the names in the following list (which bears witness to the richness of the book) : Ful- ton, Morse, Langley, Sir Martin Conway, Peary, Roux, Fick, Hertz, VogiiS, Henry George, Sully-Prudhomme, Marsh, Oncken, Pictet, Hall (astronomer). We are puzzled to know why Mr. Gooch has chosen to re- strict his index to proper names, and would have him explain to us what he means by leaving out the majority of geographical names. We find Waterloo, Trafalgar, Nase- by, Plassey, and Lepanto, but look in vain for Plevna, Navarino, Zenta, Lexington, Saratoga, Bull Run, and Gettysburg, not to speak of such names as Greenland, Nile, Mississippi, and Kilimanjaro. On a par with the index is the slovenly orthography which mars these in general inviting pages. Lut- zen, Lubeck, Wiirtemburg, Leipsig, Treves, Rakoksy, Barye, Munkaczy, Reclus, Lesche- tiszky, and similar slipshodities meet the eye in rapid succession. With all its shortcomings, however, the 'Annals of Politics and Culture' is a book which is needed to fill a gap in nearly every library, big or little. The student of uni- versal history who would be "broad" will not go without it, and to every owner of a cyclopaedia (in nine cases out of ten an antiquated one) the volume will prove a treasure by reason of its full chronicle of recent events. The Social Life of the Hebrews. By the Rev. Edward Day. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. Pp. vii, 225. This volume belongs to "The Semitic Series," the general editor of which is Prof. James A. Craig of the University of Michi- gan. The series as announced is to contain three volumes on the Hebrews, of which this is the third, the other two, covering "History and Government," and "Ethics and

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192 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 Religion," having been assigned respective- ly to Professor McCurdy of Toronto and Professor Duff of Bradford. England. Be- sides these the series provides for an indef- inite number of volumes on Islam, Palestine and Syria, Phoenicia, Babylonia and As- syria, etc. Only one other volume of the series as planned has as yet been published, 'The Life and Customs of the Babylonians and Assyrians,' by Professor Sayce of Ox- ford. That there is a popular demand for books like this, dealing with the social life, the ethics and the religion, the history and the govern- ment of the Hebrews, from the standpoint of critical research and scholarship, is an evidence that the "higher critics" possess the land. They are no longer defending themselves against attack, nor are they, on the other hand, laying siege to the strong- holds of the adherents of the old regime, endeavoring to overthrow the latter and es- tablish themselves in their place. They are building cities and houses and occupying them; they have cast away the weapons of warfare, and are instituting a civil admin- istration. To be sure, a few of the adherents of the old school still endeavor to carry on war against the conquerors, and a large number of non-combatants are still adherents of the old regime, but so soon as the new regime shall really have substituted a civ- il for a military government, and put all its departments and institutions in working order, this opposition will of itself die away. It is precisely this which books like the one before us are helping to accomplish — books of a constructive, not of a destructive char- acter; books not concerned with proving the results of the newer criticism through crit- ical processes, but books which reconstruct history, religious, political, and social, on the new lines, presenting results in a read- able shape, from a sympathetic and not from a critical standpoint. The general object of this book is, then, good, and with its main propositions we are in sympathy; it is also fairly interesting. It is divided into two parts, "The Time of the Judges" and "The Time of the Mon- archy"; the writer does not, consequently, touch the post-Exilic Jewish period. Some of the first part, "The Time of the Judges," reminds us a little of the first ten books of Josephus's 'Antiquities.' We almost seem- ed to ourselves to be reading a summary, from a new standpoint, of the Old Testa- ment. In the second part of the work, our author handles his material more freely. In general he gives us the impression, not of a "specialist," as announced in the pros- pectus of the series, but rather of one who uses, on the whole with good judgment, material at second hand. His references to other works are excellent. To criticise a few minor details: in the chapter entitled "The Family," he cites the two curious stories of Abraham's denial of his wife, once to the Egyptian Pharaoh, and the other time to the Philistine king, and the repeti- tion of the latter story in the parallel ac- count of Isaac's denial of his wife to the same Philistine king, as displaying "a want of chivalry in the regard for woman in early Israel, and a failure to recognize her inviolable sanctity." He says of the three stories thai "they may have had a common original, and that may have been late, but It is in evidence" (p. oa). It seems to us that he quite misunderstands the meaning and character of these stories. They tell. as we take it, in the form of a personal narrative of the lives of the forefathers, of the relation of the Israelites to the Egyp- tians and Philistines, and their deliverance from the peoples whom they feared through the power of Yahaweh. In one narrative (J) the two stories of Egypt and Philistia were told of successive patriarchs, Abraham and Isaac; in another ancient narrative (E) the same figurative method was made use of, but here, the deliverance from the Philis- tine danger, the only one related, was told of Abraham, instead of Isaac. Such stories cannot be safely utilized as illustrating family conditions. The statement concern- ing the land of Canaan, that the soil found there is such, for the most part, that "paths could easily be worn and could be kept by constant travel in a fairly passable state" (p. 68), is not in accordance with our ob- servations, at least in the greater part of the rocky backbone of the country, where frequent travel over any spot is pretty sure to turn it in time into a bed of loose stones. But these are small matters. The next to the last chapter, entitled "The Purification of Yahwism," belongs properly, we should suppose, to the volume on "Ethics and Religion," rather than to that on "The Social Life." Moreover, the matter of the chapter is open to serious criticism. The author seems to dissever the religious leaders of the people alto- gether from the people whom they led. He speaks of the religion of the people as "quite different from Yahwism as their great prophets understood it." To the Yahwism of the people belong "low moral standards, the passion and the hard, cruel, and unreasonable arbitrariness" which "did not have a very salutary influence upon the social lite of the people as a whole," while the Yahwism of the prophets represented "a lofty ethical standard" and "an inspiring universalism." The whole chapter is conceived in the same vein. Now, what would be the result if one were to analyze the Christian religion of to-day in this manner? What a world-wide difference between Christianity as expressed in the actions of the soldiers of the Christian Powers who have been oppressing and har- rying China — indulging, according to all ac- counts, in orgies of rapine and lust — and the utterances of the leading divines of all denominations in their pulpits on any given Sunday, or the sentiments of the hymns and prayers which Christian people in Europe and America utter weekly, or to which they assent in the Bervlces of the churches! One must observe great care in judging the religion of a people, neither judging it al- together by the ideal of its highest expo- nents, nor altogether by the practice of its worst votaries. Mr. Day seems to us, in the chapter in which he deals with "The Purifi- cation of Yahwism," to have selected, as representing the religion of the people, practices which were as little expressive of the popular ideal of "Yahwism" as the lynchings in this country or the rapine in China arc of Christianity; and then he has put the utterances of the prophets over against the religion of the people, as though the religion of the prophets was an altogether new thing, an idea just started. Where did the prophets come from? Whence did the ideal come which they represented; and how was it possible that they could appeal to the people or obtain a hearing, unless there were some ideal or ideals com- mon to the "Yahwism" of the prophets and the "Yahwism" of the people? That the author does not mean to undervalue the ethics of the Hebrews in all its public and popular manifestations is clear from the closing paragraph of his chapter on "Laws and their Infringement" (p. 195), where he claims that "justice was more secure among the Hebrews" in the period of the monarchy "than in England ... in the time of Elizabeth," and that "in many other directions the civilization of the He- brews was superior in many respects to that of England in the tenth and even in the twelfth century of our Christian era." Mr. Day is not always careful in the con- struction of his sentences, as witness the following (p. 71): "The pictures of the hospitable entertain- ment of guests which we find in the litera- ture of the period under consideration are such as stir us to-day when a gently nur- tured Christian woman may, while utilizing modern conveniences, pass from place to place, from city to city, and encounter naught but a bald officialism which may re- fuse even the barest courtesies of life un- less tips arc freely dispensed." In form the book is handy, and an index makes reference easy. The Problem of Conduct: A Study in the Phenomenology of Ethics. By A. E. Tay- lor. Macmillan. 1901. In spite of the perverse way in which he has chosen to handicap it, Mr. Taylor's book is one of very considerable interest and cleverness. To launch a work extend- ing to 500 pages with no index, and no clue to its contents beyond the brief titles to its eight chapters, is not judicious. It natural- ly results in a good deal of repetition and difficulty in following the argument, so that though the book can be read — Mr. Taylor is too lively and aggressive a writer to go to sleep over — it can hardly be used. And in addition to placing needless mechanical dif- ficulties in his reader's way, Mr. Taylor seems resolved to have his fling at what- ever objects of reverence he can find in the world, and bent on disgusting his readers with most sorts of flippancy and bad taste. He keeps an eager eye on the seamier sides of conduct, and, even in expression, often sails nearer the wind than seems tolerable. In short, his temper and tendency are dis- tinctly "immoralist," and nothing pleases him better than to pose as the enfant terri- ble of his school. It is this, largely, which renders him interesting. Though the essay was awarded the Green Moral Philosophy Prize in the University of Oxford, it shows how com- pletely the strenuous, if somewhat nebulous, moralizing of Green has been superseded by the anti-practical dialectics of Mr. F. H. Bradley, which now appear as the domi- nant inspiration of Oxford "idealism." Mr. Taylor is a thorough Bradleyan, who avows (truly) that to Mr. Bradley his essay owes almost its whole value. But he devotes one of its most effective sections to a scathing refutation of Green's attempt to involve conduct in the metaphysics of the "Eternal Self." Now, when a philosophy is taken up by disciples, especially if they be youthful and enthusiastic, and, as Plato long ago re- marked, delight in playing with an" argu- ment like puppy dogs, it may usually be assumed that for it the critical hour of trial has arrived. It would not, therefore, be as- tonishing if Mr. Bradley should find Mr.

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Sept. 5, 1901] The !N" a t i o n . 193 Taylor's performance rather trying, but the question of more general interest is, What is the issue of this encounter of Bradleyism with ethics? The readers of chapter 25 of Mr. Bradley's 'Appearance and Reality,' of which Mr. Taylor's book is an expanded and aggravated version, will easily anticipate the answer. Morality, like religion and everything else, is self-contradictory "ap- pearance," and must, therefore, "somehow" be merged in the Absolute, which is humor- ously called Experience on the lucus a won lucendo principle. That is practically the whole "ethics of Bradleyism," though in the end it may turn out to be a reductio ad ab- Burdum of Bradleyism rather than of morali- ty. But though the meagreness of his con- structive results was a foregone and inevit- able conclusion, Mr. Taylor, like his master, contrives to say a good many interesting things in the 500 pages which elapse before he establishes this obvious consequence of his metaphysic satisfactorily to himself; and so he merits further examination. The question propounded for the Prize was the relation of metaphysics and ethics, and the answer which Mr. Bradley enables Mr. Tay- lor to give is that neither is it true that ethics rests on metaphysics, nor that it con- tributes to metaphysics principles of ulti- mate validity. Metaphysics is a purely spec- ulative and formal analysis of "pure" ex- perience (Mr. Taylor, perhaps wisely, does not attempt to show how such a science is possible); ethics is, or should be, a natural science of human conduct and ideals, rest- ing on, or a part of, psychology (the exact relation is not made clear), and, like all such sciences, it is infected with error and illusion by reason of the partial and "sym- bolic" character of its conceptions. What is really needed at present is a phenomenology of ethics, i. €., "the collection of a body of facts relative to the ethical opinions and emotions actually formed by different indi- viduals" (p. 497). Mr. Taylor, however, admits that to such a constructive phenomenology he "cannot claim to have made any direct contribution," and indeed he might have gone on to ad- mit that in other respects also his treat- ment falls far short of his professed ideal. It is excellent, of course, that he should have perceived the need to know the em- pirical facts of the moral life before begin- ning to moralize, and creditable to have risen in successful revolt against the apriorist tradition in which he was nurtured. But, like Mr. Bradley, he also seems to think that, so soon as an empirical science of psychology is recognized at all, a headlong plunge must be taken into gross naturalism. The possi- bility of normative sciences which, after ex- amining all the available empirical facts, proceed to consider their value, and to sys- tematize accordingly, he seems entirely to overlook. Further, in spite of, or perhaps because of, its virulence, his very naturalism is only skin deep, and neither consistent with itself nor inconsistent with frequent relapses into metaphysical dogmatism. E. g., he could hardly deny that his whole attitude towards morality is determined by his metaphysical views, even though he seems to be unaware how decidedly he renders ethics dependent on (Bradleyan) metaphysics. But this all- pervasive influence of metaphysics might be forgiven Mr. Taylor as a philosopher (if not as a scientist), if it did not affect his treatment also of details, and constantly in- cite him to make short work with the psy- chological facts in ways which are neither empirical nor plausible, and belie his hon- orably empiricist intentions. A couple of instances will illustrate this. In chapter 3 it seems quite arbitrary to lay down the boundaries of ethical fact where he does. Forgetting that equivalents are not necessarily identical, he decides that the apparently disparate modes of valu- ing conduct, as right, beautiful, etc., shall be reduced to expressions of social "ap- probation" or "disapprobation." And yet he declines to analyze these further into judgments of pleasure and pain dependent on biological "usefulness," on the ground that this would transgress the limits of ethics. But if ethics is to start with a psychological examination of the empirical facts, it will neither do arbitrarily to ex- clude any aspect of conduct, nor to sacri- fice the primary plurality of the valuations applied to conduct so easily to the meta- physical demand for unity. This disregard of fact, of course, avenges itself on him. Mr. Taylor's "sentiments of approbation and disapprobation," resting on a psycho- logical analysis which is insufficient and perfunctory, are really ambiguous, and im- port far-reaching confusions into all the discussions that follow. Again, in dealing with the religious senti- ments, he coolly dismisses their immense empirical variety by an ipse dixit to the effect that the only true and permanently satisfying mode of religious experience is that exemplified by Spinoza's "intellectual love of God," and the alleged feeling of one's perfection as part of a perfect universe to which mystics and (incautious) theolo- gians are held to have (verbally) committed themselves. Now this is very pretty as fooling (like most of Mr. Taylor's last chapter), but a genuine empiricist would surely feel bound to examine each of the alleged cases in its psychological context in order to discover what sense the words used were actually intended to convey. Mr. Taylor settles the matter gayly and offhand on Mr. Bradley's authority, and his treat- ment seems the more indefensible as he previously (pp. 369-372) had shown in an excellent apergu that he perceived how very individual a thing a philosopher's ulti- mate view of the world really is, and how absurd is the attempt to reduce all men's final reactions upon their experience to one and the same pattern. It would seem, therefore, that while Mr. Taylor's naturalism is quite compatible with metaphysical dogmatism, it is as yet only very imperfectly empiricism. No doubt in the course of years he will remedy this, and it may even come to pass that the "nonconformist conscience," which at pres- ent he is so eager to outrage, will reawaken in himself. If this should happen, the un- deniable promise of his present work may be fulfilled by a sequel deserving of unre- served commendation. Sounding the Ocean of Air: Being Six Lectures delivered before the Lowell In- st itvitc of Boston in December, 1898. By A. Lawrence Rotch, S.B., A.M. London: Society lor Promoting Christian Knowl- edge. Blue Hill Observatory has long been fa- mous as the greatest kite-flying institution in the world; and Mr. Rotch, ils originator, director, and patron, has for many yea conducted, in this picturesque manner, most significant r< irehes in the upper air from thr high ;mtage point on the Atlantic 1 from Maine to North Carolina. An expert in all matters meteorological, he has embodied his interesting historical stu- dies as well as the results of his own ex- periments in the series of Lowell Institute in the present little vol- ume. The first chapter, upon the atmosphere, our knowlei 11 ruing it, and methods of investigation, is full of quaint information as to early beliefs about the mighty medium in which we live and move and have our being, and contains a running history of the development of apparatus, of which the weather-vane is oldest and antedates the Christian era. The hygrometer, an instru- ment for measuring moisture, does not ap- pear until the fifteenth century, the rain- gauge a century later. The origin of the thermometer is obscure, but it was used in the sixteenth century, while the barometer, last invented of all the fundamental me- teorological instruments, owes its birth to Galileo and his pupil Torricelli, in the mid- dle of the seventeenth century. In Florence between 1650 and 1670, weather observations were conducted and preserved, forming the real beginning of instrumental meteorolo- gy. The opening chapter also treats of the first balloons, and early mountain-ascents. Conquest of the air by balloons was tem- porarily abandoned early in the nineteenth century, and the mountaineer left in su- premacy. But now the aeronaut comes again to the front, and, while no moun- tain-climber has yet reached an altitude higher than 24,000 feet, the aeronaut bas ascended more than a mile above this, with- out unbearable hardship; and unmanned balloons have reached distances twice as high as the loftiest mountains. While It was realized at the beginning of the nine- teenth century that all our observations were conducted at the very bottom of the great ocean of air, it has been only within the last thirty years that systematic obser- vation at high altitudes has been thought necessary for comparison with that at low level. The first mountain-top station In the world was established in 1871 on Mount Washington. 6,300 feet above the sea. The highest existing station is maintained by Harvard University on El Misti in Peru, at a height of 19,000. In his chapter on "Clouds," Mr. Rotch gives information as to early theories, and also the causes, now known, for shapes and differences. Directors of meteorological institutions throughout the world, meeting in 1891 at Munich, decided to adopt the cloud classification already proposed by an English and a Swedish expert, and to appoint a committee for preparing an at- las. In 1894 this committee met at Upsala, Mr. Rotch being the American member, and, after defining the various forms ot clouds, and selecting pictures to illustrate them, also drew up instructions for obser- vation. In 1896 the Atlas was published, becoming at once the recognized authori- ty. This chapter on clouds defines the ten principal forms, beginning with high est cirrus, and including combinations with stratus, the familiar cumulus and its

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194 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1888 varieties; describes also nimbus, and stratus proper, at lowest levels. It is well known that the accuracy and impor- tance of cloud observations at Blue Hill are more complete than those made any- where else, perhaps, in the world; which can also be said in no less measure of their discussion, a few years ago, by Mr. Clayton. A chapter on balloons follows, recording the interesting fact that to a Bostonian, Dr. John Jeffries, belongs the honor of making the first scientific balloon ascen- sion, in 1784. Starting at London, he rose two miles, and descended safely in Kent, after an hour and a half. In his history of balloon-voyaging, Mr. Rotch gives some tragic and thrilling incidents. The great- est height at which observations in free air have been made in America was at 15,- 500 feet, when Professor Hazen reached this altitude in the series of balloon-as- cents conducted by the Signal Service. In December of 1894 Dr. Berson ascended alone, in Prussia, and reached, in the Phwnix, 30,000 feet, probably the greatest height ever attained by man, at least in a con- scious state. By breathing oxygen, he retained his senses; and later, in 1898, he made another ascent, this time from the Crystal Palace in London, during a period of abnormal heat. He reached an altitude of 27,300 feet, and experienced no ill ef- fects, using oxygen as before. But in thir- ty-five minutes the temperature fell from 80 degrees at the ground to 29 degrees be- low zero four miles and a half above. The ill-fated expedition of Andree is mentioned, and the cooperation of France and Ger- many in high-air observation. For information about the atmospheric strata above six miles, that is to say, be- yond where human beings can safely ven- ture, even by the help of oxygen, so-called ballons-soiides are employed, which carry self-recording instruments. A chapter is given to them. The trial trip of the Aero- pltile occurred March 21, 1893, when it reach- ed a height of 49,000 feet, recording a tem- perature of C0° below zero. The Cirrus made a remarkable voyage of 700 miles, in 1894, recording 54,000 feet and 63° below zero. But this height was greatly exceed- ed when, in 1S95, Ihe same balloon reached 72,000 feet. From samples of air collected at this height in a reservoir, at once auto- matically and hermetically sealed, and after- ward analyzed, it was found that its com- position does not vary much from that of lower levels. Later experiments may reveal the secrets of bacteria and cosmic dust. The two remaining chapters in this ex- ceedingly valuable and interesting work are devoted to the meteorological history of kites, with especial reference to results of their use at Blue Hill. Here simulta- neous records from the kite and a station on the ground were first made, and here also the earliest automatic record of tempera- ture was obtained from a kite. After many experiments with scientific kite-dying, the wind has at last been successfully harness- ed, generally to some form of Hargrave kite. At Blue Hill the average weight is about two ounces per square foot of lifting surface. The largest is nine feet high, and weighs el.ven pounds, with ninety square feet of lifting surface. Mr. Clayton has in- vented a regulating bridle for each, by which they are enabled to weather gales fifty or sixty miles an hour. Music wire instead of cord is used, and is capable of withstand- ing a pull of three hundred pounds. The United States Weather Bureau created sev- enteen kite stations in 1898, largely situated in the Mississippi Valley, with the idea that weather forecasts could thus be improved. But winds during summer were often so light that the construction of upper-air maps had to be abandoned. Exploration of the lower two miles of air with kites flown from Blue Hill is doubtless the most com- plete ever made at one place, and it would be difficult to overestimate the value and accuracy of these observations. Deductions as to air-movements are now possible, and the origin of cyclones and anti-cyclones — perhaps the most important problem re- maining for meteorological study — will not improbably reach its authentic solution in the near future by means of the kites at Blue Hill, in the expert hands of Mr. Rotch and his trained assistants. The Constitution. By Ira N. Hollis. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. By the year 1785 the old Continental navy, of which John Paul Jones may be consid- ered one of the founders, had disappeared from the service of the American Republic, and not an armed vessel of any kind re- mained under the control of the new na- tion. This state of affairs remained until 1794, when the act to provide a naval ar- mament for the United States became a law by the approval of Washington. This leg- islation gave to the President the option of building or purchasing six vessels of the frigate class, and was due mainly to the depredations of the Mediterranean pirates, as they may properly be called. In a let- ter from Mr. Joshua Humphreys to Robert Morris, suggesting the proper type to be built for the infant navy of the United States, is contained an argument for large frigates, which happily bore fruit in the Constitution and her class- Humphreys strongly favored vessels of such a size that in 'blowing weather" they would be an overmatch for double-deck ships with low gun-ports, while in light winds they would outsail the heavier vessels and avoid a con- flict at disadvantage. As a result, in dimensions the Constitution was twenty feet longer than the British thirty-eight-gun frigates, and had five feet greater breadth of beam. The frames of her hull, the plank- ing, and the masts were equal in dimensions to those of an ordinary line-of-battle ship, while her gun-deck port sills were from eight to nine feet above the waterline, thus allowing her to use her guns on this deck in weather which would roll the lower parts of the ordinary frigate under water. As a result of this construction the Consti- tution carried an exceptionally heavy battery and a large complement of officers and men, the latter reaching at one time nearly 500 in all classes. The completion and commissioning of the Constitution were delayed until the French began to commit overt acts, which led to the commencement of hostilities in 1798. In April of that year the navy was placed un- der a separate cabinet officer, and Congress authorized the capture of any French armed vessel within our territorial limits or upon the high seas. The Constitution, undei Capt. Samuel Nicholson, got to sea in July, | 1798, and, cruising as far south as Cape Florida, finally joined Barry's squadron in the West Indies. She accomplished little in these hostilities, in which the honors went to the Constellation. In 1803, when again commis- sioned, she sailed for the Mediterranean a& flagship of Commodore Edward Preble, who commanded a squadron formed to operate against the Tripolitan Coast. Although this squadron was a small one, it contained among its officers such men as Preble, De- catur, Hull, Stewart, Bainbridge, Biddle, Macdonough, Lawrence, Warrington, Chaun- cey, and Burrows. After the successful termination of the war with the Barbary States, the navy had its periodical neglect, notwithstanding our growing troubles with England. Jefferson's policy of gunboats — of something cheap — became the order of the day, and Hum- phreys's wise statements were forgotten. This mania for a royal, and at the same time cheap, road to naval success is ever recurring, and the author wisely calls at- tention to the fallacy of it. At one time it is for gunboats, at another for torpedo- boats; just now, aided by a powerful lobby, it is for submarine boats. Professor Hollis well says: "The painful steps and mistaken theories by which our nation has acquired experience should save us in the days of rapid change." It is hardly necessary to recount the ca- reer of the Constitution in the war of 1812, where her great distinction was achieved. Notwithstanding the fact that the author's service in the navy was as an engineer, his recital of the actions in which the Constitu- tion was concerned is correct and appre- ciative, with an occasional lapse in phrase- ology. For so controversial an engineer of former days as Professor Hollis was, it is not without a sense of humor that his friends in the naval service see him embark and succeed so well as an historian of the days of sail, and he seems to be successfully amalgamated, though no longer of the ser- vice. This volume is professedly intended to awaken the interest of the people in the Constitution and its preservation by popu- lar subscription. It is natural that this movement should emanate from Boston, where she was built, Paul Revere supply- ing the copper for the hull, and where Holmes's famous poem gave to her a new life. The present ship could easily be of service at one of the training stations to house our training petty officers, and give sentiment and associations of a patriotic nature to blend with more technical instruc- tion. Ignaz von Bollinger: Sein Leben auf Grund seines schriftlichen Nachlasses darge- stellt von J. Friedrich. Dritter Theil. Von der Riickkehr aus Frankfurt bis zum Tod 1849-1890. Munich: Beck. 1901. The third and concluding volume of Pro- fessor Friedrich's biography of Dollinger covers the period from 1849, when he ceased to be a member of the Frankfort Parlia- ment, to the time of his death in 1890, and contains a full and faithful account of the career of the eminent Bavarian theologian and scholar during the most eventful years of his life. The work is based chiefly upon the posthumous papers of the deceased, and the careful study of these authentic docu- ments has enabled the author to decide

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Sept. 5, 1901] The Nation. 195 many disputed points and to correct many misconceptions. However much one may differ from Dollinger's views, it is impossi- ble to deny his thorough sincerity, unim- peachable integrity, and insatiable love of learning. It was this scholarly taste rather than any strong religious feeling that led him to choose the clerical profession. Had he been born half a century later, he would probably have devoted his talents to histori- cal researches or to the cultivation of nat- ural science, for which he was far better fitted than for the cure of souls. His entire freedom from ambition in the matter of ec- clesiastical preferment is shown by his re- jection of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, which was offered him in 1850. His life, which extended over three full generations, comprised also three distinct periods of in- tellectual development, which may be de- scribed in general as a gradual and painful process of disillusion in respect to his ideal of Catholicism as compared with the actual character and condition of the Roman hier- archy. Till the middle of the last century he had cherished the belief that the Holy See. notwithstanding its frequent aberra- tions and departures from the early teach- ings and traditions of the Church, was sound at the core, and would welcome the aid of honest scholarship in correcting its errors and restoring it to its primitive pur- ity. At this time, however, his faith began to be shaken by the bitter hostility of the highest papal authorities to the results of his own historical investigations, as well as to German science and modern culture in all its forms. He perceived that Jesuitism and Ultramontanism were growing more ag- gressive and arrogant in their domination of the papacy. A striking example of this ten- dency was the definition and proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception by Pius IX. in 1854, "on his own authority, without the cooperation and consent of a council." Dollinger never accepted this doctrine, which he was convinced had no foundation either in Holy Writ or in sacred tradition; nor did he regard its rejection as disturbing in the least his relations to the Catholic Church, since the manner of its promulgation deprived it of all binding force, and reduced it, in his opinion, to the mere utterance of "a vain and vacillating old man led to do foolish things by adula- tory and unscrupulous advisers." Another shock to him was the canonization of Peter Arbues in 1867, which incited him to publish a series of articles on the Roman and Span- ish inquisition with a characterization of Arbues himself and a critical examination of his claims to sainthood. These papers, which appeared anonymously in the Augs- hurgcr Allgemeine Zeitung, created an im- mense sensation, and the Munich Archbish- op Scherr, who supposed Professor Froh- schammer to be the author, urgently re- quested Dollinger to publish a reply to them. They also inspired Kauibach to produce his famous picture representing Arbues con- demning a Jewish family to the stake, the exhibition of which in the Bavarian capital came near causing a riot. In 1870, says Dollinger, "the scales fell from my eyes." During the remaining twen- ty years of his life he saw the Romish Church in its true light, and was no longer "cheated by blear illusion." The events of this third period of his career are still so fresh in the public mind that it is hardly necessary to pass them in review. In the present volume they are fully and impar- tially narrated, and form a record of con- scientiousness and courage worthy of high admiration. After his excommunication, every effort was made to entice him back into the fold. Bishops and other ecclesiasti- cal dignitaries as well as ladies of noble and royal blood earnestly entreated him to return. One of these female emissaries of the Holy See naively remarked that she had recently met a number of Italian Tas- sionists, who frankly declared that no one believed in the infallibility of the Pope, and yet these men were in good standing with his Holiness and remained within the pale of the Church. Why should not Dollinger, she added, exercise the same discretion? In giving utterance to these words she was only the mouthpiece of Leo XIII., who urged Dollinger to come to Rome. "Apply directly to me," he said, "and declare merely that you still adhere to the views concerning the papacy which you have formerly ex- pressed, and nothing more will be required." As Dollinger had always been opposed to the Vatican dogma, he could have made such a declaration with perfect candor and consistency; but he knew that it would be interpreted as a recantation and submis- sion, and he refused to enter into any com- promise that might be misconstrued and thereby place him in a false or equivocal position. As he wrote subsequently to a friend: "I would not sully my old age with a lie, nor seem by any sort of implication to accept a dogma which to me was equiva- lent to asserting that two and two make five instead of four." In a retrospect of his life as an octo- genarian he confessed that he had honestly cherished many errors, often clinging to them with persistency, and violently resist- ing the better knowledge as it began to dawn upon him. The recognition of this fact rendered him extremely considerate of others' mistakes, and enabled him as an historian to see events in their true rela- tions and to avoid hasty inferences and false generalizations. His four-score years and ten neither senilized nor fossilized him. In a letter to the present writer only a month before his death, he referred to the work in which he was then engaged and to his future labors with the enthusiasm and confidence of a man of fifty. "I am now busy in completing the treatise on the Order of the Templars, and shall then take up that on the Part of North America in Litera- ture." Unfortunately, both of these papers, as well as the academic address on the History of Religious Freedom, remained fragments. In the three volumes of Dollinger's biog- raphy Professor Friedrich not only gives an interesting account of the career of an eminent scholar, but also a valuable con- tribution to the history of culture in the nineteenth century. Theology at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century: Essays on the Present Status of Christianity and its Doctrines. Edited, with an introduction, by I. Vyrnwy Mor- gan, D.D. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. 1901. The claim of Dr. Morgan's preface, that his book is "made up of original essays pre- pared expressly in response to his appeal," seems to be impeached by the fact that sev- eral of the essays, including President Eliot's and Mr. Frederic Harrison's, have a familiar face; but it may be that, even though bent on furthering Dr. Morgan's scheme, some of the essayists had a frugal mind, and economized their work elsewhere before sending it to him. The essays are extremely various, both in their subject- matter and in their manner of treating It. Some of them are trivial; if above the level of the most ordinary pulpit utterance, so much the worse for that. Dr. Morgan seems to have aimed at giving a fair conspectu:; of the present-time theology; certainly he has not endeavored to make out a particu- larly good case for the conservative party, or, if he has done so, his efforts have not been well repaid. The stronger represen- tatives of this party will probably agree to this as instantly, if not as cheerfully, as their liberal opponents. We seem to have another batch of evidence that the disin- tegration of orthodoxy is exemplified more by the concessions of its most conserva- tive defenders than by the latitude of those commonly known as having accepted "the new theology." If Dr. Morgan had wished to conciliate the conservative party, he went to work in a peculiar fashion when he followed up his own introduction with Frederic Harrison's 'Christianity at the End of the Nineteenth Century.' Apart from the justice of its presentation, nothing in the book is better written, if so well. It is a splendid arraign- ment of our current imperialism and of the encouragement which this gets from excel- lent divines. It has important paragraphs on the reaction from Darwin and Spencer to "a shifty and muddle-headed kind of Spirit- ualism" which is well represented by Mr. Balfour's 'Foundations of Belief,' with its "cynical pessimism and incurable doubt about all Truth leading up to a practical support of the Orthodox Creeds." Mr. Har- rison did well, perhaps, to maintain a nega- tive attitude and not recommend his Posi- tivism as a panacea for contemporary ills; but it is certain that the English Positivists have been humane to a degree that has shamed a good deal of the vociferous or- thodoxy of the time. The aim has been to have all the leading questions now before the churches discuss- ed from a conservative and liberal point of view, but the mark of this high calling has not been hit in every case. Dean Hart of Denver writes with much heat of "The Dar- winian Craze," and in the various non- Christian religions of the world finds "a rapid departure" from a pure original reve- lation. Rabbi Hirsch of Chicago takes the affirmative for Evolution in one of the bsst essays in the book. Dr. McConnell's doc- trine of "Scripture Inspiration and Authori- ty" is, substantially, that whatever inspires us is inspired; Dr. Dixon, a Baptist clergy- man, furnishes the counterblast, in which we read of Darwin's second visit to Tierra del Fuego in 1869, an event which never went through the form of taking place. Dr. H. P. Smith of Amherst, Mass., contributes one of the best articles, "The Old Testament in the Light of the Higher Criticism." A typographical error gives 1773 as the date of Astruc's Pentateuch 'Conjectures,' in- stead of 1753. Universalism and other as- pects of future punishment have no less than six articles. Dr. De Normandie, the Unitarian contributor, teaches loftily that "everlasting punishment is the loss of some

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196 The !N" a t i o n . [Vol. js, No. 1888 spiritual power which might have been ours," but then, "best men," as Shakspere said, are sometimes "moulded out 01 faults." The Rev, Robert Collyer's poetical ren- dering of "The Sacrament" is strangely contrasted with the next following article, "The Sacerdotal Conception of Christiani- ty," which is quite the most learned article in Dr. Morgan's collection, and would be the most convincing if tradition were the guide of life and were a matter of picking and choosing to suit one's self. Christian Sci- ence has three chapters to itself — one a sympathetic statement by a Baptist minis- ter; one a wordy explanation by a devout adherent; and a third an adverse criticism by Dr. Faunce, President of Brown Univer- sity, which makes cruel mention of Mother Eddy's philological escapade with Adam (clearly, she says, a darn, or obstruction, meaning matter), and of the "Christian Sci- ence Souvenir Spoons," on each one of which "is a motto in bas-relief that every person on earth needs to hold in thought." The encyclical making this announcement continued: "Mother requests that Christian Scientists shall not ask to be informed what this motto is, but each Scientist shall pur- chase at least one spoon, and those who can afford it one dozen spoons, that their fami- lies may read this motto at every meal, and their guests be made partakers of its simple truth." Who shall presume to say that in our generation the children of darkness are wiser than the children of light? There are three articles on the Church and Social Questions, but they do not come to close quarters with any of these ques- tions. The influence of the world upon the Church seems to be more in evidence than the influence of the Church upon the world. The climax of one writer's enthusiasm is that the American Church "can command the use of property worth $673,630,139." Bishop Doane pleads for indissoluble mar- riage on the clear ground of New Testament injunction, while Justice Burns argues the necessity of divorce, from the conditions of modern marriage. "The New Orthodoxy" is a good statement of the development which assumes this contradictory designation. One of the very best articles in the book is "The Trend of Theological Thought in England," by the Rev. R. A. Armstrong of Liverpool. It considers the growth of ritualism and sacerdotalism, the decay of evangelicism, and the spread of agnosticism in a singular- ly clear and forcible presentation. Ritual- ism is regarded as fundamentally skeptical, the refuge of those who are afraid to think. President Eliot's disclosure of his theologi- cal mind is very frank up to a certain point. He celebrates the decay of Biblical and other authority and the advance of sociolo- gy, and ends with a naive acceptance of Jesus as "the loveliest and best of human seers, teachers, and heroes." But he does not, nor does any one here, except Mr. Har- rison to some extent, attempt to measure our boasted "Christian civilization" by the New Testament standards and determine the degree of its conformity therewith. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Algc, S., Rippmann, Walter, and Buell, W. II. Newton's German Header. Newson & Co. 75 ccuts. Alee, S., Rippmann, Walter, and Buell, W. H. Newson's First French Hook. Newson & Co. 50 cents. Buoheller, Irving. D'ri and I. Boston: Lothrop Pub. Co. $1.50. Ballentine, F. S. The Modern American Bible: St. Luke. Thomas Whittaker. 60 cents. Bardsley, C. W. A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames. Henry Frowde. Bartholomew, J. G., and Smith, G. A. Topographi- cal and Physical Map of Palestine. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark; New York: Scribners. $3.50. Kiddle. A. .1. I). The Land of the Wine. 2 vols. l.ii: Drexel Kiddle. Bulfinch, Thomas. (1) The Age of Fable; (2) The Age f Chivalry; and (3) Legends of Charlemagne. Thomas Y. Orowell & Co. Calne, Hall. The Eternal City. D. Appletou & Co. Cay, Nowell. The Presumption of Stanley Hav M.P. Frederick Warne & Co. $1.25. Cromie, Robert . Kitty's Victoria Cross. Fred- erick Warne & Co. $1.25. Crowley, Alelster. The Mother's Tragedy, and Other I'nrins. Privately printed. Danvers, Ernesto. Jehu Grant & Sun's Directory of the British, Anglo-Argentine, and North American Residents in the Argentine Republic, and Argentine Commercial Guide. New ed. Buenos Ayres: John Grant & Son. De Amieis. Bdmondo. Heart: A Schoolboy's Jour- nal. Thomas Y. Crowoll & Co. 60 cents. Dodge. W. P. From Squire to Prince. London: T. Fisher t'nwin. 10s. Od. Dresser. II. W. The Christ Ideal. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. 75 cents. Forsythe, Clarence. Old Songs for Young America. Doubleday, Page & Co. $2. Gih-on, W. II. Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests. Newson & Co. 80 cents. Goebel, Julius. Goethe's Poems. H. Holt & Co. Harris, Charles. Lessing's Hamburgische Drama- turgic. II. Holt & Co. Hervey, W. A. Supplementary Exercises to Thom- as's Practical German Grammar. H. Holt & Co. Hoffman, II. S. Life beyond the Grave. New ed. Philadelphia: The Union Press. $1. Dylan. J. P. Public Worship: A Study in the Psychology of Religion. Chicago: The Open Court Pub. Co. 25 cents. Ingelow, Jean. Mopsa, the Fairy. Thomas Y. Orowell & Co. 60 cents. Keats. John. Complete Works. 5 vols. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. Latson, W. It. C. Practical Dietetics: Food Value of Meat. The Health Culture Co. Leigh, Leonard. Bridge Whist. Philadelphia; Henry T. Coates & Co. Litchfield. Mary E. Selections from Five Eng- lish Pcets. Ginn & Co. Lorkwood. Sara E. H., and Emerson, Mary A. Composition and Rhetoric for Higher Schools. Boston: Ginn & Co. $1.15. Long, W. J. Secrets of the Woods. Bocton: Ginn & Co. Low. A. M. The Supreme Surrender. Harpers. $1.50. Ludlow, J. M. Deborah. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. Macdonough, Rodney. The Maodonough-Hackstatf Ancestry. Boston: Published by the Author. Major, Charles. The Bears of Blue River. Double- day & Met 'lure Co. $1.25. Marden, O. S. Success Booklets. (1) Good Man- ners: (2) Cheerfulness; (3) The Hour of Oppor- tunity; "i', Inches and only '.. Inch thick. Bound In cloth, si do each bent prepaid on receipt of price, on request. TIIos NELSON & SONS, I 18t 1Mb St., New York. Read the new Anting=Anting Stories A Sample Story Free Ask Your Bookseller lor One. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. on receipt of postal card specimens of paper, type, Illustration and binding will be sent. KNIGHT & BROWN, 150 Fifth Are., New York. 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(5m. from Dlgby), owing to his removal to England: eight rooms, beautiful views of Digtiv Basin from wide piazza; lj~j acres, sloping to beach with safe and (relatively) warm bathing; ctioiial sea-Ashing; un- spoilt agricultural life around. Price $1,000. Address Hakt Nichols, Attorney, Dlgby, N. S.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 889. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. Three Great Worksof Reference JVEAItlJVG COMTLETIOJV Dictionary of PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY Edited by James Mark Baldwin, Ph.D., Hon. D.Sc. Oxon., Hon. LL.D. Glasgow; Stuart Professor, Prince- ton University, with an international body of collaborators. In 3 vols., 8vo. Each $5.00 net. The work is to be strictly a dictionary, and will have two general features: (1.) It will contain concise definitions of all the terms in use in the whole range of philosophical study. (2.) It will contain such historical matter under each term as may be necessary to justify the definition given, and to show that the usage suggested is the outcome of the progress of philosophy. The writers comprise many of the leading scholars both in philosophy and science at home and abroad. Prof . Baldwin has associated with himself a board of Consulting Editors for each of th-j languages, English, German, French and Italian. The work may be described as a Dictionary with Encyclopedic Features. It is also a Dictionary of Science as well as of Philosophy, since it includes the principal terms of the Physical, Natural and Moral Sciences. A Dictionary of ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING By RUSSELL STURGIS FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN INST. OF ARCHITECTURE, AUTHOR OF "EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE." ETC., AND MANY ARCHITECTS, PAINTERS, ENGINEERS, AND OTHER EXPERT WRITERS, AMERICAN AND FOREIGN. The only complete and practical compendium of architectural and related knowledge. Authoritative, including the most mode, n Knowledge, superbly illustrated, interesting to the general reader on art, and indispensable to the Architect. Volumes I. and II. now ready. Volume III. ready next ?nonth. Complete in Three Volumes. Super Royal 8vo. Per Set: Cloth, $18 net; Half Morocco, $30 net. Among those assisting MR. STUROIS may be named : Robbet W Gmsov, President of the Architectural League; H J Hardrnburgh. N. Y.; F. Meles Day, Phila. ; Russell ROBE, the Author of "Electric Wiring for Architects-" Wm P Gerhard Consulting Engineer for Sanitary Works; Wm. R. Hutton, London; JoaN La Farge, Artist in Mosaic and Decorative Windows- Edwin V Blasqfield. Muni Painter; Alexandre Sandier. Paris; Jean Soiiopfer, Paris; W. A. LiraAUT, London; W. P. P. Lonqprllow, Cambridge; Montgomery Schuyler N Y • John S Fiske, Genoa, Italy; Wm. R. Ware, Columbia; A. L. Frothingbam, Princeton; Wm. H. Goodyear, Brooklyn Institute; Wm M Aiken late Supervising Architect of the U. S. Treasury Dept.; Prtbr B. Wright, Sec'y III. State Board Examiners of Architects; Caryl Coleman, Pres. Church Glass and Decorating Co.; Walter Cook, Pres Soc. Beaux Arts Architects, N. Y. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture EDITED BY L. H. BAILEY Assisted by WILHELYI MILLER and many expsrt Cultivators and Botmists. Volumes I., II. and III. are now ready, and Volume IV., complying the work, is in press and will be pub= lished in October. , . ... . . , . . ,. . . The price is $5.00, net, for each volume, and the work is sold by subscription. Circulars and full informa= tion will be supplied by the publishers on application. In this great Cyclopedia will be found a complete description of all species of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants in America; directions for the cultivation of all kinds of crops, observations on marketing, etc. »ncl this work to our readers, whether fruit-growers, gardeners, gentlemen of leisure or of whatever profession, it will take scores of books to give, and cannot fail to both interest and instruct every reader."— Canadian Hor- " We do not hesitate to commend for it contains such information as ticulturist. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Avenue. New York

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11 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. f Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. 1 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 197 Editorial Articles : The President Spared 200 British Imperialism 200 The Treasury and the Money Market 201 The Latest Argument Against the Canteen. 202 Special Correspondence: The Causes of Imperialism in England 203 From Prance into Spain 204 Correspondence : "Malahack" 205 Notes 205 Book Reviews: The Calhoun Correspondence.— I 'Jos The New Russian Novelist 209 Another Novel from Fogazzaro 210 Bolingbroke and his limes 211 Calendar of Letter Books 212 Encyclopedia Medlca 212 Books of the Week 213 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars ptr year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United Sta'es or Canada; to foreign countries cornprised in the Postal Union, $!, 00. 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Sept. 12, 1 901] The Nation, iii The Tarr and McMurry Geographies One well-known Superintendent of Schools says: "Your Tarr and McMur- ry's Geographies interested me on their first appearance. I made a thorough study of the second book from cover to cover, and decided that it gave the very best treatment of North America of any series of Geographies. . . . Briefly I would state that I prefer the books first, because they are superior in their treatment of the subject ; second, because of their convenient form ; third, because their first cost is less ; and fourth, because they will cost less to keep in good condition" Tarr and McMurry's Geographies are made up in two Series, which for convenience have been designated The Three Book Series and The Five Book Series. The Three Book Series First Book. Home Geography 60 cts. Second Book. North America 75 cts. Third Book. Europe and Other Continents 75 cts. Third Book. Europe and Other Continents, with either of the State Supplements (see below). . 75 cts. The Second Book — North America— is also bound in one volume with South America 75 cts. The Five Book Series First Part. Home Geography 40 cts. Second Part. The Earth as a Whole 40 cts. Third Part. North America 75 cts. Fourth Part. Europe, South America, etc 50 cts. Fifth Part. Asia and Africa, with Review of North America 40 cts. Fifth Part. Asia and Africa, and Review of North America, with either of the State Sup- plements (see below) 50 cts. The following Supplementary Volumes have also been prepared, and may be had separately or bound together with the Third Book of the Three Book Series, or the Fifth Part of the Five Book Series: Supplementary Volumes New York State 30 cts. The New England States 30 cts. Ohio In preparation Pennsylvania and New Jersey In preparation When ordering be careful to specify the Book or Part and the Series desired, and whether with or without the State Supplement. " I am greatly pleased with this first volume of Tarr and McMurry's Geographies. The size of the book is decidedly in its favor to begin with, but best of all is the point of view. Geography to these writers has reference to human life and to the conditions of people living on the earth. I feel sure that if teachers use this book (and I see no reason why they should not do so) in the spirit in which it is written, the study of geography will be a decided aid and training for citizenship." —Prof. J. W. Jenks, Cornell University. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 Fifth Avenue, New York

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IV Tlie Nation* [Vol. 73, No. 1889 Selected from the Macmillan Company's NEW AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS TKe Beginnings of Poetry By Francis B. Gummere, Professor of English in Haverford College. Cloth, 8vo, $2. 50 net. This book undertakes to set forth the facts of primitive poetry, so far as they can be ascertained, and to establish some conclusions, not about the origin of the art as outcome of an individual creative fancy, but about the beginnings and development of poetry as a social institution, as an element in the life of early man. Inductive Sociology: A Syllabus of Methods, Analyses and Classifications, and Provisionally FormuIa.ted Laws By Franklin H. Giddings, Professor of Sociology in Columbia University, Author of " The Principles of Sociology," "The Elements of Sociology," " Democracy and Empire," etc., etc. Cloth, 8vo. Foundations of American Foreign Policy By Albert Bushnell Hart, Professor of History in Harvard University, Author of "American History Told by Con- temporaries," etc. Cloth, 1 2mo. This book is substantially a collection of the writer's studies on the actual practice of the United States during a century and a quarter, as to annexation of territory, government of territory, and relations as a world power. George Washington; A Biography By Norman Hai-cood, Author of "Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People," etc. Illustrated with a frontispiece in photogravure, interesting portraits and facsimiles. Half leather, gilt top, crown 8vo, gl.75 net. Also in box uniform with "Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People." Maryland as a Proprietary Province By Newton D. Mereness, sometime University Fellow in History in Columbia University. Cloth, crown 8vo, 53.00 net. This is a history of the government rather than of the people. However, the absorbing interest of the populace is shown to have been in the struggle that gradually resulted in a transition from monarchical to popular government. TKe Control of Trusts By John Bates Clark, Professor of Political Economy, Columbia University, Author of "The Philosophy of Wealth," "The Natural Distribution of Wealth," etc. Cloth, 1 2mo. This little work aims to show that a certain definite policy will draw the fangs of the trust and transform it from a public enemy into a public servant. William SKakespeare : Poet, Dra.matist and Ma.i\ By Hamilton W. Mabie, Author of "Under the Trees," "My Study Fire," etc. With 8 full-page and 100 text illustrations. Cloth, 1 2mo, $2.00 net. [A new and cheaper edition. George Washington and Other American Addresses By Frederic Harrison, M. A., Hon. Fellow of Wadham Col- lege, Oxford; President of the English Historical Society, etc. Cloth, crown 8vo, $1.75 net. American History Told by Contemporaries Volume IV. 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The author's purpose is to answer the thousand questions which intelligent persons who are not linguistic scholars are continually asking with regard to their mother tongue. The Life and Letters of John Richard Green By Leslie Stephen, Author of "A History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century," "Life of Henry Fawcett," etc. Sometime editor of "The Dictionary of National Biography." Cloth, 8vo. Frederic Mistral, Poet and Leader in Provence By Charles Alfred Downer, Assistant Profesror in the French Language and Literature in the College of the City of New York. 1 2mo (Columbia University Studies in Romance, Philology and Literature). Cloth, $1.50 net. 15he Making of an American: An Autobiography By Jacob A. Rns, Author of "How the Other Half Lives," etc., etc. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $ 2. 00 net. It would not be fair to Mr. Riis to say that h;s life has been typical of that of many foreigners who hive become American citizens after the storm and stress of naturalization. His experience has been exceptional. It has been the experience of twenty men in one. He has overcome obstacles which few youths encounter and still fewer can stand against in their effort to adjust them- selves to American life. A few titles selected from list. A complete list will be sent on application. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY. SEPTEMBER 12, 1901. The Week. As we go to press, nothing has oc- curred to check President McKinley's happy progress towards recovery from the insensate attempt to take his life last week. His remarkable temperament has helped sustain him in a crisis too often fatal, and something of his equa- nimity has marked the way in which the public at large has faced what promised to be a serious calamity. The rejoicing is now universal. Hysteria produces anarchy, and ap- parently anarchy in turn produces hys- teria. Naturally, the attempt to kill President McKinley has provoked count- less expressions of horror and of detes- tation, with many cries for swift and terrible punishment of the assassin. But no indignation at the signal lawlessness of Czolgosz should betray us into for- getting for an instant the fact that the remedy for anarchy is not counter-anar- chy, but law. There has not been for years a more opportune moment for every citizen, from Portland to San Fran- cisco, to ponder on this lesson. In the last few months our annals have been blackened by many crimes of violence; and mobs, no longer content with hang- ing negro ravishers, have begun to burn and torture with a malignity worthy of the veriest savages. The same ferocity has vented itself in shrieks to lynch Czolgosz and every other wretched anar- chist; and, unhappily, these hysterical utterances have not been confined to the outcast and desperate classes. "I would have blown the scoundrel to atoms," said the Rev. R. H. Naylor, who occupied the pulpit in President McKinley's church in Washington on Sunday. The Rev. T. De Witt Talmage at Ocean Grove was equally strenuous: "I wish with all my heart that the policeman who arrested Czolgosz had, with the butt end of that pistol, dashed his life out." Moreover, the Rev. John Lloyd Lee, in the Westminster Presbyterian Church in this city, is credited with saying: "Until a better way is found, lynch him on the spot. When an anarchist makes red-flag speeches, then, and not when he has killed a President, be done with him." If such frantic talk be not anarchism, worthy of Emma Goldman herself, no- thing is. The Philadelphia North American has collected the opinions of Congressmen on the following question: "Do you favor forbidding the entrance into the United States of those called an- archists and believing in the destruction, overturning, and subversion of established government, and an amendment to naturali- zation laws making these principles a dis- qualification for citizenship?" The North American says that every answer received has been in the affirma- tive, which, no doubt, reflects the state of public opinion at the moment, but the practical value of such legislation would bo small. It would not keep out any anarchist who really desired to come to this country. Persons who have the purpose to assassinate the rulers of na- tions, and who take the pains and pre- cautions to accomplish that end, would never be deterred from entering the United States by any regulations that it would be possible to enforce. Nobody who has the intention to commit mur- der will hesitate to take a false oath. If the attempt is made to bring in testi- mony concerning the intentions, opin- ions, beliefs, and affiliations of an arriv- ing passenger other than that derived from personal examination, then any- body may be excluded by false testimony on mere suspicion. Practically, the onus of proving a negative would be thrown upon every person against whom a bad report had been lodged with the Superintendent of Immigration. A bill to exclude anarchists was introduced by Senator Hill of New York in the United States Senate in 1894, and it passed that body, but failed to pass the House, because it was believed to be im- practicable. Of course, such a measure, if it had been in force, would not have prevented the murderous assault on President McKinley, since Czolgosz was born in the United States. It gives us much pleasure to concur with President McKinley's speech at Buf- falo, just before the attempt upon his life. We concur with it especially in its treatment of the subject of Reciprocity, and as to the grounds of his support of that policy. "The period of exclusive- ness," he says, "is past." "The expan- sion of our trade and commerce," he con- tinues, "is the pressing problem. Com- mercial wars are unprofitable. . . . Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times; measures of re- taliation are not." Here we find our long-time principles echoed, to our un- feigned satisfaction. But the passage which gives us most pleasure, since it goes to the bottom of the question, is the following: "We must not repose in fancied security that we can for ever sell everything and buy little or nothing. If such a thing were pos- sible, it would not be best for us or for those with whom we deal." Our readers will recognize this line of argument as perfectly familiar in these columns. We need not assume any in- consistency in McKinley's latest views of our trade policy. It is quite admissi- ble for anybody to say that the times have changed, and that we should change with them; that the policy of restriction and exelusiveness which was proper a dozen years ago is no longer desirable; that a system which was intended to build up certain manufactures by tariffs, and enable, them to compete in the world's markets, is neither justifiable nor profitable after the manufacturers have proved their ability to undersell foreigners in foreign markets. It is true that Mr. Blaine, whom President McKin- ley quotes with something like reverence, held these doctrines in respect of Reci- procity as far back as 1890, and that he smashed his hat on the table of a committee-room of the Senate where the McKinley Tariff Bill was under con- sideration, in order to express his dis- sent from it, and compelled the commit- tee to adopt a reciprocity clause as a part of that measure. It is a sufficient justification for Mr. McKinley to say that he has learned much respecting foreign trade, as well as concerning the coinage of silver, since 1890, when he support- ed the Sherman Bill as the nearest ap- proach to free coinage that was then possible. Some of the English papers affect to see in the President's allusions to the "Isthmian Canal" (not the Nicaraguan Canal) a purpose of hostility to Europe- an Powers, and to Great Britain in par- ticular; also, a disposition on his part to carry Monroeism to the extreme of excluding from the American Continent even European Powers which had pos- sessions here before we became an inde- pendent nation. It is needless to say to those who have read the speech that such interpretations are not warranted by anything in it. On the contrary, there has seldom been any utterance from a public man on this side of the water, dealing with the canal question and our relations toward other American States, freer from Jingoism or anything like an offensive tone. For the spirit of amity and peace which pervaded the President's speech at Buffalo, he is entitled to all commendation. Senator Hoar made some remarks be- fore the Essex Club at Salisbury Beach, Mass., simultaneously with President Mc- Kinley's speech on Reciprocity at Buf- falo last Thursday. The Senator said that he was not opposed in all cases to such commercial arrangements as the President recommended, but he felt bound to caution the manufacturers ot New England "not to enter upon this great struggle, with all mankind as a competitor, by placing any fetters upon

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198 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 their own limbs." What he meant by putting fetters on their own limbs was explained in the following manner: "The possession of your own market is ■what has gained for you the power and the opportunity to enter upon foreign markets. Be careful that you do not throw away that vantage ground. Remember that nearly every considerable reciprocity treaty we have ever made, especially our old reci- procity treaty with Canada, has been a source of unmixed vexation, and you were eager to get rid of it as soon as its term expired." In other words, apparently, if the pres- ent tariff enables the producers of any- thing to sell their goods at higher prices in the home markets than they sell the same in foreign markets, they had best not consent to any relaxation of the tariff which gives them such rare op- portunities. It is to bo hoped that the question of Reciprocity may be debated publicly in the Senate during the coming session, and that Mr. Hoar may be asked whether he really means this. It will be a good time then to ask him also what foundation he has for the as- sumption that the manufacturers of New England were dissatisfied with the old reciprocity treaty with Canada. Mr. Hoar says that it was a 'jource of "un- mixed vexation." Our recollection is that it was a source of general satisfaction to the manufacturers of the country, including those of New England, and that the real cause of its abrogation was the bad feeling growing out of the civil war and the operations of Confederate agents in Canadian territory. Without this cause of irritation, the old reciproci- ty treaty might have remained in force to this day. At all events, the manufac- turers of New England would never have taken a step to abrogate it. The Chicago Tribune has performed a valuable service in compiling a table of the illegal executions in each State of the Union during the last sixteen years, and a list of all that have been reported dur- ing the current year. Of all the States, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hamp- shire, Rhode Island, and Utah alone have been free from the stain of lynch law during a period in which the whole number of deaths at the hands of lynch- ers reached the appalling total of 2,516. Of this number, 2,080 took place in the Southern States, and 43G in the North- ern; 51 of the victims were women, L.678 were negroes, 801 whites, 21 In- dians, it Chinese, and 7 Mexicans. Mur- der and rape were the excuses most fre- quently given for mob law, but 112 other reasons were assigned, some of the most extraordinarily petty nature, such as slapping a child, enticing away a servant, "unpopularity," voodooism, etc. Until 1900 there was a steady decrease in the aggregate annual number of lynchings. In 1892 the high-water mark of 2.36 was reached, which sank steadily to 200 in 1893, 189 in 1894, and to 107 in 1899. In 1900 there were 115, and in the first nine months of 1901 there have already been 101. Of these victims of the present year, 76 were colored, 23 white, 1 Chinese, and one an Indian. Only 24 were murdered because of a charge of rape, and 27 be- cause they had taken human life illegal- ly. Five "suspected" cattle thieves and one case of "mistaken identity" are among them. One was put to death be- cause he kept a gambling house, and an- other for an "unknown offence." To complete the statistics, there should have been given a table of the increase in burnings. A blow more serious than at first sight appears is dealt the Amalgamated Asso- ciation by the decision of the Bay View lodges to return to work. If this were merely an ordinary case where a few strikers desert the cause, it would indi- cate nothing more than further defec- tion from the union ranks. The Bay View men have, however, occupied a pe- culiar position throughout the strike. After the refusal of the South Chicago lodges to obey the orders of Secretary Tighe, it practically rested with the unionists at Bay View and Joliet to de- cide whether the strike should have any prospect of success or should be at once nipped in the bud. A refusal to obey or- ders would have pricked the strike bub- ble in the West, and it was the obedience of these men that kept it from imme- diate collapse. When President Shaffer fell under the suspicion that he was ex- ceeding his proper authority, it was the Bay View lodge that sent a competent delegate to Pittsburgh to investigate the real state of affairs, and his report threw much light upon the situation. The pres- ent action of these men has, therefore, a special significance, in view not only of their heretofore obedient conduct, but of the generally conservative attitude they have preserved throughout. It is worthy of note that, although a consid- erable number of members "bolted," the action was taken by the regular organi- zation, and may therefore be consider- ed representative of its opinion. The adjournment of the General Exec- utive Board of the Amalgamated Associa- tion without accepting or offering any terms of settlement for the strike, puts an unexpected face upon the steel situa- tion. Furthermore, President Shaffer's announcement that no representative will be sent here to continue negotia- tions, may indicate that he has succeeded in forcing his own views of obstinate resistance to the Steel Corporation upon his associates. It is more probable that the Board found no proposal open to it at its meeting, and saw no way to re- open the negotiations closed by the ex- piration of the period for which the terms were to hold good. In such a case, no course out perfunctory continuance oi the strike would be possible, unless it should simply and plainly be declared at an end — a course that would mean the abandonment of all the issues involved. To continue this impossible strike seems like an incitement to illegal measures. Coupled with the unsatisfactory session of the Amalgamated Board, comes the news of the offer of greater violence by the union men than at any time dur- ing the thirty days in which the compa- nies have been endeavoring to run the mills. As might have been expected, the main seat of difficulty is at McKeesport, where strikers on Monday drove from the mill gates over 1,000 men who were anxious to begin work. Since negotia- tions have teen discontinued and men are at hand in sufficient numbers to car- ry on work, nothing is left but lawless- ress. The issues are now no longer either moral or economic. The question to be solve! is the preservation of order. The action of the National Association of Stationary Engineers in declining to confine its membership to white men is most gratifying, and extremely credita- ble to the organization, in which only five men dared put themselves on record as being in favor of a color line. The Sta- tionary Engineers, who roundly cheer- ed the defeat of this attempt at race dis- crimination, have set an excellent ex- ample to laboring organizations through- out the country. The public does not yet realize how unjustly negroes are treated in every Northern city by their fellow-workmen, and how few are the unions to which they are admitted. The fact constitutes another serious indict- ment of the union system, for only those bodies can succeed in the long run which recognize ability and industry as tha sole test of membership. It is easy to criticise the negroes for not advancing more rapidly as skilled artisans, but only by blinking the obstacles and dis- couragements constantly placed in their way. Such action as that of the sta- tionary engineers will be an incentive to intelligent colored men the country over, whatever their line of occupation. May a new Constitution be promul- gated by the edict of the Convention which constructs it, or must it be sub- mitted to the voters for their sanction? If submitted, shall it go before the exist- ing electorate, or before the new one, if changes in suffrage qualifications are made, as is certain to be the case in Vir- ginia? Point is lent to the current dis- cussion in that State by the general opin- ion that the new Constitution would be rejected if submitted to popular vote, not only because of opposition to restrictions upon the suffrage from those affected by the change, but also because of other probable features, like a new judicial system, which would abolish the present popular "court day" at every county seat. There are plenty of Southern prece-

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Sept. 12, 1 901] The Nation. 199 dents in recent years for the promulga- tion of a new Constitution by the con- vention which framed it, this course hav- ing been pursued between 1890 and l'JOO in the States of Delaware, South Caro- lina, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and re- ceived without protest in any case. In no one of these four cases, however, did the legislative act which brought the convention into existence provide, as did the Virginia law of last spring, that the work of the body should be submitted to the "qualified voters" of the State. In no other case, either, had the dominant party in advance committed itself to this policy, as the Virginia Democrats did in their State Convention of 1900. Author- ities like Mr. J. A. Jameson hold that "the act of Assembly under which a con- vention meets is its charter." Moreover, it is to be remembered that, in the Vir- ginia case, the people of the State, at the same time that they decided to call the Convention, approved the proposal that its work should be submitted to them for approval or rejection. There are precedents, again, for submitting a new Constitution to those only who would have the right to vote under it. The Tennessee Constitution of 1834 and the Arkansas Constitution of 1868 were passed upon by an electorate different from that which had chosen the Conven- tion itself. Mr. Jameson pronounces such a submission "not only a novelty, but a capital innovation, upon which might hang for the State concerned the most weighty consequences; unconstitutional and in the highest degree dangerous." So most candid observers will think. Not since the period, a decade ago, when the overflowing surplus forced ex- treme measures on every Secretary of the Treasury, and when the Government spent upwards of $100,000,000 annually in bond redemptions beyond the sinking- fund requirement, has a midsummer rev- enue statement paralleled that for the month of August. The detailed returns, issued by the Treasury on Thursday, show a surplus of $6,042,628, which com- pares with an excess of August expendi- ture in five out of the six past years, the deficit repeatedly running above four- teen million dollars. The one exception in recent years — the surplus of August, 1894 — stood alone in its year, and had its origin wholly in the abnormal receipts in advance of the new internal taxes. No such cause exists for the present sur- plus. There have been no unusually large receipts; on the contrary, internal- revenue payments during August de- clined $4,017,000 from 1900. As we point- ed out last week, in advance of the full official returns, it is the wholesale cut in expenses by the civil and military branches of the Government which has created this curious situation. What happened in August is still going on in September. Even in the full month of September, 1900, there was a handsome surplus. If comparisons with 1900 con- tinue in the ratio now observable during the remainder of the month, the Govern- ment will, by September 30, have taken from the market, on ordinary revenue account, at least ten million dollars. Josiah Quincy's readiness to accept the Democratic nomination for Governor of Massachusetts and the assurance thai it will be given to him by the State Con- vention, mean that the hold of Bryanism upon the organization of the party in that State is broken, and that its con- trol has reverted to the element which was in power until the Chicago Convex) tion of 1896. During the five years since then the party has cut a ridiculous fig- ure, reflecting, as it generally has done, the freaks and fancies of George Fred Williams, who went to Chicago in 1S96 an advocate of the gold standard, and returned a champion of free silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. Under such manage- ment, Democracy in Massachusetts has been not only weak, but ridiculous — a melancholy contrast with the party which elected William E. Russell to the Governorship three years in succession, about a decade ago. Mr. Quincy's de- cision has been represented as based in pail on a belief that he stands a chance of election this year. It is quite safe to set this down as a figment of some reporter's imagination. Mr. Quincy is a cool observer, and he knows perfectly well that Governor Crane is as sure to be reelected as the 5th of November is to come. Gov. Crane had a plurality of nearly 100,000 last fall, and, while no- thing like the figures reached in the year of a Presidential contest can be expected this fall, the result of the voting is a foregone conclusion. The Governor has steadily strengthened his hold upon the people since he took office, and it will be very hard for the opposition to pick any flaws in his administration. What Mr. Quincy has in view is not beating Gov. Crane this year, but making himself the leader of his party for future campaigns. If Policeman O'Neill was unable and his legal advisers unwilling to produce direct evidence confirmatory of his charges against the Police Department at his trial on Monday, the public will none the less continue to believe in their truth. Moreover, the testimony of two other policemen confirmed the fact that a system of blackmail prevails. That the go-between who was brought into court would promptly deny his complicity was inevitable. As Mr. Baldwin said to Mr. York of the various denials of the charges of the three honest policemen, "Surely you did not expect anything else?" And Mr. York could only reply, "Oh, well, I don't know." Devery him- self having urged his policemen to lie whenever they get caught, different con- duct on the part of his witnesses was out of the question. It was none the less refreshing to have some plain truths about his conduct at O'NeiU'fl original trial told to the uneducated and unprin- cipled "tough" who now presides over the Police Department. Mr. Baldwin's point- ed question as to the propriety of a trial at which the defendant was not al- lowed a hearing or witnesses in his own behalf, and at which law-breakers were urged to throw a policeman doing his duly "out of the window," met with no adequate response from the de-facto Chief of Police. Cor once that worthy was unable to browbeat or abuse the man who dared to oppose him. It is safe to say that, thick-skinned as he is, Dev- ery will not forget the lesson of this experience even after he has again fined or has "broken" O'Neill. Meantime, fortunately for O'Neill, private indig- nation and generosity have assured his future, no matter what the punishment Devery and his fellow-conspirator York may mete out to him. It is a matter for pride that there are hundreds of citizens who are ready to pay handsome sums for the splendid object-lesson O'Neill has furnished, and for the privilege of seeing Tammany hit hard and fighting in self-defence. A mock trial in which Devery the prosecutor made motions and gave advice to the judge, was an- other illustration of Tammany methods, for which there will be a reckoning in November next. Further light has been thrown on the great collection of Chinese loot which Secretary of Legation Squier is reported to have offered to the Metropolitan Mu- seum. Mr. Runge, a collector of Chinese art, reports through the Sun that the greater part of the collection was orig- inally the property of the Imperial Trea- surer Yen Li Sen, whose efforts to pro- tect foreigners during the Boxer revolt gained him the hatred of Prince Tuan and an honorable death under circum- stances—to a man of his caste— of great ignominy. After the relief of the lega- tions, Bishop Favier, so the story runs, who was no bad judge of Chinese art, weeded out the priceless collection of Yen Li Sen, leaving only the commoner articles for less expert looters. Finally Mr. Squier increased the collection which he was already forming, by purchase from the Bishop. In the light of this story the moral issue seems to lie plain. Time and what Curator Story of the Mir 1 calls "commercial experience" may yet outlaw (he claim of China upon these objects, and their dispersion may reduce them to thai obscuration which, as we said, no wise director seeks to penetrate. Meanwhile, we believe that the great mu- seums should as little think of a« ing such a gift as they would have con- sented to receive the famous astronomi- cal instruments, the seizure of which raised an outcry throughout the civilized world.

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200 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 THE PRESIDENT SPARED. The attempt on President McKinley's life at Buffalo on Friday last touched, as it could not fail to do, the national feeling, instantly and deeply. Nor could any moral and humane person hesitate to denounce without reservation the in- famy of a crime not to be excused were the victim the meanest, instead of the most exalted, citizen. The usual con- fusion of thought has arisen among par- tisans who grudged a simple expres- sion of sorrow as incompatible with aversion to the President's policy. And, finally, rejoicing in the failure of the assassin's aim has been heightened. among sober friends as well as oppo- nents of the Administration, by the dread of the Government's passing un- der a new and untried control in the person of the actual Vice-President. The season of year, the exact interval of two decades, the foreign extraction of the criminal, have conspired forcibly to revive the memory of Garfield's fate. But there was wanting, in Mr. McKin- ley's case, that preparation for high ten- sion in the public mind which grew out of Conkling's quarrel with the Adminis- tration over spoils, and the subsequent Senatorial deadlock which Guiteau, with method in bis madness, sought to dis- solve. Hence, the excitement of the past week has fallen short of that visible in this city, at least, in the summer of 1881. But, also, it must be confessed, we have had, in the unhappy past three years, a satiety of carnage and horror until we almost cease to feel. If Agui- naldo had been shot while extending a friendly hand to Gen. Funston, as the President to Czolgosz, would our jaded pulse have been sensibly quickened above the normal beat with which we heard of the bloodless success of that stratagem? It could not be said in Oar- field's time as now that we sip lynch- ings and ne?ro burnings unmoved with our coffee at breakfast; and this fact alone speaks volumes regarding the pre- vailing callousness as to the taking of human life. Another difference in the comparison is that Guiteau's purpose was political, while Czolgosz's motive might almost be called academic, a mere manifesto of a sect. A moral could be and was drawn by the friends of civil-service reform in the former case, in which the Vice-Presi- dent himself was involved with the Sen- ators from New York in an intrigue against the assassin's victim. A moral of some sort might have lain open to panegyrists and to a gravely reflecting public had the homicidal fanatic at Buffalo been a Filipino, a Cuban, a Steel-Trust striker, or a gloater over the daily cartoons of the yellow journals im- plicating the President with the Money Power. For this no room was left by the anarchist who simply proved that the most powerful ruler on earth, though styled a republican and chosen by uni- versal suffrage, was no more exempt than any crowned head from the peril of sudden, malevolent extinction. The ruler, not the individual, was shot at, and vigilance alone, not reason, can avail against minds which learn nothing by seeing the succession of rulers keep even pace with the file of assassins. While all will freely admit that Pres- ident McKinley's hard experience has no lesson for him, unless it be not to expose himself so freely in public hereafter, some foolish journals and politicians teach that ordinary criticism of the Exec- utive has tended to breed the maggot in Czolgosz's brain, and is, therefore, mea- surably responsible for the result. This is of a piece with the contention that anti-Imperialists in this country were guilty of the American lives lost in the Philippine campaigns. The extreme ap- plication of such nonsense would reduce us to a condition worse than that of the land of leze-majesty. All the safe- guards of free speech would be gone in an instant, and we should witness the reductio ad absurdum of a form of free government which gave us chief magis- trates dictated by the machine, straight- way to become exempt from all adverse comment or the semblance of "disre- spect." Mr. McKinley's philosophy not more than his temperament is our war- rant for believing that he would laugh at such a pretension on the part of his flatterers. Any realizing sense, too, of the prayers offered up for his recovery by partisans and non-partisans who stand aghast at Mr. Roosevelt's replacing him, would make him see the value of inde- pendent judgment of those who occupy, as well as of those who may possibly occupy, the Presidential chair. The President's good luck has once more, humanly speaking, been exhibited, lie lias disappointed his would-be mur- derer; he lias every prospect of finishing out his term; his constancy may even be put to the test by a more or less genuine demand from his party that he revoke his resolution not to serve tot a third term. In all this there is again a contrast to Garfield, who had given rea- son to doubt that his Administration would have increased his fame, and who was, by the best-informed, counted for- tunate in being cut short. On the other hand, Garfield's character and talents were unquestionably exaggerated by the circumstance of his death, and some monuments were reared which would otherwise probably never have been thought of. Praise in excess of what he has received, Mr. McKinley is not like- ly to have, and there is still time for him to furnish grounds for a solid reputation which will outlast monuments. BRl'USFI IMPERIALISM In considering the interesting paper of our Oxford correspondent, "Observ- er," on the causes, of Imperialism in England, the first thing that oc- curs to us is that Imperialism, Megalo- mania, or Jingoism, though there is a sudden access of it at present, is by no means so new a thing as "Observer" seems to assume. Was it not displayed in the highest degree by the Assyrian, the Babylonian, the Median, the Persian, the Macedonian, the Roman, the Saracen, the Turk, the Mogul, the Tartar, Philip II., Louis XIV., and Napoleon? Did it not, in the person of Napoleon, fill Eu- rope with blood, havoc, and evil passions in pursuit of the objects of a chimerical ambition? Has it not strewn history with the wreck of empires which had no life, but only forcible conglomeration, while nations which had life have sur- vived? If "bigness" is the aim of Brit- ish policy, does British policy differ natch from that of Timur or Genghis Khan? Spanish historians open the reign of Thilip II. with the imposing list of his possessions: "He possessed in Europe the kingdoms of Castille, Aragon, and Navarre, those of Naples and Sicily, Milan, Sardinia, Rous- sillon, the Balearic Islands, the Low Coun- tries, and Franehe-Comte; on the western coast of Africa he held the Canaries, Cape Verd, Oran, Bougiah, and Tunis; in Asia he held the Philippines and a part of the Mo- luccas; in the New World the immense kingdoms of Mexico, Peru, and Chili, and the provinces conquered in the last years of Charles V., besides Cuba, Hispaniola, and other islands and possessions. And his marriage with the Queen of England placed in his hands the power and resources of that kingdom. So that it might well be said that the sun never set in the dominions of the King of Spain, and that at the least move- ment of that nation the whole world trem- bled." Was not this Greater Spain, as truly as the "Observer's" dream is Greater Britain? Austria, being an empire and "big," is ranked by "Observer" among the great Powers which are destined to devour small nationalities, such as those of William the Silent and Gustavus Adolphus. The Austrian Empire was held together by fear of the Turk, and is now in the throes of dissolution. We have no means of determining the exact number of the free population of Athens; but we may be pretty sure that it did not equal a fiftieth part of the present population of London. The pop- ulation of Florence, when her influence on human progress was greatest, is be- lieved to have been under a hundred thousand. Athens and Florence were not examples oi "bigness," but they were examples of greatness, and of the differ- ence between the two. However, both Athens and Florence did lapse into Im- perialism, and deservedly became warn- ings of its effects. Beside the great har- bor of Syracuse, we look upon the wa- ters on which Athenian Imperialism met its doom ; in the quarries of Syra- cuse we see its dungeon and its grave. To her cruel extinction of the indepen- dence of Pisa, Florence owed in some measure the extinction of her own. The novelty lies chiefly in the modern

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Sept. 12, 1901] The JSTation. 201 professions of motive. There was no nonsense about Timur or Genghis Khan. They did not talk about the brown man's burden, or pretend, as the Jingoes do, to be enlarging the realm of civilization by wholesale slaughter and arson. Nor did they affect any compunction at hav- ing to use the exterminating sword. They made triumphal pyramids of heads. Their successors do not make triumphal pyramids of heads, though they receive with tolerable serenity daily returns of Filipinos or Boers shot down, and accounts of wounded Dervishes agonizing by thousands with unslaked thirst under the burning sun on the plain of Omdurman. "The weekly report from the seat of war," says the London Times, "as given in Lord Kitchener's telegram of August 19, though not containing any striking success- es, renders an account of much good work done. In the course of the week ended last Monday, sixty-four Boers had been killed, twenty wounded, and two hundred and forty-eight taken prisoners." Whatever difference may exist is clue to the penumbra of Christianity and inter- national morality in which the Jingo still lingers, though there are signs of his approaching emancipation. The commercial element in our present Im- perialism may perhaps be regarded as another novelty, though gold was the Spaniard's lure. Capitalist greed has played a considerable part in all these recent wars. What is a "Little Englander"? Appar- ently an Englishman mean-spirited enough to think that his country is great in herself, instead of holding that she is great only in the precarious possession of a number of scattered dependencies and in her dominion over three hundred millions of helpless and spiritless Hin- dus. Five-sixths of the Greater Britain are Hindu or of other totally alien races, far less capable of incorporation than were the dependencies of Spain, which were bound to the imperial coun- try by the tie, especially strong in those days, of a common religion. Is this even strength, to say nothing of greatness? England is being overstrained in the at- tempt to retain the dominion of the seas which was hers at the close of the wars with Napoleon. These may be the days of Capt. Mahan and of exalted notions of sea-power; but they are not the days of Jervis, Duncan, Nelson, and Collingwood, when all sea-power but that of Great Britain had been annihilated at St. Vincent, Camperdown, Aboukir, and Trafalgar. "Observer" says that the English peo- ple would not hear of withdrawal from Egypt. The conduct of England in tak- ing possession of Egypt after her solemn disclaimers belongs, no doubt, to the ad- vanced school of political morality. But, supposing the Mediterranean Powers should some day combine for the de- liverance of their waters from British domination, would the sovereign will of the British people suffice to maintain their possession of Egypt and Cyprus? Are not anxious whispers of apprehen- sion on that subject already heard? Is it certain even that the native army of Egypt, though formed by England, will for ever remain faithfully subservient to a foreign Power? "Observer" says, and says most truly, that the British statesmen of the last generation, including even the most con- servative of them, looked forward to the political separation of the colonies from the mother country, and believed that England would thus become the mother of free nations. He assumes that their opinion is exploded. That there is a sudden gust of sentiment from the op- posite quarter, no one doubts. But can it be shown, on the grounds of solid rea- son, that the statesmen of the last gen- eration were wrong? Is it certain that the great forces are not still acting in the same direction, though their action may be for a time suspended, as the ac- tion of great forces often is, by that of secondary forces, or by reactionary sen- timent arising from some transient cause? There has been, for the last thirty years, incessant talk of Imperial Federation. What practical step towards it of much importance has yet been taken? A uniformity of postage has been generally adopted. Canada, under the influence of a courtly Minister, has made a slight move in the direction of an Imperial Zollverein. But nothing more has come of it, and the measure may be regarded as still-born. Austra- lasian confederation is rather centrifugal than centripetal, its tendency being to build up a separate nationality. Can- ada and Australia have sent contingents to the South African war. We shall presently know better whether there is much more in this than momentary ex- citement and love of adventure, and whether the colonies are really prepared to contribute to the devouring expense of Imperial armaments, and go with the Imperial country into ubiquitous wars. Canada contributed to the contingents only the cost of transportation, England paid the men; so that, in point of fact, the "sacrifice" amounted to little more than the concession of freedom of en- listment. Canadians enlist freely in the American army and navy. Their Gov- ernment reckoned that there were 40,000 Canadian enlistments in our army dur- ing the war of secession. There is strong reason to believe that, of the French- Canadians, nine-tenths are opposed to military union and participation in Brit- ish wars. Colonial politicians are fond of Imperial applause and titles. They are not altogether to be trusted as repre- sentatives of Colonial opinion. Giving the King new and fantastic titles, not with- out disparagement to a glorious crown, may flatter Jingo fancy, but will not alter solid facts. It is at the same time true that a sin- ister and threatening spirit is abroad. There is a growing disregard for interna- tional morality; there is a tendency not only to act upon the belief that Might is Right, but almost openly to profess it. That doctrine of devils and of fools, "Our Country, Right or Wrong," is again coming into vogue; the worship of God having largely lost its hold, there is a tendency to substitute for it the worship of ihe Flag. Little nations are being marked out as a prey for the great predatory Powers. The first practical at- tempt of that kind, however, seems to have shown by its result that moral force still goes for something, and is able, when highly aroused, to combat physical force with a success for which the masters of the legions were not pre- pared. Two pigmy commonwealths, with a population reckoned at the ut- most at two hundred thousand, fighting for their national existence, have held at bay for two years an empire of three hundred and sixty millions, which put an army of two hundred and twenty thousand men into the field against them and had as absolute command of the sea as Capt. Mahan could possibly desire. They have gained a number of successes over it, and compelled it at last to have recourse to methods of subjugation which have seriously compromised its honor. Philosophic and sanctimonious rapine has not yet entirely won the mastery of the world. THE TREASURY AND THE MONEY MARKET. The letter addressed by Mr. Tappen, as Chairman of the Clearing-house Com- mittee, to Secretary Gage, on Monday, in reference to the drafts made by the Trea- sury on the money market, brings up a subject of pi-rennial interest in the na- tional finances. The operations of re- cent date which justified Mr. Tappen's communication, may be summarized as follows: In two weeks ending Septem- ber 7, 1900, the Treasury paid out $4,- 200,000 to the New York banks. In the corresponding two weeks of 1901 the Treasury withdrew $8,500,000. In Au- gust, 1900, rhe Treasury paid out for current expenses $820,000 more than it received as revenue. In August, 1901, it received as revenue $6,042,000 more than its expenses. Its receipts were the larg- est for the month of August in seven years. In September, 1900, the Treasury surplus of receipts was $6,134,000. If the same conditions prevail during the present month the surplus receipts will be $12,000,000 or more. On the 7th of September, 1900, the surplus reserve of the New York banks was $26,056,000, and on the 7th of the present month it was ?6,915,000. According to this showing, the reserve will be down to the mini- mum (25 per cent, of the deposits) be- fore the end of the month, and the banks which are in that condition must then stop the discount of commercial paper.

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202 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1889 In other words, the pinch will come not so much on the hanks as on the mer- cantile community, and it will come at the season when the demand for accom- modation is strongest and most impera- tive. There are hut two sources of relief. One is through the importation of gold from abroad, the other by the release of funds locked up in the Treasury. The former is slow, roundabout, and costly. The latter is not precisely easy, but is preferable to the former, since the with- drawal of money from the channels of business by the collections of the Gov- ernment is an artificial, unnatural pro- cess which ought never to occur. The frequency of its occurrence demands a change of system — one which cannot be long delayed; but such a change re- quires time for discussion, and mean- while the present pinch calls for an im- mediate remedy. The customary methods of getting money which has been needlessly taken by the Treasury from business circles back into commercial uses, are by the purchase of United States bonds in the open market, and by the deposit of money in national banks on the security of United States bonds. Both of these processes arc limited by the amount of bonds available. The whole amount out- standing is less than $1,000,000,000. of which about $420,000,000 is already held in the Treasury as security for national banknotes, and for other purposes of the banks; lied up and unavailable. Of the remaindi r (say $580,000,000) the largest share is held by savings banks and trust companies, and by a class of investors who demand the highest form of security thai tan be obtained, and are not likely to part with them under any circumstances short of compulsion. There is a certain amount of "floating bonds," held by speculators, who believe that the time will come when the Gov- ernment, will be forced to bid a high price for them in order to disgorge its surplus and avoid a commercial crisis. Such a time seems to be not far dis- tant. How many such bonds are within the Secretary's reach, and at what price, can be lea in. (I only by experiment. At present it would seem preferable for the Secretary to continue the pro- ess of depositing his surplus in the banks. There need be no limit to this ration excepl the power of the banks to furnish bonds required as security. The banks which have not a sufficiency of bonds can usually borrow them from their customers. At. all events, it would in wise to Rive them the opportunity to do so. treating all alike and avoiding the charge of partiality in the distribu- tion of the deposits. When Congress assembles, it will be sible to 1;;kc further steps to reduce the surplus by the abatement of taxes, but that is a tedious process. It could hardly be m ide effective before midsum- mer, 1902, and in the meantime much harm might have been done to the busi- ness community. There is danger, too, that Congress may take a shorter cut to the depletion of the Treasury by ex- travagant appropriations. It is always possible to meet the difficulty by in- creased pensions, river and harbor bills, public-building jobs, battle-ships, etc. Of all the methods of dealing with a sur- plus, this is the most facile and the most dangerous. Eventually the ques- tion of meeting this chronic trouble must be taken up seriously and dealt with scientifically, so that the surplus receipts of the Treasury, when there are any, shall be automatically placed at the service of the money market, as is done in all civilized countries except our own. THE LATEST ARGUMENT AGAINST THE CANTEEN. The strongest testimony against the army canteen which has yet appeared is borne by Brig.-Gen. Daggett, who won his promotion to that rank after a ser- vice of forty years from second lieuten- ant up. Dining the civil war he took part in every important battle of the A nny of the Potomac, and since that time he has seen service on the Plains, before Santi-igo, in the Philippines, and in China, v. here he commanded the Fourteenth Infantry. When a captain, he had twenty years' experience in the handling of enlisted men. As a result of this long service, Gen. Daggett un- equivocally pronounces against the can- teen, on purely practical grounds, de- claring that "it will be ruinous to the army in the end." The strongest argument hitherto ad- vanced by those in favor of the canteen relates to its counteracting the attrac- tions of the vile resorts which so rapid- ly spring up in the vicinity of an army post. To this. Gen. Daggett replies that the viler the dens outside of the Govern- ment, reservations, "the better for the morals of the garrison, because they keep respectable men away, and the majority are respectable." Equally strik- ing is his assertion that the canteen is a constant temptation to the abstainer to indulge and to the moderate drinker to drink more, and that it is a conve- nience to the drunkard "to load up on beer when lie has not the means to obtain anything stronger." He fortifies this with the statement that it has been no unusual thing to find a majority of a company, when undergoing inspection, more or less under the influence of li- quor, but not sufficiently so to subject 1 le in to punishment. Similar allega- tions were made by intelligent enlisted men of the Second Artillery at Fort W 1 ,en, Mass., in 1896. They said that the canteen beer stimulated their appe- tite for stronger drink, and drove them out of the fort in search of it. They cited the violent death of a comrade, and pointed to various prisoners as proof that the canteen did not produce idyllic conditions within this island fortress. A new consideration brought out by Gen. Daggett is his reference to the canteen credit system, which keeps men con- stantly in debt. About this side of the question both public and press have heard too litrle. Admitting that Gen. Daggett's opin- ions are entitled to great respect, and that his views have given strength and encouragement to the opponents of the canteen, the Army and Navy Journal rightly asks the General what his substi- tute for the canteen would be, and how he would "satisfy the craving" of the enlisted men for sociability and good-fel- lowship. It is to be hoped that Gen. Daggett, and others who feel like him — among whom, it is understood, was the late Gen. William Ludlow — will take the Journal at its word, and tell the public how they would counteract the admitted evils which come from crowding single men in barracks in an utterly unnatural mode of life. The only genuine cure would be the abolition of the army it- self; but, this being impossible, the evil should receive careful attention, partic- ularly in view of the great increase in the garrisons of the seacoast fortifica- tions, some extremely dreary and isolat- ed, others close to the temptations of great cities. It is well understood th-\t the War Department is thoroughly com- mitted to the canteen, and, in its efforts to have the law replaced upon the statute book, has called for reports from post commanders and officers in charge of troops in the field. There can be no doubt that the great majority of these reports will favor the restoration of the post bar, not, only because of its chief commodity, beer, but also because of the advantages in the way of extra food, bil- liard tables, dividends, etc., obtained by the various companies through the sur- plus profits. The canteen, however, was not abolished until last March. Since that time the army has been in the throes of a radical reorganization, during which thousands of extremely youthful and raw recruits have been injected into the service and are not yet digested. Moreover, the morale of the officers and the esprit of the regiments are admitted- ly at a lower ebb, because of two wars, vital changes, and the presence of many hundreds of green or political officers, than for decades past. Under these cir- cumstances, comparisons of 1901 with previous years must be to a certain ex- tent misleading. The army, then, should be given long- er time in which to show the effective- ness of the substitutes for the canteen introduced at several posts. Before final decision is given, it should be clearly shown whether all the good features of the canteen lose their value with the withdrawal of the beer, and whether ad-

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Sept. i2, 1901] The Nation. 203 ditional attractions not yet thought of cannot be found to keep the enlisted man sober and contented. In this respect the War Department has for years been open to criticism. Such attractions, beyond the sale of beer, as have been held out to enlisted men of a garrison have been largely due to the initiative of company or post commanders, under genera! au- thority of the Department. It, so far as we know, has made no earnest efforts to accept loyally the judgment of Con- gress and to lay far-reaching plans for doing without the canteen. We have yet to hear whether the evils following upon pay-day, now so prominently reported in the anti-canteen newspapers, could not be mitigated by some other system of payment than that which gives a whole garrison its wages on the same day. Nor have we heard of the punishment or rep- rimand of a single post commander whose troops, granted wholesale leaves of absence on pay-day night, disgrace them- selves and the army by public debauch- ery. One such action might alter the situation materially, and at least lead to a salutary decrease in the sensation- al reports of pay-day riots which are now so frequent and so injurious to the good name of the army and to the char- acter of its personnel. If the large rail- road companies can exercise control over their men when off duty as well as when on, many citizens will ask why the mili- tary authorities, with their less limited powers, cannot do likewise. THE CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM IN ENG- LAND. Oxford, August 22, 1901. "Be flip King's Ministers Tory or Whig, They must nil be the men to keep England big." These are the words which the present writer saw the other day printed in a book of nonsense verses for children under a caricature of Ministers. T2ie doggerel is worthless enough in itself. It is, however, exactly one of those straws which show how the wind blows, and tells more of the present condition of opinion than may be gathered from many Blue books. It is the out- ward sign of predominant Imperialism — a term which is here used by way neither of praise nor of blame, but simply as an ex- pression for the conviction of modern Eng- lishmen that a main, if not the main, ob- ject of their Government should be. as the rhyme has it, "to keep England big," or, in other words, to maintain the power and the authority and the greatness of Eng- land. That this is the dominant faith of mod- ern Englishmen cannot be doubted. It is shared not only by the supporters of Lord Salisbury's Ministry (among whom the present writer must be numbered), but also by a great part, probably in one form or another by the majority, of its opponents. The very term "Liberal Imperialists" is intended to signify that an Imperial policy abroad is compatible with liberalism of the kind advocated by the men who fol- lowed Mr. Gladstone at home. And poli- ticians who would repudiate the term Im- perialist, however aualiflcd, shun for the most part the designation of "Little Eng- enders." Nor is this a mere matter of words; among members of Parliament who represent British constituencies, it would be hard to find any leading man of weight who openly advocates the withdrawal of English troops from Egypt. To speak the plain truth, the vast majority of English- men are determined to keep England big. This is the fact. The aim of ths letter is neither to eulogize nor to attack the ex- isting condition of public opinion. Its purpose is simply to set down, as far as may be impartially, the apparent causes of a state of feeling which is certain to in- fluence, for some time to come, the policy of Great Britain, and which differs extra- ordinarily from the sentiment that pre- vailed throughout the country some forty or fifty years ago. One consideration may give us the measure of this difference. From 1840 to say 1S70, the almost universal belief of thoughtful Englishmen was that the colonies contributed nothing or little to the strength of England. We were bound, it was thought, in honor, to protect them; the mother country should see that her children were on the road to become fit for independence; the day for separa- tion would inevitably come; the parting, when it took place, should be on friendly terms; but the separation would be bene- ficial, for both parent and children. Even a Conservative minister spoke, or wrote, it is said, about our "wretched colonies." To-day the whole tone of feeling is chang- ed : her colonies are, it is constantly as- serted, both the glory and the strength of Britain. Not the extremest Radi- cal ventures to hint a separation; no man who cared to play a part in public life would be foolish enough to speak of the colonies with disrespect. Conservatives and Lib- erals alike are more tempted to flatter co- lonial self-esteem than to utter a word which might imply an underestimate of Greater Britain. What, then, are the causes of the sin- gular change in public opinion? They may be broadly summed up under three heads. First, there exists an indubitable fact which, during the last quarter of the nine- teenth century, has deeply impressed the speculations of thinkers, and, in England at least, the imagination of the people. This fact is the growth of great empires and the decline of small slates. Germany, Rus- sia, the Austrian Empire, the United States, and England are the great and predominant Powers of the modern world. France still plays a great part and may again play a leading part in European politics; but it is vain to deny that the relative power of France is nothing like what it was even at the middle of the nineteenth century. Then the petty states of the world, the dukedoms and kingdoms of the Italian peninsula, the principalities of Germany, and the like, either have vanished or retain little more than a nominal existence. Smaller coun- tries, respectable on account of their his- torical traditions, of their freedom, and of their good government — such, for example, as Holland or Sweden, Denmark or Switz- erland— have ceased to count for much in European politics. We may deplore this change. We may doubt, not without rea- son, whether the happiness of mankind is promoted by the gradual decline in in- fluence of small countries; but the fact that the smaller states of the world count for less than they used to do is a fact which we must all take into account, and which has assuredly stimulated the desire for Imperial greatness. To this, as far as Eng- land is concerned, must be added the con- ration that, the consolidation of growth of Imperial states has coincided with the developmi a\ of large armaments. It is difficult to realize, even in imagination, the immense numbers of men who are now, throughout the whole of Europe, trained to arms. Some thirty-five years ago Mr. Helps, if my memory does not deceive me, published the statement that the armed forces of the so-called civilized world equalled the population of London. The number of Londoners has since then great- ly increased, but I feel considerable con- fidence that the number of soldiers has in- creased at least as rapidly. However this may be, it is certain that the growth of military power has aroused in England a natural feeling that her armed forces must, in some way or other — mainly, of course, by the increase of her navy — be put in a position to resist the armaments of other countries; and this belief directly stimu- lates Imperialism. Secondly, this tendency of the modern world towards the consolidation of empires has naturally been reflected, as all patent facts are, in the speculations of contem- porary thinkers. Take three writers as dif- ferent from one another as Sir John See- ley, Mr. Froude, and Capt. Mahan. They have very little in common, yet any thoughtful reader may see at a glance that they have each and all contributed to the glorification — the word is here used in no invidious sense — of the British Empire. No one of the three has, it may be added, pro- duced so immediate an effect upon English opinion as Mahan. He has revived the memories and the glories of Nelson. He has made it part of a modern Englishman's creed that to Nelson, and the sea-captains of whom he was the greatest, England owed her salvation during the contest with Na- poleon, and that the naval supremacy of England is an absolute necessity for the maintenance of the British Empire, and even for the safety of England herself. Future historians will probably record that Mahan's writings, both from their great power and from their singular opportune- ness, have exerted an influence over Eng- lish politics as important as the authority of any one among our leading statesmen. To all this we may add that writers of all descriptions are absolutely compelled to insist upon the fact that scientific inven- tions, by facilitating communication among mankind, have practically made the world smaller. The Channel which divides us from France seems little more than a river. A modern Englishman is nearer to Paris than his grandfather was to Edinburgh. In spite of all the hopes of benevolent op- timism, near neighborhood does not of itself increase neighborliness. The sense that the world is small, and that we are all getting jammed close together. Increases the desire of every nation to acquire or retain the power which may enable it to make sure of its fair or its unfair share of the good things the earth has to offer. Thirdly, neither patent facts nor the In- genious speculations of writers and think- ers are in themselves sufficient to turn the current of popular opinion. The es-

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204 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 sential thing is the existence of an ap- propriate condition of public sentiment. It may well be doubted, for example, whether a writer who, sixty years ago, should have anticipated the ideas of Mahan, would have produced any great effect on his immediate readers. His doctrine we may feel almost certain would have fallen flat; in the days of Peel and Cobden, the exaltation of Eng- land's sea power would not have induced Parliament to add a single man-of-war to the English navy. What is it in the sen- timent of to-day which has made his teach- ing so impressive? It is, I conceive, the combination of two or three favorable con- ditions. Even the most fervent advocate of Imperialism will not deny that the ad- miration for bigness which is certainly not actually unknown in the United States, has some real connection with what is vulgar in democratic institutions; and it is hard to doubt that the desire to "keep England big" does exert a certain influ- ence over the English public. Then, again, it is well to note a matter which has re- ceived far less attention than it deserves, namely, the way in which certain politi- cal ideals or creeds, which at one time had living force, have, under the stress of circumstances, lost (for a time, at any rate) something of their power. Where, for instance, is the fervent belief in de- mocracy? The world is far more democratic than it was sixty years ago. If in Eng- land there were the least wish of an ef- fective kind for universal suffrage, or even for a republic, it would probably be easy enough to obtain a vote for every man above the age of twenty-one, or to estab- lish a commonwealth. But every one feels, rather than knows, that for the moment the progress of democracy is arrest- ed, not by the strength of aristocratic resistance, but by the weakness of the democratic impulse. "Republicanism has ceased to be a heresy," writes a French- man; but it has also ceased to be a faith. Where, again, are we to find the enthu- siastic Benthamism of which J. S. Mill and his associates were the youthful and en- thusiastic apostles? The Utilitarian creed contained an immense amount of truth; it has profoundly modified English legislation; yet Benthamism as a special creed is dead. What, again, are we to say of the belief in nationalities which at one time seemed likely to revolutionize the world, and com- manded the fervent allegiance of the youth of England? No one can deny that here, too, faith has declined. Nor is this wonder- ful. Germany has become a nation, but it is a nation in which soldiers are predom- inant. Italy has expelled the foreigner, or rather has got him expelled for her. The graceful and learned Italian refugees who excited the admiration and love of English- men, have ceased to exist, but the libera- tion of Italy has scarcely as yet fulfilled the hopes of the generation which admired Ca vour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi. Italy, which, when enslaved, produced men of genius, has not, since she was free, given birth (at any rate in the field of politics) to a single man whose name is favorably know 11 throughout Europe. Men, happily, cannot live without some object for enthusiasm. the decline of one faith makes room for another, ami it is easy to perceive that Eng- lish Imperialism is, looked at from its good .side, a new form of the undying belief in progress. The fervor with which young men have rushed into the South African war, the delight with which all England has welcom- ed the cooperation of her colonies, is some- thing much better than a mere desire to keep England big. It means a fervent belief in the unity of the British Empire, and a stern sense of the duty incumbent upon mod- ern Englishmen to keep united what in their eyes is the greatest and freest and best governed state of the modern world. Whe- ther the readers of the Nation share this be- lief I know not. At the present moment I am only concerned to insist upon its exis- tence and its strength. An Observer. FROM FRANCE INTO SPAIN. Madrid, August 15, 1901. My experience with the French people has been somewhat singular. I left home with a decided prejudice against them — a mental attitude that was certainly not changed by some years' residence in Germany. I en- tered a French university for the purpose of familiarizing myself with the language and literature, but T did not expect my feelings to undergo a change. I had not been long at Grenoble until I found that I was mis- taken; the professors were so amiable, so ready to help in every way, so easy of ac- cess, that I was soon completely won over. They showed none of the feeling of supe- riority that characterizes so many of the professors in German universities; nothing in their attitude toward their students that seems to say, "Don't approach too near a man so wise as I am." Along with some of my fellow-students, I was frequently in- vited to the homes of members of our fac- ulty, where we were made to feel that we were all on the same social level. The peo- ple of the city, too, were so agreeable that I left it with much regret. If I did not leave many friends there, I was made to feel that many of my acquaintances wished me to think so. At the close of the last school year, ten of us decided to present ourselves before the faculty of belles-lettres for final examina- tion. The procedure was briefly as follows: At eight in the morning we were put to writing an exercise in French on an as- signed theme. "Cyrano de Bergerac" fell to me. We were not allowed any helps. This lasted until noon. In the afternoon we were set to translating from our own language into French, an exercise that occupied about four hours. On the following morning we were subjected to a public oral examination in the presence of a considerable company of auditors. We did not get a report upon our work until the third day, when the names of those "regus dGfinitivement" were posted on the bulletin board. That this ex- amination was not a mere matter of form will be evident from the fact that, of the ten foreign candidates examined with me, but six passed successfully. Of the two Americans one failed — and it was the second time for him — and the one Italian; at which I was much surprised, for he is a fine lin- guist. Out of seven Germans, two failed. It will be seen from the above that the train- ing we received was literary rather than scientific, especial stress being laid on a good working knowledge of French. Though the months of July and August are the time of year when there is an exodus of the people from the south towards a more congenial climate, my observation had led me to believe that, by adopting the native costume on going south, I should not find the heat oppressive. This proved to be the case. Before entering Spain, my objective point, I spent a few weeks among the towns and cities of southern France. This was quite time enough. I was naturally much interested in what I saw; but it was chiefly the remains of a former civilization, the Roman, that I found most attractive. It is hard to overdraw the slowness, the dead- ness, the monotony of the French provincial towns. Every one Is just like the other. Every one has a small picture-gallery, a Boulevard Gambetta, a promenade planted with trees and flowers, a OafS de la Gare and a Cafe de la Paix. I suppose after a longer stay I might have discovered some differences, but to me they were not evi- dent. The few residents who have been in Paris find life unendurable. At Perpignan I conversed with a gentleman who told me that he was slowly dying of ennui, and that he would give anything to get back to the capital — though that was impossible, as he could not leave his business. Perpignan, by, the way, is one of the most mediaeval places I have yet seen. It bears a striking resem- blance to Regensburg. The streets are dis- tressingly narrow, while the upper stories of the houses often project far out over the lower. Here one feels himself transported centuries into the past. As it is near the frontier, the city is strongly fortified, and the garrison imparts to it what few signs of life it exhibits. Its environs are very picturesque. My visit was accidental. I had gone to Cette, the principal port of the French mer- chant marine on the Mediterranean, expect- ing to find a steamer for Barcelona. In this I was disappointed, and so was obliged to travel by rail. Cette is reported to be losing ground, year by year, from what cause I do not know. I found that I could not get a ticket into Spanish territory, owing to the depreciated condition of the currency, and so had to make the neces- sary transfer at Portbou. The train here passes through a wildly picturesque coun- try. The tunnels are almost innumerable, and spoil many a fine view of the sea. The Pyrenees are the bleakest, gloomiest, and most forbidding mountains imaginable. They bear little resemblance to the Alps, which are in many places covered with vege- tation to a high altitude. Nothing but blue, barren, rugged rocks, with occasion- ally a clump of olive trees on the Spanish side or a bit of vineyard on the French side, frown upon the spectator. After one is out of sight of the Pyrenees, the country offers little that is of interest. It is an immense plain under a high state of cultivation, on which grow grapes, figs, and oranges In great profusion. Our train made the run to Barcelona in rather less than seven hours. I had heard so much about the slowness of Spanish railroads that I was agreeably sur- prised at the time we made. I learned afterward that this is perhaps the best- managed road on the peninsula — a fact that is largely due to French influence. Barce- lona, the most flourishing of Spanish cities, is strongly tinctured with French ideas. Even on the streets one hears the language spoken almost as much as Spanish; and the visitor is reminded of Paris on every hand. Many cities of Southern Europe have a mon- ument to Columbus, but none that I have

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Sept. 12, 1901] The USTation. 205 seen is so magnificent and imposing as that in Barcelona. I left that city at nine in the morning on what is called an express train; its motion was, however, decidedly slow. The second- class is not what one finds it in France, Germany, or even Italy; for, while fairly comfortable, it is rather dirty. The whole road passes through what seems to be vir- tually a desert. There are few streams, consequently a scarcity of water, and few inhabitants. There is nothing to relieve the monotony except now and then a small, scraggy vineyard or a cluster of olive trees. Occasionally the train stopped at some hamlet where the wretched inhabi- tants were assembled to beg. I do not see how they can live except by contributions from travellers. Children, women, and old men all have a hand in the business. At one place where the train stopped I ob- served an old blind man, who began to play on a violin apparently as old as himself, and about as badly dilapidated, and to ac- company himself with his cracked voice. After a little he struck up the "Marseil- laise," whereupon the sous and centimes be- gan to fall all over him. Evidently there were many Frenchmen aboard or French sympathizers, like myself. There was something thrilling and at the same time exhilarating in the efforts of that miserable Spaniard at playing the national air of his northern neighbor. At Saragossa we made a long stop, and several Spaniards entered my compartment. Each took off his hat — it was now near midnight — and wished me "Buena noche, sefior." Then followed the offer of cigarettes, and an attempt at con- versation. Some of them spoke French passably well, and so we managed to make each other understood. By nine the next morning, after a ride of a little less than twenty-four hours, we arrived in Madrid. Ralph C. Super. Correspondence. "MALAHACK." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I should like to contribute my mite of information relative to the word "ma- lahack," about which your correspondent from Weld, Me., inquired in the Nation of August 22, 1901. I have heard it used a number of times by a gentleman whose birth-place was in Windham County, in northeastern Connecticut. He will say, for instance, either in a jesting tone or in a tone of reproof, "Don't go malahackimg around here," or "Don't malahack all around." I have never heard him use the word in a connection similar in sense to that quoted by your correspondent, but it is evident that "to cut awkwardly" is the lit- eral meaning of the word as he has learn- ed it, and has probably used it, though not in my hearing. During my two years' resi- dence in Lewiston, only a few miles distant from Weld, I have not once heard the word "malahack." I, personally, am interested in the etymology of the word. Respectfully yours, A. N. Leonard. Lkwiston, Me., August 81, 1901. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Malahack is a word known to me for nearly fifty years. I am not sure that it is in common use in this town (Goffstown, N. H.), which is my native place. I re- member that in 1854, in Dover, N. H. (not far from Maine), a person used it, saying of a certain boy under her care that she did not wish to have him malahacked by his teacher. The boy had been feruled unjust- ly, and she was indignant. W. C. P. tows, x. h., September 9, 1901. Notes. Little, Brown & Co.'s autumn announce- ments include 'Types of Naval Officers, with Some Remarks on the Development of Naval Warfare during the Eighteenth Cen- tury,' by Capt. Mahan; 'Maids and Matrons of New France,' by Mary Sifton Pepper; 'First Principles of Nursing,' by Anne R. Manning; 'Deafness and Cheerfulness,' by the Rev. A. W. Jackson, biographer of James Martineau, whose sister Harriet's deafness and cheerfulness leap to mind; and 'A Jap- anese Miscellany,' by Lafcadio Hearn. Books to appear this autumn from Small, Maynard & Co. are 'Church Building,' a study of the principles of architecture in their relations to the church, by Ralph Adams Cram; 'A House Party,' twelve stories anonymously contributed by well- known American writers; 'A Gage of Youth,' lyrics from the Lark, and other verses, by Gelett Burgess; and 'To Girls: A Budget of Letters,' by Heloise E. Hersey. Noyes, Piatt & Co., Boston, will issue 'American Mural Painting,' by Pauline King; 'Mother Goose's Menagerie,' by Carolyn Wells; 'A Whist Calendar,' by Mildred Howells; and 'Mr. Munchausen,' by John Kendrick Bangs. Close upon Stone's newly published 'Mary I., Queen of England,' will follow 'Mary, Queen of Scots, and Who Wrote the Casket Letters?' from the press of James Pott & Co. A. Wessels Co. will issue 'Philip Freneau, the Poet of the Revolution,' by Mary S. Austin, in collaboration with Mrs. H. K. Vreeland, a great-granddaughter of Fre- neau; and 'French Cookery for American Homes,' with more than 600 recipes. Charles Scribner's Sons have almost ready 'The Civil War and the Constitution,' by Prof. John W. Burgess of Columbia Uni- versity. 'Woman in the Golden Age,' by Mrs. Amelia Gere Mason, is in the press of the Century Company. Villari's Life of Giovanni Segantini will shortly be published by E. P. Dutton & Co.; as also a new and revised edition of 'Ephe- mera Critica.' Ginn & Co. promise soon 'A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions,' by Prof. Frank Abbott of the University of Chicago. Amid the host of reprints which every au- tumn ushers in, we may count upon T. Y. Crowell & Co. for their share. Forman's edition of Keats, five handy volumes in a box, calls for no remark except that there has been no attempt at eleganc-e in the ty- pography, and that the condensed type of the footnotes will prove trying to most eyes. The more presentable series, embracing Macaulay's and Bacon's Essays, Southey's Nelson, and Parkman's 'Oregon Trail,' have I the distinction of special introductions; but the only one of weight so far is Prof. E. G. Bourne's brief characterization of Parkman and his works. This is noticeably sane and just. Parallel in style with the foregoing are the three volumes reembodying Bul- finch's 'Age of Fable,' 'Age of Chivalry," and 'Legends of Charlemagne,' of long- approved utility. Mrs. Elizabeth Stoddard's novels, 'Two Men,' 'Temple House,' and 'The Morgesons,' undergo a fresh mutation of publishers. More than thirty-five years have elapsed since we reviewed 'Two Men,' then bearing the imprint of Bunce & Huntington. There was a revival in 1888, with the aid of the Cassells. Now the trio come to us from Henry T. Coates & Co., Philadelphia. This vitality proves that the mixed and contra- dictory qualities of these highly individual writings are dominated by what is most original and forceful in them. They please and displease, but end by holding their own (as the author can now claim) from gen- eration to generation. The "College Latin Series," of Allyn & Bacon has added an edition of the odes and epodes of Horace, prepared by Prof. Charles E. Bennett, the general editor of the se- ries. Its contents are, of course, scholarly, but we cannot help feeling that the com- mentary is a little bare on the literary side. Perhaps the editor feels that literary beauty needs no label, but it must be re- membered that, even with the best of prep- aration, the average freshman does not come to his Horace with the power of grasp- ing its purely literary features unham- pered by difficulties with the language. If the notes confine themselves too strictly to clearing up the merely linguistic difficulties, the chances are that the pupil will allow the other side to pass with no earnest at- tention whatever. Professor Shorey ren- dered a good service, in his edition of the Odes, in his rich supply of illustrative quo- tations from other poets, of all ages ana lands. The student who can read his notes without the awakening of a real literary in- terest, has none to be awakened. The Shorey edition leaves no other editor a promising outlook for original achievement in the same line, but some such appeal to the usually dormant faculty of literary appreciation in the college student of Latin poetry is real- ly necessary, if the work is to be done with the highest success. In his introduc- tion Professor Bennett brings forward again his much-discussed position concerning Latin metres, viz., that we are to conceive a Latin verse as merely a certain arrange- ment of long and short syllables, with no appreciable stress accent whatever; the only accent being the mere "quantitative promi- nence inherent in the long syllable of every fundamental foot — the iambus, trochee, dac- tyl, and anapaest." An admirable feature of the edition is the brief introduction accom- panying each ode in the text. This con- sists of a subject-title, a statement of the occasion of the poem, when such is possi- ble, an outline, and the date of composi- tion, if determinable. The French are rivalling the English in making the archaeological finds of Egypt accessible to Western scholars, as is evi- denced once more by the new periodical publication, Lc Music Egyptian, "recueil de monuments et de notices sur les fouilles d'lSgypte." The special purpose of this journal is to reproduce in the best manner possible the literary and archaeological trea-

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206 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1889 sures of the Bulaq Museum, in order to fur- nish added material for scientific study. The first volume, containing forty-two plates, has appeared, containing mostly Egyptian inscriptions and pictures, with fresh data on the life and history of the Egyptians. In the Revue Untoerselle, R. Cagnat, mem- ber of the Paris Academy of Inscriptions, has given an excellent summary of the re- sults of the archaeological researches which have been so energetically prosecuted by French savants on the site of ancient Car- thage, ever since the French protectorate of Tunis began. These investigations have been conducted chiefly by Father Delattre, founder of the Lavigerie Museum in Tunis, and Father Gauckler. On the whole, the re- sults have not come up to expectations, the finds being rather meagre and of compara- tively small value, as if bearing witness to the thoroughness with which the Romans destroyed their rival for supremacy. It has not even been possible to trace with cer- tainty the old city walls. The only guide in this particular has been the situation of the Punic cemeteries, which, following the cus- tom of Semitic peoples, were outside of the city. Hence the inference that the old city must have been rather small — confined, in- deed, to the space between the sea and the nearest chain of hills. On the Byrsa, the old Acropolis of Carthage, not a single find of the Punic period has occurred, although the diggings have been made to bed rock. A large number of tombs have been discov- ered, many with female masks, but only one with the life-size figure of a man, who has been variously identified as Hamilcar, Ilas- drubal, and Hannibal. Some characteristics in these tombs point to Egyptian, and others to Greek Influences. The utensils, vessels, amulets, chains, etc., found have, in both number and value, been somewhat disap- pointing. The traditional claim of Crete to have had a hundred cities. Mr. D. (5. Hogarth says, in a communication to the London Times, "is proving not altogether vain. He- mains of primitive settlements too con- siderable to have been villages are coming to light at tar more points of the Cretan coast than bear a name in classical at- lases."' Vmong these iee, mi discoveries is Phaestos, on the south of the island, in which the ruins consist mainly of a palace of great extent and in excellent preservation. There are bniad staircases and majestic courts. one containing "an altar anil tiers of stone seats built up againsl the rock, evidently to hold an Assembly." \ not her is Gorynia, "the most perfect example yet discovered of a small 'Mycenaean' town, uncontaminated with later remains. ... It was discov- ered by the perseverance of the American lady, Miss Harriet Itoyd, who h;is been di- recting its excavation. Her workmen have now laid bare two narrow and tortuous streets, paved, and here and there ascend- ing by flights el steps; on either hand of which are preserved to a considerable height bouses or stone, with party- walls of brick. Tins style of structure, often suspected on Aegean sites, has never been actual- ly round before. The two streets con- \ erge tow ards a large building of fine mason- ry, on the highest point of the knoll, in which it is easy to recognize the house Of the local chieftain or governor." In the buildings have been found bronze weapons, tools, and vessels, and clay vases, "complete Specimens of types previously inferred from fragments only." At Zakro, where the ex- cavations were conducted by Mr. Hogarth himself, were remains of a still more prim- itive age, as well as two inscribed tablets and hundreds of impressions of lost sig- nets, of 150 separate types, and illustrating in a remarkable way "not only late 'My- cenaean' glyptic art, but also 'Mycenaean' religious symbolism." Dr. Sven Hedin's second expedition in Central Asia bids fair to be of greater in- terest than his first, in 1893-07. He reached Kashgar in September, 1809, and from thence went to the Lob Nor region, in which he has made many excursions of much value to geographical science. In his last letter, dated April 23 of this year, according to the London Times:, he announces the discovery of an ancient lake-bed near the present Lob Nor, and some ruins on its northern shore. Among these he found a beautiful Buddhist temple, with most artistic wood-carving. But his most curious find was some twelve letters, written on paper, in Chinese. "They were in a marvellous state of preservation, every sign being perfectly distinct and leg- ible." In one of them the place is called Lo-lan. He found, also, 30 little pieces of wood, like tickets, each inscribed with the name of some emperor, the year, month, and day of his reign; they are supposed to be at least 800 years old. This ancient lake-bed apparently may soon be filled again, for while Dr. Hedin was making his explorations there "the waters of the pres- ent lake were spreading north so rapidly that it was unsafe for the travellers to (amp on the shore." Dr. Hedin proposed to cross Tibet to the sources of the Indus, and possibly go to Calcutta, and then to return to Kashgar via Ladak, reaching Europe next spring. At the time of writing, his scientific work was represented by 726 sheets of maps, and geographical, geological, and hydrographlcal studies which will fill two large volumes of five hundred pages each. The popular narrative, of his journey, notwithstanding his wealth of material, he hopes to compress into two volumes of mod- erate size. The commerce of China in 1900 is the prin- cipal subject treated in the Consular Reports for August, numerous tables of statistics being given from the official report of the imperial maritime customs. According to these figures, writes ( 'onsul - 1 ieneral Good- now of Shanghai, "the United States buys more goods from China than does any other nation, and her total Hade with China, im- ports and exports, equals that of Great Britain (not Including colonies), and is far ahead of that of any other country." He adds, however, that, "at the present time, German trade is increasing faster propor- tionately (not absolutely) than is ours." An- other evidence of Germany's commercial ac- tivity is to be found in the report of her trade with South America in 1900. This amounted to $154,124,000, an increase of $22,- 15:'., 1100 over that of the previous year. \ moiig the other topics referred to are the establishment of a preparatory school for railroad employees in the state railroad ser- vice it Muni<h, and the Mond fuel gas, "which, it is claimed, can be supplied to customers at four cents per 1,000 cubic feet." The Iowa Geological Survey has issued its eleventh volume of publications, which is devoted to administrative reports, filling 519 pages, and is illustrated by 43 cuts and .1 plates and folded maps. It includes the Ninth Annua) Report of the State Geolo- gist, which shows that, as in previous years, special attention has been paid during 1900 to areal investigation and mapping. The greater part of the volume is taken up by reports on the geology of Louisa, Marion, Pottawattamie, Cedar, Page, Clay, and O'Brien Counties. A special report shows that the value of the mineral production of the State for 1900 exceeded $10,000,000, the value of the coal produced being over $0,000, (M)0, and that of the clay output over $2,000,000. "The great African arc of meridian" is among the subjects touched upon in the Report of His Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope for 1900. The comple- tion of a geodetic arc along the thirtieth meridian from Gwelo to the Zambesi may be looked upon as the first step in a chain of triangulation which shall extend con- tinuously to the mouth of the Nile. It is hoped that the different nations through whose territory the arc must pass will co- operate in the execution of this project. Such a work will furnish a basis for the much- needed survey of Egypt and the Sudan, and for the determination of the boundaries of German East Africa and the Congo Free State, where they adjoin British terri- tory. Recent action of the Academic Senate of the Heidelberg University has given official recognition to the agitation looking toward a restriction of the attendance of foreign students at the higher institutions of learn- ing in Germany. The movement began in the schools of technology, where the pres- sure for admittance on the part of non- Germans has assumed remarkable propor- tions in recent years. The students of the Polytechnicum at Munich requested the au- thorities not to be so liberal in opening its doors to outsiders, as this was interfer- ing with the work of the Germans. The granting of this request induced the stu- dents of similar schools elsewhere to ask for the same restriction. Some weeks ago, the university students took up the matter, and the Heidelberg men petitioned for simi- lar limitations, and this petition has been granted. It is an open secret that the movement is directed chiefly against the Russian contingent. Gunnar Wennerberg, who died at Stock- holm on August 24, was undoubtedly the most popular Swedish poet and composer of recent times. He may be regarded as the legitimate successor as academic poet-lau- reate of Hellmann. He was born at Linkoping October 2, 1S17. After studying at the Uni- versity of Upsala, he became a docent in aesthetics there and later lector in a gym- nasium. In 1S70 he was appointed a privy councillor, retaining that position, with one interruption, until 1891. His popularity is based chiefly upon the collection of duets called Gluntcwne, published in 1851, which depict the joys and sorrows of student life. At all Swedish student gatherings these songs are sure to form a part of the musical programme, and they are hardly less popu- lar in Denmark. His "Hor oss Svea," with which the Swedish students gained a prize at the Paris Exposition in 1878, is now one of the Swedish national songs. In later life Wennerberg composed a number of oratorios and other sacred works. — We subjoin the latest specimen of lit- erary bribery that has been brought to our notice, suppressing names. It has been sent to us by the recipient, who is unwilling to

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Sept. 12, 19O1] Th.e !N*ation. 207 acknowledge his profession peculiarly sus- ceptible to this kind o£ immoral advances: New York, August 81, 1001. Rev. . Dear Sir : Will you permit me to send you eight volumes of the Library, free of charge, with the understanding that if examination proves satisfactory you send me a brief endorsement sim- ilar to the enclosed, in consideration of which (he volumes, which are bound and handsomely illus- trated, will become your property without any financial consideration or further responsibility on your part. The introductory advertising of the work has beeu placed in my hands, and I am making this proposition to a few people preliminary to the general sale. Will send you sample pages and further informa- tion if you want it on receipt of reply. Yours very truly, P. S.— Time is money. Kindly sign and mail postal card without delay. —The leading illustrated article iu the Century for September is one on "Mid- Air Dining-Clubs," by Cleveland Moffett. "It would seem," says Mr. Moffett, "that we are coming back to the world's ancient wis- dom concerning the housetop, which has been neglected these many centuries in Western lands, although once given high honor, as we know, by men of the Bast, who set it apart in their dwellings as a much prized breathing-place." But there is a radical difference, as this writer clearly sets forth, between the Oriental breathing- place and the mid-air suite of apartments in a New York "sky-scraper." The real analogue of the former was the roof-garden introduced twenty years ago, and found in some respects wanting. Why the roof-gar- den has not answered all the expectations of its early promoters might be the subject of an essay by itself; but one reason un- doubtedly is that the weather of New York is not the weather of the East. It cannot be counted on for very long; and in order to make a roof-garden pay as a commercial enterprise, it must be pretty well filled with people every evening, for several hours. To meet this difficulty, the obvious recourse was to protect the garden against the weather by a sort of roof, and by the time this had been done, the enclosure de- feated its object and destroyed the garden. One potential garden at least we have seen destroyed in this way. All these attempts were, so far as we remember, in non-sky- scraping buildings. The invention of the tall building, however, has introduced some- thing of an entirely novel and altogether different order — a suite of apartments roof- ed in, to be sure, yet so high up in the air as to get a steady breeze, which renders the temperature always tolerable. These are the best conceivable places for clubs in summer in New York, and in this respect the down-town strictly utilitarian clubs are better housed than the fashionable ones up town. Jane Marsh Parker contributes an article on "Louis Philippe in the United States," giving what few facts can be col- lected about the visit to America, made in 1797, by "Messrs." Orleans, Montpensier, and Beaujolais, and recalls the excellent old story of Mr. Willing's refusing for his daughter the hand of the future King of France, on the ground that in his present situation the latter was not a good match for her; while, should he recover his rights, she would cease to be a suitable match for him. For fiction, inter alia, Irving Bachel- ler's "D'ri and I" comes to an appropriate- ly patriotic conclusion in this number, with President Monroe's eyes filling with tears, the hero kissing his wife, and her declaring that she was never so proud to be an Amer ican. Bret Harte furnishes the opening in- stalment of "Trent's Trust." — In Harper's, Arthur Symons writes on Prague. To un-Bohemianized ears it sounds strange to hear that "the real centre of Prague is the Karluv Most"— in other words, Karlsbriicke; but Prague ceased to be a German city some years ago. The Czech national movement is a good deal of a mys- tery to a foreigner, no doubt because to the world at large there is little or no Bohemi- an tradition, or literature, or art, and the Czech type is, to the non-Czech, unattrac- tive. Mr. Symons has evidently "striven" to like it, but his description is decidedly vague. To the German, it is quite clear and distinct. In his eyes the Czech is a sort of wild Irishman of the Continent, quarrelsome, violent (as is shown by his practice of "de- fenestration"— otherwise, throwing those with whom he quarrels out of any conve- nient window), and curiously determined upon being a Bohemian when he might per- fectly well have remained Teutonized. H. W. Wilson contributes a, paper on "The New German Navy," with illustrations. One re- markable fact, certainly not generally known, is referred to, that in Germany the army and navy are regarded to a certain extent as a unit — the navy sending selected officers to serve with the army, and vice versa. This recalls the sixteenth century, when the commander of a fleet might any day be a general ashore. We get from this article the reassuring information that the de- signs of the German Emperor are not against this country. England is his real objective, but he will not attack until he is ready, which will not be, perhaps, till 1916. Considering, by the way, what a bellicose reign his was to be, and how he has fumed and raged since he came to the throne, it is a little remarkable how careful he has been not to level his ma.iled fist at any great Power. We know that some potentates make war abroad in order to divert their subjects from domestic questions; but others think that bluster abroad may answer this end as well. The "Cathode Rays" form the subject of an article by Professor Joseph J. Thompson, which has attracted general attention. The layman cannot do more than wonder at speculations which seem to in- dicate a revival of the corpuscular theory of light and Franklin's theory of the "elec- tric fluid." — Robert Alston Stevenson has an article in Scrilmer'8 on "The Poor in Summer," of which the illustrations have an unusual de- gree of life and "actuality." Mr. Steven- son's remarks on the subject of public baths are worth attention. One of the great dif- ficulties of those who work among the poor is to get them to wash themselves properly. Novices in this sort of charity often begin by preaching the gospel of soap and water. Now, says Mr. Stevenson, a bath-tub in every tenement, though a good thing in it- self, will not wash people automatically; the tenement bath-tub is frequently used as a coal-bin. A public bath round the corner is a different thing, as is proved by the fact that last year 130,000 people paid five cents for soap and towel at the People's Baths at Centre Market Place. Wrater is not avoided by the poor, he thinks, to the extent that many good people suppose; but in a tene- ineiii .: placi apart for dressing and undress- ing (still More when the whole family live in two rooms) is hard to find. If the tene- ment bath-tub is not turned Into a coal- bin, the bath-tub part of it, being the best, may very likely be let to boarders, and the family then goes without. Public baths fur- nish not merely the bath, bul the privacy in dressing and undressing which for the poor is otherwise an almost unattainable luxury. Of course, it is true that (here are very large numbers ol people who do not. like to take the trouble to keep themselves cle so there are numbers of people who prefer not to change their clothes at night. II is not this class with which we are concerned, but with the millions who would like to be clean, yet find a dozen obstacles in their way. We may add that this does not really touch the question of free baths at all. II being settled thai public baths, provided by the city, are a good thing, it is open to Socialisticus to maintain that they should be entirely supported by taxation, to Economi- cus that those who use them should pay for the privilege. The question whether pub- lic baths can be made self-supporting has, we believe, never been tested. Gen. Francis V. Greene publishes the first of three pa pers (richly illustrated by many hands) on "The United States Army." Gen. Greene, as the readers of his early book on military matters in Russia will recall, is an agree- able writer, and his papers promise to be interesting. — The Atlantic's "Notes on the Reaction," by an "Emersonian Democrat," refers to t ne reaction against Democracy so visible throughout the world for some years past; the reaction t,u Democracy will follow (this Democrat thinks), if only on the principle of oscillation in politics. If we turn to an- other political article — that on "The Fu- ture of Political Parties," by Charles A. Conant — we find no suggestion of how the new reaction is to be brought about, ex- cept the familiar one, that it is to be so- cialistic. A modern Imperialist might read either article with a quiet chuckle. He knows well enough what the trouble with modern Democracy is, and what the best means are of retarding oscillations. It is just as true now, as it was in Mirabeau's time, that Privilege is the enemy of De- mocracy, and Corruption its handmaid. There is no more possibility that we can return to the paths of Democracy under the leadership of Debs, Irons, Shaffer, and Bryan, than there was a possibility of the human race being regenerated a hundred years ago by Anacharsis Clootz. But the Atlantic's politics are nothing if not jejune. "The Southern People under Reconstruc- tion," by Thomas Nelson Page, should have been published twenty-five years ago. It has no application to any existing ques- tion, and. as history, is trite. Burning at the stake in the South is what we want to hear about now. Among non-political arti- cles we have only space to refer to John Muir's "Hunting Big Redwoods," "Beauty," by the late W. J. Stillman, and Mr. Henry Austin Clapp's "Reminiscences of a Dra- matic Critic,'' of which a second very read- able instalment appears in this number. —The current number of VeGhire's Maga- :iii< contains what is stated to be the "only announcement to the public," by Command- er Evelyn B. Baldwin, of the plans and purposes of the much-advertised Baldwin-

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208 Tlie IsTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 Ziegler Polar Expedition. This announce- ment differs broadly from the usual class of parting messages by expedition com- manders, and is marked by refreshing as- surance, in view of the fact that Arctic ex- ploration depends for its success largely upon fortuitous circumstances. The public Is not informed of the precise date on which the Pole is to be discovered, but it is told that on March 22, 1902, the advance may be begun from the northernmost extremity of Franz-Josef Land, and that the magnetic work of the expedition "will comprise abso- lute readings each Monday," and that read- ings "of declinations and horizontal inten- sity will be made at five-minute intervals" every Tuesday. Such a close calculation of the work of the expedition ought certainly to inspire confidence in Its outcome, but un- fortunately the general tenor of Mr. Bald- win's "announcement" may easily excite suspicion that the exultant commander has not fully mastered the record of experiences in the far North, despite his own service in two explorations under tried leaders. Arctic exploration must, indeed, have made wonderful progress since 1894 and 1899 to permit of the confident prediction that "nothing short of contingencies which no human power could avoid" will prevent the planting this time of "the flag of our coun- try at the northern apex of the earth." It is true, the statement Is made that no expe- dition ever sailed for the North with so comprehensive an equipment as this one, or with prospects half so bright; but unfortu- nately these superior conditions are thought to be a part of the stock in trade of almost every new expedition, and so far they have generally been found to be sub- ordinate in value to the wits and morale of the expeditionary corps. All will wish the new expedition success, and it will be inter- esting, a year or two hence, to note in how far prearranged possibilities may find their confirmation in fact. Intelligence has just been received through the returning Fridtjof, one of the vessels of the expedi- tion— the others being the America and the Belgica — of the safe landing of the expedi- tionary party on Franz-Josef Land. The same source of information brings the in- telligence that Admiral Makaroff, in com- mand of the Russian ice-breaker the Ermak, has abandoned all thought of being able to break through the great Polar pack by means of his powerful and specially constructed machine. Thus seems to dis- appear an apparently easy and simple means of reaching the Pole. — The same number of McOVure's Maga- zine contains an interesting illustrated ar- ticle by Sir Harry H. Johnston, Special Commissioner for Uganda, on the okapi, the remarkable hoofed animal that has recently been brought to light from the Congo for- est, and for a knowledge of which the sci- entific world is indebted to the indefatigable Special Commissioner. At a time when de- struction threatens the major animal lorins of the African continent, this discovery adds an almost unique type to a fauna al- ready distinctive in its salient characteris- tics, and for the coming of which there had been no herald. The okapi, if it has not turned out to be the extinct Helladothcrium, which it was first thought (and hoped) it might be, still remains a most interesting quadruped. Roughly, it may be said to be most nearly allied to the giraffe, having three horn-cores and a somewhat elongated neck; but the body build is more distinctly equine, and the size is only that of an ox. Singularly enough, the mount of the single specimen in the British Museum differs considerably in out- line from what the discoverer has repre- sented in his own sketch; but, as Sir Harry remarks, "until the okapi has been photographed alive or dead, and its exact shape in the flesh is thus known," it will be impossible to determine upon the precise form of the animal. The okapi seems to offer little as yet towards a solution of the characteristics of the African fauna, be- yond the fact that it adds a second member to the camelopardaline group; but its dis- covery will doubtless lead to a more ener- getic exploration in the still untrodden wilds of the Dark Continent for types of life that may now be said to be missing from the general chain. "This same forest, I believe," says Sir Harry, "conceals other wonders besides the okapi, not yet brought to light, including enormous gorillas. I have seen photographs of these huge apes, taken from dead animals which have been killed by the natives and brought in to the Belgians. A careful search might reveal several other strange additions to the world's mammalian fauna." THE CALHOUN CORRESPONDENCE.— I. Correspondence of John C. Calhoun. Edited by J. Franklin Jameson. [Fourth Annual Report of the Historical Manuscripts Committee of the American Historical Association.] Washington, D. C. This solid volume falls into two parts: letters written by Calhoun; and nearly 200 addressed to him drawn from a collection of 2,300. It is hard to say which are the more valuable, in spite of the fact that of Calhoun's private letters hardly more than a score had hitherto been printed. About his domestic and plantation li,fe, his treat- ment of his slaves, his attitude of mind towards the Missouri Compromise (p. 181), about his wire-pulling to make Mississippi lake the lead in calling the Nashville Con- vention in 1849 (pp. 1204, 1206), Von Hoist might have gleaned something for his mas- terly characterization of the South Carolina statesman; but not much. This historian asks (Life, p. 179) if Calhoun had "so en- tirely forgotten all that he had seen during his college years in New England" that he failed to discern the superior vitality of the North, notwithstanding the labor troubles from which he thought the South happily exempt. We have here a number of letters during his student days in New England, at Litchfield and at Newport, but only a youth who knows how to ad- just himself to his environment so as to live pleasantly, with never a reflection on contrasted systems of agriculture and in- dustry. He was well on towards middle life when, in 1821, he expressed surprise at the product of a farm in Harrisburg, Pa., not so good land as in Calhoun's neighborhood, and employing steadily only one negro fel- low at five dollars a month (p. 196). But in this respect he was blind as a Southerner rather than individually, as may be said of the unconscious humor (the only kind asso- ciated with him) of passages like these from letters written in 1831 (p. 301): "Aleck, our house servant, gave us the slip yesterday, and is now in the woods. ■ . . He had offended your sister, and she threatened him with a severe whipping. . . . He ran away for no other cause but to avoid a correction for some misconduct." Proof that Aleck was not only a little lower than the angels, but a good deal less than human! Much appears to the credit account of Calhoun in his iterated desire to have wo- men take an interest in politics (p. 316), and to have regard in education to health and constitution (p. 459); also, in his con- sistent detestation of the spoils system (p. 452), and the caucus (p. 530), and of rota- tion in office, which he will not practise in State Department appointments (p. 586). But amid the riches from which it is embar- rassing to choose, we shall follow a rather narrow line relating to slavery. It is three years after the founding of the Liberator that any mention is made in this corre- spondence (p. 327) of the abolition agita- tion, and it is significant that then Cal- houn's outburst was against the Coloniza- tion Society, as the putative author of a bill freeing the slaves in the District imme- diately. This means, he says, immediate emancipation at the South. But he did not know the Society. No notice is taken of the organization of the American Anti-Slavery Society, just a month before. Nor does Calhoun, writing a month after the mails had been rifled by a mob in Charleston for "incendiary" abolition mat- ter, and referring to the Richmond meeting of August 4, 1835, which led to the Boston mob of October 21 in that year, employ any more specific name for the abolitionists than "Northern fanaticks" (p. 345). On June 28, 1836, he records that "the aboli- tionists are numerous, zealous, and active." In February, 1837, he fears that the "abo- lition question" "is destined to shake the country to its centre" (p. 368). "They have a powerful press and abundant funds" (p. 361). On July 7, 1837, he classifies himself as "anti-abolition" (p. 376), a pass to which he could not have come without a certain hu- miliation of spirit. He did not, he said, "intend to go into any move that may be controlled by abolitionists, consolidationists, colonizationists." By May 16, 1840, he felt there was "less to fear at present from the Tariff than either of the others [abolition and currency questions]" (p. 456). By March 5, 1844, "The only two questions of press- ing importance, ... I mean the Tariff and abolition" (p. 572). His all but dyiDg confession was (February 6, 1850): "The slavery question has at length absorbed the entire attention of Congress and the coun- try" (p. 781). Only one incident of the "martyr age" of the anti-slavery agitation chances to be so much as alluded to in Calhoun's let- ters, namely, the imprisonment of Torrey. In 1844, November 14, he denies a story of Torrey's about Calhoun's selling his coach- man's wife to be a concubine (p. 628), and implies that this clergyman could not jus- tify himself before God for his attempt to run off slaves. He notices Samuel Hoar's errand to protect Massachusetts colored seamen from imprisonment in Southern ports as "Massachusetts sending an emis- sary to South Carolina" (p. 633). No no- tice is taken of the disunion policy avow- ed by Garrisonian abolitionists. Calhoun scented disunion in every manifestation of the Northern conscience against slavery per $e. He was ready, like the chivalry of Richmond, to resist that to disunion as

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Sept. 12, 1 901] The Nation. 209 early as 1835. In July, 1837, he could not think of going upon a ticket with Gen. Har- rison, "who has expressed an opinion in favor of appropriating money to emancipate our slaves by purchase" (p. 376). As Tyler's Secretary of State, in March, 1842, he had scruples about receiving Lord Morpeth, who brought letters to him, seeing that that nobleman had "had so little feeling of pro- priety as to attend an abolition meeting in Boston, as it is said, and to express him- self kindly of them and their movement" (p. 506). In the offering of a petition pur- porting to be from slaves by John Quincy Adams in the House of Representatives in January, 1837, Calhoun read (p. 368) not merely the right to emancipate, but, "to express myself more strongly, and at the same time more truly, the act of eman- cipation; for the right to petition Congress is itself emancipation. It would make the masters but overseers, against whom the slave would have a right to appeal to Con- gress, as the absolute master of all." The presentation by the Massachusetts ex-Pres- ident of the famous Haverhill petition pray- ing for emancipation in the District of Co- lumbia, in January, 1842, was resented as "the first open development of abolition to- wards disunion" (p. 504); and that motive was ascribed to Mr. Adams, though he mov- ed reference of the petition for adverse re- port. The name of no abolitionist properly so called, meaning the purely moral agitators and disunionists, occurs in Calhoun's own letters. Calhoun made no distinctions among anti-slavery men, and in 1846 he pictured "the abolitionists . . . headed by Adams and Giddings" (p. 679). Torrey was a Liberty Party man, and so was Lewis Tappan, who is mentioned casually in the letter of August 30, 1845 (p. 670). The Liberty Party itself is quite unmentioned. The Buffalo Free-Soil Convention of 1848 appears to Calhoun the possible forerunner of "the formation of two great sectional parties," with results leading to "great changes" (p. 761). Abolitionism, he writes on November 7, 1846, "has been forced into politics with you, and it must now be put down politically, or triumph with you, with all the inevitable consequences that will follow — disunion among others" (p. 711). On the same date he first speaks of "Wilmot's proposition." This, we believe, is the entire abolition gallery labelled by Calhoun, whose preference was ever for im- personal warfare on behalf of leading prin- ciples. While ready to call a slave a slave in these letters, Calhoun resorted freely to the eu- phemisms of his section. He objected, in 1838, to the name Democrat for his party, signi- fying "those who are in favor of the govern- ment of the absolute numerical majority, to which I am utterly opposed, and the preva- lence of which would destroy our system and destroy the South" (p. 400). In 1843, Great Britain was interfering in Texas "in order to act on our Southern institutions" (p. 555); and presently again, "our domestic institutions of the South" (p. 560). In 1846, "No one can realize the disasters which would follow the war [with England over the northwest boundary], should there be one. I fear neither our liberty nor Constitution would survive" (p. 677). That "liberty" meant "slavery" appears from a letter just one week later; "The abolitionists are all for war, with the avowed intention of crush- ing us and our institutions" (p. 679). He urged J. H. Hammond, on September 28, 1845, to take the highest ground on the sub- ject of slavery, saying that ten years ago almost everybody defended it "on the ground of a necessary evil, to be got rid of as soon as possible." At that time South Carolina was no sounder on this head than Kentucky (p. 672). His own position had been con- sistent from 1837, at least: "It [slavery] ia the best substratum of population in the world, and one on which great and flourish- ing Commonwealths may be most easily and safely reared" (p. 369). Three weeks be- fore his death he proclaimed the irrepres- sible conflict: "It is difficult to see how two peoples so different and hostile can exist to- gether in one common Union" (p. 784). Von Hoist closes his Life of Calhoun by proposing, for "a new edition of works of the greatest and fiercest of pro-slavery fa- natics," "a short appendix — the emancipa- tion proclamation of Abraham Lincoln." We close this portion of our review with an appendix from the pen of that unim- peachable Confederate, Col. John S. Mosby. "The real South is just at its birth. . . . Without the War of Secession the South could never have hoped to attain the future that is now certain. Slavery was a great incubus, paralyzing natural energy. By abolishing this wrong our war benefited every State south of the Mason and Dixon line. The negroes are producing more as free men than they ever did as slaves, and the great mass of the people are vastly better off to-day than they were under the old ante-bellum system. Socially, as well as industrially, the abolition of slavery was highly beneficial in its results to the masses, for slavery was a great wrong, and no community can exist in the highest state of happiness when its system is based on wrong." THE NEW RUSSIAN NOVELIST. Foma Gordyeeff. By Maxim Gorky. Trans- lated from the Russian by Isabel F. Hap- good. Charles Scribner's Sons. The practised translator, Miss Hapgood, introduces a young Russian writer, Maxim Gorky, to English readers, through a novel entitled 'Foma Gordyeeff.' From her bio- graphical sketch it appears that Gorky is a son of the proletariat. At the age of fifteen he had already seen enough life to afford material for future volumes of the sterner sort of realistic tales. He had served brief apprenticeships successively to a shoemaker, a draughtsman, and a holy-image maker, had tried gardening and occupied the po- sition of cook's boy on a Volga steamer, where, he says, his superior, the cook, "exercised a lasting influence over my edu- cation." In Russia the cook's disciple is now hailed as the peer of Turgeneff and Tolstoy, and his translator advances the opinion that he "may accomplish results in the field of realism combined with lofty idealism and poetry, which will be tremen- dous additions to the literature of che world" —results which cannot yet be clearly fore- seen, "because we have no standard of com- parison for such an evenly balanced, power- ful writer in whom these great elements have been so wonderfully united." This opinion exhales that generous en- thusiasm with which it is the luck of Rus- sian novelists to inspire their English dis- coverers. Years ago they awarded to Turge- neff a niche exalted and aloof in the tem- ple of fame. Then they chanted praise of Tolstoy so loud, so long, and with such happy unanimity that few dared to admit a disinclination to accept him uncondition- ally and set him up above the gods of our own language, our own faith, and our own traditions. The boldest dissenters took refuge in paltry evasions, such as lack of sympathy with Slavic ideals or prejudice against books filled with unpronou names. W< have suffered a good deal from the Russians and their friends, so when a new one is posted as in the running, we should at once resolve not to be intimi- dated by the shouting of his backers. Ar- gument about what people may accom- plish is never instructive, and no kind of race would be run if records were never broken. In the literature of the world Gorky may establish a record. So far as he has gone, however, in this his first long work, he is very pointedly Russian. The English reader can hardly fail to feel that he is plunged into a society absolutely foreign, and that the foreignness has roots beneath habits and manners deep in the heart of the people. Gorky has an object in view from which he never flinches: it is to describe a large class of his countrymen, the "merchant class." This class rarely comes in contact with a higher class, and its relation with a lower class is that of a hard master with an unwilling and resentful servant. Its collective energy is given to trade and com- merce, to money-getting without reference to honor or honesty or to the fine uses to which accumulated wealth may be put. It has no morals and no sentiment, and its religion is a formal thing, useful for cere- monies, to be had at a price. Its manners are base and its speech coarse to inde- cency. Gorky's description is a wrathful one; it is an exhibition of realism in an acute phase. Whether it is also truthful we cannot tell, just because in the Western nations, as the translator says of her au- thor's genius, "we have no standard of comparison." Foma Gordyeeff, in despair for himself, said that no good could be born of his class, and he sometimes took leave of an assembly of merchants with a hearty "Damn you all." The author's se- lection of such a nature (he is hardly a character) as FomS, for the purpose of in- tensifying the impression about the class that he wishes to make, is a stroke of lit- erary genius. Considered as a person, even a Russian person, Foma is not quite prob- able; but he achieves the literary purpose perfectly. The translator says that, in Foma, Gorky "shows the gilded youth of all climes"; but we cannot agree with her. If this be true, our own "gilded youth" is sadly misunder- stood. Foma, like Cleopatra, had immor- tal longings in him. "I scold you," said his father, Ignat. a merchant prince, "be- cause there is something in you that you don't get from me, and it is injurious to you." The strange and objectionable some- thing which was really fatal to Foma, he inherited, presumably, from his mother, a blue-eyed, taciturn woman (belonging to a sect called milk-drinkers) who at her son's birth had passed to the silence of death hardly more profound or mysterious than the silence of her life. Russian writers have familiarized us with this strange at- tribute, and we call it spirituality. The thing is rare among us, feeble, not disturbing us greatly, easily stifled. In the merchant class in Russia it appears to be rarer still, and a suspicion of its existence raises the cry.

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210 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 "Crucify him!" Foma could not even make a creditable fight for his soul. He had no intellect and a strong sensuality, which he did get from his father. Blindly, stupidly, despairingly he strives to break the hate- ful bonds of birth, condition, custom. When he tries to express himself, the words will not come, there is none to comfort or teach him, none even to listen patiently and try to understand. Once, when the pressure of hatred becomes intolerable, he expresses it by beating almost to death a man who has spoken ill of a woman, though he knows she deserves the opprobrious epithet. Again his loathing breaks out in a mad prank, and he tries to drown a lot of people with whom he has shared a gross and prolonged debauch. Drink is his only refuge from hopeless misery, and his only effective wea- pon against his enemies is vituperation. Drunk or sober, Foma speaks his mind to the merchants with appalling directness, and at last they agree solemnly that he is mad, and shut him up in an asylum, where the sound of his ravings cannot shock their respectable ears. All this seems to us very Russian, and not largely applicable as a criticism of life. This is not to say that the book is an ordinary one, to pass an hour with aud forget. It is a remarkable book, because there is a man in it telling .1 tale of life that he believes, with passion, to be a true tale, telling it without artifice or compunction, aud show- ing himself, too, naked with the rest. It is not a nice novel. It cannot be included among any of the kinds of novels to which the English are accustomed, and which, meaning vaguely many things or nothing at all, we speak of as "nice" or "very good." Vet it is far from being nasty, as D'Annun- zio and other Latins dealing with what they are pleased to call life, are nasty. Per- haps no goo 1 would be done by the man who should write about us in the way that Gorky writes about Russians, but the experiment would be very interesting — it would make so many of us "sit up." ANOTHER NOVEL FROM FOGAZZARO. Piccolo Hondo Moderno: Romanzo di An- tonio Pogazzaro. Milan: Hoepli. L901. l'p. 161. Were an author to attain great success With a novel entitled, let us say, 'The House that Jack Built,' he would do well not to listen to any suggestion of following it up by 'The House that Gill Built.' He should leave that to the less discreet among his admirers, or, better yet, to those who envy his fortunes. The chances are ten to one against the second work being as good as the first; and even if it be, by way of ex- ception, the former will surely be used to give relief to its shortcomings, whether real or imaginary, it is not pleasant to say it, but this is exactly what has befallen Signor Pogazzaro. No one will ever dream 01' ac- cusing him of wishing to trade upon the name of 'Piccolo .Mondo Antico.' but none lie- less thai charming book is the greatest enemy that "Piccolo Mondo Moderno' has had lo encounter. 'the lirst thing thai most readers say of it on finishing its perusal is that it is tar from being equal to its predecessor. And il was not at all necessary to provoke t lie Odious comparison; titles are not of divine ordination, and. aside 1 11.111 the suggestion in the names, there is uo connection be. tween the two books. Piero Maironi is the son of Franco and Luisa Maironi, but, for any determining influence that such a fact might have, there would have been little difficulty in making him the son of any other father and mother. The setting is not the same; the scene is laid in a city of the Venetian land, instead of upon the Lake of Lugano; the few incidents or de- tails that have their rise in the former volume would have served as well with- out that connection. Still, there is evi- dence that the present story was planned as a sequel when the author wrote 'Piccolo Mondo Antico.' We are there told that the fortune of the Maironi family was of faint- ed origin. Franco Maironi made this dis- covery, but was prevented by circumstances from acting on it. In the present volume his son renounces all part in the ill-gotten wealth, but a hero may do as much even if he be not called Maironi. Indeed, it seems to us that it would have been better if Piero had not been the son of Franco and Luisa: the relationship only seconds the title in suggesting that unhappy compari- son. You are reminded that the parents were both uncommon and interesting char- acters, while the chances are that you will not be slow in pronouncing the son a "muff." The continual suggestion of 'Piccolo Mondo Antico' has, however, the advantage thai, by dint of keeping the two so con- stantly together under our eyes, we finally get quite clear in our minds why that book is superior to its successor. Fogazzaro loves the little world of Valsolda with the best of his heart ; he laughs tenderly at its foibles, and he grieves personally over what he must condemn. Towards the envy, the hatred, the Intrigues, the mockery, the scandal-mongery of a provincial city, he could scarcely be tender, and he shows that, in his case at least, the finest humor is inseparable from love. That in 'Piccolo Mondo Antico' light- ed up the depths of human nature; that in 'Piccolo Mondo Moderno' deals more with externals, and. notwithstanding its good nature, is more akin tp satire. A similar distinction exists between the more serious parts of the two books. It seems to be an open secret that Franco and Luisa Maironi are drawn from the father and mother of th-» author. We must not conclude from this that Piero stands for Fogazzaro himself. The creations of the imagination are set around with mystery; they are somehow drawn from that consciousness in which we find within our very selves the possibilities el' every crime, as well as of all heroism and devotion. The author's attitude toward his 'nature is determined by an inner Areop- agus, whose decision is sometimes dictated by partiality, sometimes by passion, rarely by pure reason. Why should Barrie pursue with scourges his Sentimental Tommy? Why do we fancy we detect in Fogazzaro something like a shudder of aversion while unfolding the character of Piero, who may be a mull, but who is also a good deal of a saint? He registers without protest the opinion of the director of the insane asy- lum that the life of I'iero will end in an in- stitution such as that he presides over; as well as that of liassanelli, his father's old friend, that he is dafl and dangerous, a de- generate scion of his family. There is sucha tiling as (he Impartiality of an historian, but the novelist hardly stands so aloof from the favorites oi his creation. The conclusion canuot be avoided that the portrait of Piero is the result of a profound curiosity, as well as of imperfect sympathy. In the little world of fifty years ago, the least among its denizens comes before us so palpitating with life that we at once ac- cord to him or her our personal good will or our dislike. We accept the characters of 'Piccolo Mondo Moderno' as well observed, perfectly life-like, but we do not identify ourselves with them; the world is too large, and they — many of them — are too small. There are plenty of exceptions. Don Giu- seppe Flores, a sort of Bishop Myriel, less dithyrambic and more human, said to have been drawn from a near relative of the au- thor; the Marchesa Scremin, a meticulous housewife to the outer view, known to one or two as sublime in her unselfish devotion and purity; and, above all, the beautiful figure of Jeanne Dessalle, and that, barely shadowed forth, of her brother, would be worthy to rank with the finest creations of the author. The city where the action passes is Vi- cenza; although its name is not once given, its identity is by no means disguised. "Fe entered the deserted Piazza Maggiore, just opposite the spectral magnificence [it is late at night] of the great, dark, many-eyed gal- leries that a glorious old master has girded about the decrepit and blind work of a more ancient brother, as some humanist might envelop with splendor mediaeval ideas." The basilica of Palladio is not to be mis- taken. The villa of the Dessalles appears to be Hie Villa Valmarano, with its wealth of frescoes by Tiepolo, belonging to the family of the author's wife. There is also the visit to the monastery of Praglia, which is described under its proper name, and so described that no reader will ever be wanting to any possible opportunity of visiting it. There is, in fact, so free a use of places, buildings, and people in and about Vicenza that one is tempted to think that this may be a rowan a clef, and to wonder that the inhabitants of that city have not shown themselves scandalized. But that would be doing injustice to the author's delicacy and discretion: he has managed to give a pic- ture of life in a provincial city that is far from flattering, and the city recognizes the portrait without being offended. It is as with the sermon of a popular preacher, the truth of which every one praises, as well as its adaptability to one's neighbors. The humorous scenes and characters are, however, not the greater part in the novels of Fogazzaro: they are merely the orna- ments and foil that set off the serious figures and their action. There is a purpose in 'Piccolo Mondo Moderno,' aud one not al- together new with our author; it is in fact essentially that of 'Daniele Cortis,' which was to show that a man may resist a love which is not countenanced by the constitution of society. Piero Maironi, whose wife (with whom he was never really in sympathy) is now hopelessly insane, meets and loves Jeanne Dessalle, separated, by no fault of hers, from a brutal husband. He struggles obstinately against his passion, not like a Titan, as did Daniele Cortis, but rather like a monk; and, notwithstanding all his efforts, is in danger of finding it too strong for him. Indeed, he had yielded had it not been for the superior purity of Jeanne. In the cir- cumstances, had they fallen, many would have thought with the director of the insane asylum, "che forse tutto il male non veniva per nuocere." They did not yield, how-

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Sept. 12, 1901] The Nation. 211 ever, and we, at least, will not agree with the French critic who thought the similar result in 'Danicle Cortis' of immoral teach- ing—probably because It seemed to him that to celebrate such victories was an encour- agement to young people to love where they ought not. An Anglo-Saxon might not give to Fogaz- zaro full credit for the nobility of his thesis. The Latin novelist in general takes it for granted that when a man or woman is templed to an illicit passion, he or she will inevitably fall, no matter how desperate his resistance. An Anglo-Saxon, on the other hand, would take it for granted that duty must win in such a contest — at least, in a book. But the most uncompromising An- glo-Saxon would doubt, of the sanity of Piero when, to escape from temptation, he gives all his wealth toward an experiment in cooperative agriculture, and then disap- pears from the world, probably into a con- vent. Property is not to be thrown away lightly, and a monastic life is but the sanc- tification of laziness; and in this view we are pretty nearly all Anglo-Saxons together. Piero, from beginning to end, has in him something of the mediaeval saint, but sanc- tity is the crown of the struggle, and the rebellious flesh was for a long time strong enough to make of him an uncertain, waver- ing person, thoroughly uncomfortable and disappointing both to himself and to every one about him. The modern protagonist is seldom a hero, but the humanity of this one is put together in a way to make one sigh lor Pelham or any of the portentous perfec- tions of the past. In comparison, he could not fail to be amusing. And yet, when all has been said, it must be owned that the inferiority of 'Piccolo Mondo Moderno' is not so evident when it is not confronted with its immediate pred- ecessor, just as one might own that Thackeray's 'Virginians' was not equal to 'Henry Esmond,' but none the less was a novel that needed not to fear comparison with any other of that time. The appear- ance of 'Piccolo Mondo Moderno' was a lit- erary event; it was eagerly waited for, and the number of the Xuova Antologia con- taining the first instalment was bought with avidity— for Italy, that is, where the literary appetite does not indulge in ex- cesses. And it is only gradually, hesitat- ingly, that the judgment asserts itself, rank- ing it below its predecessor. During the reading, one is carried on by the charm of the style, the sober beauty of the de- scriptions, the interest that invests the character of Jeanne, and that is somehow extended to that maavais coucheur, Piero, whose nature is indeed made up of heaven- ly harmonies, every chord in which is, how- ever, somehow a quarter of a note out. And more than all, the volume is rich in amuse- ment. The missing egg that deranges the domestic economy and serenity of the Mar- chesa Scremin, the clandestine meeting of the town council without its sindaco, the Commendatore's coffee, the affair of the assistant librarian's trousers, the great re- ception at Villa Diedo, are so many chap- ters of humor from the hand of a master. We have said that the humor of this vol- ume is inferior to that of 'Piccolo Mondo Antico,' and we have since been informed by an Italian critic that we are wofully v. long in our judgment. Without having nged our opinion, we gladly record the contrary one, partly that we may give the benefit of a doubt to an author whom, even in his less successful works, we always find so charming, and partly because we have an inner conviction that to a large class of readers, the class that in a novel look chiefly to the story, the sentence of our critic will be sustained. The narration in 'Piccolo Mondo Moderno' runs more smoothly from beginning to end than in iis predecessor; in that, we may confess, we felt at times that the various phases of Luisa's gri-f after the loss of her child wen' somehow a "hitch" in the story. How- ever that may be. there can be no doubt that, if Fo^azzaro's last work does not shake the supremacy of 'Piccolo Mondo An- tico' and of 'Daniele Cortis,' it has yet add- ed another to the number of books that no student of the Italian literature of our day can leave unread. Bolingbroke and his Times. By Walter Sichel. Longmans, Green & Co. 1901. Mr. Sichel has evidently set out to write a history of English society, politics, and thought during the first half of the eigh- teenth century, with Henry St. John, Vis- count Bolingbroke, for the central figure of his study. On the reverse of the title- page, and facing an impressive dedication, appears the heading, "Part I. The Reign of Queen Anne." And, though this volume is complete in itself, there is a hint in the last pages that the author will proceed to carry forward Bolingbroke's career after the date of the (light from England. The present part of the work deals largely with politics. We infer from Mr. Sichel's words that when he resumes the subject he will keep Bolingbroke's writings and intellectual influence in full view. Perhaps he will then attempt to do for Bolingbroke what M. Texte has succeeded in doing for Rousseau. At any rate, he gives promise of estimat- ing the debt which Voltaire owed to the English deist. "Most of the light and leading of those times will pass before us — Pope, Swift, Vol- taire, Walpole, Carteret, Pulteuey, Ches- terfield, Bathurst, Cobham, Chetwynd, Corn- bury, with all their brilliant galaxy. Above all, the great Pitt, rehearsing as a youth the greater part which was to rouse Eng- land hereafter to some of Bolingbroke's ideals. We shall find how largely Burke, who repudiated the fountain-head, has drawn from Bolingbroke, especially in his 'Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs'; how much Gibbon borrows in his History." We make this forecast of Mr. Sichel's second volume because we have a strong impression that it will be a more satisfac- tory effort than the book which is now before us. The intellectual achievements of Bolingbroke, whether as an orator or as a writer, are great beyond all cavil, and can be appreciated without regard to the quality of his character. His admirer, therefore, will find it less hard to enlist sympathy when he writes of the 'Letters on History,' the 'Patriot King,' and the Craftsman' than when he is defending a tortuous course of political action. The weight of opinion against Bolingbroke's straightforwardness is now, and has long been, very heavy. The leading historians and men of letters who have had occasion to pass judgment agree in calling him clever but corrupt, clear-sighted but re- gardless of the public interest when it cla hed with his own ambitions. Leaving out Johnson and Burke in the eighteenth century, he has for his unfriendly critics Hallam, Macaulay, Carlyle, John Morley, Goldwin Smith, and s. k. Gardiner. A sin- gle sentence from Gardiner's elementary text-hook .i-i i .: lish history will show how he is dismissed when an estimate of his public life must be crowded into the few- poSslble words: "St. John was a man of very great ability, who could make heller speeches than any one in the lion 1 of Commons, and who looked on politics very amusing game, which was particu- larly amusing if it brought riches and power to himself." Mr. Sichel lakes exception to the general verdict and attacks 1 hi' competence of the judges. "Throughout -as Lytfon so justly observes in his 'Devereux' he has been more discussed and less read than any great figure of the past." "Once more, to implicate Bolingbroke, he [Hallam] cites the false memoirs of Mesnager, which he himself discredits, and letters from Jacob- ite agents quoted in Macpherson, uncorrect- ed by the much more important disclaimers included in the same collection. But the partiality of Hallam's account is as nothing in the scales when we weigh it against his misconceptions and lack of insight." "And yet Prof. Goldwin Smith has the hardihood to declare that Bolingbroke 'stood forth to uphold the prerogative of a corrupt and tyrannical House of Commons against the freedom of election,' and argues, from the absence on both sides of any scheme for suffrage, against the Tories, who alone at this juncture endeavored to amend the rep- resentation." The above quotations dis- close the nature of the tone which Mr. Sichel often takes when referring to the statements of his predecessors. He feels that Bolingbroke has suffered from both ignorance and malice; and to render justioe he comes forward not only with special in- formation but with a new standpoint. "All our influential historians have been Whigs. Some vindication of Tory principles seemed, on an impartial review, indispensable. In every case I have cited authorities; and, if my assertions are impugned, my authori- ties must be rebutted also." No one can call Mr. Sichel guilty of rash- ness for attacking the accepted idea of Bolingbroke's motives, and, on the whole, he fights his battle without showing undue confidence. He has studied the period with minute care, and also in a spirit which rises above disagreeable narrowness. Con- sidered simply as a monograph on Boling- broke, this book is the most elaborate study of his political record during the reign of Anne which has yet been published. It is marked by decided talent. It has fire and force. It contains passages which must reach the author's high standard of expec- tation. Yet to us it has not carried con- viction, although from our delight in Bo- lingbroke's writings we should gladly see his political honor established. We shall only express the opinion which we have just announced and let the matter rest there. Mr. Sichel's pages are packed close with detail, and cannot be fitly dis- cussed unless one is willing to take sides and to justify one's position in a long con- troversial article. The reason why we have not been converted by his marshalling of circumstances and foot-notes can, however, be briefly explained. For one thing, he does not evince the "robust impartiality" which consists in allowing your opponent's posi-

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212 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 tion its full strength, and, for another, he proves too much. He is so completely per- suaded of Bolingbroke's sincerity that he assigns to the language of self-defence the same authority which the most impersonal evidence would carry. He has been cap- tivated by the eloquence of genius, and car- ries a strain of partisanship into his task of vindicating an ancient wrong. His merit (and it is one which will insure the volume wide attention) consists in his thorough grasp of English life and politics during the reign of Queen Anne. His shortcoming is an interpretation of the feuds of Whigs and Tories (and even of the different fac- tions among the Tories), which makes the political history of the period hinge upon the superior patriotism of Bolingbroke. Mr. Sichel has not, we think, been able to reverse the judgment of history upon Bolingbroke any further than Mr. Legge reversed its judgment upon Richard III., or Mr. Irving upon Judge Jeffreys. Still, he is an approved scholar and a coiner of strik- ing phrases after the Balliol manner. His plea does not run to the length of extenuat- ing Bolingbroke from the charges of liber- tinism, hot-headedness, and hardness. "Bolingbroke was not a tender man. It is a blot on his character. She [his first wife] must have been much fonder of him than he of her, and there were doubtless bicker- ings between them." As a forensic effort, the weakest feature of the book is lack of skill in presenting the leading issues. The attention is dissipated among a good many insignificant particulars, and the main points of the brief are not raised into suf- ficiently high relief. Notwithstanding our unwillingness to ac- cept Mr. Sichel's new portrait of Boling- broke, we must conclude by saying that for a first venture this is a very promising work. Calendar of Letter Boohs: Archives of the City of London. Letter Book C, circa L291-1309. Edited by Reginald R. Sharpe, D.C.L. London. 1901. The period dealt with in this volume, as the editor tells us, is "covered jointly by the two previous letter books"; but the con- tents of this are of more varied interest. It has much that illustrates the troubles at- tending the closing years of Edward I., and I lie sturdy efforts of the Londoners to re- cover and secure their rights; much also which relates to the commerce and trade of the period, the status of foreign mer- chants in England, the Jews, and the per- plexities about coined money; and many il- lustrations of legal usages. The study of these London records is amusing, as well as instructive to the legal and historical student. In the introduction one may read of the custom of "pin-drink- ing"; and, in the text, of efforts to prevent the sending of cloth to "the mills at Strat- ford to be fulled," instead of following the good old custom by which they were " to be fulled by the feet of men of the craft or their servants in their houses within the city"; and of the rules for keeping the city gates. "All gates of the city," runs an ordinance of 1282, "shall be open by day, and at each gate there shall be two Ser- jeants of experience and eloquence (scientea et eloquentes), who shall keep careful watch," etc. Interesting is it, also, to ob- serve the origin and long persistence of a usage in the English tea trade, which re- sisted "vigorous efforts ... in 1899 to abolish the custom," viz., that of allowing to a buyer four pounds in every hundred- weight, or one pound to every chest of twenty-eight pounds. Such had been the general London usage, in all wholesale trade (p. 128 n.), when, in 1303, in the interest of foreign merchants, the King undertook to abolish it. The expulsion of the Jews in 1290, we are told, had driven the King into the hands of the Lombard merchants for pecuniary assistance. His new "statute" was not obeyed, and in 1305 he issued a writ to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London re- citing his order that "the weigher should weigh equally, and that when he had placed the balance evenly he should remove his hands so that it remained even," and di- recting that it be strictly observed, or cause shown. Upon this writ return was made as follows: "The manner of weighing heavy goods (avcriii pondcris) [and so our aver (or avoir) da- poisj coming to the city of London from time immemorial was, and still is, that the balance shall always draw towards the bet- ter, that is to say, towards the thing bought, and in that way the said goods are sold to archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, and other soever buying goods of that kind in the said city; and this custom and manner of weigh- ing our ancestors have used, and we hitherto have used; and our lord the King has con- firmed to us by his charter our liberties and free customs which we have hitherto used by grant of his predecessors the Kings of Eng- land. Wherefore we cannot nor ought to change the customs of his city used and approved by reason of the grant now madt to merchant strangers to the injury and prejudice of his citizens, and also of thb magnates and commonalty of his realm, es- pecially since in the charter granted to them it is contained that weighing should be done in the manner in the said charter con- tained, when it is not against the lord of the place, or contrary to the liberty granted by the lord the King himself or his ances- tors, or contrary to the custom of the villa and fairs hitherto observed." A few years later, in 1311, as the editor tells us, the Statutum de Nova Custuma of 1303 "was declared illegal" and the ancient "liberties" of the great army of buyers were vindicated: and these still survive id London, as it would seem, at least in the single case of the comparatively modern trade in tea. Encyclopaedia Me/lira. Under the peneral editorship of Chalmers Watson, M.B., M.R.C.P.E. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Vols I. to VI. 1899, 1900. These six handsomely printed and illus- trated volumes, which form, presumably, nearly one-half the series, should be wel- comed in this country as a presentation of the views of some of the best physicians in Great Britain, upon a wide range of im- portant subjects. Each volume comprises 500 to 600 pages, and contains treatises upon twenty-five to fifty subjects. These treatises vary in merit and in thoroughness, but many of them are of great value, and of sufficient length to stand as adequate presentations of the subjects treated. The special arti- cles arc too numerous to be reviewed in detail, but some mention may be made of a few of those which are of more general in- terest. Thus, in the first volume, the chap- ter on adolescent insanity, by the widely known Dr. Clouston of Edinburgh, is a thoughtful and interesting presentation of tacts and arguments which are of vast im- portance to every one, lay as well as medi- cal; so much so, that one could wish that more than ten pages had been allotted to them. The therapeutic suggestions are ex- cellent, but more thorough discussion of what to do and what to avoid, in the way of the moral and intellectual treatment of these youthful patients, would have been welcome, especially as giving hints for pre- vention. The important subject of alco- holism, and the various physiological and clinical questions related thereto are thor- oughly and ably treated, though under a variety of headings. We note in passing that although, on the whole, a very tem- perate and reasonable attitude is maintained as regards the usefulness of alcohol, yet the current view is adhered to, that in so far as it is consumed in the body it is to be regarded as a food — a proposition which of late has been called in question. The sub- ject of surgical anwsthesia also receives thorough attention in thirty-three pages, by Buxton, Ogston, and Teale, all thoroughly competent authorities. The American read- er becomes aware of a slight shock on see- ing it stated, in the paragraph on "Rival Anaesthetics," among which ether is the first to be mentioned, that, although these agents can be used with benefit under spe- cial circumstances, they are "unsuitable in the hands of the general practitioner, the country doctor, etc., etc., where chloroform is the only drug that can be advantageous- ly employed." But the balance is righted by the next article, on ether, written by a convert to our ideas, which he presents with clearness and force. Even in the first of these two papers the dangerousness of chloroform is admitted, but the almost com- plete absence of danger attending the use of ether is not recognized as it should be. The second volume contains a very full discussion of the physiology, and certain aspects of the pathologi and surgery, of the brain, by men of the best reputation, in a series of articles covering 96 pages; and also a good review of diet and digestion, in 40 pages. One hundred and thirty-nine pages of the fourth volume are devoted to the heart, and in the sixth volume nearly 200 pages to the subject of labour. The editor-in-chief contributes a num- ber of important articles, among them one of 53 pages, upon gout. It is these long papers by competent authorities that give this Encyclopaedia a good part of its strength and distinctive character. On the other hand, it will be felt by many readers as a defect that special subjects are so often treated apart from the main topic from which they really derive, though it should be said that in many cases local indexes and cross-references fully supply the miss- ing links. The problem of the ar- rangement of a large encyclopaedia Is, of course, a difficult one. It is doubtless a mistake to be too formal and inelastic in classifying every special topic under some more general category; nevertheless, in this case, the editor has, perhaps, gone too far in the opposite direction. Thus, the article on hydropathy, rather inadequate at best, is in a different volume from that on balneology, though a closely kindred subject. So, too, the gastro-intestinal dis- orders of infancy are described in admir- able detail, but in connection neither with intestinal disorders in general, nor with infancy in general; and the same may be

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214: The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1889 BOOK5 ON ENGLISH LITERATURE. On Heroes, Hero- Worship, and the Heroic in History. By Thomas Carlyle. Edited, with Notes and an Introduction, by Archibald MacMechan, Professor of English in Dalhousie College, Halifax, N. S. $1.J.~>. (Athenatum Press Series.) Carlyle's Heroes has a special Interest on account of its popularity and the peculiar manner of its compo- sition. In the present edition, the text has been collated with that of the first three editions and the results placed at the foot of the page. The commentary has been compressed as much as possible, in order to keep the book within due bounds; but, at the same time, It is believed that no important point has been overlooked. In the ((imposition of the introduction the editor has received important aid from Carlyle's letters, hitherto unpublished, which were kindly supplied by a member of the author's family. irvinu's Sketch Book. Edited by Mary K. 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Sept. 12, 1 901] The Nation. EIGHT NOTEWORTHY NOVELS SHOHTLy TO AVTEA'R By JOHN VRJ LLOYD Warwick of the Knobs. By John Uri Lloyd, author of "String- town on the Pike," " Etidorhpa," etc. 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. A STORY of a strange people and a curious form of life In Northernmost Kentucky. " Warwick of the Knobs" Is a hard-shell Baptist preacher, who becomes the centre of strangely dramatic scenes, of deeply pathetic Inci- dents. The scene Is laid during the Civil War, when the Kentucky Knnhs were on the border line between the contending factions, and the people were divided in their allegiance. It Is a vivid picture of a time full of dramatic incidents. It records in graphic terms that which history ignores. By SIR WALTER BESANT The Lady of Lynn. Orange Girl,'' etc. Bv Sir Walter Besant, author of 12mo, cloth, illustrated, -51.50, 'The THE Lady of Lynn is a young heiress. During her long minority, it had been the aim of her guardian to keep the knowledge of his ward's wealth a secret, that she might not fall a prey to fortune-hunters. A conspiracy Is carried out against her, apparently with success, and the plot becomes thicker. By LVCAS MALET The History of Sir Richard Calmady. A romance. By Lucas Malet ( Mrs. St. Leger Harrison), author of "TheGateless Barrier,'' etc. 12ruo, cloth, $1.50. ri^HIS Is a frankly realistic and modern romance, the s:ene of which is laid In _1_ the moorland and forest country of the northern part of Hampshire, in London, and In Naples. The long drama, though tragic in incident, ends amid such sober and secure happiness as should satisfy the most exacting reader. By IAN MACLAREN Young Barbarians. By Ian Maclaren. author of "Bonnie Brier Bush." 12mo, cloth, illustrated, *i.35 net. A CHARMING story of school life in Muirtown; among other things, showing how the French " Count," a lonely man in a foreign land, conquered the Srejudlce, specially strong in Scotch hearts, against his race, so that when he led, he, who had no mourners of his blood, was followed to his grave by every boy at Muirtown. By HENR.Y SETON MERRIMAN The Velvet OJove. By Henri Seton Merriman, author of "In Cedar's Tents," "The Isle of Unrest," etc. l2mo, cloth, illus- trated, $1.50. rpHr. story Is located In Northern Spain about 1870, and deals with tbi _L deavor of the Jesuits to secure the fortune of a young girl by forcing her Into religion, the money being required by the Carllsts, whom the Jesuit* are pledged to help. There Is an Historical Interest In the novel, and the love Inter- est is stronger than In any other of Merrlman's stories. By AMELIA E. BARR The Lion's Whelp; A Story of Cromwell's Time. By Ameli Bvrk, author of "The Bow of Orange Ribbon," etc. 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. A ROMANCE of the middle of the eighteenth century, which follows the fortunes of two families Hying not far from London, each on Its own . the De Wicks, devoted to the Royalist party, and the Swaffams, adhe- rents of Oliver Cromwell. By S. R. CROCKETT Cinderella. By S. R. Crockett, author of " Joan of the Sword Hand," " lone March, a Woman of Fortune," etc. With fr 011- tispiece in color and eight illustrations. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. A TALE of the only son of the owner of Arloland, In Galloway, who marries beneath him in the social scale and is cursed by his father and driven from home. In pursuit of fortune, he discovers rich ruby mines in Burmah and works out his own destiny In a very Interesting fashion. By W. W. JACOBS Light Freights. By W. W. Jacobs, author of " Many Cargoes," "A Master of Craft," etc. 12mo, cloth, probably $1.">0. THESE delineations of the life of the sailor-man, both ashore and afloat, show most convincingly his manner of life, his trials, his pleasures and his point of view. The book Is justly considered the best work that Mr. Jacobs has done along this line. DODD, MEAD '.. Union Sq.,N.,New Yorle

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VI Tlie Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1889 IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS Just Published An Important Book by the President of Yale The Education of the American Citizen By ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY, LL.D. President of Yale University PRESIDENT HADLEY attempts to offset a tendency of the day that lays too much stress upon th3 preparation of men and women to take places in a social machine at the expanse of the development ot that power and spirit upon which th3 perpetuation of our wlio'.e social order depends. His special objects are to contribute to the understanding of our political needs, to develop a sentiment making for power to meet those ne.'ds, and to suggest edncitional methois tending to the future growth of such power. $1.50 net Parts Of Speech essays on English By BRANDER MATTHEWS Author of ' ' The Historical Novel,'" " French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century" etc. A WORK on the English language destined to command wide attention and provoke much discussion. Americanisms, American spelling, the future of the language, slang, the simplification of orthography, each of these, with many other topics, has a candid treatment, and the conclusions are suggestive and important. $1.25 net Raffles More Adventures of the Amateur Cracksman By E. W. HOR.NUNG Author of " The Amateur Cracksman" ' ' The Shadow of a Man" etc. Illustrated by F. C. Yohn. ANEW series of adventures of the clever and auiuung rascal who made hosts of friends in "The Amateur Cracksman." The book contains adventures that have never been published serially, bringing to a definite and heroic climax the career of a character altogether unique in literature. Mr. Yohn's pictures repro Juce the types perfectly, with a humor in exact harmony with Mr. Hornung's conceptions. $1.50 Stephen CeJinatri By JULIAN STURGIS Author of "John-a-Dreams," "My Friends and I," etc. A BRILLIANT novel of England and Constantinople during the Russo-Turkish War by a gifted story-teller now reappearing after a t V long sil nee. The story involves an absorbing study of the conflict of natures in a character half Oriental, half English. The action is rapid and very dramatic, the character-drawing at once delicate and vigorous, and fcha denouement logical and satisfying. $1.50 COMIjSG: ffote these and remember them. Lives of the Hvinted By ERNEST SETON-THOMPSON Illustrated by more than 200 drawings by Mr. Stton- Thompson THK mosl important work of Mr. Seton-Tnompson since his " WUd Animite T Sine Known," £ ally ejua'.linz that most popular bojk in size, and re ambling it closely in character, s >lidity. illustration and general worth. It contains a true account of ih ■ doing.? of six qua lrupe Is ail three birds, and incln 198 all the animil stories Mr. S;ton-Thomp- son ha; written sine i his last book, together >vith several that have never appeared in serial form. It is more fully and richly illustrated than any previous book with his own intmitible drawings, of which there are more thant.vo hundred. $1.75 nit. "Dr. -Van "DyKe'-t Most "Distinguished WorK The RAilirvg Passion. Tales of Nature and Humeri Nature By HENR.Y van DYKE Author of "The Toiling of Felix ," " The Builders," "Fisher- man's- Inch," "/.it/!, Rivers," etc. With illustrations in color by Walter Appleton Clark 'PIUS book has broader grasp and greater distinction than any I Dr. van Dyke has yet produced. It is beyond any question his best effort, and cannot fail of an enthusiastic reception by the larger public as well as by his own rapidly growing audience, $1.50 Mr. Cable's Strongest and Most Artistic j\o-Vel TKe CavaJier Author of W. CABLE "The Grandissimes," "Dr. By GEOR-GE 'Old Creole Days," " Sevier," etc. Illustrated by Howard Chandler Christy. Tl I ERE has never been a story of the Civil War like this one, and the dramatic crises of the tale will give fullest satisfaction to that body of novel-readers to whom "the story " is the c lief thing. In addition, the art of a fiction-write,-, of which Mr. Cable has been for so many years master, is used at its fullest development to tell the most powerful talc that Mr. (.'able has ever devised. " The Cavalier" will take its pi ice as one of the greatest novels of the South in the Civil War, as well as one of the most intensely inter- esting stories of its accomplished author. $1.50 Amos Judd By JOHN A. MITCHELL //';//; 8 illustrations in color by A. I. Keller 'Til E successes scored by two books which we have put out for successive seasons with illustrations in color, namely "Santa Clans'* I Ihrtner" and " Tin Old Gentleman oft/u Black Stock," have led us to continue this artistic and most attractive handling of a book of good fiction. The story we have chosen for this si a son is "Amos Judd," by the editor of Life. This is a tale of delicate fancy with a strongly bandied element of mysticism and a charming treatment of the love interest. 12.no, $1.50 Charles Scribner*s Sons

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 890 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S New Books A REMARKABLE AND TIMELY BOOK. THE PRIVATE LIFE OF THE SVLTAN. By Georges DORYS, son of the late Prince of Samos, a former minister of the Sultan, and formerly Governor of Crete. Translated by Arthur Hornblow. Uniform with " The Private Life of King Edward VII." Illus- trated. i2mo. Cloth, $1.20 net, postage 10 cents ad- ditional. The high position which the writer's father held at Constanti- nople gave the son a close insight into the personality of one of the least known of modern rulers, so far as personality is con- cerned. It is unnecessary to say that the author has long since left the domain of the Sultan of Turkey, and he is now a member of the Young Turk party and a resident of Paris. It is now an- nounced that he has been recently condemned to death by the Sultan on account of this book. A NEST OF LINNETS. By F. Frankfort Moore, author of "The Jessamy Bride," "A Gray Eye or So," etc. Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, $1.50. This charming romance is in the vein the author developed so hapily in " The Jessamy Bride," and it is in many respects a more mature and important work. The story is exceedingly happy in its delicate reproduction of eighteenth century atmosphere. The love scenes are placed before the reader with a daintiness and grace admirably befitting the finer aspects of the period. The in- cidents and adventures of the romance— for there are stirring ad- ventures—are witnessed, shared in, or gossiped about by brilliant figures of the time, as Sheridan, Walpole, and Selwyn; while the ponderous presence of Dr. Johnson makes itself felt here and there, and Goldsmith, appears as a more modest member of the company. The Eternal City A NOVEL. BY HALL CAINE. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. "It 'sail motion, action, delirium of feeling from beginning to end. . . . One of the books of the yew S- Minneapolis Times. "A book sure to attain immense popularity, for it has in it all that color and 'thrill' which particularly appeals to the tastes of the vast majority of our American reading public."— .Boston. Budget. CAPTAIN OF THE CREW By Ralph Henry Barbour, author of " For the Honor of the School " and " The Half-Back." Illustrated by C M. Relyea. !2mo. Cloth, $1.20 net; postage 14 cents additional. Mr. Barbour has made himself a master of sport in fiction for young readers. His new book is one of those fresh, graphic, delightful stories of school life that appeal to all healthy boys and girls. He sketches skating and ice-boating and track athletics, as well as rowing. His glimpses of training and his brilliant picture of the great race will give this capital tale an enduring popularity. LINCOLN IN STORY The Life of the Martyr President told in Authenticated Anec- dotes. Edited by Silas G. Pratt. Illustrated. i2mo. Cloth, 75 cents net; postage 9 cents additional. This interesting book offers a narrative of Lincoln's life, com- posed of the best stories told by and about the Martyr President. The author, who heard Lincoln speak and saw him nominated, has carefully collected the characteristic incidents and anecdotes that occasionally brighten the pages of the formal biographies, and he has arranged them consecutively with connecting text. Even those who are familiar with the literature that has gathered around the name of Lincoln will be surprised at the richness of the results. D. APPLETON <& CO., Publishers, New York

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 215 Editorial Article* : President McKinlev's Death 218 The Evolution of the Strike 218 A Problem for Trusts 219 Special Correspondence: The Dutch Language and Literature Con- . gress 220 Civilization and Barbarism in Luzon 221 Correspondence : Conferees 222 A Tennysonian Allusion 223 Notes 223 Book Reviews: "Amerinds" and Others 225 The Calhoun Correspondence.— II 227 Some Astronomical Works 228 China 229 The Life and Literature of the Ancient He- brews 230 The French Monarchy 231 Amyntas 232 The Great Epic of India 232 Education in the Nineteenth Century 232 The Handy Dictionary of Biography 233 Books of tre Week 233 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time 4 insertions 5 per cent. 8 " 10 18 " 12>£ ■• -'IS " 15 89 " 2(1 52 " 25 AMOUMT— $100 wit I) in a year 10 per cent. 250 " " 12' . E 15 Too " " 211 1,111111 •' •• 85 1.5110 " " 3D 2,0110 " " 33Ly " The NA Tli 1. V is sent tree In those who advertise in 11 as long as advertisemt nl continues. ** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Bivntano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross Educational. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. ^THE MISSES H EBB'S 1 Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore, 1*2 and 124 W.Franklin St. T7DGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y JOL School for Girls— 89th year will begin September 26,1901. Mrs H. P. Lefebvke, \ p , , , Miss E. P. Huntley, \ principals. Maryland, Baltimore, 915 N. Charles Street. SOUTHERN HOME SCHOOL FOR vSi Girls Miss Doff, Miss Pendleton, successors to Mrs. W. M. Cary and Miss Caby. Oct.1,1901. 60th year. Massachusetts, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Ohio, Cincinnati, 2643 Bellevue Ave., Mt. Auburn. T\/TISS LUP TON'S SCHOOL PRE- 1 VI pares for college, its pupils have taken degrees during recent years at Vassar College and at the Cin- cinnati and Chicago Universities A few boarding pupils are received and may enter now for the February term. Oregon, Portland, Park atd St. Clair Streets. T. HELEN'S HALL. A School for Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts, Ph.D.. Prln. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. I /TR S. LUCIA POLK CHAPMAN and IVl MISS JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GYS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. B S 7DARIS, France. 1 Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Study Home for young ladies. Resident French teacher. Only French spoken. For particulars and circular address J. F., Boulevard Arago (XIYe). AJISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1 VI School for Girls. Established in 1*48. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St.. Phlla , Pa. 71 flSS RE YNOLDS' School. 66 IV. 43th 1 \1 St., New York.— Special Btu'ieuta admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received into the family. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGill University. For conditions of entrance, schol- arships, courses, degrees, teims of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss FLORENCE Baldwin-, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from thlsschool. Diplomas given in both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fiue tire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. QIRLS' CLASSICAL SCHOOL, INDIANAPOLIS. INK. 20th year opens Sent. 18th. Best equipment for College Preparatory and full Academic work. Fine, separate buildings for school and residence. Twenty-two in- structors. Catalogue on request. Theodore L. Sew- ai. 1., Founder, May Weight Sewall, Principal, Fre- donia Allen, Assistant Principal. Michigan Military Academy A splendidly equipped Preparatory School of high fTade, located In one of the most beautiful and heaith- ul spots in the Northwest, will open for its twenty-fifth year bept ember 17, under the same management as heretofore. For catalogue, address Col. J. SUMNER ROGERS, Bnpl . Orchard Lake, Mich. The Browne and Nichols School Cambridge) Vlass. 19th year. Course, H years. Classes limited to 15. No subordinate teacbert ; pupils continuously under head teacher in each department. Exceptional facilities for fitting for Harvard, lllus- 1 rated catalogue. THE HIGHLAND MILITARY ACADEMY, Worcester! Husk. 46th session begins Pent nth. Training for University, Scientific School. Business Life. The Rt. Rev. William Lawrence, D I) , Visitor, .Joseph Alden Shaw. A.M., Head Master. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A HO 1MB for a few young girls wishing to study In or near Cambridge will reopen Sept. 24, 190! Apnllcallon maybe made In writing to Miss Sarah W. Fosdick, 13S Brattle St., Cambridge, Mass. Particulars furnished at once upon application. Miss GIBSON'S FAMILY and DAY SCHOOL for Girls. 2037 DeLancey Place, Phtla, Pa. 80th year. Fall term begins Sept. 20,1901. College Preparatory. Educational. f *\ National Cathedral School FOR GIRLS. The Rt. Rev. HENRY YATES SATTERLEE, D.D., LL.D. President of the Board of Trustees. Fireproof building, the gift of Mrs. Hearst. Park of 30 acres, overlooking the National Capitol. Preparation for College. Unrivalled advan- tages in Music. Individual teaching in every grade. Instructors College Graduates. Modern Gymnasium, Tennis, Basket-ball and Golf. Miss BANGS and Miss WH1T0N, Principals, Mount Saint Alban, Washington, D. C. *v New York \ Sixty-seventh year opens Oct. (1,1901. Day Classes with sessions from 3:30 to 6 P. M. UniVeFSlty > (LL. B. after two years.) I .T.-.7 C -l-i r\rA \ Evening Classes, sessions LaWSinOOl 8 to 10 P. M. (LL. B. after ^v^-s^v^^^v^-^-s^^^s^-v^O three years.) Graduate Classes lead to LL. M. Tuition, $100. For circulars address L. J. TOMPKINS, Registrar, Washington Square, N. T. City. Clinton Preparatory School CLINTON, N.Y. (5 miles from Mica). IS Boys. 6 Teachers. Prepares for any College. Hoys JO to 14 at time of entrance preferred. References:— Bishop Huntington, Bishop Whitehead, four College Presidents. J. B.Wheeler, AJ&., Prln. NEW YORK )35 Nassau j " Dwight 1 a\»/ crHnnr fst-< New1 Method" LAW SCHOOL \ York City. ( of Instruction. LL.B. in two years ; LL.M. in three years. High stand- ards. Prepares for bar of all states. Send for catalogue. GEORGE CHASE Dean. Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to Smith, Vas- sar, Wellesley, and Wells. Four acres for out- door sports. Golf, Basket Ball, Tennis. Address Mrs. E. P. UNDERMLL, M.A., Prln., Lowell, Mass. School Agencies. H^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 158 Fiftn Ave., New York; 414 Cent. Bldg.,Minneapolis; 533 Cooper Bldg Denver; 4 Evans Bldg.; Oskaloosa: 203 Mich. Blvd., Chicago: 525 Stims'n Bk., Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, ^~1 81 Chapel St., Albany. N. Y.— Provides schools of all gradcB with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. rCHERMFRHORN Teachers' Agency. k3 Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huyssoon & kocjkwell, Mgrs., 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. Teachers, etc. ]\/TR- NEWEL PERRY, Ph.B.,Ph.D., IV L formerly Instructor in Mathematics in the Uni- versity of California, who is now residing at Munich, Bavaria, Gallcriestr, 15, desires to offer his services as private tutor to Americans residing in Germany. CHAPERON.- A lady of refinement and culture, teacher of modern languages, would like to chaperon one or two young women who wish to study In Europe. Excellent Eastern references. Address M. R. W., care of the Nation. /COMPETENT NA TIVE PARISIAN, V Protestant, Instructress In French 1 iterature, Belles- Lettres, etc., desires position as Reader of French in university, college, or academy. High testimonials. Mademoiselle, care of the Nation. J J/ANTED— PROFESSOR OF ENG- VV llsh and History for the Western University of Loudon, Canada. Address THE REGISTRAR, Western University. TfXPERIENCED Lady Teacher desires fl» an engagement ; visiting or resident. Higher Eng- lish, languages, and music. Will take charge of pu- pils. Address Thorough Methods, office of the Nation.

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Sept. 19, 1 901] The Nation. 111 Financial. PVLFORD, HOW <& CO. Mortgage Loans and Municipal "Bonds. MANAGE AND SELL REAL ESTATE DULUTH, MINN. Refer to Prominent Banks and Trust Cos. in the East, also Banks of Duluth. New York Security & Trust Co.. Correspondents. SAFE MARGINS for the most EXACTING INVESTOR! My life has been devoted to the study of property values In Minneapolis. Am in a position to give you the lienetlt of expertneBS in placing investments where both security and fair percentage may be relied upon. An opportunity is solicited ox presenting facts which in- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wetmore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. SECURITY FIRST, Profit the Next Consideration Our experience in anil near Dululh as Real Estate and Loan Agents Should make our judgment worth something to you when considering a conservative in\ eshneni W. M. PRINDLE & CO., Duluth, Minn. GEORGE AND COMPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite investigation of their methods of conserving the Interests of Investors. A successful record In the selection of Income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds In substantia] productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for Investors who appreciate skill and conservatism in se- lection and administration. LETTERS OF CREDIT We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfers of money on Europe, Australia, and South Africa; also make colloctions and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET. NEW YORK. High-Grade Securities. Send for our List of In- come-bearing Securities. Mailed on request. E. H. GAT & CO., 131 Devonshire St., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., New York. REMINGTON ™ * Standard Typewriter 327 BROADWAY. MEW YORK Ginn & Company's Recent Publications COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC By Sara EC, ll. Lookwood and Mart Ai.k k Kmkr- sos, II a.. Head of the Department of English In the State Normal School, Brldgewater, Mass. For introduction, §1 .1111. Two Important characteristics which give this book a distinct individuality arc: (1) the cumulative method of 1 real men I as developed in the Illustrations text, and especially In the exercises; and (2) the constant emnhasls placed on the student's own thinking and writing. COLLAR & DANIELL'S FIRST YEAR LATIN For introduction, 11.00. Thli en prepared in response to a wide spread demand lor a shorter and easier elementary Latin 1 k than those now in use. The authors have admirably in meeting these requirements without abating one jot of thoroughness. College Entrant? Examination Hoard of (he Middle Static and Maryland. EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Set at the Examinations Held June 17-22, 1901 Printed bj special arrangement with the College Entrance Examination Hoard of the Middle and Maryland. Price by mall 65 cents. MYERS' ROME IIh Rise mid Fall. By P. V.H. Mi iks. For intro- duction $1.25. A Second Edition , bringing the narrative down to A.D. 800 In accordance with the recommendations of the Committee of the American Historical Asso- ciation. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Chicago London Urmly October 1st. A New and Revised Edition of Peloubet's Suggestive Illustrations on The Gospel According to John One Volume, Cloth, 12 mo. 548 Pages, $1.25. on The Acts of the Apostles One Volume, Cloth 12mo. 488 Paget, 6 1.85. These volumes are called "Siiueestive Illustra- tions," because their object is quite as much to suggest other "Illustrations" as to furnish ma. teriul ready for use. The Text which Is printed at the top of the various pages indicates at a glance the subjects to be eliicidnled. Every chapter and well-nigh every verse, is Illuminated with fresh, sparkling "illus- trations." Now it is a bit of scientific lore, now a scrap of healthful verse, now a reference to some book or story or poem, now an anecdote, now a little parable,— varied in the extreme, but always such as to kindle new ideas and fill the Scriptures with new meaning to the student. "These bookscontam the gathered riches of Dr. F. N. l'elou bet's quarter century and more of Hi hie Exposi- tion. "—Tin1 Advance, ('imago. Invaluable to Pastors, Leaders of Prayer Meetings, Christian Endeavor and other church societies, Sunday School Teachers and parents in conducting Family Devotions. For sale by booksellers generally; or Hie publisher*. A. J. HOLMAN & CO., 1222 Arch St., Philadelphia. Pa. LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private, School, College, and Club Libraries with all current Books promptly and cheaply. It Is our specialty. Wc deal In nothing but books. Our Monthly Bul- letin of all the publishers' new, noteworthy, and popular books mailed on application. THE BAKER. ®. TAYLOR. CO.. 33-37 E. 17th St., New York. *R.eady Saturday, 21st. The Teachings of Dante. By Rev. Charles A. Dinsmoke. With a Pho- togravure of the Portrait of Dante by D. Gr. Rossetti, and a reproduction of the "Figura Universale." Crown Svo. $1.50 net. Post- paid, $1.65. Mr. Dinsmore has long been a student of Dante, and here approaches him from the mo- dern religious point of view. He finds in Dante a corrective to some present tendencies in re- ligious thought and a source of permanent inspiration to faith. Sold by all booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston. 8s Fifth Ave., New York. "A e'ear, succinct guide-book and a penetrative catechism. Such a book is sure to keep alive In America a knowledge of, and regard for, what is best in our imaginative literature thus far. That Is a grand result in this rapid, modern age." Edmund Clarence Btedman. American Literature, A Laboratory Method By H. L. MASON. Profeixor of English at Drexel Institute. "You might have found In Bacon a motto for your book: ' Prudent questioning is the soul of science.' "—Edward Dowdkv. PRICE. $1.50 To be obtained at the Book Dep't of JOHN WANAMAKER, Philadelphia. W ANT AN ATTRACTIVE BOOK for the children? Send for Catalogue DANA ESTES & CO., Boston. ANY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- XX piled to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered Orders promptly lllled. 1 iheral discounts. I Bavliks. lis l'uinam Ave. (Brooklyn!, New York City. An Educational DireSlory. \ ~ . , m ..t ........ _. i*_j JJ Tw ,' SCHOOL TRUSTEES, PRINCI- PALS, TEACHERS, and others interested are invited to consider (,he advantages offered by 27ie Nation as an advertising medium. In its special field of political and literary criticism, The Nation is unlike any other periodical, American or foreign. About 10,000 copies are circulated weekly, these figures representing but a part of the actual readers of the paper. Going, as it does, to all the principal libraries, reading-rooms, and clubs, and into thousands of the best homes, addressed to the intelligence of the country, The Nation finds its readers able and anxious to secure for their children the best educational advantages. 206-210 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY.

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IV The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 Some Important Autumn Books. The True Thomas Jefferson A masterly biography of Jefferson, estimating him both as publicist and citizen. Mr. Curtis has been collecting the materials for years for what will prove a surprising as well as an intensely interesting study. Music and Its Masters A successful endeavor to show the nature of musical art, as manifest to the author after forty years of growing intimacy with its varied moods and numberless outward forms. The book is neither technical nor histori- cal, although the mention of certain fundamental principles and certain historical points was necessary in forming a basis for aesthetic theories. George Eliot's Novels By Willia.m Eleroy Curtis Illustrated, £2.00. "Postage extra. net. By 0. B. Boise Illustrated. £1.50 JVebv Library Edition In ten volumes, each complete in itself. A particular feature of Illustrated. IO -Vols. 8-Vo. the edition are the Photogravure frontispieces by Hatherell, Bundy, Cloth. Gilt top. per -Vol. Shaw, Safferson, Sullivan, and Greiffenhagen. $2.50 net. Postage extra. Through Persia on a Side-Saddle This second edition of Miss Sykes's book should bring many more friends to the first European woman to visit Kerman and Persian Baluchis- tan. Her account of what she saw and experienced in the desert, and of social life in the cities, is written with enthusiasm and charm, yet always with jealous regard for accuracy. Siivtram and His Companions A sympathetic rendering in English by A. M. Richards of De la Motte Fouque's Classic, illustrated with drawings by Anna Richards. By Ella C. Sykes J*fetv and "Revised Edition. Maps and Illustrations. 8-Vo. Cloth. £2. OO net. Postage ejctra. ^/l JVebv Translation Illustrated. £1.25 net. Postage extra. Handbook of Petroleum By J. H. Thomson and Boverton Redwood For Inspectors Under the Petroleum Acts and for Those Engaged in the Storage, Transport. Distribution, and Industrial Use of Petroleum and Its Products, and Calcium Carbide. AVith Suggestions of the Construction and Use of Mineral Oil Lamps. Cloth. £3.00 net. Postage ejctra. Tables for the Determination of Minerals Fifth Edition by Physical Properties By PersiforFra,zer,B.A., A.M. Ascertainable with the Aid of a Few Field Instruments. Based on the System of the Late Prof. Doctor Albin Weisbach. Fifth Edition. The Construction and Maintenance of Vessels Built of Steel The manufacture and employment of cast and wrought iron and steel in naval work with a consideration of types, construction and qualities of £5.50 net. Postage Ejctra vessels built of metal and of their equipment. £2, OO net. Postage extra. By Thomas Walton Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO. Philadelphia

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The Nation. NEW TORE, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1901. The Week. The prompt recovery on the Stock Ex- change on Monday morning was hardly needed as evidence that the feeling of panicky apprehension which immediate- ly followed the attack on President Mc- Kinley and the news that he could not survive, had no basis in sound judgment of the general situation. It was inevita- ble that an event which so profoundly shocked the entire civilized world should shake also the security and money mar- kets. Part ot the function of these mar- kets, indeed, is to express in tangible shape, with matters of this sort, the sen- timent of the hour. Precisely, therefore, as last Friday's excited drop in prices reflected the dismay with which the news from Buffalo was received, so the rise on Monday was in a way the voice of public confidence and reassurance. There was all along, in fact, as little warrant for the free-handed predictions of "'money- market panic" as there would have been for predictions that the American people generally would break out into the lynch- ing of anarchists, or into wild and senseless fright over the country's fu- ture. Its own problems the money mar- ket still has to meet, and it will meet them as they arise. But these are quite independent of such a collapse and re- covery as have followed the incidents of the few past days. The comments of the English press on Mr. Roosevelt's accession to the Presi- dency are generally complimentary and hopeful. The Chronicle alone thinks that he will out-Monroe the Mon- roe Doctrine in his interpretation of the policy which goes by that name, and adds that his attitude toward the Isth- mian Canal question can be inferred accordingly. A safer augury as to his position on the canal question can per- haps be drawn from the few words which he pronounced when he took the oath of office almost at the bedside of the dead President. He said, with much solemnity: "I wish to state that it shall be my aim to continue absolutely unbroken the policy ot President McKinley for the peace, the prosperity, and the honor of our beloved country." This promise does not commit Mr. Roose- velt to a slavish imitation of his prede- cessor. It does not require him to find out in every instance and in minute detail what Mr. McKinley would have done, and then to do the same things; but it does commit hfm to Mr. McKin- ley's policy of honorable peace with other nations, so far as it has been made clear. In no other way has that policy been made so clear as in respect of the Isthmian Canal treaty. It was reduced to writing and sent to the Senate. After amendment by that body, it was referred to the British Government, and some of the amendments were objected to. Since that time there have been negotiations, which are likewise in writing but have not yet been made public. All that need be said now is that a conscientious ad- herence by President Roosevelt to the promise he made at Buffalo, will satisfy every patriotic desire as to the Isthmian Canal on this side of the water, and re- lieve all apprehensions on the other side. The outline of the President's policy telegraphed from Buffalo is as encour- aging for what it omits as for what it contains. There is not a line in it which "breathes short-winded accents of new broils." On the contrary, it contains the promise to "use all conciliatory methods of arbitration in all disputes with for- eign nations, so as to avoid armed strife." The spirit of Jingoism is not only wanting from it, but is expressly cast out. This is the most admirable feature of the communication. Next to this assurance of peace (for it is certain that no nation is going to seek a quar- rel with us) is the declaration of the trade policy which the new Administra- tion will favor, namely, "a more liberal and extensive reciprocity in the pur- chase and sale of commodities," and the "abolition entirely of commercial war with other countries, and the adoption of reciprocity treaties." This is identical with the policy already adopted by President McKinley and advocated by him in his last, pub- lic speech, as well as in many previous ones. Mr. Roosevelt has been a consis- tent Republican through all his politi- cal career, and has perhaps felt con- strained at times to accept a protective policy more extreme than he would have liked. He has never been reckoned, however, as a high-tariff man. His language, on the other hand, respect- ing the merchant marine will per- haps be interpreted as favoring the Hanna-Payne ship-subsidy scheme. Yet it does not really commit him to any particular method of "encouraging" the merchant-marine. Neither the Repub- lican platform of 1900 nor that of 1896 commits the party to any particular method of doing so. Most gratifying is the closing paragraph in the Buffalo declaration which promises "the plac- ing in positions of trust men of only the highest integrity." This, we will not doubt, is the firm and honest purpose of the new President. Senator Wellington of Maryland was expelled last week from a club in Balti- more of which he was a member, for some very unfeeling remarks about the ;d tempted assassination of President Mc- Kinley, while the issue was still un- decided. Those remarks, he says, were not intended for publication, but, having been published, he wishes it to be un- derstood that they express his senti- ments. The sentiments of his fellow club members are that they do not want his company any longer, and public sen- timent concurs with them. Every club has its own rules and regulations con- cerning membership, resignation, and expulsion, and it is presumed that these rules have been followed in Wellington's case. If not. he has his remedy in the courts of law. As to the suggestion made by ex-Senator Chandler's paper, the Con- cord (N. H.) Monitor, that Mr. Welling- ton be expelled from the Senate of the United States for the same offence, the Constitution says that each house of Congress may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for dis- orderly behavior, and, with the concur- rence of two-thirds, expel a member. The matter of expulsion is left to the dis- cretion of the Senate, for, although dis- orderly behavior is mentioned in con- nection with it, the power of expulsion is not restricted thereby. Evidently the framers of the Constitution intended to place no limitation on the power to ex- pel except that a mere majority should not exercise it. It is pretty certain that two-thirds of the Senate will not concur in expelling a member for words spoken outside of the Senate, not accompanied by any overt act. Jesse D. Bright, a Senator from Indiana, was expelled in 1862 for writing a letter to Jefferson Davis, whom he addressed as "President, of the Confederation of States," introducing a man who desired to sell to the Confede- rate Government a new and improved fire-arm, this fact being mentioned in the letter. It was held that this was dan- gerously near to the crime of treason. It was certainly holding correspondence with a public enemy, and giving coun- tenance to the assumption that Jefferson Davis was the head of an independent government; either of which acts was intolerable in a Senator of the United States. It was not contended that Bright intended to put an improved weapon into the hands of the Confederates, because he knew nothing about the particular weapon referred to, but the other of- fences embraced in the writing of the letter were too glaring to be condoned. Bright was accordingly expelled, and rightly so. This case, which the Con- cord Monitor cites as a precedent for the expulsion of Wellington, is entirely dis- similar. It has no more likeness to the

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216 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 affair of the latter than the trial of Aaron Burr or the impeachment of An- drew Jackson would have. Secretary Gage has very properly ex- tended the time of the Treasury's offer to holders of Government bonds, and he may receive more tenders later. But the offer of barely one-third of the total amount asked for has confirmed the rather general financial view that bonds cannot easily be obtained for redemp- tion purposes. The trouble is not that bonds available for sale do not exist; at least half of the public debt is in other hands than those of the national banks, aDd could hence, if its owners chose, be surrendered. But the inducement to sell does not exist. For one thing, the Trea- sury's public bid for bonds tends in a way to defeat its own purposes. On the open market, prices for the class of bonds most readily available moved up 2% points within forty-eight hours after the Treasury circular was issued. This, of course, tends to make prospective sellers hesitate. The well-known fact, moreover, that capital released from Government bonds cannot easily at the present time find secure investment ex- cept on very exacting terms, removes another possible inducement. There- fore, we do not think the financial pub- lic will find it wise to rest in fancied assurance that bond-buying ends and settles the whole embarrassment. Some much more radical measures, in the way of permanent reform in the system of the Treasury, must soon be taken. In the meantime, however, there is this much of comfort in the existing situation: that really urgent needs, which would presumably be reflected in higher money rates and lower prices for securities in general, always go a good way towards removing automatically the obstacles in the way of more liberal offering of bonds to the Treasury. plus by giving it to the States. In 1894, as in 1837, the Government was almost on the verge of bankruptcy before its experiment was fairly under way. Only the indirect nature of the Federal Gov- ernment's largest taxes, and hence the absence of an immediate pinch upon the taxpayer, has made such attempts to solve the problem possible. To appre- ciate fully their injustice and absurdity, it is necessary only to imagine a sim- ilar course of action in State or city finances — an eager search for new means of expenditure, with the avowed pur- pose of getting rid of the proceeds of too high taxation. When the private schemers and subsidy-hunters besiege the Capitol next December, as they will, with appeals for Congress to relieve them only in order to relieve the money market, it will be wise to remember that the taxpayer has some rights in the premises. Corporation, evidence an even more ut- ter defeat chan had been anticipated. Not only have nine mills been lost by the Amalgamated, but — most important of all — the annual conference between the employers and the union has been sacrificed. The present terms are to be of permanent validity, unless the Trust sees fit to terminate them by giving ninety days' notice of its intention. In losing the right to discuss the scale at the beginning of each year, the Amalga- mated practically gives up all claims to recognition. So long as it retained this right, it fulfilled a definite economic function that was of considerable im- portance. By giving it up, the Amalga- mated degenerates into a mere associa- tion of workingmen without official status. As such, its utility will be of doubtful value. At best a long time must elapse before it can recover the position which it has lost. One fact ought to be scrupulously in- sisted on, in all discussion of present complications between the Treasury and the money market. This is, that the duty of Congress, when it is able to act on the situation, is to reduce the sur- plus, not by increasing public expendi- ture, but by decreasing taxes. On the face of things, this would appear to be a self-evident conclusion. Unfortunate- ly, it has not been so at numerous sim- ilar junctures in the past — notably in the period of 1886-1890, when an increase of $66,000,000 in the year's Federal re- ceipts caused an increase of $65,000,000 in the annual pension appropriation, and nearly doubled the size of river and harbor bills. The consequences of that experiment in reducing a current sur- plus by forcing the Government to spend it. taught their own lesson, and taught it quite as effectively as in the earlier experiment of reducing a national sur- The Agricultural Department's figures of last week seem to show that the corn crop, taken as a whole, will be th:1 small- est with two exceptions in twenty-five years; those exceptions being 1894 and 1881. The natural result has been a rise in the price of corn to a figure something like one-third higher than the price a year ago, and this in turn has already cut down exports of corn from this country, since the 1st of Au- gust, some fifteen million bushels. Our readers are, however, already familiar with the remarkable offset which the chances of nature have granted to this country through the wheat crop's great good fortune. It is true that the same Government report reduces to some ex- tent its August estimate even on the yield of wheat. But, after making this allowance, the indicated crop will still be the largest with one exception in our history. This huge product has already been assured a ready market more quick- ly than ever before in a year of abun- dant harvest. Europe's crops have turn- ed out as a whole deficient, Russia in particular failing to make good its ear- lier promise: and the Continent has been forced to buy wheat from America on an absolutely unexampled scale. Not only did last month's exports of wheat and flour surpass those of any previous Au- gust, but they have never been approach- ed in the most active shipping period of the past. The increase during last month in wheat and flour exported has been greater by fully $8,000,000 than the de- crease in corn, and the crowning fact of this singular harvest outcome is that the largest profit from the wheat trade's good fortune has been enjoyed by farm- ers in the very States where the corn crop failed. The action last week of a body of South Carolina mill presidents, in vot- ing to ask for legislation on the subject of child labor, indicates appreciation of the needs of employees as unusual as gratifying. There is now very little factory legislation of any sort in the Southern States, and hardly any organi- zation of labor. The rapid growth of manufacturing, however, is likely to pro- duce a great transformation in this state of things, and it will probably not be long before a system of labor and factory legislation similar to that pre- vailing in the North will be introduced. In the present transitional stage a sym- pathetic attitude on the part of capi- talists may result in giving a right di- rection to enactments and preventing un- wise restrictions upon production. The South Carolina mill-owners will ask that the age of factory children be not less than ten and twelve years for day and night work respectively, and that a com- pulsory school law be passed. These ages seem early as compared with those prescribed by the legislation of New York, Massachusetts, and other Northern States. This restriction will, however, make a beginning, and further acts can follow when there has been time to re- adjust the conditions of production and the supply of labor. The terms dictated on Saturday to Shaffer and his associates of the Amal- gamated Association Board by the Steel In view of the testimony presented by Rear-Admirai Schley, his Court of In- quiry was eminently justified in sus- taining his challenge of Rear-Admiral Fowison. Even had the testimony against Rear-Admiral Howison's fitness been far less convincing, the Court would have been justified in asking him to re- tire. So momentous to the navy are the issues involved, that neither the Court nor the Navy Department should fail to do everything in its power to make it plain to the country thatRear-Admiral Schley is receiving the fairest possible

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Sept. 19, 1 901] The Nation. 217 treatment at the hands of a perfectly open-minded court. The substitution of Rear-Admiral Francis M. Ramsay, on the other hand, can hardly be said to add much strength to the personnel of the Court. For ten years before his re- tirement, this officer saw no sea service, his last command being that of a cruiser in the early days of the new navy. It was generally expected that an officer would be chosen who, like Admirals Dewey, Benham, and Howison, had com- manded a fleet, and was therefore in some degree familiar with the difficulties of a fleet or squadron commander. As a young officer, Rear-Admiral Ramsay saw, however, considerable active service dur- ing the civil war, having been for two years commander of an ironclad in the operations before Vicksburg and in the Red River, and also having figured as commander of the gunboat Unadilla dur- ing the attacks on Fort Fisher in 1864 and 1865, and the capture of Richmond. As head of the Bureau of Navigation for two terms, he came in contact with practically every officer in the navy, and has therefore a wide experience of men to aid him in the responsible duties be- fore him. And it must be noted that Admiral Ramsay's name was on the list of those which Rear-Admiral Schley de- clared would be satisfactory to him. That the supervision of the new Hall of Records should, after the death of the architect, John R. Thomas, be turned over to our "official" architects, Horgan & Slattery, is not so strange when it is remembered that the job is worth $100,- 000 as it stands, and can easily be made worth more. Mayor Van Wyck's action, too, in disregarding the claim of the de- ceased architect's estate in order to favor the Tammany candidates, was most char- acteristic of the man and of the "organ- ization" in its present emergency. Take the chances of the law, is now the motto, from top to bottom. You can at worst only lose, and you may win. Horgan & Slattery, be it remembered, began life as architects about four years ago. They testified a year later, in view of a judicial order, that neither of them possessed any property, and, under cross-examination, it appeared also that neither of them possessed any architecture. They have learned their trade by finishing for the city such monuments as the new Tombs Prison. That they should now inherit a $6,000,000 contract, unless, indeed, the courts should think less slightingly than Mayor Van Wyck of the claims of Mr. Thomas's estate, is quite in line with their swift rise in the profession. How the decorators of the Democratic Club will distribute the $1,000,000 which is to be devoted to the ornamentation of the new Hall of Records, is a matter of curi- osity rather than of hopeful anticipation. It would show a fine sense of the fit- ness of things if, mindful of their own origin, Horgan & Slattery should pick up two or three bankrupt "boys" who have decorated, say, prison cells, and put them in training for the position of "of- ficial artists." It will doubtless surprise many per- sons to learn that Mayor Ashbridge of Philadelphia has discovered a waste of the city's money, and that he has prompt- ly set out to verify his conclusion and to effect a cure. The fact is, however, that there are various kinds of waste, and the sort which Mayor Ashbridge has discovered is abhorrent to all good ma- chine men, whether in Philadelphia or elsewhere. It seems that city salaries are being paid in Philadelphia to Re- publican municipal officeholders who are suspected of not controlling any votes. What sort of management has permitted an outrage like this, we are unable to imagine, but from the moment the hor- rid suspicion entered the Mayor's mind he has been determined and alert. As a result, it has been ordered that each Re- publican in the city's service must show that he controls at least ten votes. If not, the order, "Off with his head" will go forth as promptly as if it came from the Queen in 'Alice in Wonderland,' and more conclusively. Some of the city ser- vants, especially in divisions where, ow- ing to the Philadelphia system, almost every householder is a city servant, con- sider the order a hardship, but this is nothing to the Mayor. If city money is being paid out to men who do not con- trol votes, it must be stopped, whoever suffers. The 3 per cent, assessment of all municipal employees for Republican machine campaign purposes, with the prospect of an additional 2 per cent, be- fore the campaign is over, might be con- sidered by some weak persons as miti- gating the waste which the Mayor has discovered, but his is no such spiritless attitude. So the officeholders are carry- ing papers about in their neighborhoods seeking signatures. Mayor Ashbridge is nothing if not systematic. He demands the pledges in writing. The extent of the harm done to the trade of foreign countries with China by the disturbances of the past year and a half clearly appears from the Chinese tariff report of which a summary appears in the current number of the Monde Eco- nomique. For the three chief ports the volume of trade has on the whole fal- len off about one-half. More damage was probably done by the war to native firms than to foreigners who were con- ducting establishments in China, since the latter made a good traffic in supply- ing provisions, clothing and other things to the soldiery. The total tonnage en- tering the northern ports declined from 5,316,384 in 1899 to 3,538,607 in 1900, the loss falling rather unevenly. England suffered more than others, while Korean and American shipping in Chinese ports did not decline, but increased. Never* theless, English vessels retained their former vast preponderance over others in the trade. One especially Interesting development is the rise of the port of Kiao-Tchau, to which little importance has hitherto been attached by the Euro- pean press. Its European trade has now risen from practically nothing to a very respectable figure. A dispatch from London announces that a delegate of the British Trade- Union Congress will visit some Conti- nental cities in order to ascertain where the funds of English trades-unions can be most safely invested in foreign se- curities. It was felt by the Congress that the recent decisions on trades- union responsibility, and the suits now pending for damages done to manufac- turers by last year's strikes, have seri- ously jeopardized the resources of the unions. The course they propose in safe- guarding their funds recalls the meth- ods employed by American investors in evading State mortgage taxation. Taken in connection with the recent develop- ments in the United States as to regard for union contracts, the outlook for en- forcing responsibility upon the unions is not reassuring. The proposed incor- poration of such bodies in the United States would do little good if they should try to evade the consequences of their acts as English unions are now doing. Excellent evidence as to the general prosperity of the past year is furnished by the recent report of the Labor De- partment of the British Board of Trade. From this document it appears that dur- ing the year 1900 there has been a gross gain by British wage-earners of consid- erably over $1,000,000 per week for an aggregate of 1,135,786 persons. The an- nual addition to the income of the work- ing classes is estimated at fully $30,000,- 000, and while the increase in pay has not been evenly distributed throughout all trades, there has been a very general upward tendency. The year 1900 comes as the climax of a five-year period of continuous increase in wages. Since the opening of 1901 a slight reaction seems to have set in, and for the first half of the current year there has been some decrease in rates of pay. This decline, however, seems to have been local, be- ing probably due to a temporary stagna- tion in the iron and steel industries, which is now practically 'over. In the textile industries wages are now higher and employment more abundant than at any time during the past fifteen years. On the other hand, the past eighteen months have seen a gratifying decrease in the number of strikes and labor dis- putes. Vastly more has been done by conciliation boards than ever before. Comparatively little time has been lost in controversies, and only an insignifi- cant proportion of the working popula- tion has been affected.

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218 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 PRESIDENT M' KIN LET 8 DEATH. The rational hope with which we wrote last week of the President's con- dition was quickly falsified. On Friday the reaction set in, and%on Saturday, in the early morning, he passed away pa- thetically, without a struggle. Already his successor is at the helm, and the ship of state is on its way to unknown ports. It is not our purpose formally to re- view now or hereafter Mr. McKinley's career, in its three main divisions of sol- dier, lawyer, and politician. So far as he has been under our observation in the past quarter of a century, we have dis- charged our duty towards him as to- wards other public men. Our censure and our approbation alike had in view the practical end of all independent criticism, the moulding of public opinion in favor of certain ideals of citizenship and government. Those to which we have steadfastly held for more than a generation, posterity will judge along with the character of the late President himself. Lives of him are sure to be written, some catchpenny, some in good faith; all, probably, prematurely. We doubt if any Administration was ever marked by so much secretiveness as his, although the events directed by it were of transcendent and revolutionary im- portance. Years must elapse before even the inception of the Spanish war can be authoritatively worked out by the his- torian; and who could now intimately and with particularity narrate Major McKinley's rise to political prominence and office? Neither his friends nor his opponents should be in haste to com- pose his biography. In his build, in the shape of his head and the cast of his countenance, Mr. McKinley recalled the generation of Cass and Webster, and in any gallery of statesmen of their day his portrait might hang without discordance. His mouth betokened the ready speaker, and his gift of speech was, indeed, nature's pass- port to distinction in a country where oratory has such a hold on the popu- lar affection as it has in ours; but his imperfect education deprived his ad- dresses of all grace or literary quality. The one collected volume of his speeches shares the unrpadability which even the greatest orators seldom escape. His amiability, suavity, and impersonality in debate preserved him from making ene- mies, and these traits were of the utmost value at all stages of his political ad- vancement. He had also, in the begin- ning, as aids to his ambition, his hon- orable service in the army and his choice of the legal profession. His pro- tectionism was, clearly enough, a mere adoption of the views in which he was bred, for there is nothing in his utter- ances on the subject that will bear ex- amination for originality or even logical consistency. He was born in the Ohio town of Niles, which, like that of the same name in Michigan, presumably commemorated the great Baltimore pro- tectionist, editor of Niles' Register. From such a community an apostle might nat- urally proceed. He profited finally by the remarkable lead which his native State acquired in national affairs on the accession of Hayes, and he had neither training nor scruple to keep him from joining that disastrous silver movement which was denominated the "Ohio idea." He had no hand, either, in our deliver- ance, and his conversion to the gold standard was reached by considerations anything but economic. In times of doubt on which side to throw himself, he maintained as long as possible a re- ligious silence. And whereas Lincoln, with whom he is now freely ranked, was ready to express himself in writing to individual inquirers as to his policy — often enigmatically, it is true, yet with apparent frankness and simplicity — Mr. McKinley never courted such opportuni- ties. He chose to deal with his fellow- citizens in the mass. The accessibility which contributed so much to his popu- larity, he exhibited by preference on ac- casions when he could speak and not write, and when his presence substan- tiated the generalities which were his delight and refuge. If President McKinley's role was op- portunism, his successor's is strenuous- ness. This doctrine, long preached by Mr. Roosevelt, he was given the chance of his life to put in practice by the bringing on of the Spanish war; and his military prominence won him, by steps needless to enumerate, the place he now occupies. How far strenuous- ness may carry him, especially in for- eign affairs, we shall not venture to pre- dict. Visions of what is possible have mingled with the humane and sympa- thetic motives for desiring President Mc- Kinley's recovery. It would be idle at this time to retrace Mr. Roosevelt's career as a ground for apprehension. Er- ratic he m.iy be pronounced, but while no one would think of applying that epithet to Mr. McKinley, his movements, too, were not always rectilinear; and Mr. Roosevelt's defections from civil- service-reform principles have been, if not more excusable, less signal than Mr. McKinley's. The Imperialism of both had a common aim, and though Roosevelt's has been that of action, Mc- Kinley's that of "destiny," it was under the latter's lead, none the less, that, in Ooldwin Smith's pregnant phrase, we "burnt the Declaration." In other words, the "safe" President did not keep us from our present un-American pass. It remains to be seen if the "unsafe" will prevent us from ever emerging. Those whom this problem interests cannot restrict themselves to studying Mr. Roosevelt's past alone. They must weigh the sobering circumstances un- der which he is suddenly exalted, the lesponsibilities of office, the force of public opinion, the check which the Mc- Kinley wing of the Republican party is sure to exercise, and that which we may expect from the Democratic oppo- sition, no longer contending against the prestige of the twice victorious candi- date. Mr. Arthur's example furnishes a cheering precedent, and it depends upon President Roosevelt himself to what ex- tent the country will forget what has gone before in judging his conduct as Chief Magistrate, or remember it to his honor on seeing how much he surpasses it. A supreme act of courage would be to restore +0 the classified service those thousands of offices reconverted into spoils by President McKinley; but we cannot look for this, if at all, amid the funeral discourses of the present or the eulogies of the near future. President Roosevelt's private reflec- tions on the extraordinary cause of his elevation to power are easy to imagine. The same malign influence that helped prepare the situation of which Guiteau availed himself, forced Gov. Roosevelt, against his will — against his vehement pledge — to accept the Vice-Presidential nomination. Should the result, as some fear, prove a national misfortune, it must not be added to the sins of the miserable Czolgosz, who violently alter- ed the natural course of events; it must rest on the shoulders of the New York Republican boss, the real king-maker, though in spite. The regicide anarchist against whom, the moment he strikes, every voice in the country is raised to denounce and every hand to crush, is but as the flea to our republican organ- ism; Piatt is the white ant who leaves us the form of our liberties, and eats the heart-wood out of them. The sin- cerest mourner for the murdered Presi- dent cannot affirm that he was sensible of this corruption, or gave any support to those who are seeking to eradicate it. The sincerest admirer of President Roosevelt cannot justify an expectation that he will assume a different attitude towards it and towards reformers. Yet here, if anywhere, is a chance for stren- uousness to outshine opportunism, and to lay the foundation of lasting civic re- nown. THE EVOLUTION OF THE STRIKE. Perhaps the most important question opened by the steel strike, now lan- guishing to a close, is whether the organization of industry in the United States shall follow the English system or continue on its own lines. In Eng- land the whole history of unionism has been that of slow progress toward a state of things where individual unions, federated throughout a single industry, could be brought into contact with the employers of that industry, united in a trade association. This process has been carried almost to completion in coal-mining, where the trade organiza-

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Sept. 19, 1 901] The Nation. 219 tion now includes nearly all the capital- ists. Almost as much progress has been made in some of the textile industries. At the annual conferences between the representatives of capital and labor all the facts necessary to form a judgment as to the fairness of rates of wages are set forth, and the "scale" for the follow- ing year is fixed accordingly. Quite a different condition of things has prevailed in the United States. Un- til the coming of Trusts, independent producers dealt with trade and labor conditions as best they could. For a long time even the unions themselves had no such central organization as in England. They were comparatively lo- cal and restricted in their scope. Wages and prices, instead of being the outcome of a yearly trade conference, were set- tled by ordinary competition between the employers and by bargains with the men. Gradually these conditions disappeared as labor-unions began to feel greater community of interest and to unite to- gether in national associations. These associations had certain distinctly bene- ficial effects. They tended to make the conditions of employment uniform throughout the trade, and, when many different mill-owners were competing together, they helped to assure equality in the conditions of competition. This was particularly the case in the steel industry, where information concerning production was easily available, and where an extremely useful function was served by the Amalgamated Association as an agency in bargaining. The whole face of affairs was changed by the increasing consolidation of busi- ness. It was inevitable that united cap- ital should come face to face with a body which claimed the right to stand for united labor. The real question in- volved in the strike has therefore been whether or not the English system of collective 'bargaining should be adopt- ed, and thus the Amalgamated Associa- tion be recognized as the arbiter not merely of men in "union" plants, but of all labor employed in the industry; or whether united capital now in control r.f nearly all the plants should retain the right to make individual bargains with groups of men who, for one reason or another, would not be ruled by the Amalgamated Association. That this question has an ethical aspect when viewed from the standpoint of indi- vidual freedom, cannot be denied. But it has also an economic significance of great moment. The cry for the official fixing of prices is paralleled by the cry for the universal and uniform fixing of wages by conferences between united labor and united capital. Consolidation cf capital we now have. If the last ves- tiges of competition disappear by the recognition of a labor trust as rigid as that of capital, they must do so at the expense of the consumer and of the non- union laborer. "Whether the English system of collective bargaining or the American competitive system, as now modified by the growth of combinations, is to prevail, must be settled in the last resort by a trial of strength in the mar- kets of the world. The evidence disclosed by the strike as to the strength of combined capital in bargaining, as compared with separate establishments, is noteworthy. Not only has unity of action been attained by the combination of executive control, but certain hitherto unknown advantages have been gained. Vastly greater mo- bility has been shown by capital than ever before, and the transfer of plants from places where men were well organ- ized to points where the conditions were more controllable, has presented a diffi- culty to the trades-unions previously un- known. The increased knowledge of the situation and the ability to supply the market, in part at least, from such mills as could be kept in operation, have greatly strengthened the side of capi- tal, while losses from a lessened output have been to some extent recouped by the higher prices thus secured. Again, unity of control has wholly done away with the dangers which ordinarily arise from mutual suspicion among the own- ers of competing plants. On the whole, the strike has demon- strated an enormous increase in bar- gaining power on the part of capital. If this increase is to be met by a similar increase in the power of labor, it can be only by a reorganization of unionism. The narrow policy of restricting output and ruling out unskilled men must be abandoned. The organization must be made more inclusive and more generous, and thus greatly enlarge its member- ship, if it is to force the English system of collective bargaining upon the Trust. It cannot be recognized as representing labor unless it does so in fact as well as in theory. A PROBLEM FOR TRUSTS. The difficulties under which the Eng- lish Sewing-Cotton Company is now laboring contrast strikingly with the high anticipations entertained not long ago, when the enterprise was launched with a great flourish, and they suggest the possibility of complete collapse. The original objects of the consolidation were to avoid competition and to econ- omize production, and nearly all of the firms competing in this line of industry were absorbed. It had a capital of $15,- 000,000, and apparently enjoyed every prospect of success. Yet, after a very brief career, it now appears to be thor- oughly rotten. A recent report shows that, after paying interest on deben- tures and preferred stock for the year ending March 31, 1901, there was prac- tically nothing left in the way of earn- ings for division among the holders of common stock, and, in order to pay them the regular 7V2 per cent, dividend, It was necessary to draw $250,000 from a reserve fund which had amounted to only $1,000,000 in the beginning. Nor do these figures state the full danger of the situation. During the year, a considerable sum had been realized from the sale of securities which were on hand at the outset, and money ob- tained from this source must, of course, be regarded as equivalent to a further reduction in the reserve. If the present troubles were confined solely to the Sewing-Cotton Company, they might indicate nothing more than poor management — a danger to which every industry, whether a Trust or not, is subject. Their importance is found in the fact that they foreshadow similar developments in allied lines of work, and that the great trouble with all of them seems to lie in difficulties of or- ganization. How general this trouble is may be readily understood from a table of relative values of the stocks of six large combinations, compiled ly the London Economist, from which it appears that, with a total capi- tal of $137,100,000, the six companies can show an estimated market value for their securities of only $113,525,000. That such a state of things must be a serious disappointment to those who put the combinations on the market in the beginning, is demonstrated by the former high quotations of the shares, nearly all of them having been at a premium at one time or another. The highest market values of the same stocks aggregated no less than $153,954,- 500, showing a difference between for- mer estimates and present actual values of more than $40,000,000. It would seem clear that the difficulties of the English combines are the outcome of general conditions, although doubtless due, as we have intimated, in some degree to bad management. Discussion of the textile situation in England has developed two very instruc- tive facts. The combinations have been weakened by taking in a crowd of badly organized or unprofitable plants, and they have not succeeded in annihilating competition. On the first of these points unexpected evidence was afforded by Mr. Lawton, the Vice-Chairman of the Eng- lish Sewing-Cotton Company, at a re- cent stockholders' meeting. He remark- ed that the combine had brought to- gether "a number of businesses which were confessedly in serious difficulties," and he threw valuable light on the ques- tion of management when he said that "it was an awful mistake to put into control of the various businesses pur- chased by the company the men from whom the businesses were purchased, because these men had got into one groove and could not get out of it." Yet, notwithstanding the purchase of un- profitable plants in order to exclude com- petition, it is now complained that small

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Q20 The ISTation [Vol. 73, No. 189O establishments, many of them new, are injuring the business of the combina- tion. Perhaps an explanation of the inroads of small makers may be found in Mr. Lawton's explanation that men "who had got into one groove" have been left in control. Granting, however, the existence of weakness in the executive control, it must be admitted that the competition of small dealers has not gone far enough to produce the serious decline in the company's shares. The really instruc- tive feature of the situation is the dis- parity between earnings and capital — a disparity due beyond question to the excessive price paid for unprofitable plants at the outset. The company has been trying to pay dividends upon too large a capitalization, and the shrinkage in quotations indicates that the public has learned the facts. There is a les- son here for investors in American in dustrials. Nearly all of our Trusts have been organized on precisely the principle of the English combinations. The same weakness inheres in them, and it must have the same result — a struggle to pay dividends on an immense volume of stock after huge issues of bonds have been cared for, a gradual deterioration of plant, and ultimately, of course, a reor- ganization. Valuable inferences as to the probable course of events may be drawn from the history of American railways. From 1873 to 1893, connecting links of road were in process of consolidation under one management, and companies were being formed with capitals calling for dividends far in excess of their earning power. In the effort to maintain divi- dends, road and equipment were allowed to deteriorate. The panic of 1893 and the subsequent years of depression forced the radical reorganization of a large number of roads, and the elimina- tion of unprofitable business. In this process, many stockholders lost their holdings, or were required to make large payments in order to share the benefits of reorganization plans. Much the same experience may be confidently predicted for many of the present industrials. Where an era of competition has re- sulted in an excessive investment in fixed capital, much of which is of low competitive power, little can be gained by a mere combination of plants and an effort to pay dividends on the whole volume of stock. If prices are kept high enough to pay such dividends, the inevi- table result is fresh competition from the outside. If dividends are paid with- out proper provision for betterments, the result is disaster. If no dividends are paid, there is dissatisfaction. The remedy in either case is found in reor- ganization, which means the elimina- tion of fictitious values. The experi- ence of the English sewing-cotton com- bination shows the natural course of events. THE DUTCH LANGUAGE AND LITERA- TURE CONGRESS. Ntmegen, August 31, 1901. The beautiful city of Charlemagne, on the banks of the Waal, one of the branches of the much-split-up Rhine in its course through the Netherlands, has been for the past four days en fete, for it has entertained the Dutch Language and Literature Con- gress in its biennial session. The inhab- itants realized that more than one thousand people from their own country and from Belgium would be their guests, and so they hung out flags and gave their houses and streets an extra scrubbing. The Govern- ment recognized the importance of this body of literary men for maintaining the purity of the Dutch language by sending to the meeting an official representative. The congress met in three divisions: (1) Language and Literature; (2) History and Antiquities; (3) Music, the Drama, and Book-Trade; and, besides, held a general meeting each day. In these general meet- ings the most important papers were present- ed, and they proved so attractive that the hall provided by the Committee on Arrange- ments had to be exchanged for the largest auditorium in the city. While it would be interesting to give brief abstracts of the round dozen communications presented, it may perhaps be more profitable to state some of the impressions made upon one who has become somewhat familiar with the Dutch language, life, and institutions during five visits to the country. A fear was ap- parent that other languages may, because of the richness of their literature, crowd out the Dutch language; and a corresponding in- sistence that a,strenuous effort should be made to increase the people's interest and pride in their language, and to stimulate the writing and publication of Dutch works. To this end were discussed the most attractive methods of presenting lessons in syntax, possible improvements in spelling, modifi- cations in pronunciation, and the preparation of a comprehensive dictionary. Statistics were given regarding the publication and sale of Dutch books, from which it appear- ed that from Amsterdam alone $15,000 worth of Dutch works were sent annually to the United States; and various proposals were presented looking towards the popularizing of books by cheaper editions. In this con- nection, mention was made of the difficul- ties that confronted such an undertaking in a country of five millions of people, where the percentage of book-buyers is small be- cause of the low average possessions. Per- haps when the new law regarding compul- sory education shall have had time to indi- cate its beneficence, the number of book- readers may be enlarged. The paper that aroused the greatest dis- cussion was on the advisability of estab- lishing courses of instruction in compara- tive literature. The proposer of this sug- gestion called attention to the impulse that had been given to the study of natural his- tory by the adoption of the comparative method, and urged that similar processes were possible in the study of literature, and that thereby a greater interest in the na- tive literature would be developed. The opposition was prompted by the well-defined yet seldom recognized characteristic of the Dutch — idealism. It was contended that the native literature possessed enough merit and attractiveness to warrant study in it- self, by means of itself, and with no further end in view than itself. One speaker de- clared that it would be debased by the use of the scalpel and microscope process of study, and would be classed by students among the dead and soulless materials for investigation. This view was held by such a majority of the participants in the dis- cussion that if comparative literature shall be taken up seriously in the Netherlands, it manifestly will not be because of the en- couragement given by this Congress. One of the entertainments provided by the local committee was a concert at which nothing but folk-songs were sung. Quite recently a collection of these songs was published, and their value in preserving an interest in the language was the subject of one of the best papers prepared for the Congress. Nearly three thousand people at- tended this concert, and while one might be tempted to ascribe this to the participa- tion of three of the most famous soloist3 in the country, those of us who attended the social reunions held every night, and saw old and young, student and professor, sing from beginning to end song after song from the above collection, knew that in- herent interest in these lays of the land held the great audience through forty numbers. Closely related to this topic was the pa- per on the value of the lighter drama as a part of school exercise in arousing an in- terest in pure literature and correct forms of speech. The last-named desideratum is difficult to attain in this country, with its large floating population (literally speaking). It is known that more than fifteen thou- sand people live on boats in the Netherland waterways. On these boats many have been born, and here they grow up without attend- ing school. They migrate like the storks, and carry between the north and the south their errors of speech and pronunciation. It is, therefore, necessary that special efforts should be made to preserve the language in its purity. Only two historical communications were presented. Every one recognizes the im- portance of the study of history, and all appreciate the part that Holland played in shaping the destinies of more than one na- tion; but it was felt that this appreciation could not be rendered keener by extended discussion. It was urged in more than one informal meeting that interest in the Dutch language abroad, especially in the United States, could be most effectively awakened by a more extended study of the history and institutions of the Netherlands. This was recognized, and the present writer's publications on the social organizations of Holland were commended as assisting to- wards this end, while the remarks of Mr. L. C. van Noppen, the clever translator of Vondel's 'Lucifer,' were received in a way that showed how grateful Dutch scholars are for efforts that others are making to popularize their language and literature in foreign lands. Dutch patriotism and fraternal affection stood revealed most clearly in the man- ner in which every person present greeted even the slightest reference to the Trans- vaal or Orange Free State. The telegrams of greeting sent out at the opening session included one to "Oom Paul"; the repre- sentative of the Orange Free State had a seat of honor at the final banquet, and Pres- ident Steyn was toasted next to King Leo- pold. This was to be expected; nor was there cause for surprise when, in the midst

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Sept. 19, 1 901] The Nation- al of some festivity, a collection for the Boer women and children was proposed. To the credit of all it should be said, that not a single unkind or vindictive word was ut- tered publicly regarding the past or pres- ent conduct of the English people or Gov- ernment. The remark of Charles Boissevain, the scholarly editor of the Handelsblad, "South Africa is lost to England. Even should she banish all other governments she will never possess the people," was emphasized in every sentence of the com- munication on the condition of the Dutch language in South Africa, by Dr. Mansvelt, Superintendent of Public Instruction in the South African Republic; it found support in the brilliant speech of Dr. Muller, the diplo- matic representative at The Hague of the Orange Free State; and the applause that followed every mention of the loyalty of the Boers to their Government proved that the audience believed that their language would dominate South Africa. Prior to the war there were state jealousies and many con- flicting local interests, which would have increased with time, rather than lessened; but now it seems, from the Dutch point of view, that those elements have, in the fires of adversity, become fused in singleness of purpose. J. H. Gore. CIVILIZATION AND BARBARISM IN LU- ZON. Manila, July 24, 1901. Curious contrasts are presented in our Oriental capital. After running the gaunt- let of getting into the city at all, past the strict customs Inspection, the quarantine, the baggage barges which unblushingly de- mand a dollar (gold) apiece for conveying impedimenta ashore, and the hundreds of craft in the Pasig River, all flying the stars and stripes, one finds himself in the midst of a transition picture. The old and the new, the ruts of ancient custom run over by the tearing wheels of American modernness, the moss of ages being rap- idly effaced by the whitewash of to-day — side by side the double lives go on, both yet neither. For a few days one looks only; taking in the superficial impression of It all, draw- ing no conclusions, making no deductions; driving happily on the Luneta at five o'clock as if to Manila born, where all the world may be seen for the two hours before dinner, listening to the military band, and enjoying cool evening breezes as they blow over the rippling bay straight from the gorgeous sunsets. A pretty and a tropical picture, this fine esplanade, where rows of palms have been planted to replace the grand old trees sacrificed by the Spaniards for the freer use of their guns during the war, and where, by careful sodding and cutting, a smooth lawn is already nearly evolved. It is said that an attempt has been made to have the walls of the old city torn down, for what purpose does not appear — let us hope that it was not to make way for straight American streets and blocks; but a vigorous protest was heard, and the most picturesque feature of Manila still stands. While the present Commission is in power there is little danger that such a vandal proceeding can succeed, but the walls should be protected by legislation for all time. The moat, said to be dangerously un- sanitary, is probably to be filled up, and a park will be laid out on its site; its clear- ing and preservation by inflowing tide-wa- ter is perhaps too much to expect. The city is remarkably clean and Its po- lice force is one to be proud of. Its mem- bers are picked men, selected for especial qualifications from soldiers mustered out of volunteer regiments, and recommended by their officers. Tall, manly, handsome in their khaki uniform, and thickly distributed throughout the city, they manage the slow and irregular street traffic with enviable ease, preventing blockades, even when the unhurried water-buffalo is the cause, and making the narrow streets safe driving for ladies in their caJcsas. Not wholly slow, however, is progress through Manila thor- oughfares, for one can become bruised more quickly in several varieties of the prevalent two-wheeled cart than in any other known method. The drivers, recklessly beating the small ponies, dash around corners, catching their wheels in street-railway tracks, plung- ing into depressions, rattling over cobble- stones, until the helpless fare, aching in every joint, and clinging for safety to any projection of his prison that offers, is fain to protest in English of a vigorous charac- ter, however unintelligible. Unless one speaks Spanish or Tagalog the cochero is impiegnable. One sighs for the smoothly rolling jinrikisha of China and Japan, or even for the much-maligned gharrie of Singapore. The problem of transportation in Manila is a serious one, perhaps partly to be solved by the projected electric rail- way. American social life transferred to the tropics is a pleasant growth. To the grace- ful entertaining always carried on by army and navy officers and their families, are now added official festivities by the civil Government; and over the sober questions confronting our new colonial venture, of which all are conscious, is laid a lighter cover of dining and dancing, driving and sailing. American ladies here have not yet learned the lesson so thoroughly acquired by the English in India — that constant, even strong, exercise is an absolute necessity in hot climates, so that tennis courts and golf links, horseback riding and bowls, so inte- gral a part of British life in the tropics, are yet in the future for Manila. Gov. Taft, strong, tactful, and genial, is giving, with Mrs. Taft, in his fine mansion in Mala- cafian, the former residence of the Spanish Governors, a series of receptions, where one may meet many of those now making isl- and history — not only Americans, but lead- ing Filipinos and their charmingly dressed wives. Sometimes a military band plays during these afternoons, while one strolls through the airy rooms or out on the tiled terrace overlooking the Pasig River; often the famous Filipino orchestra of seventy musicians may be heard there. Music is as natural as breathing to the Filipino. In this first comprehensive, if superficial, glance over the more salient features of life here, the visitor will probably sail down the bay to the island of Corregidor, where the military hospital offers the most modern treatment for all physical ills, from medicine and instruments to trained nurses. At the entrance to the harbor of Manila, ships to and from Hong Kong pass through the northern channel, those from Singapore the southern; and from the old Spanish fort high above the buildings a magnificent view may be seen on all sides, while a constant breeze flutters the American flag mounted on its parapet and draws through the hos- pital wards below in refreshing coolness. Another launch-trip must be taken to the naval station at Cavite, where one passes the seven immortal wrecks left by our Ad- miral one famous May morning, now raising their rusty and twisted members above the gently rising tide. Here also, at the Yard, are curious contrasts. The sound of active hammers reveals many old Spanish craft be- ing restored to American usefulness; Fili- pinos, Chinese, and our own countrymen working together amicably for this result. Capt. Hanford, the efficient commander of the station, has his office in the old Spanish building, with a pretty park shading Its facade, and a statue of the doughty navi- gator second in command to Magellan, four hundred years ago, looking benignly down upon marvellous changes; while stenogra- phers, telephones, typewriters have con- verted the sleepy old palace into a modern naval office for the most modern of nations. Just beyond is the beautiful wall, centuries old, in which are now stored shot and shell, while a broad terrace on top affords incom- parable views across the harbor to Manila or out into the native town. Gateways, cor- ners draped in vines, Spanish inscriptions, piles of cannon-balls— and American sentries pacing back and forth under the southern sun. Education according to our methods, under the admirable organizing power of Mr. F. W. Atkinson, Commissioner of Education, is al- ready well established. Only a week ago, six hundred additional teachers were dis- patched from the States in the transport Logan. Where possible, Filipino teachers are employed; and when it becomes advisa- ble to send an American woman into remote towns, two are always sent together, not only for mutual society, but that they may keep house comfortably. Filipino children are easily taught and are hungry for educa- tion. Results thus far are more than en- couraging. In our first visit at Manila we were espe- cially favored in being able to see many members of one of the few still uncivilized tribes, the Negritos, true ahorigines. Pro- fessor Worcester of the Commission is now beginning his seventh year in the islands. He has been in close touch with many native tribes, and they like and respect him, so that when he sent a messenger to the Negritos of Bataan province, that he and a few friends would like to cross the bay to Mariveles and call on them, if they would consent to come down out of their mountain retreat, they replied that when we arrived they would be there to greet us. Ordinarily reluctant to approach the seashore, they re- membered his former presents and kind- ness, and their fears dispersed. When our launch reached the little wharf at Mariveles a singular spectacle appeared. Under the Spanish regime these wild tribes were never allowed to approach any village without a full costume of some kind. Remembering these unpleasant restrictions, about thirty members of the tribe appeared, arrayed in some peculiar combinations. Only about four feet four inches in height, the miniature procession was led by the chief, a tiny black man with fuzzy wool, an obsolete tall hat, a soiled white coat, under which a long shirt flapped down to his knees. He was followed by an array of clothes fearful and wonderful, covering, under protest, men,

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222 The 3STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 women, and children, many with babies strapped on their hips. A capering little fellow danced about the moving line of dwarfs, back and forth, crouching on his heels, yet still moving with incredible rapid- ity, and beating meanwhile on a tom-tom. Rising to his feet now and then, he took waltz steps, once in a while reverting to a two-step; but for every mile the procession walked he must have covered at least six. All smiling and bowing to us, the troop ad- vanced, the leader, with a familiarity born of old acquaintance, putting out his little black paw to Professor Worcester, who shook it in most approved fashion. Seeing how pleased the attention seemed to make the chief, I too shook hands with him, whereupon every man came up, some a little uncertainly, but all with friendly smiles, to go through the same unusual ceremony. Then, placing us in the centre of their pro- cession, they formed an escort of honor, the tom-tom artist redoubled his speed, intro- duced new steps, and flashed like a black meteor from side to side, while interested Filipinos gazed from the doorways of their nlpa shacks, in evident astonishment at the spectacle. Through the native village, past a Spanish church built in 1729, over a river on one log, where carabaos stood luxuriously in wa- ter to their wide, flat horns, and along a hard sand beach, we finally turned off into the woods, up a small valley, and along a swift stream. Here the trail grew very narrow and slippery with recent rains, and we could by no means keep up with our expeditious little guide, who pushed ahead with unabat- ed enthusiasm. Slipping into bogs, stum- bling over roots, hit by wet branches on either side, we scrambled on, and finally emerged at a flat and open space in the dense undergrowth, shaded by one or two pine trees, where the main body of Negritos had assembled, coming down thus far to meet us from their mountain habitat. Of this particular tribe or family of Negritos there are only about one hundred and twen- ty-five, utterly barbarian, but not cruel or bloodthirsty. Altogether there may be twenty-five thousand, other sections of the race living in the province of Zambeles. and in Cagayan and Isabela on the Pacific Coast of Luzon, as well as in the south at Taya- bae. They are found also in the islands of Negros, Mindanao, and Panay, but, like many aboriginal races, are gradually dying out. On reaching their little clearing, those who had ventured down to proximity with civilization first made themselves comfort- able by removing all the superfluous cloth- ing they had donned In our honor; but the three proud possessors of hats retained those evidences of a superior culture. Hab- ited once more in their happy brown skin, they began the famous circle dance, one of their distinctive ceremonies, which has worn many a round pathway in the forest. Each man holding to the waistband of the one in front, the tom-tom beating a vigorous 1 a it 00, they stamped in time, swaying their heads and bodies in unison, while of two women standing in the centre, one old and wrinkled hag seemed to have charge of most things, and screamed directions and orders in violent tones. A woman or two joined the circle later, babies strapped on their hips, poor little black mites who wrinkled their noses and closed their eyes when the drum came too near. And all men and women, and babies as well, were smoking long brown cigars. Round and round they went at increasing speed, stamp- ing and humming a weird chant, while the gong-beater squirmed on the ground in amazing contortions, grovelling, dancing, capering like a wild man. Under a large tree near by had been erect- ed a high platform of sticks, with a steep inclined plane leading up to it. This was to play an important part in the wedding which had been arranged to occur that day, that we might be guests. The little men soon began active preparations for this in- teresting but often superfluous ceremony. With their long arms and protruding chins they seemed like friendly imps of the for- est, half man, half animal. Back in wood- land depths the bride was hidden, her fam- ily soon filing off in search of her. Then came the thrilling moment when the bride- groom, too, might begin his search, and he bounded off in high spirits. All too soon the coy maiden was discovered, and the tedious process of dragging her into camp began, an old woman and a sturdy little man urging her forward with strong arms. Her head modestly covered by a piece of cot- ton, and crouched upon her heels, the gong- player executing a marvellous series of steps and sounds around her, she advanced a few feet at a time, the bridegroom preceding, and coaxing her forward with various pres- ents thrown in her pathway from time to time. Thus enticed, she crept forward, pick- ing up her presents, and reaching us at last, when her attendants began to dress her in garments presented by the future husband. Meantime the circle dance had broken up, its performers making two long lines, with the end couple joining hands high above their heads, all the others having provided themselves with sticks and whips. One man then rushed to the little bride, and, catching her in his arms, ran through the lines, under the raised hands, and, with his long start, managed to convey her, though with evident effort, up the inclined plane to the little platform, where he deposited her securely if somewhat suddenly. There- upon the bridegroom, elaborately dressed in a white head handkerchief, came run- ning to the waiting lines and between them, each man giving him a stinging blow with his stick; but he quickly passed the ordeal, dashed under the joined hands, ran light- ly up the incline, and reached the side of his bride. Here they both crouched upon their heels, while she affectionately took his arm, and there they remained for fifteen minutes, the gong sounding deafeningly all this time. When they descended, the cere- mony was essentially over, but during the day other characteristic performances occur- red. "Making fire" from bamboo sticks was a curious but certain effort, smoke rising in fifty seconds of rubbing. Most of these people were decorated with vines of a conventional pattern in raised ridges of flesh. And upon being asked if no one was to receive additional ornament that day, they cheerfully replied that one woman would very gladly have another long pattern upon her back, whereupon, smiling amiably, she stooped down before us that we might watch the process. It appeared a questionable privilege while the old woman, artist of the tribe, split her bamboo into sharp edges, and prepared her tortures. But a dreadful fascination prevented one move- ment from escaping the spectators. Picking up a fold of flesh, the old crone deftly drew her sharp bamboo diagonally across, the surprised flesh showing white under the black skin for an instant, while another and yet another slash followed in quick suc- cession, forty in all, from shoulder to waist- line, the victim meantime chatting gayly with her friends, laughing and smoking a huge cigar. Was it stolidity or bravado, or do these people possess few nerves of sensation? With the blood running down in streams, dyeing her black back a sombre scarlet, this highly decorated lady joined the circle dance, stamping and singing with the rest. It was a unique experience, this visiting the Negritos in their native wilds, and the traveller might haunt the region of Mari- veles for months without ever seeing one. Their personal confidence in Professor Wor- cester alone enabled us to approach them, with him. In a similar though less ad- vanced state of development than the Ainus of Yezo, their characteristics are as in- teresting, and their number is scarcely greater. In our trip with Gen. Corbin, on his offi- cial tour of investigation around the islands, we shall have an opportunity of seeing the Mohammedan Moros of the South. Mabel Loomis Todd. Correspondence. CONFEREES. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The word conferees, which at this season of New York politics is much in use. is rather curious to the linguistic student. The passive termination -ee is correlative, and a word so formed does not exist inde- pendently, but as partner and complement of a word from the same stem used in the active sense, usually with the suffix -er or -or, as employer, employee; assignor, assignee; cestui que trust, trustee. But conferrer, which once existed in the sense of a mem- ber of a conference or a body of persons who confer, has had its place taken, strange to say, by conferee. Then why not conferrer, why conferee? May not this be the explanation, that conferee is not pas- sive, but reciprocal? The verb is not con- fer, but confer with, and conferees are per- sons who confer with one another. In that case, the word, strictly, would be used only in the plural, but for symmetry's sake the singular has been formed, so that conferee does not mean one who is conferred with, is not the correlative of conferrer, but means one of a number who confer with one another. In reciprocal relations each party is a<. tive and passive at the same time, so that this reciprocal meaning might have been committed to conferrer as well as to con- feree, but it seems more natural for a pas- sive form to bear the reciprocal meaning. The reflexive verb, in which, too, the same person is at once subject and object, is fre- quently interchangeable in meaning with the passive. In French and German, and still more in Italian, an active verb attend- ed by a reflexive pronoun is constantly used where we, in English, should employ the passive. In Latin, also, we see the same intimacy between reflexive and passive. The Latin passive is believed to have grown out of an ancient middle voice (an independent

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Sept. 19, 1901] The Nation. 223 form having reflexive meaning) ; at any rate, many verbs of passive form make better sense when understood as reflexive in idea. In fine, "conferees" seems to be reciprocal and not passive, and thus a correct forma- tion. If the meaning were passive, it would be a blunder for conferrer. If so. this is only another instance of un- conscious action in language, or, rather, the slight depth to which consciousness pene- trates. Although high-minded teachers tell their pupils that, if they cannot define a word, it is a proof they do not know its meaning, nevertheless it is the fact that thousands of people use hundreds of words correctly, and yet could uot give an account of them without long and hard thinking. It is really like walking and running. What is the nature of each, and what is the dif- ference of both? We are conscious of movt- ments, but what are they? What are the component parts of these complexes of movements? Few of us could say off-hand. A. D. Savage. N'ek York, September 13, 1901. A TENNYSONIAN ALLUSION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In Tennyson's poem "Columbus" we have the lines: "and besides The great Augustine wrote that none could breathe Within the zone of heat; so might there be Two Adams, two mankinds, and that was clean Against God's word." Can any of your readers point out the passage to which the poet alludes? Yours truly, W. P. M. Uxbridgk, Ont., September 12, 1901. Notes. D. Appleton & Co. are on the point of pub- lishing 'The Private Life of the Sultan,' by George Dorys; 'General McClellan,' by Gen. Peter S. Michie; and 'Dragons of the Air,' an account of extinct flying reptiles, by Prof. H. G. Seeley. Thomas B. Mosher, Portland, Me., will include in his "Old World Series of re- prints" 'The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe,' with an essay on his poetry by Andrew Lang, and 'From the Hills of Dream,' moun- tain songs and island runes by Fiona Mac- leod. He will also publish Edward Fitz- Gerald's 'Polonius: A Collection of Wise Saws and Modern Instances,' from a copy with marginal annotations by the author; these will be reproduced along with the text. All the above editions are limited. Charles Scribner's Sons will soon issue 'The Education of the American Citizen,' by President Hadley of Yale; 'A Day with a Tramp, and Other Days,' by Prof. Walter A. Wyckoff; and 'All the Russias,' by Henry Norman. In preparation by Thomas Whittaker is the 'American Church Dictionary and En- cyclopaedia,' by the Rev. W. J. Miller. 'Where the Sugar Maple Grows,' sketches of Canada, by Adeline M. Teskey, is in the press of R. F. Fenno & Co. Francis Gerard's 'Wagner at Bayreuth, and the Festival Plays,' is all but ready to appear with the imprint of E. P. Dutton & Co. The new issue of 'Who's Who in Amer- ica' (Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Co.) con- firms our inference from the first that this eminently useful dictionary is in good hands. Though death and sundry arbitrary determinations have caused the dropping out of 752 names, a more generous inclusion has swollen the total to 11,551, as contrasted with the 8,602 of 1899. Authorship has had much to do with this increase, and the edi- tor justly claims to have compiled the com- pletest list extant of living American writ- ers and their (dated) works, the publishers of which, by the way, are indicated by a very simple and ingenious symbol. The over- hauling has been most thorough, and a new and valuable feature of the revision is the record of parentage. ^ Many women still fight shy of revealing their age. The color line is honorably disregarded in this gathering of the talents. The new necrology contains some names not in the former edition, and, of course, deaths have occurred while the present volume was passing into print or circulation — e. </., Miss Garland, John Fiske, Gen. Ludlow. A few slips and errors we have detected, and some want of uniformi- ty, but these are of no moment. The typog- raphy is remarkably accurate. Subjects born in New York number 2,066, in Massachu- setts 1,130, in Pennsylvania 1,020, in Ohio 806— a cool 5,000, or nearly one-half the total, which embraces some persons of for- eign birth identified with this country. Sir J. G. Bourinot's 'Manual of the Con- stitutional History of Canada' (Toronto: Copp, Clark Company) is a revision and ex- tension of a work bearing the same title published in 1888, and itself a making-over of certain parts of the same author's 'Par- liamentary Procedure in Canada.' The 16mo. of 238 pages has now become an octavo of a few more pages, and is brought down to the end of the past century. The chapters have been recast into sections, without much alteration till the Constitution of Parlia- ment is reached, when extensive omissions are observable, including the table of fran- chise under the superseded Dominion act of 1885. Wholly new is a tnird and valuable chapter, "General Observations on the Prac- tical Operation of Parliamentary Govern- ment in Canada," and the appendix is en- larged by the text of the act respecting the representation in Parliament of Territories temporarily part of the Dominion of Can- ada, but not included in any province. Thirty-five years have elapsed since we praised on its first appearance Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge's charming Dutch story for the young, 'Hans Brinker; or the Silver Skates.' From edition to edition it was more adorned, at last with excellent illus- trations; and now its most perfect form has been brought out anew by Messrs. Scribner at a lowered price. The public demand for the story has been remarkably sustained, and no doubt this happy invention will some day celebrate its half-century. A new edition of M. Pierre Leroy-Beau- lieu's 'Les Nouvelles SociStes Anglo-Sax- onnes' (Paris: Armand Colin) treats of the recent tendencies and changes in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, in a very instructive manner. The policy of England towards the Boers is reviewed dispassion- ately, but with severe condemnation. The Socialism now established in Australia is critically examined, and the decline of the prosperity of the colonies is traced to the oppressiveness of Government. M. Leroy- Beaulieu has followed the course of events in Australasia with care, and his book, as now revised, is a useful manual. A series of hand-books of practical gar- dening is announced by John Lane, the first volume being 'The Book of Asparagus,' by Charles Ilott, with sections on celery, sal- sify, scorzonera, and sea-kale. Chapters on the history, decorative uses, and cooker., of these vegetables are added by the edltoi, Harry Roberts. Although the practical sug- gestions of the author are addressed to Eng- lish gardeners, some of them are of inter- est to Americans, and the book itself is of a form attractive to amateurs. Messrs. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. send us the first number of the Connoisseur, a magazine for collectors. This new monthly, says the introduction, "will include in its scope anything that any reasonable person collects — not only furniture, porcelain, pot- tery, prints, books, manuscripts, fiddles, and old silver, but also coins and medals, auto- graphs, posters, and even stamps." The first number keeps this promise well, de- scribing "The Picture Collection of Sir Charles Tennant," and — under the rubrics "Silver Coins, etc.," "Engravings," "Old Furniture," and "Old Books" — offering re- productions of rare examples in private bands, or notes on sales and prices. Even old lace, gems, and South African war- stamps are the subject of brief articles, while a facsimile of a page of the rare "San Graal" MS. sold recently at the Ashburnham sale is a welcome feature. A department "In the Sale Room" takes cognizance of English sales only. The letter-press and the quality of the reproductions are not ex- traordinary, while such typographical errors as "Marcet" for Manet indicate a lax edi- torial supervision. At the price of a shil- ling a number, however, the Connoisseur is good value, and will no doubt commend itself to American collectors. The New England Magazine has had a place apart, and if its scope was broader than the import of its title, its quality was still raciness, and it had given no signs of exhaus- tion in a restricted field. New Englanders, therefore, may regret its transfer from Bos- ton to New York, and such transformation iu its appearance as throws down the glove to the three chief illustrated magazines of this metropolis. But we chronicle the fact as in duty bound. Were the Harvard G-raduates' Magazine for September competing with the politico- literary quarterlies, it would achieve dis- tinction by its first two papers — one, Mr. Wayne MacVeagh's admirable Phi Beta Kappa address in June; the other, Professor Royce's analysis of John Fiske as a thinker. The manner of this last is as remarkable as its matter. A portrait of the lamented his- torian accompanies this article and the Editor's account of Mr. Fiske's career. Other illustrations are of Harvard's new gates and Stillman Infirmary. The whole number possesses decided interest. A novel feature is a list of "lost men" among the graduates — that is, of men with whom the class secretaries utterly fail to keep in touch, and whose whereabouts or end it is desired to ascertain. One member of the class of 1833 is in the vocative, and then the search is suspended till 1864. No fewer than twenty-one of so recent a class as 1S95 are "wanted." But many of these wer* temporary members. The initial number of the Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic

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£24= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 Society comes to us from Seoul. The So- ciety was instituted June 11, 1900, and its first volume is issued with commendable promptness. Besides constitution, list of members, minutes of meetings, etc., there are three articles rich in just the sort of illuminating information which the student of Korean life and history desires to pos- sess. The Rev. J. S. Gale, already known by his grammar and lexicon, writes upon "The Influence of China upon Korea." Of this he dates the beginning in 1122 B.C., with the incoming of Ki-ja, the founder of social order in the little kingdom; hence a stream of influences during three thousand years. This paper shows that "Korea is Little China," as even pro-Chinese natives say. Even in his general deportment, the Korean gentleman follows the "nine forms" of Confucius — the Stately walk, Humble hand, Straight eye, Circumspect [sic] mouth, Low voice, Erect head, Dignified manner, Respectful poise, Serene counte- nance. The other side of the shield is shown in the paper on "Korean Survivals," by Prof. H. B. Hulbert, who declares that, so far from Korean life being a replica of that in China, "the points of similarity with the Chinese are the exception, and that the survivals of things purely native and in- digenous are the rule." Both papers show acute observation and deep learning, and are fortified with many concrete examples. The Rev. George Heber Jones translates the inscriptions on the tablets before the Buddh- ist colossus at Eun-jin. From personal visitation he describes this image, fifty feet high and cut out of native rock. It required thirty-seven years to finish the work, which commemorates the landing near by of the first missionary of the India faith, over seventeen centuries ago. An excellent summary of the superstitions and local legends concerning the image is also given, showing how similarly in all parts of the world the human mind works. In times of calamity the image sweats and the brilliant colors fade from the lotos flower carried in the Buddha's hand. The Rev. James S. Gale, Seoul, is Honorary Secre- tary of the Society. The cost of each vol- ume of the Transactions is three yen ($1.50), and the New York agen.t is G. E. Stechert. The number of languages or distinct dia- lects of the world, according to the British and Foreign Bible Society's last Report, is about 2,000. Into 373 the whole Bible or portions have been translated, and the number of copies issued by the Society last year exceeded five million. Among the recent vacation schools, not the least interesting was that held at Bloemfontein under the direction of the Educational Department of the Orange River Colony. Seventy-five teachers were present from various parts of the colony, and passed a pleasant and profitable fort- night in attending courses of lectures; the amusements furnished being tennis, "at homes," concerts, the theatre, and a re- ception at Government House. At the lat- ter an address was made by the Lieutenant- Governor, pointing out the lines on which public education would be conducted. To meet the great difficulty of reaching the children on the isolated farms, who have no opportunity of attending the regular schools to be established in every village. It is proposed to adopt a system of travel- ling teachers, who will visit these farms twice a week. The English language will be the chief medium of education, but the religious instruction of Dutch children will be given in their own tongue, unless the parents elect otherwise. There are many native schools, but the education of the native is a vexed question. The course open to the least objection seems to be to provide him with a practical technical edu- cation fitting him for certain trades. The New Jersey State Geological Survey has issued from its office at Trenton two more sheets of its revised contour atlas, on a scale of 2,000 feet to the inch. These are the contiguous Navesink and Long Branch sheets. They are procurable at the same price (twenty-five cents each) as the sheets of the original atlas on a scale of one inch to the mile, and will appeal to a peculiarly wide circle of summer seashore visitors and residents. — We noted lately that the New York Public Library now possesses four sets of the autographs of all signers of the Decla- ration of Independence. Apropos of this, a correspondent writes: "Of the twenty-two files which are known to be perfect, one is in England and one west of the Alleghanies. Eight of the remaining twenty are in New York, five in Pennsylvania, four in New England, two in Georgia, and one in Maryland. The heart's desire of collectors is for autograph signa- tures written on autograph letters; but this consummation has not been vouchsafed to any one of them, for no letter in the hand- writing of Gwinnett has ever been detected, and the single letter written and signed by Lynch is a lone star that hath no fellow in the firmament. Autograph public documents with signatures have been sought with more success, and their value is next to that of letters, while signatures on documents not written by the signers form a third class. The only Western full file of Dec- laration signers was the fruit of twenty- five years' watching and waiting by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and is kept in the safety vault of its fireproof library, built largely for safeguarding this and other treasures which cannot be dupli- cated. Measured by the standard above mentioned, this set is outranked by only five others. Its signed autograph letters are fifty. The numbers in its five superiors are: Emmet fifty-four, Gratz fifty-three., Dreer fifty-three, Leffingwell fifty-one, and Fogg fifty. It may be classed below the Fogg collection (which has no more letters) partly owing to the character of the letters, and partly because it has no letters not au- tograph but signed, of which the Fogg has two." — Sir Michael Foster of the University of Cambridge last autumn delivered before the Cooper Medical College in San Francisco ten "Lane" lectures upon the 'History of Phys- iology' in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, which now have the deserved distinction of publication as one of the Cambridge Nat- ural Science Manuals (New York: The Mac- millan Co.). Like all true history, the book is interesting in showing the development of a science which four hundred years ago did not exist. The "practical" man cares little about the steps leading to a conclusion, if he is sure that the result may be depended upon. And such may be the attitude of the busy practitioner worn with his daily work. Fortunately, the student not too much drawn from his books to the bedside is led to consider the ways, sometimes tor- tuous and sometimes leading into oils de sac, that his predecessors trod; and when it appears that men of other callings con- tributed their incidental labor, the review ia the more fascinating. Servetus, the theo- logical martyr, was a zealous anatomist, and indirectly a physiologist, seeking to know the spirit of God through what he hoped to learn of the spirit of man. Descartes, math- ematician and philosopher, wrote a treatise on physiology. Von Hohenheim, better known as Paracelsus, stood where the road forked between alchemy and chemistry, and as a pharmacologist influenced physiology. Steno passed from anatomy into the Roman hierarchy, Reaumur, educated for the bar, a student of many sciences, wrote upon di- gestion. And these men and others like them are necessarily coupled with Vesalius, Harvey, Malpighi, Leuwenhoek and the other discoverers of the methods of physical lite. Professor Foster has brought together many of these makers of history, and, in describ- ing their services to science, has made a valuable and attractive work. It occasion- ally happens that, in his interest in the sub- ject, he loses sight of the clear construction of his sentences, but there is little else to cavil at. — W. Fletcher Moss, the author of 'Pil- grimages in Cheshire and Shropshire,' per- forms the functions of publisher also, issu- ing the volume from his home, the Old Par- sonage, Didsbury, and from his town office in the Spread Eagle Hotel, Hanging Ditch, Manchester. There is nothing amateurish about the printing, which is executed at the Ballantyne Press, or about the illustrations, the reproduction of which, we are told, cost more than the price of the book. These pictures — sixty-eight full-page and sixty- seven inserted in the text — constitute the most interesting result of Mr. Moss's inves- tigations. Ancient churches, abbeys, inns, halls, bridges, monuments, and country roads are represented in a series of delight- ful photographs. The region here depicted, which was explored by Mr. Moss and a friend on bicycles, well deserves such ample record, for it is full of memorials of medi- aeval history as well as of attractive natural scenery. The letterpress, which is com- piled in a very gossiping style, is scarcely of as high merit as the illustrations; even the author's witticisms on the stone effigies in the churches and on other subjects provok- ing mirth in men of taste, are not likely to be a permanent joy. There is a notable lack of sparkle in the sentences in which he institutes a comparison between aerated waters and a passage in tne book of Job. His Biblical lore, in spite of this recondite allusion, is not very exact, as he refers to Esau's bartering his birthright for "por- ridge." Still, in view of his having pro- vided us with so charming an album of pictures, we can even forgive him his fling at our own national imperfections. "Amer- icans," he says, "may boast of their cities which are only ten years old and have ten thousand inhabitants; I prefer those which are ten thousand years old, with only ten inhabitants." — The August number of the National Geographic Magazine contains a brief no- tice, by Mr. Robert Muldrow, of measure- ments made by him of Mount McKlnley (found on the older maps under the Rus- sian name of Bulshaia, "big" mountain), in Alaska, which would tend to make that mountain the culminating point of the North American continent. The results of these measurements, carried out by angles taken from points removed from 44 to 89 miles from the summit, give an absolute elevation of 20,464 feet, or about 2,600 feet less than that of Aconcagua, In Argen-

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Sept. 19, 1 901] The Nation 225 Una, reputed td-day to be the monarch of the Western Hemisphere. Since the pub- lication by Professor Heilprin, in 1890, of his barometric observations in Mexico, and the determination, since confirmed by an official Mexican survey, that in the peak of Orizaba (18,250 feet), our sister republic has a mountain that overtops the famous Popocatepetl by 700 feet or more, it has been a mooted point with American ge- ographers as to which peak constituted the true continental tour de cime. Mount St. Ellas, which has been credited with an elevation, as determined by officers of the United States Coast Survey, of 19,000 to 20,000 feet, fell, on closer study, to about 18,026 feet, and it may now be assumed that the closely corresponding measurements of Prof. Israel Russell and Prince Luigi Ama- deo of Savoy are accurate within a nar- row margin. The deposition of this moun- tain to a second place among the Ameri- can giants was followed almost immediate- ly by the discovery, "browsing about among logarithms," of a new claimant to honors, the now famous Mount Logan, a mountain standing on Canadian territory, about 23 miles in a direct line from St. Elias. Its office-determined height is 19,500 feet. It is interesting to note that the surveyors of Prince Luigi's party are skeptical as to this figure; and their levels from the summit of St. Elias, as we are informed in the official report of the expedition by Dr. Filippo de Pilippi, failed to establish the superiority of Mount Logan. It may almost positively be assumed, therefore, that, so far as these two mountains are concerned, they take rank after the Mexi- can volcano. One could readily wish, in the case of Mount McKinley, that positions of nearer measurement might have been attained than was found possible at the time of the Muldrow survey, for, even from the nearest point of angulation — which, singularly enough, gave the most diver- gent result from the mean that has been adopted — an error of considerable magni- tude, due to the "looming" of the summit snows, if to no other cause, might readily have found its way into the calculation. What lends some suspicion to the measure- ment is the statement that the mountain descends 20,000 feet in a horizontal dis- tance of 30 miles — a condition which, we believe, Is not even approximated by any other mountain on the globe. — Few authors have had such a tragic fate as Hieronymus Lorm, the Austrian nov- elist, poet, and philosopher, who celebrat- ed his eightieth birthday on August 9. His name originally was Heinrich Landesmann; he changed it in order to save his relatives from annoyance after he began his criti- cisms of Metternich, which made it advis- able for him to leave Vienna and take up his abode in Berlin. His misfortunes began in childhood. He was so delicate that it was not supposed he would live many years. At thirteen he was paralyzed for a time, and although the baths of Teplitz cured this af- fliction, his general state of health remain- ed poor. At sixteen he became en- tirely deaf. This was a terrible blow to him, the more so as he was pas- sionately fond of music and had al- ready acquired great proficiency on the pianoforte, to which he would probably have devoted himself professionally. His sight also was poor, and twenty years ago he lost it entirely. Too active mentally to be satisfied with such books as have been printed for the blind in raised letters, he invented an ingenious device which has en- abled his daughter ever since to keep him abreast of the latest literary and political news. Every letter of the alphabet has its place in his hand, the first joints of the fin- gers being reserved for the five vowels. A stroke across the hand means I, a circle s, a cross ch, and so on. Thus he is enabled to converse on current topics, and his friends declare that his talk is still as re- markable for its wit and good sense as his personal appearance is for its vigor, his beard being still dark. Of his wit Mirza Schaffy (Friedrich Bodenstedt) has pre- served an amusing specimen. One day Lorm called on him, but found him asleep on the sofa. Taking a sheet of paper and a pencil, he dashed off this quatrain: AN MIRZA SCHAFFY. Im Schlafe noch voll Geist, Voll Weisheit noch im Traumen, Da Du im Schlafe zu versaumen Die lastigsten Besuehe weisst. — Goethe-worship has reached a climax in Germany, and it is difficult to take up a newspaper without finding in its feuilleton some reference to the poet. It therefore required some courage on the part of Leo- pold ZiegJer to pen an article like that on "Goethe und der Typus des Germanischen Genius" which appeared in No. 180 of the Munich Allegemeinc Zeitung, the Supple- ment of which is perhaps the principal lit- erary organ in Germany. The editor, too, appears to have felt that he was doing a bold thing in printing this article, for he practically apologizes for it in a footnote and admits that it will "arouse passionate opposition." What seems to have aroused the opposition of Herr Ziegler is the key- note of the Goethe festivities two years ago, that this poet is destined to be the teacher and educator of coming generations. "Too long," he says, "the admiration which has been bestowed on Goethe, the poet, has been transferred to his whole mental activ- ity, the result being a ludicrous overrating of his cosmic ideas ( Weltanschauung) in gen- eral." He denies that Goethe is the typi- cal German genius in the sense in which ^Eschylus is among the Greeks, Dante among the Italians, Shakspere in England; and expresses his surprise that a nation which has for its greatest tragedians such men as Schiller and Richard Wagner should look on Goethe as its leading poet. The Goethe-worship began only about the mid- dle of the last century. Before that, during the metaphysical period, Schiller was su- preme. Herr Ziegler discusses the causes which led to the change, and concludes that the Goethe craze will eventually subside. His novels, indeed, are already not admired honestly, but only under pressure of pub- lic opinion. His plays, with the exception of "Goetz von Berlichingen" and "Faust," are products of talent, not of genius; and it is only in "Hermann und Dorothea" and his lyrics that he is not overrated. In these lyrics, Herr Ziegler admits also, Goethe is at one with his nation, and its spokesman. But a genuine representative and complete mirror of its characteristics the German nation has not had, he concludes, since Luther. "AMERINDS" AND OTHERS. Better printed, better written, and better digested than the sad majority of popular works upon the Indian, Mr. F. S. Dellen- baugh's personable volume of 'The North Americans of Yesterday' (Putnam) is furth- er distinguished by having a central idea and by following it forth with more than a little clarity and consistency. Its temper is equitable, its major contentions are sane, its medium is agreeable and adequate. In sixteen chapters, covering nearly 500 pages, Mr. Dellenbaugh reckons with language, pic- ture-writing, basketry, pottery, carvings, architecture, weapons and implements, transportation, mining, agriculture, cus- toms, myths, organization, origin, migrations, and history, under these general heads and in this order; handling each topic reason- ably, and finding in each some confirmation of his central argument— the "ethnic unity" of all American tribes. Incidentally, too, he manifests their concurrent humanity. We cannot be too frequently reminded that the Indian "hath eyes, hands, organs, dimen- sions, senses, affections, passions." It is only since his abundant humanness has come to be discerned through the fogs of race prejudice that, ethnology has risen to be a competent science; and this discern- ment comes best by contact. The author's personal experience stands him in excellent stead, and is given its best foot forward. He was one of Major Powell's party in the exploration of the Colorado River and its great canon, and had considerable (if not at all intimate) touch with several divisions of the Utes and Moquis. He was also a member of the Harriman outing to Alaska in 1899. These and some other field experiences have giv- en him a sober datum-plane amid the in- numerable theories which loom along the horizons of our ethnology. He falls victim to very few mirages, and overestimates few of the shadowy peaks. His book runs a good average level of practical common sense. It mildly ridicules the closeted ten- dency to find, in every strange architecture or unique artifect, proof of a "mysterious race," or a distinctive culture-stage, or a conclusive token and measure of antiquity. Nor is it superfluous to insist still that the merely empiric culture differences between the Incas or the Mayas and the Pueblos or even the Navajos are of degree and not of kind; that the aboriginal occupa- tion of the New World is of a serious an- tiquity, and that all theories of migration from the Old World are pure speculation, as yet unclinched by any proof of full mod- ern acceptance. Between the author's reasonable main con- tention for the practical homogeneity of the tribes and his personal theory to account for their manifold differentiation, is a consid- able step, in which he will have less fol- lowing. Briefly, he holds that man has in- habited this continent since long before the glacial obsession. The Ice Age, anyhow, was "not more than 5,000 years ago"; and probably only 1,000 years ago the climate even of Yucatan was still seriously affected. The glacial march huddled man into the throat of the Central American funnel; and there, warm and crowded, man came to his highest aboriginal development. The tribes that, by being elbowed off or by natural bent to vagrancy, most slowly receded be- fore the encroaching cold and most readily pursued its recession, remained least civil- ized, and in general proportion to their re- moteness from the Isthmian hothouse. The aboriginal cultures of the whole continent

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226 The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 were, Mr. Dellenbaugh believes, poured up through the small end of the funnel. "In Yucatan seems to have sprung the living fountain that watered all the desolation of the New World" (p. 188). Naturally, then, he will none of Morgan's and Bandelier's perception that the Pueblos, some 2,000 miles north from the Mayas, and the Iro- quois, 2,000 miles remoter yet, were in ef- fect as advanced as the befabled southern tribes. The adventitious and empiric posses- sion of metals, though it lent the Peruvians and Mexicans a superior halo in the eyes of their despoilers, did not, in fact, indicate an essential difference in culture. Not only has the "Empire of Montezuma" gone its ways — and Mr. Dellenbaugh justly smiles at Pres- cott's beautiful romance — but it is already full late to hold that the Aztec confederacy was a whit higher in the scale of political organization than the League of the Iro- quois. The Pueblos had solved every prob- lem of architectural construction that the Yucatecs had. They were as sound in their theories of foundation, roofing, breaking joints, lateral strain, adaptation of material, defensive site, as Incas, Mayas, or Aztecs. Their only shortcoming was in failure to add the carvings, the stuccos, and the "mosaics" which inevitably so impress us in the "pal- aces" of Uxmal, Xochicalco, or Mitla. They had no stone-cutting tools — but they made a shrewd tool of cleavage. Ornamentation, too, is a matter of taste as well as capacity; and, with the aborigine, was as beholden to the superstitious as to the artistic impulse. Nor have we evidence whatever that the re- ligious organization of the Nahuatl was a shade more complex than that of the Pueb- los, though it was certainly far more ab- horrent to civilized standards. Mr. Dellenbaugh does not attempt to ac- count, In his scale of cultures descending up the parallels of latitude, for the phe- nomenon of the Incas, 3,000 miles south of the Yucatecs, and with savages interven- ing, but with a higher "civilization"— if we may take as indices a fully equal so- cial and religious organization, a great superiority in the military arm by inven- tion of the pack-beast, which made the Incas the first American aborigines capa- ble of carrying on an actual campaign, and thereby of giving a vastly greater exten- sion to their "empire" than any other tribe on the continent achieved; an architecture greater in all dimensions; as elaborate stone-cutting, and of incomparably larger stones; the development of mechanical skill to move these enormous masses o: rock; and a very notable superiority in metal-working, indicated not only by the far greater richness of the Peruvians in gold and silver, but by the engraving of amethysts and emeralds with bronze tools. There is always significance in one's choice of authorities. Mr. Dellenbaugh leans most devoutly, perhaps (and, of course, with general profit), upon the Bu- reau of Ethnology. He accounts Major Powell "the foremost student of Amerin- dian affairs," a category which the gallant and learned conqueror of the Grand Canon and organizing genius of the Bureau would himself perhaps disclaim. Quoting with ap- parent approval Donnelly's 'Atlantis,' R. I. Dodge's subscription-books (inexpert, and often absurd, even in their class), and H. H. Bancroft's anonymous patchwork, and with tolerance Goodman's 280,000-year chro- nology for the Mayas, Mr. Dellenbaugh's most frequent and most serious dissensions are with Bandelier, Brinton, and Lewis H. Morgan. Cushing and Hodge are hardly con- sulted, and Dr. Matthews rather perfunc- torily. Nor is Fillmore's conclusive illu- mination of the folk-music of the aborigine assimilated, though quoted. The fantastic theory of the vicuna in the Southwest as a contemporary of man and his possible wool- giver and "beast of burden" (the latter, the vicuna never was, even at home in Peru and Bolivia), is here admitted to coun- sel. There is no just appreciation of the fact that not more than three aboriginal peoples in the New World had achieved land "transportation." Of the antiquity of the Eskimo sledge, we have no final knowledge, but it had nothing the better of the Inca caravan of llamas or the plains Indian rcqua of wolfish dogs — often 500 in a train, as Benavides noted in 1630 — hauling then- owner's equipage on the travois. There is generic misapprehension of the reparti- miento, which is here declared to have "placed every Amerind in bondage." Aside from the fact that three-fourths of the In- dians of its time never came in contact with the repartitniento, nor ever heard of it, the 'Nueva Recopilacion,' for instance, is a better source for learning the trut. nature of this encowAcnda. or trusteeship, than are the uninspired guesses of the closet historian. The "Gilded Man" is put in Peru by Mr. Dellenbaugh; he fancies an in- teroceanic strait in old days "along the line of the Nicaragua Canal" (in which Senator Morgan might see the prevision of Providence!; and advances a theory that the Mexican teocallis were estufas — or ki- vas, as he prefers to call them, after an- other upstart substitute for a word in technical use for over three centuries. Mo- qui, by the way, is here spelled with the in- defensible k; while, with a welcome incon- sistency, Navajo is written historically, even in quoting titles of Bureau works which employ the odious "Navaho." It is seldom that a single word can dis- figure a book from cover to cover; but here it comes very near to being done. On every page of this handsome and sober volume one's teeth are set on edge by the unspeak- able word "Amerind," an inspiration of the Anthropological Society of Washington, for short of "American Indian." With cable tolls at their present figure, there is reason why "the Independent, Fulton Street, N. Y.," should become, to remote and hasty com- municants, "Indefult." But there is no serious reason why science should acquire a cipher terminology. "Indian" has been a reasonably intelligible word on this con- tinent for some centuries. Even abroad, the class of people who are likely to read scien- tific books at all do not go far down the page without knowing whether the natives of America or Asia are in question. We are all aware that "las Indias" and "los Indios" were a blunder. So was "America." But it was all some 400 years ago, and we are not only habituated, by now, but willing to forgive. Mr. Dellenbaugh had planned to use "Redskins" for inclusion of all and sev- eral the American tribes — and that would have been absurd enough, since the Indian skin is brown, never red — but, learning be- times of this egregious coinage, he has used it exclusively. "Indian" occurs but three or four times in the book, and with apologetic quotation marks. "Amerind peoples," "Am- erindian affairs," "Amerind continent," "captured two Amerinds from a party of Arikarees" — these are examples in making a bad matter worse. "Amerind" is perhaps the most extraordinary, and perhaps the most wanton, offence yet to be recorded against the vice of multiplying scientific words beyond need. It is impertinent, in the first place, and in the second it is ri- diculous. If the Indian is not an Indian, neither is he an American Indian. He cer- tainly is an American aborigine. Why not call him, then — if one must needs rabbit mongrel words at all, and construct a scien- tific nomenclature on the scholarly lines of Chinook — an "Amerab" ? Or, though not so brief, when one can take it trippingly upon the tongue, "Ameraborig" has almost as Scriptural a twang as that blessed word Mesopotamia. A book ordinarily so sane would better have omitted the repeated and unrepentant recurrence to Mr. Dellenbaugh's grotesque earlier paper on "The True Route of Co- ronado." That has been sufficiently ticket- ed by at least two experts in the case. The lamented Dr. Elliott Coues says (Garces, p. 514): "This is not simply erroneous, it is preposterous." And Mr. F. W. Hodge (Hara- hey, p. 30): "In support of this argument towns are made to change their location, tribes their habitat, and streams their courses, in startling manner, while evidence incontrovertible ... is completely ig- nored." The itinerary of Coronado from Culiacan in Sinaloa, Mex., to central Kan- sas, was first defined, almost in full, in some splendid inspiration of Gen. J. H. Simpson. It has since been absolutely established by the documentary and field researches of Bandelier, the esoteric travails of Cushing, and here and there a finishing touch by an- other. It is now one of the few large things in early Southwestern history which have been definitively delimited; and the identi- fication of "Cibola" with Zuni, of "Tusayan" with Moqui, of Acuco with Acoma, of "Cicuye" with Pecos, and so on, is as final as anything in American research. In no wise to be coupled with Mr. Dellen- baugh's ponderable volume, except as an- other book "about Indians," Mr. Carl Eicke- meyer's 'Over the Great Navajo Trail' por- tends its quality in its title. If there were a Great Navajo Trail at all, it would hardly be traversed in a Studebaker wagon. Rather attractively printed, at author's cost, the book is good-natured, immaterial, and ab- surd. So far from being "an account of the life, manners, customs, traditions, and industries of the Navajos, with a complete description of the physical characteristics of the country and an historical sketch of the early white settlers, with interesting ac- counts of their personal characteristics and politics, ... of value to the students of ethnology and folklore," it is none of these things. The "early white settlers" are not touched. The physical characteristics of the country are not only not "described," they are not even intelligently hinted; and the "account" of the Navajos is of the sort a merchant would mark "uncollectible." Out- side of four entirely trivial references to Matthews, not a "tradition" is mentioned, nor a fact of weight. How structurally ig- norant of the Navajos the work is, mav be fairly inferred from its statement that these Indians are "unaffected by the influences of civilization or by contact with white set- tlers," and that they are in "a perfectly natural state." As a matter of fact and rec-

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Sept. 19, 1901] The Nation. 227 ord, the Navajos are the great standing ex- ample, in North America, of a powerful tribe whose vital industries are all derived from civilization. They are now professional and famous stock-raisers, blanket-makers, and silversmiths. Their blanketry, their metal-working, their two million sheep and hundred thousand horses, of course come from their early contact with Europeans — though Mr. Eickemeyer sagely counts their blankets as "evidently traceable to the Az- tecs." The Pueblos, on the other hand, though evangelized, still live (as they did in pre-Columbian days) mainly by agricul- ture with irrigation; their active habit but superficially changed by civilization. The author's impressions of the Mexican and "American" life of the territory are no less futile. His concept of the Mexican character is pitifully shallow; and in mate- rialities there could hardly be a more sweep- ing ignorance than (for example) his state- ment: "No cattle roam, at large over the country here, as they do on the plains of Colorado and Texas; and the round-up is unknown." Cattle inhabit here no other- how than at large; and, for more than a century longer than in Texas or in Colorado,, the New Mexicans have been making what all parties concerned took to be round-ups. The excommunicated Penitentes become in Mr. Eickemeyer's hands "an order of the Franciscan Friars." He holds that the San- ta Fe Trail was "opened in 1805"; that gold and silver as well as turquoise were mined by the Pueblos before the arrival of the Spaniards; that the Pueblos disprize girl babies and are "very reluctant to divulge their sex"; that the Pueblos are "noted for bead-work," and so on. Despite his dictum, San Mateo does not exactly mean "Sacred Mountain," but St. Matthew. It is not "of black lava," nor is any other mountain in New Mexico. Of the fifty "half-tones" in the book (all from very amateur "kodaks"), not one is of consequence, and more than 30 per cent, of them are consecrated to the author and his three-horse "outfit." We have him for fron- tispiece, sejant affronte, arms folded; later, counterpassant on a bale of alfalfa at the wagon-tail, "waiting for a coyote"; montant, beside the ineluctable wagon; statant regar- dant, shaving himself, and so forth. The book would have made, at best, indifferent "letters" to a "home paper." THE CALHOUN CORRESPONDENCE.— II. Correspondence of John C. Calhoun. Edited by J. Franklin Jameson. [Fourth Annual Re- port of the Historical Manuscripts Com- mittee of the American Historical Asso- ciation.] Washington, D. C. The letters addressed to Calhoun extend from 1827 to 1850, when J. H. Hammond expresses his disposition to "kick [the North] out of the Capitol and set it on fire" (p. 1211). But there is a gap from 1829 to 1840 which covers the rise of abolitionism. Texas leaps to the front as the immediate question o£ prime importance to the South. England's selfish trade machinations for emancipation in Texas are a frequent theme. Duff Green in London keeps Cal- houn posted as to the contents of the Anti-Slavery Reporter, and gets James Gor- don Bennett to lay in a stock of British anti-slavery documents for ammunition on his return to the Herald (p. 872). Green also uses the Examiner for the ventilation of apologies for American slavery (p. 884). M. P. Norton, writing from Houston, April 29, 1844, predicts that the line between Texas and the United States will form the "Slave line" within five years after a commercial treaty with Great Britain. Left alone, he says, we cannot go into another war with Mexico "and leave our families at home exposed to the dangers of a slave popula- tion" (p. 952). Hammond, praising Secre- tary Calhoun for his note to Pakenham on slavery, says his negroes are aware of the opinions of Presidential candidates on that subject, and doubtless of the doings of the abolitionists. He is "astonished and shock- ed" at this discovery, and fancies a growing insubordination and incendiarism (p. 955). Benjamin E. Green, writing from Mexico, says that that country calculates on inter- nal dissension in the United States over sla- very (p. 961). J. Hamilton, at New Orleans, February 18, 1845, believes the immense European immigration to Texas will abolish slavery there by popular vote in five years, and this alone reconciles him to annexa- tion; otherwise, Galveston as a free port would prove a powerful engine for free trade in the United States (p. 1026). R. M. T. Hunter, December 19, 1843, thinks the annexation movement useful "to make an issue with the anti-slavery feeling" (p. 906). And Hammond, in the letter already cited, says, "If the Union is to break, there could not be a better pretext" than annex- ation (p. 954). "From this time forward," writes Wilson Lumpkin from Georgia, Jan- uary 6, 1847, "we may expect the Slave question to be the great and vital one, which will override every other ques- tion. Our divisions will be sectional" (p. 1103). On the other hand, from Mobile, Novem- ber 20, 1847, John A. Campbell deplores the Mexican war as a stupendous folly, and charges Polk with invasion (pp. 1139, 1141). Added territory, he argues, will inure to the benefit of the non-slaveholding States (p. 1140). Waddy Thompson, too, December 18, 1847, speaks of "this ill-advised Mexi- can war," and opposes Mexican annexation (p. 1149). A Quaker doughface, Ellwood Fish- er of Cincinnati, tells of two long talks with Clay in the fall of 1847, when the Senator held that the law of nations would exclude slavery from the territory to be acquired, unless Congress instituted it. The only al- ternative was a decision by the inhabitants — Mexicans opposed to slavery. Flshei was ready with a way out. He believed that Mexicans would not be allowed to vote on the subject (pp. 1145, 1146). Fisher evi- dently had no such doubts as beset Dr. Na- than Lord, Dartmouth's President, who besought Calhoun for references to authori- ses in the "argument for the Divine Right of Slavery in general or Negro Slavery in particular," where he himself saw dimly (p. 1168). Calhoun's own view was not de- pendent on the Bible, any more than was that of his correspondent, FitzWilliam Byrdsall, March 18, 1844, who wrote: "Ti- tles or rights to Slaves are as good as ti- tles to lands; both are creations of human law. Why not have petitions for the abo- lition of land titles?" (p. 942). If Calhoun never condescended to make direct acquaintance with those whom R. B. Rhett called "the Zealots at the North" (p. 888), some of his correspondents did, following Duff Green's example abroad. "Lewis Tappan and I are corresponding, and have been for some time," wrote J. H. Hammond, August 18, 1845; but the South Carolinian was afraid of having his part published, lest he be served "as Birney serv- ed Elmore" (p. 1048), and Calhoun bade him be cautious about such an entangle- ment. John A. Campbell, in 1847, got near- er to the adversary (p. 1143). He perceived the schools and colleges of the North to be "tinctured with the stain of abolition- ism," not "in the sense that it is applied to Garrison and Phillips, but in a sense that embraces a very large proportion of the population." Garrison and Phillips de- clare the Constitution a pro-slavery con- tract, as witness an able pamphlet by the latter in support of this proposition. "Their remedy is to make a revolution. Now all this is better to me than the course of those other men who deny your rights or who disregard them while claiming to be the friends of the Constitution." He refers Calhoun to the report of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society at its fifteenth anni- versary. "I made it a point to go over the different offices of publication of the So- ciety [meaning the American A.-S. Society] and to examine their publications." Their press is not very active. Their New York office is a poor affair. Their publications are of a low order— tales of cruelty to slaves. "You hear but little of this sect. They do not enter much into the general movements of society." What does the work is the persistent condemnation of slavery in pulpit and school, in the ora- tory and the poetry of anniversary occa- sions. "The abolitionists profess a rev- olutionary purpose. They openly promul- gate a design to subvert the Union. The other classes of the North are people who perform all the acts of the abolitionists without avowing the same purposes." This recalls Howell Cobb's comparison, when addressing a Democratic meeting at Portland, Me., nine years later. To the Republicans he said: "The only difference between you and Garrison is — he goes at the question boldly, like a man, and you are sneaking around it. Garrison says your Constitution protects slavery, and he is against the Constitution. Well, I admit that' he is foolish, but, at the same time, you are obliged to admit that he is bolder and honester than you are." It recalls, too, Wendell Phillips in 1860 (he was then gunning for Mr. Seward) : "The fault I find with the Republicans is that they are such children, that they are such infants, as to suppose that, with their past behind them, and with their future looking out of their eyes, the slaveholder, or the abolitionist either, believes the lies that they call speeches." The last appearance of the abolitionists by name in this correspondence is in a letter from R. K. Cralle at Lynchburg, July 25, 1849: "At this moment I am sure the leading Editors of the two Parties in Vir- ginia hate the people of South Carolina with a more intense spirit than Garrison, Tappan, or Giddings" (p. 1201). In the same year, J. H. Hammond affirmed that "the discussion of the Abolition question has eased nearly every conscience in the South about holding slaves" (p. 1193). Inasmuch as it was a standing marvel and regret to Calhoun that there should be any such conscience, this charge, even if true, could hardly have seemed either weighty or op- probrious in his eyes.

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228 The N" a t i o n . [Vol. 73, No. 1890 SOME ASTRONOMICAL WORKS. The Elements of Astronomy. By Sir Rob- ert Ball, LL.D., F.R.S. The Macmillan Co. Elementary Astronomy: A Beginner's Text- book. By Edward S. Holden, M.A., Sc.D., LL.I). Henry Holt & Co. The Reports of the Magicians and Astrolo- gers of Nineveh and Babylon in the Brit- ish Museum. By R. Campbell Thompson, B.A. (Cantab.). London: Luzac & Co. No new celestial happening without a new astronomy to match; that is a proposi- tion which the publishers of astronomical texts the past few years have evinced lit- tle difficulty in living up to. For many of these books there can exist no demand whatever; but if their multiplication would only insure a crop of earnest, cultured, and painstaking astronomers, they might be given a hearty welcome, as a favorable augury for the future of a science whose problems are expanding with far greater rapidity than the little army of investi- gators are at present able to cope with. Now it is the philosophy of the science, in an attractive and popular setting, which must be depended upon for replenishment of the ranks of astronomers; rarely do they enter upon their work in mature years— the science must, as a rule, have attracted them in early life. But this philosophy has been almost wholly ignored, except by two or three writers, since Sir John Herschel's time. Sir Robert Ball's 'Elements' is an example to the contrary. It is In itself an attractive book, and makes the science appear more so through the apt felicity of style of a fluent lecturer, a practised writer, and an expert investigator. That Sir Robert well knows how to put things is evident in every chapter. Many of them possess a charm akin to the fairy tale. Accurate presenta- tion of the prevailing views of living as- tronomers is rarely sacrificed, and the sins of the author are rather those of omission than commission. His reference to the in- terior of the sun as non-luminous (p. 43) is far from supported by modern measures of spot luminosity; indeed. Sir Robert, on the following page, appears to contradict flatly this statement by citing the "extraordi- nary fervor which prevails in the interior." The planetary chapters are the best in the book— the fullest and nearest to date. In especial, those on Venus and Mars are most excellent, with a comprehensive and judicial statement of the observations of Schiapar -1- li and Lowell, and an analysis of their views as to the physical condition of these planets. The astonishing peculiarity of revolution of Mars's inner satellite is re- marked—why not have added the dynamical explanation also? There are timely para- graphs on ascertaining the actual distance of Eros from us, and so of the earth from the sun. Jupiter and Saturn are treated in very rational and philosophic fashion, with an especial tribute to the late lamented Keeler in the clear presentation of his striking verification of the meteoric consti- tution of the Saturnian ring system. The supposed trans-Neptunian planet is cava- lierly tossed into thin air, as if Neptune were the snap end of the whip: "Nor is there any reason for thinking that there are any planets beyond it." A century and a quarter ago, was there "any reason tox thinking" that there were any planets be- yond Saturn? Readers who expect to find out much about comets and meteors had best buy some other book; for Sir Robert has singularly neglected these interesting bodies. More marked still is the total omis- sion of several very significant subjects in relation to the stellar universe — new stars just now to the fore, the sun's motion in space, the spectra and constitution of the stars, the nebular hypothesis also. And al- though we are told (p. 180) that the nearest star yet found is 25 billions (English) of miles distant, space is not even taken to add that Alpha Centauri is that star. As a whole, the illustrations are of unusual ex- cellence, being taken from the beautiful se- ries in the archives of the Royal Astronom- ical Society. The innovation of noting cra- ters of the moon is an improvement. The technical execution, however, of the plates of total eclipses and Swift's comet is a fail- ure well worth remedying in subsequent editions of this entertaining book in Sir Robert Ball's characteristic style. Might not one rationally expect a some- time director of the Lick Observatory, For- eign Associate of the Royal Astronomical Society, and member of the National Acade- my of Sciences, to know thoroughly the less- er technicalities of his science? Yet a brief inspection of Holden's 'Elementary Astrono- my' reveals the fact that it is not only dif- ficult, inedited, and slipshod, but in several important particulars actually erroneous. To specify in part: (p. 49) the second of the so- called "laws of the diurnal motion" is true for only half of the stars in the firmament; (p. 143-4) the method of getting the screw value of the micrometer is wrong for all stars not located on the equinoctial, and the illustra- tive example is embellished with two numer- ical blunders besides; (p. 215) why not have taught the student to make the very prop- er distinction between gravity and gravita- tion? At page 305: "Observers [of Mars] are all but unanimous in their report that no clouds are visible over the surface" — a rash misstatement of the fact; Schiaparelli, Perrotin, Pickering, Lowell, Douglass, and others all reporting the practical certainty of clouds. The first named, the Nestor of Martian observers, has kept the planet pretty continuously under observation for more than twenty years. Professor Holden, himself no spectroscopist, regards the spec- troscopic evidence of absence of Martian atmosphere conclusive; is not Sir Wil- liam Huggins's view worthy of more weight — simply that the spectroscope is insuffi- ciently delicate to test this question? No less questionable is Professor Holden's opinion about the canals; and his remarks about their gemination, as due to "fatigue of the eye and bad focussing," are sufficient- ly disposed of by the fact that all the canals seen at any given time must then appear double, and such is not the case. Again (p. 324), Professor Holden is in error in stating that "it is impossible to make any precise measurement of the diameters of the minor planets," as every astronomer knows since Professor Barnard's trustworthy measures of the larger ones. Upon consideration of the illustrations, we find them no less deficient and mislead- ing: (p. 27) the unnecessary attempt to il- lustrate terrestrial longitudes from a figure of the celestial sphere can only confuse the student, because of the unavoidable inter- change of directions; (p. 114) the sundial is a fatal agglomeration of carelessness, both ' the circle being divided wrongly, and the lettering of the graduation reversed; (p. 152) the method of finding a meridian line Il- lustrates the determinant star In Its ze- nithal position, the one place where Its use for this purpose would be indeter- minate; (p. 302) the planetary termina- tors can never be circular arcs; (p. 397) even supposing that the moon were not egregiously out of figure, it must have drifted southward into the Pleiades from the direction of the north pole. The frontispiece, the portraits, the lunar map, the planetary drawings made at the Lick Observatory, are, however, excellent. Following up the excellent work of Fathers Epping and Strassmaier in their 'As- tronomisches aus Babylon,' Mr. Campbell Thompson, assistant in the British Museum in the department of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities, has presented in two fine vol- umes the reprints in cuneiform characters, almost as if in facsimile, of the original texts of the reports of the magicians and astrologers of ancient Nineveh and Babylon, as preserved in the Museum; with transla- tions of them, notes, vocabulary, index, and an able historical introduction. Faithful transliterations, too, are given; but whether the astronomer, the historian, or the phil- ologist will derive the most from this schol- arly piece of work, it is hardly yet possible to say. Certain it is, however, that Mr. Thompson deserves the thanks of all his- torians of the origins of astrology for this painstaking resurrection of a vast accumu- lation of highly instructive material from that permanent entombment which is apt to follow its deposition in a great national museum. Early writers, among whom are Strabo, .Elian, Achilles Tatius, and Diodorus Sicu- lus, indicate with much certainty that as- trology formed part of the religious system of the Babylonians, and that it largely in- fluenced the minds of the ancient peoples who dwelt between the Tigris and the Eu- phrates. So widespread was the reputation of the Chaldeans for possessing magic power that the very name Chaldean became syn- onymous with magician at a comparatively early date. From Mesopotamia, by way of Greece and Rome, says Mr. Thompson, "a certain amount of Babylonian astrology made its way among the nations of the West, and it is quite probable that many supersti- tions which were commonly regarded as the peculiar product of Western civilization, took their origin from those of the early dwellers on the alluvial lands of Mesopo- tamia." Ancient Babylon was open to in- vasion on every side; and the words of the prophet who could succeed in foretelling prosperity for the nation, or calamity for its enemies, were perforce reverenced with awe. That they were treasured in clay to endure for the ages is the reason why we have them at the present day; and no doubt they served as models for successive soothsayers, who, being politicians as well as statesmen, were by no means tardy in pointing the moral of astrological observations from the indications of political upheavals. Every event, from a national calamity like famine or disaster to the army, down to the ap- pearance of the latest born of an humble peasant, not only was considered seriously, but proved by this high political functionary to be the result of causes already duly recog- nized. We cite a strange omen from births-. "When a foetus has eight legs and two tails,

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Sept. 19, 1901] The ISTation 229 the prince of the kingdom will seize power. A certain butcher whose name is Uddanu has said, 'When my sow littered, a foetus had eight legs and two tails, so I preserved it in brine, and put it in the house.' " Nothing was too great or too small to become the subject of an astrological forecast; and many of them embody elements that it will be im- possible for the modern student to explain until the history of the political relationship of Babylonia with her neighbors has been completely unravelled. The exact physical description of these tablets is not without interest. Rectangular clay tablets they were, varying in size from 1% hy % inch, to nearly three times that size, and generally bearing the sender's name. From remote cities, as Assur in the north and Erech in the south, they were dispatch- ed, probably by runners, or men mounted on swift horses, so that the King was well acquainted with the general course of events in his empire. For more than 2,000 years these records of the Babylonian astronomy have lain burled and forgotten underneath the ruins of Assyrian palaces. The heads of the astrological profession were men of high rank and position, and, according to Diodorus (ii., 29), their office was hereditary. When Assurbanipal, King of Assyria, b. c. 668-626, added to the royal library at Nine- veh, his contribution of tablets comprised many series of documents relating exclusive- ly to the astrology of the ancient Babylon- ians, who, in turn, had borrowed it from the Sumerian invaders of the country. One of these was thought to have been written no later than the time of the great Sargon I., King of Agade, not far from b. c. 3800. With this and less ancient works as a guide, it is clear how the profession of deducing omens from daily events had attained high importance in the last Assyrian empire. The magicians who calculated the months formed a significant section of the Assyrian and Babylonian priesthood, and from the denun- ciations hurled against them by Isaiah (xlvii., 13), it is evident that they had come to occupy a most prominent place in the hierarchy of Babylon. While the Mesopotamian astrologers de- duced omens from all the celestial bodies then known, Mr. Thompson regards it as clear that the moon was the chief source. In particular its horns were examined with great care, and halos of both moon and sun were fruitful sources for the derivation of omens. Especially was the presence of planets or constellations within the lunar halo significant. Also, the astrologers took the greatest care to observe and record the direction and extent of all partial eclipses; and as the calculation of times and seasons was among the chief duties of the astrologer of that day, it seems to Mr. Thompson high- ly probable that they were acquainted with some type of machine for carrying along the time. It is probable, says Mr. Thompson, in conclusion, that many of the difficulties en- compassing the study of Babylonian magic, astrology, and sorcery, will disappear on the publication of abundant material; so that we may at length obtain a knowledge of the general principles that guided the astrologer in formulating his decisions as to the future, which are known to have ex- ercised a great and lasting influence over the minds of the ancient dwellers in Meso- potamia. China: Her History, Diplomacy, and Com- merce. By E. H. Parker. E. P. Dutton & Co. Mr. Parker holds up a mirror in which we can see ourselves, as well as the sons of Han. Probably no book yet written on China holds the balance so justly between the Chinese and their critics, and when we think of Mr. Parker's qualifications, we had better give him heed. Twenty-five years spent in a dozen or so of the Chinese ports, journeys extending through seven thousand miles in the provinces and adjoining coun- tries, with residence therein, a scholar's knowledge of the Chinese language and lit- erature, and a strong grip on both the com- parative philology and ethnology of eastern Asia, are among Mr. Parker's qualifications. He has read and digested the voluminous Chinese records, and here, in a very con- densed form, gives us the result of many years of research and experience. Persis- tence in this research has strengthened his faith in the credibility of the Chinese annals written since the time of Confucius, but he handles them with the critical spirit of one loving truth above all things. No one could possibly have even sketched the dozen and a half maps included in this volume who had not by long, painful study gained the data on which they are based. At a glance they give one the exact information which the student of China desires. Mr. Parker's chapters are models of con- densed information. His style is a free and easy one, and his reverence for Western tra- ditions and prejudices seems to be no great- er than for those of the East. He is, however, almost unconsciously, a Briton to the core, for his convictions on the subject of "Brit- ish interests" are hardly to be distinguish- ed from those of religion. Without being anti-American, his ideas of the United States and the inhabitants thereof seem rather traditional and inherited than based on observation and reality. His deep sym- pathy with human nature in general, and his determination to know the Chinese aa they are, make this book, not indeed one for popular reading, but a delight to the impartial student. He shows, by pointing out their intellectual approach to a subject, how the ideas of the Chinese have come to be what they are. He is one of the leaders in that newer school of writers on China who, because they have studied and observ- ed widely, show us the striking variations which exist among the Chinese themselves. Indeed, the Middle Kingdom is in many re- spects one vast republic, in which personal restraints have no existence. "There is no snobbery in China, though there is plenty of priggishness. Any peas- ant or green-grocer can study or bribe his way up, and no Chinaman is ashamed of his poor relations. Thus there is a sort of iive-and-let-live feeling all around. The fat is there, and the fire is there; it is for each man to burn his fingers or feast withal, as luck and wriggling may have it. There are no passports, no restraints on liberty, no frontiers, no food scruples, no sanitary measures, no laws except popular customs and criminal statutes." In a word, while China has no political system worth speaking of and no central government worthy of the name, it has a very ancient social system which is the sol- vent of all elements, native and hetero- geneous. To understand individual China- men, Mr. Parker tells us that we must ig- nore petty details, both in ourselves and in them, and try to understand them by first seeing ourselves as the Chinese see us. To them, we— that is, the various white folks of the Western world— are all "barbarians," whose clothes fit tightly instead of being baggy, whose noses are long and eyes deep- sunken, who, instead of an elegant pigtail, have mop-like hair, who eat ox-meat, cheese, and other coarse things, instead of rice and a scrap of pork or fish, and who, because of their strong food, smell strong- ly. Indeed, It is conceded that the foreign- er's chief personal offence against the na- tive's nose is his odor. Furthermore, these strange beings who Invade China ogle the women, put on the attitude of a bully, and are prone to violence when misunderstand- ings occur, besides getting drunk and do- ing many other strange things. On the other hand, the Western man in the street sees yellow-skinned men with long shoes, women with stumpy feet, and swarms of half-naked children, who yell out appro- priate epithets at Europeans. "These people squat on the ground as often as they sit on chairs; are totally in- different about air and smells; shovel their food down with chopsticks; are always scratching their persons; have slobbery mouths and plenty of vermin; get the best of every bargain; tell a lie whenever they speak at all; wear paper shoes and baggy trousers; steal everything they can sneak away; drown their babies; smoke opium; practise the most fearful immorality; never wash, etc., etc." Having thus caught the reflection of the average imaginary Chinaman as he is con- jured up in Western minds, Mr. Parker goes on to describe the real Chinaman. He ac- knowledges that he is a liar, but only in ways and forms different from ours. With our lying we are able to apply the grain (or the bucket) of salt, but John Chinaman cannot see as we see. "He does his lying in a different way altogether; and so we call him a liar. He calls us liars, too, and be- lieves it." Mr. Parker thinks he is not, in matters of truth, so nice and particular as we think we are, but, on the other hand, he is not nearly so hypocritical. A Chinaman is thought to be a thief, yet in all the course of his life Mr. Parker was never rob- bed of anything, except in an inn, when the thieves stole bed, bedstead and all, leaving him in a secure place. True, he was surprised to find spots on his forks and spoons, and discovered that various under- servants had tested the electro, "each on his own account, as a businesslike act." When he would lock up the same electro box, his "boy" said, "Not at all; if you lock it up, some one will mistake the con- tents for silver and carry the whole box away or break it open; whereas if you leave it open, each thief will be able to ascertain for himself that it is not worth stealing." While Chinamen are al- ways regarded as being dirty, he refuses to call them so, "beyond the ordinary rancidi- ty of poverty all over the world." Not eat- ing such strong food as we do, the Chi- nese are not ranker and dirtier than we are ourselves, the nastiness being in form rather than fact. He totally denies that the Chinese are ungrateful, praises their fidelity, and declares that "nothing makes a more powerful impression on the Chinese mind than impartial justice." Indeed, this gratitude for kindness often deceives mis- sionaries into the belief that "faith" has been aroused in the Celestial mind. Chinese politeness is not hollow. Its rules, absolutely fixed, save the trouble of thinking, and pre-

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230 The 3sTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 vent the gaucherie, or external "sin," in any form. The natural ease of manner among all degrees is something which the "classified" British mind cannot even con- ceive. Mr. Parker concedes that the Chinese are cruel; one reason being that the standard of bodily comfort is so low in China that the slightest divergence from it in an un- favorable direction means cruelty. As to mercantile honor, it is so universally ad- mitted that the author says nothing about it, except to contrast it with the low cred- it of the Government. The question of "mo- rals" he discusses with the broad tolerance of a man of the world. "The depressing spectacle of 2,000,000 old maids in England (the proportion would be 20,000,000 in Chi- na)" has no counterpart there, on account of the universal practice of early marriage. Strange as the opinion may seem, the author declares that the Chinese do not treat their children well. The mothers are essentially "spankers"; the fathers do not beat much, reserving their castigations for their wives. As for temperance, it is a Chinese virtue. Drunkenness is so rare that it is not regard- ed as a vice at all, but rather good form, to get tipsy at a feast. As for industry, it is the ruling virtue of the Chinese from the top of the scale to the bottom. As for handiness, the western "jack-of-all- trades" is nothing to a Chinaman; he can do everything except shave himself, do up his own hair, cure his own maladies, keep off vermin, fight with his fist, manage a steamer, keep military or naval discipline, handle trust money honestly, tell a plain unvarnished story, be punctual, show nerve in times of sudden danger, eat cheese, or tolerate a female "master." These extracts and suggestions give but a good sample of the author's habit of mind, his fairness, and we may add his marked abilities. His chapters on geography, his- tory, trade routes, government, population. revenue, etc., etc., really contain the dis- tilled essence of what is known about Chi- na. He discusses ably the present situation and problems, pleading for more generous allowance to human nature. The text, maps, and glossary present to the student, in much more easy and accessible form, what the two great volumes of Dr. S. Wells Wil- liams's book on 'The Middle Kingdom.' by a less critical method, contains. In this re- spect, it is hard to praise the work too highly. Thi Life mid Literature of the Ancient He- brew. By Lyman Abbott. Boston: Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. 1901. Dr. Abbott's book remarkably reveals the popular change which has taken place In the relative standing of the Bible during the last fifty years. For it is not as it we had here the advance guard of a radical and destructive criticism: the book does not represent the most revolutionary opin- ions of the later critics. While accepting, as he tells us, "fully, frankly, and without reserve'' the modern criticism as opposed to the traditional, ])r. Abbott does this with the reserves and hesitations of a mind naturally conservative and a temper ex- tremely sensitive to popular inclinations. The significant thing, therefore, is that the new criticism has risen so high as a popu- lar opinion as to sweep Dr. Abbott from his traditional moorings, or, at least, to make him drag his anchor far and away from its original bed. Here are opinions which, for all their conservative limitations and re- grets, are, as regards the general structure of the Old Testament and the character /of its particular books, far more radical than those expressed by Theodore Parker. Nev- ertheless, they are to-day the comfortable possession of a preacher in good orthodox standing, a favored preacher at Harvard University, who embodies them in Lowell Lectures and in a book which, while ex- citing little adverse comment in orthodox circles, will commend itself confidently to the Protestant community at large. Those who go to Dr. Abbott's book ex- pecting to find in it a brief popular intro- duction to the Old Testament— Canon Driver's 'Introduction,' for example, thrown into a more popular form — will be disap- pointed. There is much less than there might easily have been concerning the structure of the various books of the Old Testament. Those not before instructed as to the way in which the Hexateuch was put together, and Isaiah and Job, etc., will not be much wiser when they lay down Dr. Abbott's book than when they took it up. It will add even less to the student, and nothing to the scholar, on these lines. If Dr. Abbott's footnote references to Old Testament critics and those imbedded in his text are fairly indicative of the extent of his critical apparatus, it must have been meagre in the extreme. At every turn we miss the names that we expect to find. If there is a single reference to Kuenen, it has escaped our scrutiny. There is one reference to Cheyne touching the Psalms, and that misleading; not a syllable as re- gards his splendid work upon Isaiah; not a hint that he has discovered lines of cleavage in the Deutero-Isaiah almost or quite as plain as those which separate this section from the earlier chapters. The German works referred to by Dr. Abbott appear to be exclusively those which have been translated. Canon Driver's 'Introduction' is commend- ed cordially, and, in a list of the Old Testa- ment writings in the order of their compo- sition, that excellent and extremely cautious book is followed in the main. But such is Dr. Abbott's manipulation of his material that in his exposition the comparative frankness of Canon Driver's facts and fig- ures is a good deal disguised. Where dates are doubtful, he has a marked predilection for the earlier of those permitted by schol- ars who are modern in the most genially inclusive sense of that discriminating term. Moreover, nothing is more conspicuous than the rhetorical recovery of ground which has been critically ceded to the modern spirit. It might be an exaggeration to say that Dr. Abbott is a traditionalist, with a leaning to scientific criticism, rather than a scien- tific critic with a leaning to the traditional forms. It is, however, certain that his book abounds in survivals of his traditional in- heritance. We find him quoting Abraham as if Abraham were an accredited writer of the patriarchal times. Of Job Dr. Abbott writes as if he were himself a Hebrew patri- arch, assuring us that the book reproduces the patriarchal society with photographic fidelity. The arrangement of the chapters does not reflect the method of the Higher Criticism, which, taking the Prophets for its torra firma, relates the outlying lands and seas to that as best it can. Dr. Abbott saves the Prophets, presumably because they are the best wine of his feast, until the last, and begins with "Hebrew History," explaining that the difference between Chronicles and Kings, as priestly and prophetic Tcndcnz writings, extends to all the other historic parts of the Old Testament. "Prehistoric Traditions Rewritten" is a less satisfactory chapter. The loose rhetorical expansion of the popular preacher buries the critic out of sight. Not only is the story of Eden treated as an early myth, but abstract ideas are imputed to it entirely foreign to its simplicity, in the same spirit that declares the story of Pocahontas (p. 75) to be "a precursor of the cosmopolitan character, overrunning all lines of race and of re- ligion, which has characterized the American people in its history from that time to this." A chapter on the "Book of the Covenant" (Ex. xx.-xxiii. 8) exaggerates the degree to which that noble fragment speaks of Moses and his time. Everywhere didactic, homiletic, Dr. Abbott is prone to make the subject of his criti- cism a stalking-horse from behind which to discharge his favorite weapons at the ob- jects of his severe disapprobation. Conse- quently, at this point he gets in another shot at the Declaration of Independence, which he holds in particular abhorrence, and to the attack on which he has many times returned. Moses, we are assured, and, with him, the ancient Hebrews, were much wiser than the writers of the Declaration, for they held the source of government to be the divine will and not the consent of the gov- erned. But what was the divine will for them but the projection of their own moral ideal, and what but "the consent of the governed" was the people's acceptance of the divine will as proclaimed by Moses? Dr. Abbott's worst example in the way of dra- gooning the ancient Scriptures into his ser- vice is afforded by his treatment of the Song of Songs. From out this "Drama of Love" an argument is drawn against the larger womanhood of the present time. The ambition to achieve this is compared to the ambition which the Shulamite woman did not have to become a king's mistress. The analogue is a daring one, but not happily conceived. The comparison of their wider life to a royal harem is hardly flattering to the women who are bent on widening their sphere, and it will be news to these that they are being "tempted to take am- bition in the place of love." Dr. Abbott's chapter on the "Deuterono- mic Code" agrees with the criticism which, since De Wette, has assigned Deuteronomy to the time of Josiah, 621 b. c. He makes nothing of that aspect of it of which Kue- nen made so much — its attempted reconcilia- tion of priestly and prophetic elements. Its confinement of sacrifice to Jerusalem, its most significant feature, is not named, but, further on, is made a feature of the legis- lation of the priestly code, which Dr. Ab- bott prefers to call "The Canon Law." In his discussion of the relation of Deutero- nomy and the later priestly code to actual Hebrew legislation, he quite overrates their character as a mere embodiment of legis- lation already well in vogue. Nothing is surer than that the construction of new documents with a supposed authority was a favorite method of initiating new legisla- tion, and Dr. Abbott's hesitation to char- acterize it as "pious fraud" smacks more

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Sept. 19, 1 901] The Kation. 231 of his personal kindness than of his criti- cal severity. "Some Hebrew Stories Re- told" is a chapter that embraces the stories of Ruth and Esther and Jonah. In the former we miss the point of the argument — that, if the great King David had descend- ed from a Moabitish marriage, foreign marriages could not be so dreadful as Nehe- miah made them out. The book of Jonah receives the lofty praise which it deserves as a gospel of tolerance, but the alterna- tive narrowness of Esther gets no corre- sponding condemnation. On the contrary, we read of "the moral inspiration of the story," in painful contrast with Canon Driver's frank disapprobation. Coming to Job, Dr. Abbott passes lightly over the vexed questions of its integrity and the relation of the prologue and epi- logue to the dialogue. The young Elihu, who comes in such a questionable shape, he neglects as sovereignly as does the Al- mighty, who pays not the least attention to his speech. In regard to the crucial passage, "I know that my Vindicator liv- eth," there is no frank exposure of the popular misunderstanding, but an unfor- tunate concession to it. "Out of his very despair a hope of immortality is struck." Obviously, the meaning of the passage is that the fleshless Job will be vindicated ere he dies. The exposition of Job's self- defence is warm with cordial sympathy. Neither the Proverbs nor the Psalms are related to the times producing them, as we could wish they might have been, but their character is presented in an excellent and engaging manner. The omission is of a piece with a general aspect of the book, which is what we should least expect from Dr. Abbott's well-known devotion to the evolutionary idea. There was ample oppor- tunity for the illustration of that idea, and it has been little used. The phase of tnonolatry through which the Hebrews pass- ed into monotheism is barely touched. The explanation of this phenomenon is plainly enough discerned in the apologetic pur- pose of Dr. Abbott's book, which is, he tells us, to show that the results of modern criticism "do not imperil spiritual faith," but, "on the contrary, enhance the value of the Bible as an instrument for the culti- vation of that faith." This purpose is throughout the book more dominant than the other which is avowed — to explain the spirit and methods of the new criticism. The French Monarchy, 1483-1789. By A. J. Grant, M.A. Two volumes. The Mac- niillan Co. 1900. (Cambridge Historical Series.) It is seldom that a book which follows the history of a great nation for over 300 years can find a completely suitable title in three words. Yet, thanks to the wonderful sym- metry of French development from the death of Louis XI. to the time when, under Louis XIV., the prerogative of the crown overwhelmed everything else in the state., Mr. Grant oan express the motive of his two volumes with the utmost brevity. He writes the history of kings and ministers, he traces the progress of the people as it was secured or retarded by royal control, and not until he reaches the end of the Seven Years' War does he stop to consider "The Rise of Opposition to the Absolute- Monarchy. " On the whole, his attitude towards the Old Regime may be called friendly. The prospectus of the new 'His- toire de France,' edited by M. Ernest La- visse, says: "Le temps n'est pas encore loin- tain oil l'histoire de l'ancienne France 6talt un sujet de polemique entre les amis et les ennemis de la Revolution." Mr. Grant also refers in his preface to the same contro- versy: "The French Revolution is often represented as being an attempt on the part of France to sever her connection with the past, and, in spirit and policy and ideas, a violent reaction against all that the mon- archy had done." His own attitude is that of De Tocqueville. While he recalls the "dismal corruption" which prevailed under Louis XV., he holds that the absolute mon- archy "rendered nevertheless great services to France, anticipating in many points the beneficent work of the Revolution, and in many others preparing the way for it. 1 have tried to show that the monarchy was,, at its best, the maintainer of order, the promoter of national unity, and the protec- tor of the commons against the nobles." The prospectus of M. Lavisse furthermore says: " A present tous les hommes libres d'esprit pensent qu'il est pu§ril de reprocher aux ancetres d'avoir cru a, des id§es et de s'etre passioned pour des sentiments qui ne sont pas les nOtres." Mr. Grant is possessed of the same spirit, and approaches French in- stitutions without showing any prejudices which tend to put him out of sympathy with his main subject, the despotic instincts of an age differing from our own. In point of selection and arrangement we can commend the skill that has been dis- played by Mr. Grant and Dr. Prothero, the editor of the series, to whom some ac- knowledgment of indebtedness is paid. After having made a careful analysis of both volumes, we can say that the only part of the work which seems at all slight- ed, according to the general scheme, is the opening section. There is a long chapter on the Italian wars, but the domestic politics of the realm during the same period are passed over rather lightly. However, from the reign of Henry II. forward one has no such criticism to offer. Throughout almost the whole of the work the relative space allotted to local and foreign affairs is very well balanced. Along with several recent writers on French history, Mr. Grant neglects the interesting topic of court life under Louis XIV. and Louis XV. Perhaps we have no more right to complain on the score of this omission than on that of others which could be justified by reference to the author's central design. The scope of each volume in the series is political, and court life may appear to be important only on the social side. But when the ruler is a despot, it becomes as important an element in politics as electioneering is under a democratic system. We could well spare some of the crowded details which Mr. Grant devotes to the endless campaigns of the Bourbon monarchy for a sketch of the daily round at Versailles. Innumerable memoirs furnish the material, and such a chapter would have been a grateful relief from the synopsis of battles and sieges. The operation of absolute monarchy in France during the long period which lies between Louis XI. and Louis XVI. is a theme so large that we cannot enter upon it here. But it is possible to speak of the two occasions when the power of the Crown was threatened by the rebellious spirit of the nobles. We leave aside the forces which finally brought about the Revolution, and allude only to the Wars of Religion and to the Fronde. Mr. Grant has two chapters on the first of those subjects and one on the second. To what degree were those nobles sin- cere who, towards the close of Henry II. 's reign, drew away from the court and formed the party of the Huguenot opposition? Mr. Grant rightly maintains that the contest was not one for toleration but for supre- macy. While he sees in Coligny and Du Mornay the fruits of conviction, "it is equally clear from the lives which many others lived that with them it was not so." He gives full weight to feudal insubordina- tion and to dislike of the Guises, but he will not admit that the Huguenot movement, even at the end, was purely aristocratic. "The armies that followed the Protestant leaders were at first themselves Protestant, and, numerous and often poor though the nobles of France were, they did not fill up the ranks. There were even cities— Ro- chelle is especially mentioned— where the Protestant zeal of the common people was keener and more tenacious than that of the upper classes." The Fronde, of course, was much less serious than the religious wars. The ani- mosities of Mazarin's age were not so deep- ly grounded in principles, and the Fron- deurs produced no leader who could compare with Coligny, Henry of Guise, or Henry of Navarre. Mr. Grant escapes the danger of letting his narrative centre too much in De Retz, Mine, de Longueville, Conde, and their supporters. Behind the series of pic- turesque wars and riots, he discerns the general truth that the triumph of the Monarchy was better for France than the triumph of any other force at that time could have been. "The nobles were crushed and discredit- ed; Parliament by its Constitution was cut off from the life of the nation; the time of the people was not yet. Their cause was indeed better represented by the centraliz- ed Monarchy than it would have been by the States-General; for States-General would have meant at this moment the rule of the aristocracy, and events had thrown into clear relief how little the nobles, even the best of them, cared for the well- being of the people or even for the mili- tary security of the State." Although the plan of this series does not encourage contributors to indulge in many footnotes, one can easily see from allusions in the text and from the quality of the whole work that Mr. Grant has built up his survey on the best special studies. It seems admirably free from serious errors, though we have noticed a few misprints like Louisberg for Louisburg, and there are one or two slips in the allusion's to German affairs during the Thirty Years' War. Thus (vol. i., p. 238), Mr. Grant, in referring to the entry of Munich by the Swedes, May 17, 1632, says: "No resistance seemed pos- sible, unless Wallenstein were called out from his retirement. Even his former foes demanded his recall now. The magic of his reputation swiftly collected an army." But Wallenstein had reenlisted in the Em- peror's service before Gustavus entered Munich. We also think that Mr. Grant has reduced too much the importance of the part which Julius II. took in the organiza- tion of the League of Cambray. Still, the few inaccuracies which we have noticed spring from the desire to compress a large number of facts into the briefest possible

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232 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1890 space. Mr. Grant's style is unpretentious, but perfectly clear and direct. His book is a valuable one, and swells the number of scholarly histories which are written for popular use. Amyntas: A Sylvan Fable. By Torquato Tasso. Now first rendered into English [this error is corrected by an inserted slip] by Frederic Whitmore. Drawings and cover by William R. Whitmore. Spring- field, Mass.: The Ridgewood Press. 1900. 8vo, pp. 72. Few persons nowadays care to visit the ancient Arcadian land, peopled with musical shepherds and beautiful shepherdesses, with nymphs and satyrs, which Tasso and Gua- rini and their followers rediscovered and re- peopled, after it had been long lost and un- inhabited. It is a strange, unreal country. All is artificial and impossible in it. It has no industries, and nothing to attract the busy men and women of our genera- tion. Most of those who have ventured to enter it have found it intolerably dull. But, for a few, weary of the actual Broad- way of common life, it has a certain charm of fancy, different from that of fairyland, but yet akin to it. It is an exquisite syl- van land, with shadowy groves and sunny glades; with soft valleys through which run purling brooks whose banks are enamelled with flowers; while not far off rise the blue mountains on whose fertile slopes the flocks and herds are feeding, and in whose rocky caverns are the dens of the wolves and bears whom the hunters pursue. All around lies the sea, of which glimpses may be caught through the aisles of the forest. Through this fair remote land Love always goes wandering; and sometimes other gods, Apollo, Pan, and even Diana, visit it. Of this land of fancy and of its inhab- itants a pleasant picture and a sufficient description are given by Tasso in his idyllic drama of "Amyntas." This little play appeals not only to the lover of poetic fancy, but also to the student of literature as the best type of the purely artificial work in which the refined but jaded taste of the cultured and corrupt Italy of the later Renaissance found its supreme expression. The artificiality of this work is not facti- tious, forced, or affected; it is true to the nature of the society of the times, while the perfection of art manifest in its form secures it from oblivion, or from becom- ing merely an elaborate monument of one of the vagaries of taste. Tasso was in his thirtieth year when, in 1573, he wrote the "Amyntas" for perform- ance at the Court of Ferrara. Its imme- diate success was brilliant, and it was al- ready widely celebrated before the first edi- tion was published by Aldo Mannucci, at Venice in 1581. This edition (of which a copy is lying before us as we write) was issued, according to the title-page, con iiriii- Uflio, but apparently not with authority from Tasso himself, for Mannucci, in his dedica- tion of the little volume to Don Ferrando Gonzaga, speaks of the poet as «/ present! compassionate, referring in these words to the fact that Tasso had then been confined for more than a year in the hospital of St. Anne at Ferrara. At any rate, the volume was not revised by its author; its text is in- complete, lacking the important choruses at the end, respectively, of the third, fourth, and fifth acts. It is, moreover, disfigured, like many of the books of the degenerated Aldine press, by misprints so numerous and so serious as to indicate either extreme haste or extreme carelessness on the part of the printer. Better editions soon appeared, and the succession of them is numberless. The little drama remains a much-read poem; its exquisite versification suits its theme, and the current of the verse flows with a melody hardly to be surpassed. Naturally the 'Aminta' has been often translated into other languages; there have been several English versions of it, but the first to be made and published in America is the one by Mr. Frederic Whitmore record- ed above. It is a surprising work to come from a thriving, practical, up-to-date city— for there is nothing in it of to-day. Opening it, one changes the clatter of machinery for the hum of bees, the jangling of the electric cars for the tinkling of the bells of the herd, the roar of the street for the murmur of the wind in the trees. Mr. Whitmore has so imbued himself with the spirit and tem- per of the original poem, and possesses so much poetic ability of his own, that his version is, in most respects, of unusual ex- cellence. It is not free from minor, easily removable, defects, but its merits are such as to make these blemishes count for com- paratively little. We commend his work to the lovers of English verse as well as of Italian poetry. Its charm is enhanced by three illustrations of rare appropriateness and beauty of design. The Great Epic of India: Its Character and Origin. By E. Washburn Hopkins, Ph.D. Charles Scribner's Sons. 8vo, pp. xviii, 485. (Yale Bicentennial Publica- tions.) Apropos of the approaching bicentennial anniversary of Yale, and the series of publi- cations which the University is appropriate- ly issuing as a part of the commemoration of this occasion, attention may be called to one volume in the long list of titles, a masterpiece of Sanskrit American scholar- ship, in its way, and a standard by which American work in such a field may be judged. The title might lead one to sup- pose that the book contained a literary study of the Mahabharata, an account of the feud between the Kurus and Pandus that resulted in the most momentous battle of ancient India. Such is not the case; and the sub-title will help to inform the general reader of this in advance. The student of comparative literature will find here the analytic method of investigation and high- er criticism applied with remarkable ability to the national epic of the Hindus. To the specialist working in Sanskrit, to whom the volume really appeals, it will prove a mine of information as to the structure of this monstrous heroic poem of 200,000 verses; it contains a vast amount of technical facts bearing upon the composition of the poem, and all presented with great acumen by an able scholar. The author's main purpose is to show that the unwieldy bulk of the Mahabharata is a conglomerate mass containing the work of different writers who belong to different ages, and who vary in style, manner, and thought. This view is directly opposed to the synthetic method of the German scholar Dahlmann, who has sought to uphold the unity of the Mahabharata, to see a distinct purpose and design in its composi- tion, and to regard the didactic side of the great poem as an essential and integral part of it In its inception. In championing the analytic view, Professor Hopkins has brought to bear a careful study of the literature known in the epic, and has shown that parts containing allusions to "post- epical works" must be due to interpolation; and that when studied in connection with the Ramayana, or minor epic, the Mahabha- rata will be seen to be a collection, lack- ing an author. The minor epic, on the other hand, will appear to be the product of a definite personality or individual. An examination of the philosophy of the Maha- bharata tends to prove that all the purely philosophic chapters are of later origin. A most elaborate and exhaustive investiga- tion of epic versification leads to a similar view of the composite character of the Great Epic. The painstaking scholar has examined thousands upon thousands of San- skrit 5'?o£a-couplets, verse by verse, and type by type, and devoted nearly two hun- dred pages to this report, which bears out the view that the Mahabharata is an accre- tion, not the growth of a single age, but of ages. The nucleus of it is, indeed, the history of the Pandus, but a mass of didac- tic material has gathered about it with the lapse of time. The composition of this gi- gantic epic, alongside of which the Iliad and Odyssey are merely ballads in extent, may cover a period, perhaps, of eight hun- dred years. The older parts may date back as far as b. c. 400; the latest portions may be even as recent as a. d. 400. Professor Hopkins's contention may be likened to the Wolfian theory of Homeric composition, the Mullenhoff treatment of the Beowulf, the Elohistic and Jahvistic divi- sion of Genesis, the Deutero- and even Trito-Isaiah, or the Daqiqi passage in the Shah Namah of Persia; but with a vastly larger field for criticism, owing to the enormous length of the Mahabharata. The theory, indeed, is even not new for the Ma- habharata, but never before has it been so consistently, so ably, and so clearly brought out in connection with that ancient literary monument. One is almost forced to accept our American scholar's thesis in all its main outlines; and still there may linger somewhere in our hearts a personal sym- pathy for the school that wishes to make more of the tradition of Vyasa as the Homer of the Mahabharata in the old-fashioned sense. Education in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by R. D. Roberts. Cambridge (Eng.): Uni- versity Press; New York: Macmillan. This is the title of a collection of thirteen lectures delivered in August, 1900, at Cam- bridge before the education division of the Cambridge University Extension Society. The interest of the subjects and the ability of the lecturers attracted large audiences to the lectures, and the volume is of per- manent value. Among the topics are: "Chris- tian Work in Public Schools," by Montagu Butler, Master of Trinity, formerly Head- Master of Harrow School: "Infant Educa- tion," by Miss Agnes Ward; "Primary Edu- cation," by Sir Joshua Fitch; "Secondary Education of Girls, and Girls' High Schools," by Miss Gadesen; "The Teaching of His- tory during the Nineteenth Century"; "Science Teaching in Schools"; "Industrial

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Sept. 19, 1901] The Nation. 233 Education," by Sir Philip Magnus; "The Training of Teachers," by Miss E.P.Hughes; "The University Extension Movement," by Sir Richard Jebb; "The Higher Education of Women," by Mrs. Henry Sidgwick, Prin- cipal of Newnham College; "The Develop- ment of Educational Ideas during the Nine- teenth Century," by Professor Rein of Jena. Dr. Butler's lecture opens the volume. It is significant of the position accorded in England to moral and religious training that this lecture should occupy the first place. As former head-master of Harrow, Dr. Butler is well qualified to treat his theme. He shows at what a low ebb moral and re- ligious influences were in the first quarter of our century, and ascribes the initiation of the great change to Arnold, whose work at Rugby began in 1828. With Arnold, he classes Thring of Uppingham, Vaughan at Harrow, Benson at Wellington; and he shows how generally, in the creation of the many new schools of the present century, the moral and religious ideals of Arnold and Thring have been accepted as correct. He notes, at the end of his lecture, the in- creasing difficulty of securing as head-mas- ters men who have taken orders, but pleads strongly for the speedy removal of any im- pediment to their preaching, though lay- men, in their own school-chapels; for the Sunday chapel service, with the earnest, practical address of the head-master, seems to him indispensable. Sir Philip Magnus is well known for his interest in Technical Education. He and Sir Lyon Playfair have been identified with the movement from its very beginning. The services of the Prince Consort were also most important. It is a fact worth remem- bering that the South Kensington Museum, with the schools connected with it, was due to the profits of the Exhibition of 1851, sup- plemented by a Parliamentary grant of £150,000. Here began Industrial Training in England. Miss Hughes's paper on the Training of Teachers is very interesting. The first im- portant date in the history of this move- ment, she says, is 1828, when Arnold went to Rugby, and University College in London was founded. There is no question as to the importance of these two events, but it is only very indirectly that Arnold's going to Rugby bears relation to the training of teachers. The opening of University Col- lege brought, for the first time in England, the privileges of higher education, at a low fee and irrespective of creed, within the reach of all. Miss Hughes warns against several dangers in plans for training teach- ers: (1.) The excessive multiplication of cen- tres for secondary training at the expense of high quality of work at each centre. (2.) The attempt to carry on, simultane- ously, general secondary education and training of teachers. (3.) The attempt to graft foreign systems, unchanged, upon English practice. The papers from which no quotations have been made are not to be considered as in any way inferior to those from which we have cited passages. All know with what grace Professor Jebb would treat such a subject as University Extension, and no one could better describe the history of the Higher Education of Women than Mrs. Henry Sidgwick. The last lecture, a philo- sophical survey of the development of mod- ern education in Germany, is by the dis- tinguished specialist, Rein, Professor of Pedagogy at Jena. The Handy Dictionary of Biography. By Charles Morris. Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates & Co. 1901. In volumes designed to commemorate the eminent of all lands and ages.it is a question wjiether anything is worth while between "Smith, Alexander, 1830-'67; Scottish poet," and some attempt to indicate the nature and value of the man's work. Mr. Morris's 'Handy Dictionary of Biography' aims to hit a happy mean by including only real nota- bles, "whose names are likely to be fre- quently met with in reading." But much depends upon what one reads; and in de- fault of any fixed standard regulating de- grees of eminence, the compiler's knowledge and judgment must determine these. The maker of a text-book on English literature of the nineteenth century, being asked why Robert Browning was not mentioned there- in, replied that he was not of sufficient im- portance. Mr. Morris does better than this, but he is hampered by the dis- crepancy between his space and his subject. He gives us the most noted names of the past, including all the Roman emperors, but not Giordano Bruno and Vanini. To come nearer home, J. A. Roebling might have been mentioned as an engineer, and Edward Robinson certainly should as a Palestine explorer. Marie Corelli is here, but not "Ouida"; Mrs. Southworth, but not Miss Wilkins nor Miss Jewett; Alfred Austin and Lewis Morris, but not C. S. Calverley. "Special attention has been given," we are told, to recent names, "not to be found in the older works"; yet Hauptmann and Sudermann have not been discovered, nor Gilbert Parker and George Gissing and Harold Frederic, nor Winston Churchill and Mary Johnston. All these and some others here omitted are "frequently met with" of late. The last here known of Sec- retary Hay is as "Ambassador to England, 1897-'98." Nor is the magnitude of stars to be always judged by their apparent size on this chart. Benedict Arnold gets half as much space as Washington; of the Steven- sons, Adlai E. looms larger than Robert L., and almost as big as McKinley. In the seven or eight lines apiece given to Jane Austen and Francis Parkman is no word indicating that they had any special merit or importance. Many notices, as those of Neander, Bushnell, James Martineau, and George Eliot, are strikingly inadequate. Henry James gets some praise, but he who takes this book for a guide will suppose that G. P. R. (just above H.) was full twice as great a novelist. Mr. Morris is an industrious and ex- perienced compiler, but scarcely one to put a soul behind the ribs of death, or retain very much of what life and spirit his sub- jects may once have possessed. Criticism or characterization may be found here and there, and usually correct as far as it goes, but scattering and at second (or twentieth) hand. Perhaps most readers prefer that biographical notices in books of reference should be at once dry and sketchy; If so, this work should sell largely. In important matters it seems in the main accurate enough for its purpose, but slips may be detected; thus, William of Orange, on Al- va's approach, retired, not "to his princi- pality in France," which was no safe place for him then, but to Germany. Maxentius and Licinius were not insurgents (p. 161), but rivals of Constantine. To call F. D. Maurice "a leader of the Broad Church party" is misleading, since he always pro- tested against the idea of such a party. He led, if one likes, in a school of thought which has never been effectually narrowed and hardened, as he feared it might be, into a party. A book of this sort might do harm if it kept people away from bigger and better books; but for such as want all their biography done by one hand and pack- ed into one small volume, without too exi- gent a regard to quality, it is perhaps as good as can be expected. Its practice or putting everything in the past tense works queerly as applied to men still alive and active, as when we read that Piatt or Quay or Croker "was" long a Boss. Alas, they are still bossing. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. A Century of Law Reform: Twelve Lectures on the Change in the Law of England during the Nine- teenth Century. Maemillan. .$2. Aiton, G. B. The Descriptive Speller. Boston: Ginn & Co. American History Told by Contemporaries. Vol. IV.: Welding of the Nation, 1845-1900. Maemil- lan. $2. Arnold, Sir Edwin. The Voyage of Ithobal. Lon- don: John Murray; New York: G. W. Dilling- ham Co. Baldwin, J. M. Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. Vol. I. Maemillan. Barbour, It. H. Captain of the Crew. D. Apple- ton & Co. Benson, B. K. A Friend with the Countersign. Maemillan. Berenson, Bernhard. The Study and Criticism of Italian Art. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Maemillan. Bigg, Charles. A Critical and Exegetieal Com- mentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St, Jude. Scribners. $2.50. Boyd, J. H. College Algebra. Chicago: Scott, Foresman & Co. Bradley, A. C. A Commentary on Tennyson's In Memoriam. Maemillan. .$1.50. Chambers, K. W. Cardigan. Harpers. $1.50. Chester, F. D. A Manual of Determinative Bac- teriology. Maemillan. .$2.60. Coates, A. T. A Short History of the American Trotting and Pacing Horse. Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates & Co. Conway, Mary M. Topical Studies and Questions in History of Education. Syracuse: C. W. Bar- deen. 50 cents. Cooper, J. F. The Deerslayer. Maemillan. 25 cents. Drummond, Hamilton. The Seven Houses. Fred- erick A. Stokes Co. Evans, A. J. The Mycensean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations. Maemillan. Glentworth, Marguerite L. A Twentieth Century Boy. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Head, F. W. The Fallen Stuarts. London: C. J. Clay & Sons; New York: Maemillan. $1.25. Hirsch, Max. Democracy versus Socialism. Mae- millan. $3.25. Index to the First Ten Volumes of Book Prices Current (1887 to 1806), London: Elliot Stock. Jordell, D. Repertoire Bibliographique des Prin- cipales Revues Frangaises. Paris: Lamm; New York: Lemcke & Buechner. Kemble, W. F. Pitted Against Anarchists. Ab- bey Press. 50 cents. Kipling, Rudyard. Kim. Doubleday, Page & Co. .$1.50. Mansfield, A. N. Electromagnets: Their Design and Construction. D. Van Nostrand & Co. 50 Mason,' Caroline A. A Lily of Frauce. Philadel- phia: American Baptist Publication Society. $1.25. Michie, P. S. General McClellan. (Great Com- manders.) D. Appleton & Co. Mirick, G. A. Lessons In Elementary Grammar. Maemillan. Nesbit, E. The Wouldbcgoods. Harpers. $1.50. Newcomer, A. G. American Literature. Chicago: Scott, Foresman & Co. TT Ottley. R. L. A Short History of the Hebrews to the Roman Period. Maemillan. Paton, L B The Early History of Syria and Palestine. Scribners. $1.25. Phillips W A. Modern Europe, 181o-18fl9. Mae- millan. $1.60. „,...„,, Pilchard, K. and H. Kardac. Frederick A. Stokes Rawlings, Gertrude B. The Story of Books. D. Appleton & Co. 35 cents. Reed, Eleanor C. The Battle Invisible. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25. Strong, Frank, and Sebafer, Joseph. The Gov- ernment of the American People. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 65 cents. Sturgls, Julian. Stephen Carliuan Scrlbneis. $loO. Sweeting W. D. The Cathedral Church ot Ely. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Mae- millan. 60 cents. Todd W. C Biographical and Other Articles. Boston: Lee & Shepard. $1-50. Westcott, B. F. Lessons from Work. Maemillan. White, Percy. The Grip of the Bookmaker. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.50.

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234= Tlie Nation. [Vol. j $, No. 1890 MILTON'S POEMS Edited by Martin W, Sampson, Profes- sor in Indiana University. i-{345 pp. i6mo. 7J cents. All of the English lyric and dra- matic poems, including Samson Ago- nistes, are here gathered in a carefully collated and clearly printed text, fully annotated. The edition aims to afford a new and interesting approach to the larger works of Milton. It is the latest addition to this firm's scries of English Readings. HENR Y HOL T & CO. , New York. NO W READ Y. Modern Bridge. By "Slam." With a Reprint of the Laws of Bridge, as adopted by the Portland and Turf Clubs. 1 81110, $0.90 net. By mail, $0.95- LONGMHNS. GREEN. St CO. 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. r The Westerners By Stewart Edward White A Story of the "Black HilU "Our of the strongest American nov- els of the year. The book will make a vasl impression."— Pltfla, Inquirer. At all booJuttorea. 81.50 McClure. Phillips 6* Co. NEW YORK. H Drone anfc a Dreamer By NELSON LLOYD. Author of "The Chronic Loafer." Illustrated. Cloth. $1.50. " Essentially American. The ai.ristocra.ts are never snobs, not even for the fraction of a. second. A book well worth reading." —Chicago Tribune. J. F. TAYLOR <& CO.. New York. BOOKS When calling please ask for AT MR. ORAtNT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. address Mr. (Jrant. Before buying boots wrlie for Quotations". An as- sot 1 iiKin m catalogues sod special slips of hooks at re- duced prices Bent for io-cenl stamp. P. E. ORANT, Books. 8!) W (2s - NEW VOKK. Hon this adverUsement and receive <• discount.) RARE PRINTS, XVI. & XVII. Century Armor, Old Delft Ware, etc. illustrated Catalogues si nl tree on application HENRY T. COATES & CO., 1222 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Reentered 'Irate Mara. NEW TABLE LINEN AT "THE LINEN STORE." Our Fall stock of fine table linens is now ready, and includes Cloths and Napkins from the best Irish, Scotch, French, German and Flemish looms. We quote below for the medium price goods: TABLE CLOTHS. 2x2 yds., $2.25 $2.50 $2.75 $4 $5 2x2}^ yds., $2 75 $3 $3.25 $4.50 $6 2x3 yds., $3.25 $4 $4.50 $6.50 $7.50 2^x2)^ yards, $4 $4 50 $5.50 $7.50 $9 2^x3 yards, $5 $6.50 $8.00 $10.50 $12.00 Larger size at proportionate prices. NAPKINS. % size, $1.75, $2.00, $2.50, $3.00, $4.00. % size, $2.50 $3.00, $4.00, $1.50, $6.50. Table linen by the yard, 75c. to $2.50 per yard. Mail orders will have prompt attention. JAMES McCUTCHEON & CO., 14 West 23d Street, N. Y. Travel. GOING ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP ? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE SailiDg Regularly. Boston Liverpool— London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin $40, $45, upwards, depending on steamer. S. S. "Oes- trian." Sept. 25; S. S. "Winifredian," Oct. 2; S. S. " I'hiladelphian." Oct. 9. s. s '• Caledonian " to London, Sept. 21. F. O. HODOHTON & CO., Gen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. MISS WKLDON WILL TAKE SIX YOUNG LADIES ABROAD. Restricted. Highest References. Address, for Prospectus of the trip, MISS WELDON, " The Moorings," Howard, Pa. AN ENGLISH COMMENTARY ON DANTE'S DIVINA COMMEDIA. By the Kev. H. F. Tozeb, M.A. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.10. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, oi & 03 Fifth Ave., N. Y. Ccw5ta '0. Silks. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFE1FFER, Successors), 429 5th Are., bet. 38tli and 39th Sts , New York. Importers ol Foreign Books Agents for the leading Pans publishers; Tauchnltz'e British authors, Teub- ni'i's Greek and Latin t lassies. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as Issued. HEAD ABOUT SMALL. MAVNAKD & CO.'S A HOUSE PARTY appearing in tlie X. V. Sunday Heratd. £1.000 prize for the right guejj. Rich Novelties in Evening Silks. Damas Matelasse, Damas Reps and Tacquete, Pekin Reps, Crepe Damas Tinsel, Crepe Lumineaux. Printed and Embroidered Mousselines. Velvets. JdtocuXvau c\J) 1 Jlto 6l. NEW YORK. Pocket Size Standard Novels. Tlmckerny's Works and Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper Large type, easy to read. Mze 4M by (SJ4 inches and only \4 Inch thick. Bound In cloth, 81.00 each. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. THUS. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 18th St., New York. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt ol postal card specimens of paper, type, Illustration and binding will be sent. KNIt;HT & BROWN, 100 Filth Ave . New York. Have Vou Read "A Gentleman Player," by Kobert Neilson Stevens? L. C. PAGE & CO., Boston, Mass.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 89 1 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. VAI F BICENTENNIAL e msM^f PUBLICATIONS s^v^s^ v*2 ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ YJ^ITH the approval of the President and Fellows of Yale University, a ! prepared by a numbsr of the Professors and Instructors, to be issued ii ser:es of volumes has been prepared by a number ot tne rrotessors ana instructors, to t>e issue 3 in connection with the Bicen- tennial Anniversary, as a partial indication of the character of the studies in which the University teach- ers are engaged. These volumes are intended to illustrate the function of the University in the dis- covery and orderly arrangement of knowledge. The Confederate States of America, 1861 = 1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South during the Civil War. By John Christopher Schwab, Ph.D., Professor of Political Economy. 8vo, $2.50 net. The Great Epic of India: Its Character and Origin. By Edward Washburn Hopkins, PhD., Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology. 8vo, $4.00 net. Chapters on Greek Metric By Thomas Dwight Goodell, Ph.D., Professor of Greek. 8vo, $2.00 net. Studies in Evolution: Being mainly Reprints of Occasional Papers selected from the Publications of the Laboratory of Inverte- brate Paleontology, Peabody Museum. By Charles Emerson Beecher, Ph.D., Professor of Historical Geology. 8vo, $5.00 net. Research Papers from the Kent Chemical Laboratory Edited by Frank Austin Gooch, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry. 2 vols. 8vo, $7-50 net. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrography from the Laboratories of the Sheffield Scientific School Edited by S. L. Penfield, M.A., Professor of Mineralogy, and L. V. Pirsson, Ph.B., Professor of Physical Geology. 8vo, $4.00 net. Light. By Charles S. Hastings, Ph.D., Professor of Physics. 8vo, $2.00 net. Two Centuries' Growth of American Law, 1701-1901 By Members of the Law Faculty. 8vo, $4.00 net. Essays in Historical Criticism The Legend of Mircus Whitmin; The Authorship of the Federalist; Prinee Henry, the Navigator; The Deimrcation Line of Pope Alexander VI., etc. By Edward Gaylord Bourne, Ph.D., Professor of History. 8vo, $2.00 net. Studies in Physiological Chemistry Edited by Russell H. Chittenden, Ph.D., Professor of Physiological Chemistry. 8vo, $4.00 net. On Principles and Methods in Syntax, with special reference to Latin. By E. P. MORRIS, M.A., Professor of Latin. ^^^_^^___ 'REA'DV Iff OCTO'BE'R ^/tJVD ffOVEM'BE'R. The Education of the American Citizen By Arthur Twining Hadlev, LL.D., President. Societology : A Text-Book of the Science of Society. By William G. Sumner, LL.D., Professor of Political and Social Science. India, Old and New By Edward Washburn Hopkins, Ph D., Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology. The t lanlcs of Engineering. Vol. I., Kinematics, Statics, and netics. By J. DuBois, C.E., Ph D., Professor of Civil Engineering. Studle from the Chemical Laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific school , , E ited by Horace L. Wells, M A., Professor of Analytical Chem- is' .-y and Metallurgy. Elementary Principles In Statistical Mechanics, developed with especial reference to the rational foundation of Thermodynamics. By J. Willard Gibbs, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Mathematical Physics. The Elements of Experimental Phonetics By Edward W. Scripture, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Experi- mental Psychology. Vector Analysis. A text book for the use of students of mathematics and physics. By Edwin Bidwell Wilson, Ph.D., Instructor in Mathematics in Yale University. Founded upon lectures delivered at the University by J. Willard Gibbs, Ph.D , LL D., F.R.S., etc., Professor of Mathe- matical Physics in Yale University. Life In Oreece in the Homeric Age By Thomas D. Seymour, LL D., Professor of Greek. Plutarch's Themlstocles and Aristides. Newly translated, with Intro- ductions and Notes. By B. Perrin, Ph.D., LL D., Professor o£ Greek. Historical and Critical Contributions to Biblical Science By Members of the Biblical and Semitic Faculty. Biblical Quotations In Old English Prose Writers By Albert S. Cook, Ph.D., L.H.D., Professor of English. Shakesperean Wars. I. Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist. By Thomas R Lounsbury, LL.D., L.H.D., Professor of English. The Qallego-Castllian Court Lyrics of the 14th and 15th Centuries By Henry R. Lang, Ph.D., Professor of Romance Philology. Five Linguistic Lectures Introductory to the Scientific Study of Language By Hans Oertel, Ph.D., Professor of Linguistics and Compara- tive Philology. Subscriptions for the complete set or orders for single -Volumes solicited CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 153-157 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YOR.K

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1891 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 235 Editorial Articles : The Mourning 238 Responsibility for Yellow Journalism 238 An Important Office 239 The Latest Failure of Cooperation 240 The Franco-Russian Alliance 241 Special Correspondence : A Philippine Excursion 241 The Cabinet of Medals 244 Correspondence : Presidential Handshaking 245 English Catholics and Jesuits 243 Tenuysoniana . 245 Malahaek 240 Notes 245 Book Reviews: Liszt's Letters to Two Women 248 Currency and Banking in the Massachusetts Bav Province 250 A Year In Ohina 251 Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Bruns- wick 252 En MMllerranee 253 Educational Aims aud Methods 253 Books of tre Week 253 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Maryland, Baltimore, 1V2 and 124 W.Franklln St. T7DGE WOR TH BOARDINGand DA Y JlL School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs H. P. Lefebvre, / Miss E. D. Huntley, Principals. Maryland, Baltimore, 915 N. Charles Street. (SOUTHERN HOME SCHOOL FOR ^ GirH. Miss Dr/FF, Mis* Pendleton, successors to Mrs. W.M.CAKYand MIssCary. Oct. 1,1901. 60th year. B Massachusetts, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address th3 Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Ohio, Cincinnati, 2643 Bellevue Ave., Mt. Auburn. ]\/fJSS LUP TON'S SCHOOL PRE- 1VJ. pares for college, its pupils have taken degrees duriDg recent years at Vassar College and at the Cin- cinnati and Chicago Universities A few boarding pupils are received into Miss Lupton's family. DARIS, France. _L Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Study Home for young ladies. Kesldent French teacher. Only French spoken. For particulars and circular address 97 Boulevard Arago (XI Ye). A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 School- for Girls. Established in 1«48. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 20. 135Q Pine St.. Phlla., Pa. A/flSS REYNOLDS School. 66 IV. 45 th J. VJ. St., New York.— Special students admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received into the family. SCHOOL OF DRAWING and PAINTING Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. INSTRUCTORS. SCHOLARSHIPS. E. C. Tarbell, ) Drawing Paige Foreign Scholar- F. W. Benson, V aod ship for Men aad Wo- Philip Hale, ) Painting men; Helen Hamblen B. L. Pratt, Modeling. Mrs. Wm. Stone, Decorative Design. Scholarship; Ten Free Scholarships; Six Cash Prizes. E. W. Emerson, Anatomy. For circulars and terms A. K. Cross, Perspective. ' address izr*«7T/ Emily Danforth Norcrosg, 26th Year. Manager. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UiNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Studeits of McGlli University. For conditions of entrance, schol- arships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other par.irulars. Hddress THE WARDEN, Hoval Victoria College, Montreal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas gives in both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine lire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. The Misses Shipley's School for Girls PREPARATORY TO BRYN MAWR COLLEGE Bryn Mawr, P11. Ten miles from Philadelphia. Number limited. Individual attention. Athlttlc and outdoor life. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A HOME for a few young girls wishing to study In or near Cambridge will reopen Sept. 24, 1901 Annlleatlon may be made In writing to Miss Sarah W Fosdick, 1SS Brattle St.. Cambridge, Mass. Particulars furnished at once upon application. THrT HIGHLAND MILITARY ACADEMY, Worcester, Mass, 40th session begins Sept 11th. Training for University, scientific S hool. Business Life. The Rt. Rev William Lawrence. D D , Visitor, Joseph Alden shaw, A.M., Head Master. WABAN SCHOOL FOR BOVSlWabail" J H Pii.lsbitry, M A , Prin. v - tm,,.,-. WINDSOR HALL FOR GIRLS* luass. Anna M. Goopnow, B.A., A»s6c. Prln. Miss GIBSON'S FAMILY and DAY SCHOOL for (iirls. 2037 DeLancey Place, Phlla., Pa. 80th year. Fall term begins Sept. 80, 1901. College Preparatory. School Agencies. ^PHE ITSK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. ± Evkrktt O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Asliburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave , Washington; 150 Fifth Ave, New York; 4I4< ent. Bldg., Minneapolis; 538 Cooper Blrtg., 1 enver; 4 Evans Bldg; Oskaloosa ; 203 Mich. Hlvd., Chicago; 525 Stlms'n Bk., Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, XX 81 Chapel St., Albany. N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. OCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. k3 Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Hutssoon & kockwelL, Mgrs , 3 E. 14th St., N. T. Teachers, etc. A/TR- NEWEL PERRY, Ph.B.,Ph.D., IvJ. formerly Instructor In Mathematics in the Uni- versity of California, who is now residing at Munich, Bavaria, Galleriestr, 15, desires to offer his services as private tutor to Americans residing in Germany. COMPETENT NA TIVE PARISIAN, V Protestant.lnstructress in French 1 iterature, Belles- Lettres, etc., desires position as Reader of trench In university, college, or academy. High testimonials. Mademoiselle, care of the Nation. TJXPERrENCEl) Lady Teacher desires Pt an engagement. Will chapcrone pupils or take chargj of a house. Higher English, languages, and mu- sic. Address Experience and Method, care Naiion. "A clear, succinct guide-book and a penetrative • catechism. Such ft book is sure to keep alive in America a knowledee of, and regard for. what is best in our imaginative literature thus far That Is a grand result in this rapid, modern age." Edmund Clarence stedman. American Literature, A Laboratory Method By H. L. MASON. Professor 0/ English at Drexel Institute. "You might have found in Bacon a motto for your book; ' Prudent questioning Is the soul of science.' "—Edward Dowdew. PRICE. $1.50 To be obtained at the Book Dep't of JOHN WANAMAKER, Philadelphia. The^tudcnt's Standard EMcti HE STANDARD STUDENT'S DICTION A condensa'ion of the famous Standard Dictionary .'. .". leather back, carriage paid, - - $2. t full leather binding - - 4. (Patent Thumb Index, 50c. extra) & Taylor CompanyJ^wTshers 7th St.. Union Sq.. N.. New York BOOKS When calling please ask for AT MR. ORANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. address Mr. Grant. Before buying books write for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues and spec] d slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 10-cent stamp. P. E. GRANT, Books. 28 W. 42d St., - - - NEW YORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) AN ENGLISH COMMENTARY ON DANTE'S D1V1NA C0MMED1A Bv the Rev. H. F. TozElt. M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth. «2. 10. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Ave., New York. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFE1FFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., bet. 88th and 39th Sts , New York. Importers of Foreign Books Agents for the leading Paris publishers ; TauchnUz's British authors, Teub- ner s Greek and Latin 1 lassies. Catalogues of stock Paris publishers ; fauchnitz's British authors,. Teub- ner s Greek and Latin 1 lassies. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as Issued

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Sept. 26, 1901] The ]STation. 111 Financial. Investors of experience know that a sure income is provided by purchas- ing solid bonds. This class of security we handle exclusively. We should be glad to send you our list, which will aid you to make an investment with an assured income. E.H. Gay & Co. BOSTON 131 DEVONSHIRE ST. PHILADELPHIA 42/ CHESTNUT ST. NEW YORK I NASSAU ST. MONTREAL CANADA LIFE BLDG PVLFORD, HOW <& Co. Mortgage Loans and Municipal "Bonds. MANAGE AND SELL REAL ESTATE DULUTH, MINN. Refer to Prominent Banks and Trust Cos. in the East, also Banks of Duluth. New York Security & Trust Co., Correspondents. SAFE MARGINS for the moji EXACTING INVESTOR! My life lias been devoted to the study of property values In Minneapolis. Am in a position to give yon the benefit of expertness in placing investments where both sec rlty and fair percentage may he relied upon. An opportunity is solicited of presenting facts which in- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wetmore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Travel. aolNG ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP ? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly. Boston — Liverpool— London. Immensie new steamers. First Cabin $40, $45, upwards, depending on steamer. S. S. "Wini- fredian," Oct. 2; S. S. "Philadelphian." Oct 9; S.S. ' Lancastrian." Oct 1C; S S. " Devonian," Oct. 23. F. 0. HOUGH! ON & CO. , Qen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. MISS WELDON WILL TAKE SIX YOUNG LADIES ABROAD. Restricted. Highest References. A"dress, for Prospectus of the trip, MISS WELDON, "The Moorings," Howard, Pa. R E MING TON Standard Typewriter 327 BROADWAY, MEW YORK LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt oi postal card specimens of paper, type, illustration and binding will be sent. KNIGHT & BROWN, 150 Fiith Ave, New York. Autobiography of a Journalist. By W. J. Stillman. 2 Portraits. 2 voli., 8vo, $6.00. HOUGHTON. MIFFLIN & CO. Financial. SECURITY FIRST, Profit the Next Consideration Our experience In and near Duluth as Real Estate and Loan Agents should make our Judgment worth something to you when considering a conservative Investment. W. M. PRINDLE & CO., Duluth, Minn. ^RGE^1i~C0JViPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite investigation of their methods of conserving the interests of Investors. A successful record In the selection of lucome-bcar- lng securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds In substantial productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for Investors who appreciate skill and conservatism in se- lection and administration. 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J DRAMATIC LITERATURE SENT A SPECIAL CLEAR- ANCE CATALOGUE of an unusually choice and extensive collection of Dramatic Books anil Sim ltcsin':i ri;iii:i. in- ducing many scarce lib- rary edition" of the works of the old dramatists, first editions of old plays, biographies of famous actors, unique, exl ra-illust rated books, etc., all offered at exceptionally low prices Send your address on a postal card and a copy will be mailed to you free. Charles E. Lauriat Company, Boston. 301 Washington St. 0pp. "Old South" Church AN EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY I. — The Nation stands alone in its field. It has the largest circulation of any- literary and political journal published in this country, going to all the prin- cipal libraries and reading-rooms, and into thousands of families. 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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 89 1 NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED DURING SEPTEMBER BY The Macmillan Company The New Canterbury Tales By Maurice Hewlett, author of " The Forest Lovers," " Little Novels of Italy," "The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay," etc. Illus- trated by W. Hyde. Cloth, i2mo, $1.50. In his new book, Mr Maurice Hewlett has taken the Canterbury pilgrim- age as the scene of his narrative. A Friend with the Countersign By B. K. Benson, author of " Who Goes There ? The Story of a Spy in the Civil War." Illustrated by Louis Betts. Cloth, i2mo, $1.50. "Who Goes There?' has been styled by army critics as the best story that has yet been written on the Civil War. Mr. Benson's new novel. American History Told by Contemporaries Volume IV. Welding the Nation 1 1843 = 1901 1 By Albert Bushnell Hart, Professor of History in Harvard Uni- versity. Cloth, 8vo, 4 vols. Each $2.00. Volumes already published. Vol. I. Era of Colonization (1493-1689). Vol. II. Building of the Republic (1689-1783). Vol. III. National Expansion (1783-1845). Vol. IV. includes two main subjects: the causes and practice of the Civil War; and the political and diplomatic problems of the last quarter century, including the Spanish War and the new territory. Roman Public Life By A. H. J. Greenidge, A.M., Lecturer and late Fellow of Hartford Col- lege and Lecturer in Ancient History at Brasenose College, Oxford. 8vo, cloth, $1.50 net. The object of this book is to trace the growth of the Koman Constitution and to explain its working during the developed Republic and the Principate. The Ethic of Freethought and Other Addresses and Essays By Karl Pearson, F.R.S., Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cam- bridge; Professor of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Univer- sity College. London. Second Edition (Revised). 8vo, cloth, $3.50. A Student's History of Philosophy By Arthur Kenyon Rogers, PhD., Professor of Philosophy in Butler College, Author of " A Brief Introduction to Modern Philosophy," etc. Cloth, crown 8vo. An introduction to the history of Philosophy, from its beginnings with the Greeks to the present century, intended both for class use and for the general reader. Maryland as a Proprietary Province By Newton D. Mereness, sometime University Fellow in History in Columbia University. Cloth, crown 8vo,$3.00 net. This is a history of the government rather than of the people. However, the absorbing interest of the populace is shown to have been in the struggle that gradually resulted in a transition from monarchical to popular go\ em- inent. Words and Their Ways in English Speech By James Bradstreet Greenough, A.B., Professor of Latin in Harvard University, and George Lyman Kittridge, A.M., Professor of English in Harvard University. Cloth, l2mo, $1.10 net. This is a popular exposition of the most important and interesting ten- dencies in the history and development of English words and their meanings. The Practical Methods of Organic Chemistry By Ludwig Gattermann, Ph.D., Professor in the University of Frei- burg. With numerous illustrations. Translated by William B. Schober, Ph.D., Instructor in Organic Chemistry in Lehigh Uni- versity. Authorized Translation. The Second American from the Fourth German Edition. 1 2mo. cloth, net, $1.60. Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology Edited by J. Mark Baldwin, Stuart Professor of Psychology at Prince- ton University. 3 vols., 8vo. Each, $5.00 net. The work is to be strictly a dictionary, and will have two general features: (1 ) It will contain concise definitions of all the terms in use . n the whole range of philosophical study. 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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1901 The Week. President Roosevelt, promptly antici- pating the resignation of the members of the McKinley Cabinet, has induced them to remain in office throughout his term. This is Mr. Roosevelt's way of confirming the promise he made at Buf- falo that he would carry out the policy of his predecessor. In no other way could he have emphasized it so fully and satisfactorily. In no other way could he so happily have met the public desires, or have conveyed to the world the assurance that the assassin's bullet had produced no change in public aims and administration. It cannot be assum- ed that President Roosevelt has no in- itiative of his own, since his whole ca- reer has bristled with it. Indeed, the apprehension which assailed the public mind momentarily, when Mr. McKinley was struck down, was that the Vice- President had too much initiative, and that he would probably hasten to sub- stitute new policies in place of those al- ready in operation. All such fears are wisely dispelled. The business world and the thinking world are alike con- vinced that, although all hearts are wounded, no wound has befallen the re- public. thority for the statement that the new treaty to be submitted to the Senate next winter will contain all the Senate amendments in an inoffensive form. There is nothing more satisfactory about Secretary Hay's continuance in office under President Roosevelt than the assurance which it gives in regard to the Isthmian Canal. Ever since his assumption of the duties of Secretary of State, Mr. Hay has labored unceasingly for the kind of canal which would re- flect the most credit upon the American people, and be most useful to the nations of the world. He has stood throughout for a waterway without forts and with- out soldiers, open to all nations in time of war as well as in time of peace. Had the Senate but adopted the treaty with England which Mr. Hay submitted to it, the canal question would to-day be well along toward settlement. As it is now, the prospects are of the best for a speedy and rational conclusion of the question, provided that the Senate — the "destroyer of treaties" — throws no new obstacles in the way, and this seems now no longer to be feared. According to the best Washington advices, President Roosevelt and his Secretary of State are as heartily in accord on all questions as two men can be. It follows that the President will support Mr. Hay's plans with all his limitless energy, even though he does not believe in the neutrality of the canal in war time. The Evening Post's Washington correspondent is au- Mr. John R. Dos Passos publishes in the Times his views of anarchism and the proper methods of dealing with it by law. The difficulties of the subject are candidly acknowledged by the writer, and for the most part carefully treated. He rules out, as any lawyer must, the method, most commonly advocated by public meetings and by extempore speakers, of "stamping out" — which, if it means anything, means the employ- ment of anarchy to suppress anarchism. Mr. Dos Passos also deprecates the plan for making any attempt upon the life of a President or Vice-President, or other ruler, whether successful or not, punish- able by death. Other crude conceptions of the moment to which the crime of Czolgosz gave birth are "stamped out" by Mr. Dos Passos. So much for the nega- tive side of his argument. On the posi- tive side he suggests, first, a method of dealing with anarchistic societies and demonstrations by international action. The plan proposed is the appointment of an International Commission to discuss the whole subject in conferences with like commissioners appointed by other countries. Details of the process of hunting down the anarchists of all coun- tries are not supplied. They are left to the imagination mostly. Therefore, the only comment that occurs to us at this point is that an international commis- sion would scarcely be able to devise or execute more drastic means for hunting down anarchists than those which Rus- sia adopted and put in force against ni- hilists. Yet it is remembered that, in spite of everything, they compassed the death of Alexander II. in broad daylight in the streets of St. Petersburg, and blew up a train on which his successor was travelling from Odessa to Moscow. It does not follow from these facts that no steps should be taken to hunt down those who plot against the lives of rulers. The facts do serve to show how difficult is the problem we have to deal with. Taking up the subject of separate State action, Mr. Dos Passos thinks that the laws of New York against un- lawful assemblages are already ample, but that the penalty for assembling to commit an injury to person or property or a breach of the peace should be made a felony, instead of a misdemeanor. We agree to this also; but let us remark, in passing, that nobody who has made up his mind to play the part of an anarchist by taking the life of a ruler will be de- i terred from attending a forbidden assem- blage by the legal difference between felony and misdemeanor. Closely fol- lowing this suggestion, Mr. Dos Passos says: "I would add a section to it, making it a felony punishable as to members two years, and as to officers ten years, in State prison, to belong to or aid or contribute to the support of any society having for its object the overthrow of this or any foreign Government, or the killing or at- tempted killing of any supreme ruler or officer thereof. Of course, I am now merely throwing out rough suggestions." This suggestion seems to us much too "rough," for, if it had been in force four years ago, it would have subjected the members of the Cuban society in .this country of which Mr. Estrada Palma was the head, to punishment by impris- onment from two to ten years. It would have subjected the Kossuth societies of 1849 to similar punishment. The Fenians and other organizations conspiring to overthrow English rule in Ireland would have been equally under the ban, and, to go further back, our Revolutionary fathers would have sinned against the same law. However, we welcome Mr. Dos Passos's letter as one of the saner communications of the hour, one of those which bring the light of reason to bear upon much reckless writing and speech that can hardly be distinguish- ed from anarchical literature itself. What looks like a step backward is the decision of the Virginia Constitutional Convention to omit from the new Con- stitution which it is framing a provision regarding free speech that is found In the old one. The Bill of Rights in that State now contains this section: "That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic gov- ernments. And any citizen may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty." A committee reported in favor of strik- ing out the second of these sentences, and an attempt in the Convention to re- store the clause was defeated by a vote of 28 to 23. The incident occurred a few days after Mr. McKinley was shot, and the action would naturally be at- tributed to that crime. Indeed, the chairman of the committee responsible incidentally referred to the assassina- tion of President McKinley, and added: "It does seem to me that we have had a lesson in this country of the evils that will come of allowing a man, or rather a woman, to speak for ever on all subjects, subject to their liability to the law. We should not encourage it." The main reason which he assigned, however, was the fact that the clause in question was "the work of aliens"— meaning that it was added to the origi- nal section by the convention, largely

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236 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1891 controlled by "carpet-baggers," which met in 1868, during the reconstruction era — and that their work ought to be un- done. Practically nothing is accomplish- ed by such action. The steel strike has come and gone, has lasted in all several weeks, and has succeeded in closing a great number o[ mills. Besides this, it has hampered pro- duction in many more, and has cut clown our exports of steel and steel products by very considerable amounts. Yet the general prosperity of the country has not been materially interfered with, and trade and industry have continued in an exceedingly satisfactory condition. Some industries have been troubled tem- porarily by scarcity of material, but they have either imported what they needed, raising their prices correspondingly, or have employed substitutes of some kind. The sympathetic strikes called for by Shaffer and his colleagues have not been declared, for men were too busily employed at good wages, and felt too lit- tle sympathy with the issue at stake, to enter the industrial lists for mere senti- ment. From the large economic point of view the strike is instructive. Not only has it displayed wonderful strength on the part of capital — strength hitherto un- known in such contests — but it has se- verely tested some maxims that had be- come "blessed words" with writers on industrial subjects. According to all au- thorities, the time when a strike may be initiated with good prospect of success is when the industry in question is pros- perous, markets are rising, and trade generally is good. Under such circum- stances, theorists say, the owners of la- bor have the whip-hand, and can practi- cally dictate terms. How miserably in- adequate such a theory is, when thus simply stated, is plain from the fact that the Steel Corporation has been able to collect large forces of men ready and willing to take the places of the strikers, and would undoubtedly have started the mills in a very short time had the strike not been terminated. The trouble was that the Amalgamated Association did not control labor, but was a small oli- garchy unsuccessfully trying to maintain old methods, restrict production, and se- cure high wages when many competent men were anxiously awaiting an oppor- tunity to compete. An important feature of the agree- ment entered into by Shaffer on behalf of the Amalgamated Association has only just been made public. It amounts to a promise not to attempt to ex- tend the Amalgamated Association to non-union mills during the coming year. Shaffer undertakes that the Amalga- mated will issue no lodge charters to local unions organized in specified mills before July 1, 1902. His record in the past has not been such as to inspire confidence in his promises. If such con- fidence could be felt, it would be clear that the new agreement practically con- fines the Amalgamated to its present limits, and prevents even the possibility of growth, for a twelvemonth. Thus the Trust seeks to retain its hold on the ground won by it in the recent fight. Af- ter next July, the work of reorganizing the lost mills may recommence. But any progress in that direction will be hin- dered by the further clause in the strike settlement whereby the annual wage conference has been sacrificed. With that gone, the Amalgamated has little to live for. What is most important of all, however, is the fact that its mem- bers have in large numbers become thor- oughly alienated from the organization. Shaffer or no Shaffer, this lack of in- terest will prevent growth for years to come. The game which the machine Demo- crats of Philadelphia have been playing as the subservient tools of the corrupt Republican machine has strained the pa- tience of the decent Democrats of that city to the breaking-point, and on Friday the break came. The Democratic Coun- ty Convention met and, without regard to the advice of ex-Gov. Pattison, Chair- man of the City Committee, and of Col. Guffey, the Democratic National Committeeman for Pennsylvania, nomi- nated a "straight" Democratic tick- et, not even endorsing District Attor- ney Rothermel, who has been renomi- nated by the reform forces. As soon aa the Convention, which was made up al- most solely of the members of the Demo- cratic ring known to cooperate with the Ashbridge plunderers, had done its work, Chairman Pattison tendered his resignation, and, with Col. Guffey, an- nounced that a new Democratic City Committee would be organized which would cooperate with the union reform forces. Chairman Pattison's resignation was to be expected under the circum- stances, for he could not retain the con- fidence of decent men and remain at the head of the Democratic machine as at present constituted. The determination to form a new committee and rally hon- est Democrats to the support of the union reform movement furnishes more ground for hope than any previous ef- fort of ex-Gov. Pattison in this emer- gency. The selection of Seth Low as their can- didate for Mayor by the conferees who represented the eighteen anti-Tammany organizations, last week, was finally reached through an almost unanimous vote of the conferees, by a process of elimination. It was plainly desirable that the anti-Tammany candidate should be a man who, in either public or private life, had opposed Tammany effpctively in recent times; but different objections ap- peared to render unavailable the Comp- troller, the District Attorney, the Justice of Special Sessions who has cooperated with the prosecuting officer, and the Chairman of the Committee of Fifteen. In a city where a large majority of the voters are Democrats, and where suc- cess for the anti-Tammany candidate de- pends upon his receiving considerable Democratic support, it was plainly desir- able that this candidate should be a man of independent mind, whose affiliations had been with the Democratic party. Many Democrats were suggested, but dif- ferent objections were fatal to all of them — such as too great age, failure to command the confidence of the conserva- tive elements, incapacity to make an ef- fective campaign, the ignorance of the general pubiic regarding estimable but little-known citizens, and the charge of being professional politicians. Mean- while there stood quite apart one man whose fitness to be the anti-Tammany candidate now could not be disputed, because he had been such a candidate before and had acquitted himself well; a man who had been for four years Mayor of the second largest borough; a man who was not advocated by any element among the conferees with the ardor which characterized the support of many others, but against whom hardly one of them felt implacable opposition. Under these circumstances it has for weeks been almost as certain that Mr. Low would be the final choice as that the day set for the selection would come. Since Mr. Philbin cannot be induced to accept a nomination as District At- torney, the Citizens' Union is eminently justified in putting forward the name of Justice Jerome for that position upon the anti-Tammany ticket. Mr. Jerome has shown by his prosecution of the po- lice matters which have come before him that he possesses exactly the qualities needed to make a successful District At- torney. He is able, aggressive, and full of a determination to promote the ends of justice which cannot be shaken by any number of checks or defeats. There are probably not more than three or four, if so many, citizens of New York, out- side of Tammany Hall, who know the condition of the police force as thor- oughly as does Mr. Jerome, or are better acquainted with the causes of the city's moral degradation. As a Justice, he has conscientiously striven to treat each case which has come before him with a view to finding a method of dealing with the prisoner, consistent with the ends of jus- tice, which should offer the best chance of helping the prisoner himself. So irre- proachable has been his own career, so careful has he been in keeping within the limits of his judicial authority, that Tammany has been unable to make a point against him or to check his "per- nicious activity" in any way. The fact that so courageous a judge was at hand with power to follow up police corrup-

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Sept. 26, 1901] The Nation. 237 tion has been the most encouraging fea- ture of the municipal situation during the last few months. Mr. Jerome's fa- miliarity with the District Attorney's of- fice, in which he was an Assistant under Col. Fellows, is but another reason why his valuable public services should be recognized by the anti-Tammany con- ferees. New York has lost a valuable citizen by the death of Simon Sterne, and one whom it could ill afford to spare at the beginning of another effort to free it from its thraldom to Tammany Hall. Against this organization, its methods and aims, Mr. Sterne did some extremely effective work in many previous cam- paigns, from the Tweed period down, both by his writings and his utterances. But he did not confine these efforts to preelection periods. In the City Club, the Reform Club, and other organizations his voice was always for independence in politics, non-partisanship in municipal affairs, and good government. Towards these ends he gave many valuable hours to attendance at routine committee meet- ings, with a generosity which was an in- spiration to younger men, and a splendid example of civic devotion to men of his own age and rank. As a lawyer, his po- sition among the leaders of the New York and, indeed, of the entire Ameri- can bar was unquestioned. There are few left whose knowledge of railroad and Constitutional law is as profound as was his. Never an office-seeker, he was ever ready to serve the public when called upon, and his willingness to do so led to his services being called for by the Board of Trade, the Chamber of Com- merce, the Interstate Commerce Com- mission, and other bodies. Both Gov. Tilden and Gov. Morton recognized the public value of his character and abil- ities. Vessels arriving at Tacoma from the sealing grounds in Bering Sea report that an unusually small catch is being made for this season. No vessel concerning which information has been received had taken more than eighty seals down to August 21, while there were many whose voyage had been wholly fruitless. This experience indicates that the gloomy predictions concerning the future of the sealing industry are gradually being realized, for this year's catch is so small that even the officers of the vessels en- gaged admit that the extermination of the seal is in sight. None of the reasons assigned for small catches in previous years can be admitted in this instance, for the conditions under which the ves- sels have been operating are unusually favorable. Each year's experience points more and more directly to the conclu- sion that some measures looking to the protection of the female seals and the old males must be adopted. Pelagic seal- ing must be prohibited; but to do this the international deadlock on the sub- ject must somehow be broken. The United States could better afford to cede the fishing rights for which it has con- tended than to have the process of ex- termination completed. The annual report of the so-called "Rope Trust," officially known as the Standard Rope and Twine Company, em- phasizes the moral which we drew last week from the case of the English cot- ton combination. The Standard Com- pany is the successor of the more or less famous National Cordage, which played a somewhat conspicuous role in the first craze over "Trust" incorpora- tion, ten years ago. That company paid dividends at the rate of 7 per cent, on a share capital of $20,000,000. and the price of its shares rose to extraordinary fig- ures. It went into bankruptcy in 1893, three months after distributing $250,000 dividends, which, as it soon appeared, were paid out of working capital. Its successor company scaled down the to- tal capital some 25 per cent., and has made no payments on the half of it placed as stock. Yet its report for the twelve months ending June 30 shows that even these much-reduced annual charges were not earned by the year's operations, the shortage in profit-and- loss account approaching half a million dollars. A fortnight ago, another indus- trial combination created in the move- ment of 1899 had to make a similar con- fession. In its first fourteen months of corporate existence, the Republic Iron and Steel Company, organized with a capital of $47,000,000, paid 7 per cent, on its preferred stock, and reported a surplus of $2,200,000. In the next twelve months, lately completed, it had to bor- row $1,100,000 from its surplus to meet this cumulative dividend. The report of the financial distress of the Colombian Government throws grave doubt upon the ability of its Administra- tion to cope successfully with the revo- lution. Notwithstanding the fact that seventy or eighty per cent, of the popu- lation are said to sympathize with the new movement, it might still be possible for the authorities to retain power could they keep the army in hand, for it is strong enough to deal an effective blow to the revolution. In order to retain control of the troops, the Government must, however, pay them liberally and promptly — a policy not hitherto pursued, since about $45,000 is now due for back pay to a single division. Even this situ- ation would not necessarily be fatal if the tax-paying power of the country had not been severely strained. The lowness of the level reached by Colombian finance is made plain by the reported de- cline of the paper peso to less than three cents, and the continued appreciation of gold. No such low quotation could have been reached unless hope of relief through taxation were almost dead. The use of forced loans indicates that the last resources of a bankrupt Government are being employed. Among the French Socialists the Czar's visit has aroused various emo- tions. That certain leaders of the pro- letariat should seek to exploit the overt friendliness of a tyrannical empire ana a bourgeois republic, and should find in the pomp of the fetes an argument for the social revolution, was inevitable. Generally the Socialist town councils which have been most eager to go on record against the imperial visit have been held well in check by the Socialist allies of the Ministry; and, opportunely enough, M. Jaures's new doctrine of "Parliamentary Socialism" was an- nounced only a fortnight or so before the Czar's arrival at Dunkirk. The in- cident at Rheims on Friday night shows that the Government's Socialist friends may be quite as much of an embarrass- ment as its enemies. The Socialist Mayor of Rheims "monsieured" his Ma- jesty throughout a banquet, plied him with the best Rheims champagne, clink- ed glasses with him, and generally made him feel at home among the other cito- yens. Thus the perfect equality of a Socialist Mayor and a great monarch was triumphantly established. To the Czar the experience must have afforded a novel entertainment. The committee whose duty it is to keep the republic on its good benavior must have taken a less kindly view of these unscheduled con- vivialities. An extreme example of protectionism is found in a peculiar clause of the new Australian Tariff Bill, which provides that all vessels coming from abroad must pay duty on the provisions con- sumed by the passengers and crews while in port. It makes no difference if the supplies have been brought from home by the vessel and are merely used dur- ing its stay in harbor. Whatever the source of the stores, duty must be paid on them. Inasmuch as many vessels call at several Australian ports, requir- ing more than a week to make the round, the imposition of the tariff on their sup- plies will materially increase their run- ning expenses. Such a provision is the precise opposite of the English practice, which permits vessels to carry with them abundant supplies, duty free, when mak- ing the round of the different ports. The imposition of the tax is likely to amount to discrimination against English vessels and in favor of German and French ships, of which, according to the London Economist, the tax cannot be collected. The impost represents a most excessive application of protection to home indus- tries, since it amounts to practical com- pulsion to buy ships' stores in the local Australian market, instead of starting with a full supply for the journey.

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238 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 89 1 THE MOURNING. The improssiveness of the latent proof that one touch of nature makes the whole world kin, was in some ways un- exampled. The popular and official mourning abroad for President McKin- ley was on such a scale as to imply a solidarity of nations like that dreamed of by the revolutionists of 1848. It was, however, displayed by an England mo- mentarily drawn to us by Imperialistic filibustering; and by France in the midst of a reception of the Tsar de- signed to convince her hereditary foes on either side that the shadowy "alli- ance" with Russia is a powder-and-shot reality. In the formal give-and-take of potentates we are simply getting our share; and as we multiply our political points of contact with foreign Powers, exchanges of felicitations and condo- lences are liable at any time to be put to the test of situations in which the "natural man" habitually asserts him- self. Similar reflections suggest themselves on analyzing the domestic expression of sorrow and respect for the murdered Chief Magistrate. It might be inter- preted as a solemn protest against the lawlessness which is the badge of the assassin and his kind. We have heard, however, ministers of the gospel, while certifying to Mr. McKinley's Christian character, regret that Czolgosz was not torn to pieces on the spot; and it has been painfully evident that the mob spirit has everywhere been aroused in resentment at the crime of September 6. Thousands, it is true, have enter- tained this spirit in thought, or breath- ed it in words, to one who has joined in giving It practical effect; but, in far too many instances, petty persecution or brutal violence, even to tarring and feathering and expulsion, has been vis- ited on the unfeeling creatures who ex- ulted in the President's death. We have, in fact, witnessed throughout the coun- try a measurable reflection of the treat- ment accorded to Tories during the Revolution, over which the decent apolo- gist of the Fathers seeks to draw a veil. A certain portion of the press has barely refrained from exciting violence, as veil as odium, against those who, in times past, have, in other journals, in public addresses, or through any of the recognized avenuesof free speech, judged President McKinley unfavorably; and this is an ominous sign of the times. There was a period when slavery, and again the Union, were the sacred ob- jects to be protected by such terroriz- ing, but that was when both were in peril. Now, death, like a despot, has closed and locked the doors and set seals on a finished public character, and rage is vented on those who furnished that current criticism on which the his- torian depends for a just understanding of the man and his epoch. In all these truly anarchistic manifes- tations, we do not say that the hideous Southern lynchings find their explana- tion; but can any thoughtful mind fail to discern in them a reason for the growing indifference to these lynchings which is more dangerous than they? It was characteristic of the cruelties of slavery that the master's punishment bore no necessary proportion to the of- fence. How could it when passion might be gratified without fear of pub- lic opinion or of legal consequences? The moment unpopular opinion and ex- pression are permitted to be dealt with otherwise than according to law, the penalty is again certain to be unrelat- ed in severity to the offence. Outrage upon national feeling may by any mob be placed among capital crimes, and it makes no difference whether that feel- ing is idolatry for institutions, or sor- row and resentment for the assassin's disturbance of the body politic. The abolitionists experienced this to the full, pure as were their aims, and their instrumentalities only moral. When Frederick Douglass, at Syracuse, in 1850, declared Washington, Jefferson, and Patrick Henry (slaveholders all) ' f trangers to any just idea of Liberty," a journal of the day marvelled that "no hand was raised to fell the speaker to the earth"; and a New York contem- porary, anticipating Douglass's presence al an anti-slavery meeting in this city, warned him that if he "shall reproclaim his Syracuse treason here, and any man shall arrest him in his diabolical career, and not injure him, thousands will exclaim, in language of patriotic love for the Constitution and the rights of the South, 'Did he not strike the vil- 'lead?' " We recently commented on some sta- tistics collected by the Chicago Tribune regarding illegal executions throughout the Union. Massachusetts was among the four States free from the blot of lynchings during the past sixteen years. How accidental this was. appears from what happened on Cape Cod on the day of the funeral ceremonies at Washing- ton for the dead President. The coach- man of ex Secretary Olney was over- heard to say that the shooting was a good thing, and that President McKin- ley should have been shot long ago. Some one made affidavit to this effect. There was an indignation movement among the citizens; Mr. Olney was informed of the matter, and it was re- ported that ihe man had been discharg- ed. As there was no affidavit to this, however, "one hundred citizens, repre- senting about one-third of the voting population" of the village, "determined to give Conway [the coachman] a coat of tar and feathers" on Wednesday night. Not finding him at large, they 1 roceeded io Mr. Olney's house to ascer- tain his whereabouts, but Mr. Olney re- fused to take any notice of them, even by so much as showing himself when they called him out. Now they might, by mob law, have considered this incivil- ity worthy of the treatment intended for Conway, and perhaps in their hearts they did. Still, wishing to see what persuasion would do, "the crowd sang 'Nearer, My God, to Thee' and 'America,' and made repeated but fruitless efforts to bring a response from Mr. Olney." They then repaired to the town hall and resolved that Mr. Olney's course was "an insult to American citizenship," and finally hung an effigy to a telegraph-pole. We do not think this needs much comment even from some pulpits we could name. Massachusetts escaped once more the lynching black-list; but if Mr. Olney was really secreting his servant, or refused to betray him to an evil-dis- posed body of citizens who had no guar- antee to give that they would stop short with tarring and feathering the man, we can only say he got off more lightly than he would have done south of Ma- son and Dixon's line, where mobs are. not content with hymn-singing and effigies. Some blushing will perhaps begin now that such scenes are possi- ble in a Massachusetts town. The coachman — granting that he was not traduced or drunk — was akin to Czol- gosz to the extent of his heartless re- mark. But how much removed from either were "the hundred citizens, repre- senting about one-third of the voting population" of the town, who had a chance to resolve against him as well as against Mr. Olney and still remain law- abiding? A.s it is, they have brought both law and religion into contempt. RESPONSIBILITY FOR YELLOW JOURNALISM. The theory, which has been seriously advanced, that Czolgosz was led to as- sassinate President McKinley by read- ing a certain daily newspaper, is with- out a particle of evidence, and is an af- front to common sense. One might with as much reason have argued that Gui- teau was impelled to kill President Gar- field in 188 L by reading the bitter dia- tribes in Republican newspapers during that period of heated factional contro- versy in the Republican party which preceded the assassination. Hardly less justifiable have been the more extreme complaints regarding the treatment of the late President by yellow journals, going, as they often have virtually gone, to the length of declaring that public men must be relieved from criticism by the writer or the cartoonist. Freedom of legitimate discussion must be maintained. If any editor or any public man feels persuaded that a Presi- dent is working harm to the republic, he must have the right to say so plainly and emphatically. A year and a half ago, Mr. Hoar, the veteran Republican Senator from Massachusetts, was pro- foundly convinced that the policy pur-

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Sept. 26, 1901] The Nation. 239 sued by the Administration was one so utterly bad that "perseverance in it will be the abandonment of the principles upon which our Government is founded, that it will change our republic into an empire"; and he so declared, in the most impressive manner, in a speech delivered before the Senate on the 17th of April, 1900. The right of any pub- lic man — and of any newspaper editor — to say such severe things as this about any President must be preserved, and it will be a sad day for the republic when there are no Senators ready to speak the truth as they see it. So, too, we must render it possible always for a Nast to expose a Tweed, or a Keppler a Blaine, in a cartoon which puts a whole argument in a single picture. The real offence of yellow journalism is not so much that it holds a public man up to undeserved ridicule, or visits upon him censure which he does not de- serve, as that its pervading spirit is one of vulgarity, indecency, and reckless sensationalism; that it steadily violates the canons alike of good taste and sound morals; that it cultivates false stan- dards of life, and demoralizes its read- ers; that it recklessly uses language which may incite the crack-brained to lawlessness; that its net influence makes the world worse. A force working to such ends surely ought to be restrained, and public opinion ought to be brought to bear against it in the most effective possible ways. There has been much discussion as to the responsibility for this sort of journalism, but the real blame surely rests upon the community which sustains it. Fortunately, too, this responsibility can be narrowed down. Those most to blame for the existence of any evil are the people who could do most to suppress it, by giving the force of their example, as well as their words, against it. One can, and should, "have nothing to do with him" in the case of any private citizen who has forfeited public respect by gross misconduct; re- fuse to go to his house, to recognize him on the street, to endorse his course in any way. Precisely the same thing can and should be done in the case of a newspaper. It is a disagreeable truth, but one which ought to be told, that yellow jour- nalism, in its worst New York exem- plar, stood upon a higher plane of re- spectability on the day Mr. McKinley was shot than ever before, because it had just secured the endorsement of a number of the most prominent men in the community; because an eminent bishop of the church had become a con- tributor to its columns; because other well-known clergymen, lawyers, and business men had followed this leader- ship; because it was thus enabled, with apparent truth, to boast not only that it was a most reputable publication, but that it was of all newspapers in New York the one which offered the best medium for public teachers to employ. The dead walls of this city two weeks ago were placarded with great posters displaying this certificate of good char- acter. But the Journal was just the same newspaper when it was given this certificate that it had always been; it was unchanged when it published com- munications on labor and capital by these highly respectable and influential men. They knew its character well when they agreed to furnish such arti- cles. They ought to have known, too, that it wanted simply the endorsement of their names in order to convince doubters that it was a fit paper for the home. They ought also to have known that the readers would turn from their articles to pages of scandal, vulgarity, indecency, and sensationalism. They sinned against the light. "Why will people buy such a news- paper?" has been the most common question. Why should they not buy it, when our best men write for it? Why should we expect people not to patronize a paper which can advertise that it is vouched for by leaders in the church, in law, in finance? With what force can we condemn a newspaper for its vul- garity, indecency, and general demoral- ization, with what force can we criti- cise the ignorant and the untrained for reading such a paper, when our very teachers of morality pronounce it a fit instructor for them? These are the questions we must now ask. What this community needs is not diatribes against the conductors of yel- low journals, or against the buyers of them. It needs the general adoption by our business men, our lawyers, our clergymen, cur men of light and leading, of the only effective method for discour- aging such journals, as exemplified, more than three years ago, by an ex- President. On the 27th of February, 1S98, W. R. Hearst telegraphed to Grover Cleveland that Levi P. Morton, Gen. Miles, Rear-Admiral Selfridge, William C. Whitney, O. H. P. Belmont, George Gould, C. M. Depew, Gen. O. O. Howard, the Governors of fifteen States, the Mayors of fifty-two cities, and a large number of other citizens in public and private life, had accepted membership en his committee to erect a national mon- ument by popular subscription to the men who went down with the Maine, and asked permission to add the ex- President's name to the list of national committeemen. This reply was sent as soon as the wires could carry it: "Princeton, N. J., February 28, 1898. "To W. R. Hearst, New York Journal, New York: "I decline to allow my sorrow for those who died on the Maine to be perverted to an advertising scheme for the New York Journal. Grover Cleveland." AN IMPORTANT OFFICE. The appointment of William B. Ridge- ly of Illinois to the office of Comptroller of the Currency is, of course, no sur- prise. For some time prior to the as- sassination of President McKinley it had been an open secret that Illinois was to be permitted to retain its "mort- gage" on the office, and that the son-in- law of Senator Cullom would be the next Comptroller. An unfortunate dis- position to keep the appointment in poli- tics, instead of making it a recognition of broad practical skill or theoretical knowledge, was thus manifested, and the mere recognition of what was al- ready decided cannot properly, there- fore, be imputed to President Roosevelt for unrighteousness. While, however, Mr. Ridgely owes his office to politi- cal influence, it should be recognized that he has a better preparation for duty than many of his predecessors. He has had some practical experience in bank- ing, and is therefore in a certain way better qualilied than men who had never seen the inside of a bank save as cus- tomers, and had never read a line on the theoretical aspects of the subject. The coming of a new appointee to such an office as that of Comptroller suggests some sober reflections upon the respon- sibilities attaching thereto. A communi- ty which can treat the Comptrollership as political spoils is likely to forget the nature of the duties of the office, and to overlook the fact that it should be much more than a Government sinecure, or even a position to be filled by some man of little ability and merely faithful to the routine duties of each day's work. The office of Comptroller under the pres- ent organization of the national bank- ing system is one of commanding im- portance, and there is no single man in the country who can do more than an in- formed and tactful Comptroller to keep the country off the rocks of speculative and credit inflation by insisting upon a sound basis for bank loans, and the maintenance of an adequate reserve. There is no man who, with the immense volume of information at his command, is in better position to sound the call for retreat when the financial institu- tions of the country have incautiously advanced too far upon dangerous ground, and to warn the ignorant pub- lic of coming danger. Besides this gen- eral function as an advance guard to the soundness of the country's prosperi- ty, the daily duties of the office in clos- ing unsound, and winding up the affairs of failed, banks, are such as require im- mense firmness and courage, as well as a high degree of insight into banking organization. Finally, a most important service to the study of banking is per- formed in the publication of the Comp- troller's annual report. Of these three functions the first has seldom of late years been exercised. It is true that various Comptrollers have had much to say of "currency reform," but their predictions as to financial con- ditions have usually come after instead

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24=0 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1891 or! before the fact and their knowledge of hanking has been too superficial, lim- ited, or hastily acquired to make their general observations worth notice. Pro- fessor von Hoist says that "an obser- vance of the ten commandments never made a statesman." In like manner, or- dinary common sense, the control of votes in primaries, even shaving notes in a country town, or groping in the vaults of a city bank, never endowed any one with financial perspicacity and grasp of general conditions. The routine work of the office has often been performed with efficiency and dispatch. Men who knew nothing cf those duties upon entering the of- fice have familiarized themselves with what they had to do, and in time learned to go through the daily routine faith- fully and well. But even with such a man in the Comptroller's chair there is the ever-present danger that his entry into office may be followed by no halcyon period of calm, during which a finan- cial genius may be incubated, but that he may encounter rough weather at the outset. A Comptroller's inexperience may seriously derange the whole bank- ing mechanism of the country if troub- lous times follow his induction into of- fice. Even the well-meaning though in- competent man has often been lacking. There have been too many cases where flagrant appointments of receivers, bank examiners, and others made for politi- cal ends have prostituted the large and profitable appointive power of the Comp- troller to the basest uses. Mr. Dawes bimself has not been free from this very reproach, and in his own State has care- fully used his appointive power to pre- pare the ground for the Senatorial hon- or that he covets. While it is in these practical aspects that bankers and men of affairs will judge a Comptroller, the function of is- suing a comprehensive annual report will appeal more strongly to the the- oretical student of banking. It is safe to say that nowhere in the world can be found so complicated and extensive a mechanism as our national banking system. No Government officer in Eu- rope or America has the means to col- lect such a volume of information, or one of such recognized and universal value to students. No investigator is of- fered such a wonderful tool of research as the Comptroller's office rightly used. Students who now read the official writ- ings of John Jay Knox can feel only admiration at the breadth of view and the powerful grasp displayed in his re- ports. As compared with the classic writings of Knox, illustrated here and there by a few illuminating tables of statistics, the current volumes present but a shabby contrast. A vast aggre- gation of ill-arranged figures, gathered often with great labor, but quite fre- quently of no value either to student or practical man of affairs, a badly digest- ed review of the year in which the re- port appears — perhaps an investigation of some minor point suggested by a half- baked student of banking, or a few trite suggestions for legislation — these are all that the Comptroller now has to of- fer. By the side of such reports as those of the Austrian Statistical Office, based on far less wealth of material, but em- ploying the pens of the keenest statisti- cal experts, the work of our Comptrol- ler's office makes a poor showing. To act as helmsman and pilot to the credit institutions of the country, hon- estly to safeguard the interests of stock- holders and creditors of mismanaged banks, without favor or hope of political reward, to initiate and continue reforms in bank examination, to pursue the re- pression of fraud, to take advantage of an unsurpassed opportunity for the ascer- tainment of facts for which the world is anxiously waiting, is mark enough for the ambition of any man. But no such ideal can be attained until the office of Comptroller is taken out of politics and made the prize, not of any favorite son or son-in-law, but of eminence in prac- tical banking or in theoretical investi- gation. The Comptroller's office should not be a place of apprenticeship for bank presidents. It calls for the exercise of knowledge, and not its acquirement. THE LATEST FAILURE OF COOPER- ATION. The dispatches from the fishing port of Grimsby, at the mouth of the Hum- ber, on the northeast coast of England, indicate the approach of a climax in the labor dispute which has brought that place near to ruin during the past few months. Until this dispute arose, there were few ports in the world that could compete with Grimsby in the amount or value of their daily catch of fish. A large number of vessels were constantly employed in the North Sea, and furnished work to several thousand fishermen. Within recent years there has been a change in the nature of the Industry, and sailing vessels that were owned and commanded by the same man have had to give place to steam trawlers owned by limited-liability companies, hi this way the fishing industry has been exploited by capital, and, as in so many other occupations, small indepen- dent producers have had to become em- ployees in the business they once con- trolled. The more scientific exploita- tion of the fishing business has resulted primarily in diminishing the quantity of fish to be had. Not only are the steam trawlers free from the limitations imposed by the weather upon the old fishing smacks, but they also gather in many small fish that are of no value. It is said that twenty immature fish are sacrificed for every one of sufficient size caught. Under these circumstances it has been necessary to make longer voy- ages and to be content with much small- er hauls. Larger supplies of coal and other stores have unavoidably been car- ried, and more has been paid in wages for small catches of fish. The decrease in product and the in- crease in expense have gone so far that the owners' association has for some time been searching for a means of economizing. Hitherto the officers of the vessels have been employed upon a cooperative plan, and have received pay- ment in proportion to the success of each voyage. Common seamen, on the other hand, have been paid weekly wages. The companies, in their search for modes of reducing expenses, finally decided to offer the cooperative plan to all employees, and to make wages de- pend upon the success of the vessels en- gaged. It was thought that such a plan would result in greater activity on the part of the men, and would save the companies from serious loss in case of unsuccessful voyages. The terms thus proposed were, however, rejected, on the ground that the men could not take any risk; and even when the offer was amend- ed by the insertion of maximum and minimum points, beyond which the risk should not extend, it was contended that employees "could not afford" to have their wages "fluctuate" in such a way. On the other hand, the officers of the fishing vessels, who had all along been working on the cooperative plan, sud- denly became dissatisfied, and complain- ed that they had been unjustly treated in consequence of the high price of the provisions furnished to the vessels, so that they were mulcted of their legiti- mate profits on settling days. Thus a highly complicated labor problem was presented, and the resultant strike has now brought the town to the verge of starvation and anarchy. Involved as this particular situation is the principle at stake is very sim- ple, and rests merely upon the old ques- tion of methods of industrial remunera- tion. Shall the laborer be paid upon the basis of product turned out, or shall his remuneration be fixed beforehand and depend merely upon the outcome of competition 7 And, granting that the co- operative principle is to be employed, shall not the worker be guaranteed at all events a "living wage"? At this point, of course, difficulties begin. Just v hat a "living wage" should be, no one has yet been able to say. According to Dr. Johnson, "no man will be a sailor who has contrivance to get himself into a gaol." If his remark be true, living wages ought, perhaps, to be very high in the fishing industry, if we mean such wages as will induce men to work. Some have attempted to define living wages as "the rate of pay that will support men in ordinary comfort and enable them to bring forward a normal supply of popu- lation"— a criterion more useful in aca- demic discussion than in the settlement

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Sept. 26, 1901] The Nation. 241 Ox practical questions. The controversy about living wages, in fact, seems so im- possible and out of harmony with the known conditions of human life that it id hardly worth while to continue it. Re- duced to the aphorism that the world owes every man a living, it has been pretty thoroughly drummed out of the popular mind. The battle over the cooperative ques- tion is nearly as barren as that over living wages. The Grimsby fishing dis- pute throws a glaring side-light upon the well-known weakness of cooperation, since it presents men not as clamoring in the familiar way for cooperation, but as making complaint against it. It puts the fishermen in the light of insist- ing that fixed wages shall be paid them, whether the industry produces anything or not. It puts the officers of the ves- sels on record as beginning to complain of cooperation when trade is bad, al- though satisfied with it when times are good. No more striking commentary upon the cooperative question could be made than the statement that the men "could not afford to have their wages fluctuate." The fact is, that experience has shown that bodies of men are al- ways willing to have their wages fluctu- ate upward, but never downward. They are willing to share profits, but they are never ready to divide losses. They be- lieve in profit-sharing, but they turn with disgust from deficit-sharing. There is one point upon which la- borers and the labor school of econo- mists never seem clear — it is the source from which wages are paid. Ap- parently, they expect capital to net as a buffer, taking all the risks of loss in industry, but never insisting on corre- sponding gains, thus violating the prin- ciples of insurance, and blinking the fact that profits are far more of the nature of winnings than of earnings, and that fat seasons must be averaged with lean, profitable industries with unprofitable. Cooperators cannot apply their favorite patent medicine for discontent only to healthy industries, and leave the sick ones to languish. 1HE FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE. Just five years ago the present Czar visited Paris, and the transports of the populace showed clearly that they not only approved the Russian alliance, but were firmly convinced that the pact, the reality of which was denied on many sides, was firmly knit. Not long before the Parisian fetes, Bismarck had cyni- cally revealed his chef d'wuvre of du- plicity, the secret convention between Germany and Russia, which, until 1890, made Germany's position as head of the Triple Alliance one of the hollowest in- sincerity. At the time of the Czar's visit, Francois Charmes, the veteran chroni- cler for the Revue des Deux Mondes, re- marked, "Bismarck was perhaps wrong to expose prematurely one of his mas- ter strokes to the admiration, or rather to the imitation, of the world." The implication that President Faure or Hanotaux, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, had shown a Bismarckian astuteness in gaining the Russian alli- ance, did them too much honor. As a matter of fact, although then and now French enthusiasm has been more to the fore, it was Russia, not France, that was looking for an ally. Russia had brought out of the war with Turkey something very like a na- tional humiliation. Grave disaster had been averted only through the assis- tance of Rumania; and when Constanti- nople, the goal of centuries of Russian aspiration, was in sight, the Czar found himself checked by an "unholy alliance" of the Powers which asserted the Bea- consfieldian doctrine of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. The victory thus proved a hollow one, and the isolation of Russia In Europe became strikingly apparent. In 1889, a year before the equivocal convention with Germany had expired, it was possible for Alexander III. to toast the Prince of Montenegro as "Russia's only sincere and faithful friend." France, at the western end of Europe, was still smarting under the defeat of 1871, and was, like Russia, without al- lies, and surrounded by neighbors sus- picious, traditionally hostile, or actively unfriendly. It needed little to bring these two isolated nations together. On the occasion of the visit of the French squadron to Cronstadt in 1891, Alexan- der III. rose at the playing of the "Mar- seillaise," and later toasted the "pro- found sympathies that unite the two countries." The declarations of friend- ship by Russia became, with a certain coquetry, ever more outspoken. "When the Russian fleet in 1893 visited Toulon, the "sympathies" of the previous occa- sion had become "bonds which unite the two countries." By 1896, when the young Czar and the Czarina were tu- multously received in Paris, these "bonds" had become "precious," and "brotherhood in arms" had been ven- tured. Meanwhile, the French invest- ing classes had absorbed vast quantities of Russian bonds of a more tangible na- ture. The privilege of first pronounc- ing the now famous words nations amies et allies, was reserved for Presi- dent Faure, when, in 1897, he repaid the Czar's visit. He himself has left the record of the adroitness and tact with which he carried his amiable person and his historic white gaiters through the intricacies of imperial ceremonial. It has often been said that in all these transactions France played the monkey to Russia, to whom all the chestnuts were sure to fall. Such a judgment un- derestimated the value of the motive of national self-respect. From the Franco- Prussian war France had been practical- ly ignored in the councils of Europe; from the time that the alliance with Russia was generally known, no Euro- pean reckoning which left France out was valid. Mere glory this, one might say, but it would be to misread the tes- timony of French history not to see that glory has ever played a major part in French affairs. The present visit of the Czar to France and the appropriate festivities will be followed by the usual bond subscription in Paris, but the deeper import of the event is simply this, that it shows to the Powers of Europe, and particularly to the Triple Alliance, that the friendship between France and Russia remains un- shaken. For the French Ministry, the visit is timely. A general enthusiasm which will deafen the ranting of the Nationalists and still the snarling of the more radical Socialists, is a sound politi- cal asset; and the Parliamentary elec- tions are not far away. It is more dif- ficult to see any ultimate advantage to France — except the gratification of na- tional amour-propre already mentioned — from the continuance of the alliance. For some years past, France has been the freer to act in Africa because Rus- sia was her ally, but that has not pre- vented the snub at Fashoda; nor, in any event, would the advance towards Mo- rocco and the Niger have been opposed by England. France and Russia have, how- ever, had the satisfaction, if such it be, of turning the Beaconsfieldian doctrine on Great Britain, and preventing interfer- ence with the Turks in Armenia. In gen- eral, it must be said that the strength of the alliance in France rests upon a national instinct which, if not wholly ra- tional, is, nevertheless, irresistible and likely to be enduring. Russia, on the contrary, finds enor- mous potential advantages in tne alli- ance. Some day the story of the pas- sage of the Balkans may repeat itself, and, with France on Russia's side, no future Congress of Berlin could arrest the victorious armies of the Czar with- in sight of Constantinople. One might exhaust speculation in conjuring up fur- ther possibilities of this brotherhood in arms; for it should not be forgotten that, as the nature of the Czar's recep- tion indicates, this is a military alliance or nothing; but mere facile readjust- ments of the map of Europe have ceased to be amusing. It is clear enough, from what has been said, that if the "mar- riage," as "Felisque" Faure loved to call it, is ever dissolved, the provocation is not likely to come from Russia. A PHILIPPINE EXCURSION. Jolo, August 2, 1901. A high wind was churning the shallow waters of Manila Bay into white-capped hills and ridges when the United States Army transport Laicton set forth on her cruise among the southern islands. On his official

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242 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1891 tour of inspection, for the purpose of re- organization and consolidation, thereby ef- fecting a, large reduction in military expen- diture, General Oorbin had invited to ac- company him a number of friends — an un- usual opportunity, indeed, to see remote and otherwise inaccessible parts of the ar- chipelago, for those fortunate enough to be included. Almost as beautiful as the far- famed Inland Sea of Japan, the waterways among these exquisite islands have afforded rare effects of color, of sunshine and sha- dow chasing over smooth green fields or hea,vily wooded ridges and ravines; while sharp peaks, green to their summits and catching bits of filmy vapor, like shreds of a gauze veil softening every outline, rise from countless islands high into the south- ern sky. Mount Halcon, on Mindoro, reaches an altitude of nearly 9,000 feet from the sea. For scenic beauty alone the trip would be memorable; but landscape and sea and sky have been but the setting. At Panay Island, in the lovely little bay of Iloilo, second city of importance in the archipelago, the Lawton anchored the next evening after starting, just as a flaming sunset turned the rippling waters into dusky scarlet, molten, sombre. Almost entirely destroyed by the insurgents, and rebuilt in modern fashion, Iloilo is remarkably clean and correspondingly unpicturesque. Corru- gated iron roofs are undoubtedly convenient to transport, and efficient for their purpose, but they do not add to the decorative effect of a town. One sighs for the old tiles of softened, dingy red, so frequently seen else- where in the islands; even for the weather- stained native thatch. The ancient Spanish church is practically all that escaped shot and flame, and here are quaint altar fittings, and paintings, often of painfully suggestive subjects, but interesting withal. To the feminine mind, Iloilo is inseparably con- nected with the manufacture of jusi, that fascinating diaphanous cloth of pineapple fibre, showing gleaming stripes of silk in many delicate shades. Woven by women in their homes, on primitive looms, hours might pass happily in watching the dainty fabric- grow under the swiftly flying shuttles of the little brown workers, crouching at their toil. It is sold by the piece of twenty-four Span- ish yards. The islands in general present no such bewildering array of tempting arti- cles as China or Japan, but two or three products are famous, besides paper and string. Of them all, this cloth is the most attractive; with probably Manila hats and cigars closely following. Also, to be in strictly good Philippine form, one should collect bolos and other native knives and spears, thousands of which have been turn- ed in by surrendering insurgents, or, in many cases, presented to officers by loyal Filipino leaders. Another fad, less expensive than the purchase of these fine ivory-handled Toledo blades, and indulged in by army ladies and others who may have the oppor- tunity, is the collecting of native hats, odd- ly peaked, betasselled, flat or spiral, and of many colors and materials. A room exclu- sively decorated by Filipino hats and knives, with the native mats woven of bamboo, is a far from unattractive apartment. Panay, in area equal to Connecticut, con- sists of swampy jungle on its eastern coast, but is finely mountainous on the west, while its interior, as a brilliant young officer stationed at Iloilo remarked, is made up of "everything, from the bad lands of Arizona to the Garden of Eden." As a matter of fact, palms, mangoes, and bamboo flourish luxuriantly, as well as the necessary and more practical hemp and rice. The people are Visayans, with another language from the more widely spread Tagalog, and cer- tain racial differences in addition. At their midday meal they form a curious if un- appetizing sight. A barge-load of natives, who had been conveying ashore several tons of commissary supplies from the Lawton, were resting and eating alongside during their two hours of noon luxury. Rice and a bright green vegetable soup appeared to be the bill of fare, dipped out from central bowls into the variegated hats of each, from which handfuls were successfully and speedily extracted by the hungry owners. Five or six fistfuls constituted a full meal. One man, producing a very good brim minus the crown of his head-gear, had difficulties in managing his share. On the way to Calbayog, on Samar Island, occurs some of the most beautiful scenery. A short stop only was made at Calba- yog, Samar being one of the few places where more or less desultory fighting is still going on. At Cebu, too, we made but a short stay. The town lies at the head of a pretty bay, on entering which Mactan Island is passed, where the gallant Magel- lan was killed in a foolish skirmish nearly four hundred years ago, after having dis- covered and taken possession of the Philip- pine Islands in the name of Charles I. of Spain. A monument was erected to him, and in the town another monument marks the spot where, in 1521, the first religious service in the islands was held. Native boats at Cebu are even longer and more narrow than those of the north, and the outriggers are more fantastic. It induces an odd feelingof proprietorship to see little American flags flying gayly from these in- digenous craft, instead of the Dutch, Eng- lish, German, or Siamese ensigns proudly fluttering from similar peaks, to which for months we have been accustomed. Here, too, occasional fighting occurs, and some firing into the town takes place every night. But the people about the streets seemed friendly and good-natured, evidently amazed and disappointed if we paid them, without protest, the asking price for the pretty mats woven there. The town.> grew more interesting with every southward mile. At Zamboanga, on Mindanao, we met the first Moros of the trip, again with different characteristics, dross, and language; they are also devout Mohammedans, and firm allies of the Americans, against whom they have never offered the least shadow of revolt. On the beach were drawn up boats of another pattern from -those of the north, with high, divided sterns delicately carved and ornamented. Through the middle of the principal street runs a quiet stream, «i ass-bordered and shady— the town water supply. Both Moro and Filipino villages were gay with scarlet cloth, flags, and white fringes for a three days' fiesta to begin on the morrow. But, even with merry- making in the air, the Moro nipa shacks «iie still the scene of much industry, old women busily weaving the brilliant red and yellow stripes and plaids in a sort of cotton, worn as sarongs and turbans. The foliage has here a more tropical appear- ance than in other islands; cocoanut-palm groves abound, with banana and bread- fruit. Tiny rice plants were being set out in the acres of paddy-fields, or else the watery squares were in process of plough- ing, the caribao being used for this con- genial employment. Still south the Lawton pursued her placid way, past islands dreaming in softened sum- mer haze, or half hidden by sunlit showers sweeping over green valleys and precipitous peaks, until the anchor was again cast — this time at the mouth of the Rio Grande de Mindanao. Seven or eight miles up the river, reached by launches, is the charming little town of Catabato. Fish weirs, dotted over with the black heads of natives at work on their spoil, were conspicuous at first, the river banks later becoming low and heavily wooded, as we rapidly steamed up stream. Vultures on every dead tree, above their huge, straggling nests; monkeys leap- ing from branch to branch; brilliant blue kingfishers flashing across the water; the peculiar river plant, lijse a lettuce-head, so frequent everywhere, collecting in little floating islands here and there — every mile of the Rio Grande had its own charm. Streams, large and small, enter the river at intervals, and native rafts, apparently propelled through grass and shrubs, follow- ed a labyrinthine course past shacks, far into the country toward the hills. A com- pany of soldiers, a band, and an impromptu crowd of Moros greeted the arrival at Cata- bato. Very black, in a minimum of clothes, their brilliant turbans arranged in a cocky point over one ear, their belts full of knives, the Moros watched us interestedly as we strolled through the shady, grass-grown streets to the home of the commanding offi- cer. They flocked around us, offering knives, spears, even shields for very small prices, speaking a sort of Spanish not hard to under- stand; but their own personality was more curious than anything they had to sell. Had time allowed, however, a very good collection might have been made at Catabato — and of weapons actually in use, not the new iron blades and hastily carved handles already beginning to be offered by the more sophisti- cated natives elsewhere. For actual beauty Jolo is the most satis- fying town of the trip. The Burnside, with Gen. Greely on board, engaged in laying and looking after cables, was found here when we anchored, and three towns, with a truly splendid mountain background, stretched along the shore. At the left of Jolo itself a native village, called locally Bus Bus, shows a long line of nipa shacks and the more pretentious white dwelling of a former wife of the Sultan. On the extreme right an- other village, Tullie, spreads itself well out into the water, the huts barely raised above high tide on stilt-like foundations, their floors of bamboo, with wide cracks allowing confusing glimpses of gently flowing waves but a few inches below. Landing on the well- built pier, an imposing gateway admits us to the wide, finely shaded street, where shops kept by Indians and Chinese, American sol- diers passing back and forth, fine bands playing a variety of modern airs, Filipinos hovering about, Moros curiously following, charming old Spanish gardens separated from the street by low parapets of masonry, fountains tinkling, monuments, and a native market, present a panorama of cosmopolitan combinations never before brought together. Over all is an air of quiet, of unhurried restfulness, of cool repose, which is pecu- liarly grateful, and caused more than one

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Sept. 26, 1901] The 2STation. 243 member of our company to wish for a long detail in these enchanting shades. Except among the Negritos, I have no- ticed no especial evidence of disease. Lep- rosy does prevail to some extent, but an island, Cagayan, has been set apart as an isolating station, and all known cases are being collected in the hospital at Manila.. Already six hundred are being carefully looked after, and the natives are said to assist the army surgeons in their attempts to find the afflicted lepers, instead of hid- ing them, as the Hawaiians formerly did. The great success of vaccination here, in stamping out smallpox, has inspired the feeling that the other dread disease also may be eradicated by doing as the Ameri- canos wish. In Jolo the climate, while warm, is apparently not enervating. In- deed, nowhere in the islands is that strik- ing paleness, so marked in Singapore and Bangkok, observable in foreigners. One of the leading Moros invited us to his house, over the sea, into which one ventured by a precarious bridge of bam- boo above the waves. Here he exhibited first his knives and embroideries, next his pearls, and then his five wives, of whom the favorite was a stout, good-humored damsel, quite young enough to be his daughter. Of the pearls collected in these waters, over $350,000 worth had been ship- ped to various countries the day before we reached Jolo, so that those remaining here were not in great numbers, or of especially perfect form and lustre. But several were of great size. Outside the walls of the town is the "knife market," an open space, partly roofed with native mats, where Moros are allowed to come with their weapons for barter. On sorry- looking nags the men and boys galloped up, their brilliant rags fluttering in the breeze, their twisted belts full of knives, spears held aloft, and gay turbans above their straggling black hair. Here we found the constant barong, short and wide- bladed, with handle of ivory or ebony or caribao-horn, Inlaid with pearl and Ivory, the longer and less frequent wavy blade of the kris, and the still longer, cleft steel of the campilan, its handle ornament- ed with horsehair tassels. With betel- blackened smiles on their amiable, swarthy faces, and fully aware of the value of their beloved weapons, the Moros told the vir- tues of each blade in a composite dialect, in which I recognized considerable Malay and more or less Spanish. The experience was as interesting as the relics. Later in the day a Moro dance was held in the middle of the wide village street, or plaza, and when we arrived a large au- dience had collected around the roped space. Soldiers leaned on their guns, and pretty Filipino women looked from upper balconies. People of many races — Chinese, Malay, Moro, Filipino, Indian — waited pa- tiently, while each shade-tree held its complement of agile spectators. In the centre were spread large straw mats, and the music had already begun. Two metal drums were hung from trees and beaten by men with padded sticks. Below them a woman squatted on the ground before eight circular bronze implements, in shape like covered bowls, set on two wires stretched in a long box, upon which she played with bare sticks. They appeared to be tuned in some sort of minor scale. though the third was true minor. The seventh was lacking. The strange melodies pro- duced were emphatically syncopated, made more jerky by the accent of the big gongs overhead and of two long drums lying upon the ground near by, beaten on their ends of tightly stretched fur by the flat palms of a man and a woman. Spurred on by this apparently exciting music, a man sprang out upon the mat, his face stern and determined, and began to pose and gesticulate. He appeared to hitch himself around by his toes, with hands and arms stiffly yet gracefully curving, rigid yet constantly changing, and held aloft in strange contortions. A second soon join- ed him, adding to the effect by a peculiar hunching of back and shoulders. In what the especially fine points of the perform- ance consisted, we did not know, but every moment or two the crowd would break into wild cries of joy at certain motions and expressions, as, with head well over the left shoulder, the men pursued one another majestically around the mat. Several sets of dancers followed, generally in trousers of gray or striped cotton, so tight that it seemed their limbs must have been melted and poured in, bright-colored silk jackets with gold buttons, and two or three gay sashes wound and rewound about their waists, through which handsome knives were thrust on the left side, while the right bulged with the safely stowed be- tel-boxes, of silver or brass. The heads were always encased in brilliant turbans, and frequently some startling scarf was thrown across one shoulder. Later, two women came upon the scene very shyly, their wide sarongs draped from the neck, their posturing much like the Ma- lay in the Dutch East Indies, with sugges- tions of the Japanese. Then two little girls appeared, in gorgeously colored brocade, lit- tle coats and tight skirts, black hair done up in hard knots and surrounded by gold buttons, their fingers covered with rings, their arms with bracelets. Toward the end two men came on, with spears and shields, and had a dance and mock conflict combin- ed, much to the glee of the crowd, who watched the solemn-faced lunges, the stamp- ing, and the given and evaded thrusts, with shouts and yells of approval. At last the master of ceremonies, an old fellow in a bright yellow turban and very flat face, in which the nostrils made two perpendicular caverns, stepped in and drew the actors apart. One of them had looked so fierce, and had come so near "sticking" his ad- versary, that I fancied the manager of the ring feared a sort of "amok" spirit was growing, and might break loose. To soothe our disappointment, a man stepped forth and balanced a spear, point downward, upon his tongue, at which the crowd, led by half- a-dozen Americans, broke into applause — a new demonstration to them. And there we sat together, Gen. Corbin, Gen. Greely, Capt. Nichols, Capt. Sage, and other officers equal- ly famous in making this world's history, with two or three ladies — surrounded, as re- gards one another, by our own atmosphere of social convention, but set in the midst of this wild Moro scene! On the green bank above, a black monkey walked about, surveying us. As the closing event of this noteworthy afternoon a very old man, fired by remem- brance of his youthful prowess, hobbled to the mat, smiling feebly, and uncertainly brandishing spear and shield as if challeng- ing any opponent to mortal combat. This mightily pleased the crowd, which sent up a great shout, doubly augmented when a second grandfather, his toothless mouth working, his face one hieroglyph of wrinkles, crept on to accept the challenge. The old men began, and the crowd went wild with joy. Gradually the years fell from them, their dim eyes flashed, their sunken cheeks filled out, their bony arms seemed infused with iron strength, and they danced about each other, aiming, lunging, parrying, and growing more agile with every moment as their stiffened limbs renewed the early joys of conflict, until a temporary fire of youth seemed to flood their wrinkled bodies and animate the hardened muscles. It was verit- ably another "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment," with only a long-forgotten activity and ap- plause as the magic potion. During the evening, while a charming re- ception, given us by the officers, was in progress, the Sultan of Moro appeared with all his suite. This was a surprise, as his Majesty Hadji Mohammed Jamabul Kiram was reported as many miles distant on a battlefield, where he and a rebellious dato have for some weeks been settling thoir differences. And, indeed, he was arrayed, not in the gold embroidery and sashes of state, but in the green turban and dingy garments of conflict, having heard of the General's arrival and hastened straight from the front to do him honor. With a strong face the Sultan, and one or two men of marked forcefulness in his suite, after his official interview, stood for a few mo- ments watching the American dancing, be- fore returning to his distant camp. The Moros are proving effective allies in the matter of forestry, which, to our credit be it said, is conducted in the Philippines more extensively and intelligently than we have seen fit to insist upon at home. The bureau was organized by Capt. George P. Ahern of the Ninth Infantry, upon the Span- ish system, already in force here for half a century, but more particularly modelled upon the successful form practised in In- dia and Java. We have at present in the archipelago 40,000,000 acres of protected forest, in which concessions for one year are granted under conditions. No tree le^s than fourteen inches in diameter may be cut, and in some species even larger ones are preserved, while certain rare or especially valuable varieties may not be taken at all. The method of felling is also insisted upon, and is planned to injure as little as possible the trees remaining. It is a delight to learn of the intelligent attention given this important subject here, although trained American foresters are so rare that some of the offices provided for by Congress are still unfilled, owing to the lack of men com- petent to fill them. Many of the assistants under Mr. McCabe, now Chief of the Bu- reau, are Filipinos, and in Mindoro a Moro Chief, the Raja Mujdi Mandi, is doing ex- cellent work in looking after all the trees in his province. He is greatly interested in the subject, and sees that the rules are enforced, as no American could do. The Moro method of dealing with infringements is summary and necessarily successful. Heads fall easily under Moro rule. Con- cessions, however, are withdrawn by the Bureau in every case if conditions are not complied with. Four islands are especially well wooded,

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24:4: The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 89 1 Mindoro, Paragua, Mindanao, and Basilon, 5,000,000 acres in the first alone being public forest land. Already 884 kinds of trees have been classified, and frequently squared logs from 90 to 120 feet In length are ob- tained. If Congress but ratifies permanent- ly the fine provisional regulations now in force, we shall be spared the humiliating and disgraceful spectacle so frequent at home of miles of forest cut down indiscrim- inately, even to saplings, and then burned over, to "clean up" the debris; and our Islands will yield a rich revenue from their wealth of timber, scarcely diminished as future generations come upon the scene. In the matter of gutta trees especially the wasteful native method of felling the tree to obtain an inferior and impure quality of gutta is being replaced by the far more remunerative and merciful way now preva- lent in Java, of gathering the precious sap from the leaves and bark. A purer arti- cle results, and the tree is uninjured, while producing even more in quantity. Mabel Loomis Todd. THE CABINET OF MEDALS. Paris, September 6. 1901. M. Ernest Babelon, member of the Insti- tute, has recently published a very inter- esting book on the 'Department of Medals and Antique Gems of the National Library,' commonly called the Cabinet of Medals. This collection is not as often visited as it ought to be; it is not well known, except to a few learned people, and is modestly lodged in a quiet corner of our famous Na- tional Library. The numismatic series is of incomparable wealth; the gallery of cameos and intaglios of ancient times and of the Renaissance period is unrivalled. The Cab- inet was formed by the Kings of France, as early as the middle-age period. It is easily seen, in all the portraits which we possess of the time of the Valois, that the fashion of wearing gems on the prevailing gorgeous costumes was well established; but long before the Renaissance these antique gems were much admired. We possess catalogues of the gems of Philippe-Auguste, of Jean le Bon, of Charles V. and his brothers, of the Duke of Anjou, and of the Duke de Berry, and we can but be surprised at the extraordinary number and beauty of the precious monuments of antique art which they were able to collect in their chateaux. These chateaux, as well as the Treasures of churches and monasteries, were the mu- seums of their time. All who have visited the Apollo Gallery in the Louvre can judge of the beauty of the Treasure which once be- longed to the Sainte-Chapelle. Francis I., Henri II., and Catherine de Medicis had splendid galleries of works of art of all sorts, and were great collectors; they even sent collectors to the East to find manuscripts and curiosities. Charles IX. organized for the first time the Cabinet of Medals. In 1560, he gave orders to make an inventory of all the works of art kept at Fontainebleau; he sent to the Louvre all the collections kept in the royal castles. Unfortunately, these works were dispersed again during the civil wars. After the pacifi- cation of the kingdom, Henri IV. recon- stituted the Cabinet of Medals. We possess an original document, showing in what spirit Henri IV. wished to reorganize a museum. The King orders the "Master of the Cabinet of Antique Gems" to buy several private collections; he particularly commends to him "the cameos of agate and other hard stones containing histories, fables, triumphs, mo- ralities of the ancient Greeks and Romans; the busts of the Roman Emperors in bronze, a number of ancient marble statues, etc." This document shows that, in the spirit of Henri IV., the Cabinet was really to be composed of all the remains of antiquity which might be collected. The death of Henri IV. was fatal to the collection, which was organized by the care of Bagarris, the Director. Bagarris retired to his native place in Provence in 1612, and for a time had no successor. Louis XIII., in a letter addressed to his brother Gas- ton, Duke of Orleans, tells him frankly that he does not care for antiquities and medals, and sends him some old coins re- cently found at Chantilly (which had been confiscated after the rebellion of Henry of Montmorency, and remained some time in the hands of Louis XIII.). Gaston d'Or- leans was a great amateur. In 1630, when he was only twenty-two years old, he sent to Rome a certain Claude Vignon, who collected many curious objects; fifty-six boxes of them were sent from Rome to Gas- ton in a single invoice. Towards 1638 Ra- phael Trichet du Fresne travelled for him, and sent him numerous objects which adorn- ed the castle of Blois and the Luxembourg. In 1660, Gaston d'Orleans, who had been a collector all his life, left to King Louis XIV., his nephew, all his treasures. Louis XIV. accepted the legacy by "letters patent" which he registered in Parliament on June 5, 1663. In these letters, the King express- es his gratitude to his uncle for "the pres- ent he has made to us and to our crown, of all his medals in gold, silver, and bronze, of his cameos and engraved stones, which were confided to the care of the Sieur Bru- no, etc." This Bruno was a certain Benigne Bruno, Sieur of Montmuzar, who was the Librarian of the Duke of Orleans. Nearly at the same time, in 1662, the nephew of the famous Sully, Hippolyte de Bethune, left a fine collection during his lifetime to Louis XIV.; Queen Christina of Sweden had of- fered Be.thune 700,000 ecus for this collec- tion. Many collections were in succession added to these, and in 1684, by order of Louis XIV., Louvois transferred the Cabinet of Medals to Versailles. The King paid a visit to it almost every day. Many collec- tors, in order to obtain the royal favor, made presents to this Cabinet, among others the President de Harlay, the Duke of Valentinois, the Elector of Mayence, who offered the arms and the gold jewels taken from the tomb of Childeric I. During the reign of Louis XV., the col- lections were transferred from Versailles to Paris, in order to make them more acces- sible to the learned world. The Rue Col- bert furnishes a communication between the Rue Richelieu and the Rue Vivienne; in the eighteenth century this Rue Colbert was covered, in the part which ends at the Rue Richelieu, by an arcade over which was the apartment of the Marquise de Lam- bert, a lady who had a salon of which Fon- tenelle was one of the stars. The rooms which the Marquise had inhabited were, after her death, used for the installation of the Cabinet of Medals. Some of the cases in which the medals were placed still exist, and deserve to be cited as models of the Louis XV. style. Vanloo, Natoire, Boucher were employed for the decorations of the rooms, which received also two magnificent portraits of Louis XIV. and Louis XV., after- wards destroyed during the Revolution. During this latter period, the Cabinet of Medals and Antiquities received many of the works of art taken from the Treasures of the churches, which had in 1790 been 'declared national property. Unfortunately, these Treasures did not wholly become na- tional. In the disorder of the times which followed, the objects preserved for centuries in churches, convents, as well as in the chateaux of the emigres, were dispersed, if Dot destroyed. We possess only remains of the archaeologic Treasures of the Sainte- Chapelle, of the Cathedral of Chartres, of the Abbeys of Sainte- Genevieve and of Saint- Denis. Some important additions were made in the nineteenth century to the Cabinet of Medals; the Roman and Byzantine diptychs in ivory; the Gallo-Roman ornaments found at Nasium; the Egyptian monuments brought by Cailliaud from Thebes and Meroe; the silver treasure found at Berthouville (De- partment of Eure), in the ruins of a Temple of Mercury; the painted vases of the collec- tion of Edmond Durand; the Etruscan paint- ed vases of Prince Torlonia; the cameos and the enamelled jewel attributed to Benvenuto Cellini, left by Henri Beck; the Merovingian treasure of Gourdon, in the Department of the Cote-d'Or; the Gallo-Roman bronzes left by Prosper Dupre. In 1862, the Duke de Luynes left to the Cabinet the celebrated collection which adorned his castle at Dam- pierre. The former rooms of the Marquise de Lam- bert had become too small for all the col- lections, and it was necessary to make new arrangements. It was a very unfortunate necessity. "Those," says M. Babelon, "who have known the old Cabinet of Medals and its elegance, and have lived in its memories, will always regret it." Since 1865, the Cabinet has been placed in large rooms, in the midst of the Department of Printed Books of the National Library, but it will soon be trans- ferred to a new building nearly finished on the side of the Rue Vivienne. The noble example set by the Duke de Luynes was followed by the Viscount de Janze and the Duke de Blacas. In 1869, Napoleon III. gave the Cabinet the splendid gold medallions of the Treasure of Tarsus. He had already giv- en it the numismatic collection offered to him by Said Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt. Several other gifts have increased the col- lections. The first catalogue of the Cabinet, sys- tematically written, was made by Chabouil- let in 1858; it is now very incomplete. At the time of the Exhibitions of 1867 and 1889, "Summary Descriptions" were made, but these are now out of print, and are besides very incomplete. The present 'Illustrated Guide' is very perfect; it was prepared by M. Babelon, on the occasion of the last Ex- hibition; but Babelon himself tells us that he could describe only the monuments of ancient art most important and most worthy of the attention of the general public. His charming volume, though it cannot take the place of the special and very technical cata- logues which are in process of publication, is, however, very worthy of a welcome in any good library; it is invaluable for all collectors, and will inspire all who read it with a taste for archaeological studies. I will here indicate two special publication*,

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Sept. 26, 1901] The Nation. 245 emanating from the same source, which have already appeared: 'Catalogue of the Antique Bronzes of the National Library,' by MM. Babelon, Member of the Institute; and Blanchet; 'Catalogue of the Cameos of the National Library," by M. Babelon. These catalogues are very detailed, and con- tain many illustrations. Correspondence. PRESIDENTIAL HANDSHAKING. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Whatever other results may flow from the assassination of President McKin- ley, let us hope that that object-lesson may be sufficient to put an end to our national habit of promiscuous handshaking in public. It is hard to conceive of a spectacle more fatuous and less edifying than that of a horde of country bumpkins, criminals, cranks, idlers, and curiosity-mongers stand- ing in line waiting for a chance to grab and squeeze the hand of the unhappy Chief Executive of this country. This habit, spring- ing from a primitive desire on the part of the multitude to touch the person or gar- ment of a sovereign ruler, and fortified by the commonly held belief that all men, in America at least, are really equal, is clear- ly a superfluous anachronism in our day and age. The clasping of hands, a custom sanc- tioned by usage from times immemorial, sig- nifies, among intelligent beings at least, primarily mutual acquaintance, esteem, and friendship. Where the parties are absolute strangers to each other, as was the case at Buffalo, the ceremony is meaningless, obviously dangerous, and unworthy the high office of President of the United States. We owe much in this respect to Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson which it is doubtful if we can ever pay back in this world. Popular regard for ancient traditions of "republican simplicity," and a well-grounded fear that the unprincipled scoundrels of modern journalism might make capital outof it, have undoubtedly deterred high public of- ficials from putting an end to this silly and dangerous habit of promiscuous handshaking in public places. Whether Mr. Roosevelt, who has a reputation for enjoying personal encounters with bears and mountain lions as well as with Spaniards, will have the moral courage and appreciation of his pub- lic duty to protect the lives of himself and his successors by refusing, while holding the office of President, to submit to close and intimate personal contact with hordes of unvouched-for strangers, even if pre- sumably friendly, is a matter of vital Im- portance to all admirers of republican insti- tutions. The psychological moment for abat- ing a notorious public nuisance has evident- ly arrived. E. L. C. M. Chicago, September 19, 1901. ENGLISH CATHOLICS AND JESUITS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A newspaper review of a book is soon read and forgotten, but not so a review in the Nation, which, in a way, becomes a matter of record with a degree of per- manence. For this reason I will ask you to allow me, in referring to your interesting review of Mr. Hume's works, "The Spanish People' and 'Treason and Plot,' to call at- tention to the fact that Mr. Hume does not seem to realize the distinction between Catholics and Jesuits. Mr. Hume speaks (you quote) of "this new patriotism that di- vided the Catholic forces in England." It was not a new patriotism. English Cath- olics were and are patriots, but the line then, as often since, was sharply drawn be- tween English Catholics and Jesuits. The latter never were, or could be, in the truest sense of the word, patriots. By a curious coincidence, in the same number of the Nation (August 29, 1901) which contains this review, 'A History of the Jesuits in England' is announced by J. B. Lippincott Company. This work, taken with Mr. Hume's, places the history of that time fairly before the reader. The books, in no way antagonistic, explain each other. William Reed Lewis. COMBMARTIN, DEVONSHIRE, ENGLAND, September 10, 1901. TENNYSONIANA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent "W. P. M," in this week's issue of the Nation, asks what passage in the writings of St. Augustine is referred to< by Lord Tennyson in his poem "Columbus," in the lines, "The great Augustine wrote that none could breathe Within the zone of heat; so might there be Two Adams, two mankinds, and that was clean Against God's word." Tennyson probably had in mind the fa- miliar passage in the 'City of God,' xvi. 9, where Augustine is arguing against a belief in the Antipodes, on the ground that this would involve either the impossible supposi- tion that men had sailed around the world, or else that there had been some other progenitor of men besides Adam — an equal- ly impossible supposition. I quote part of the passage: "Quod vero et antipodas esse fabulaniur, id est homines a contraria parte terrae, ubi sol oritur quando occidit nobis, adversa ped- ibus nostris calcare vestigia, nulla ratione credendum est. . . . Quoniani nullo modo Scriptura ista mentitur, quae narratis prae- teritis facit fidem eo^ quod ejus praedicta complentur; nimisque absurdum est ut di- catur aliquos homines ex hac in illam par- tem, Oceani immensitate trajecta, navigare ac pervenire potuisse, ut etiam illic ex uno illo primo homine genus institueretur hu- manum." John Winthrop Platner. Andover, Mass., September 20, 1901. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The Evening Post, speaking of Pro- fessor Bradley's Commentary on Tenny- son's "In Memoriam," asks: "How are we profited, for example, by the following comment on " ' 'Tis better to have loved and lost Thau never to have loved at air ? " 'As a parallel to the last two lines (re- peated lxxxv. 3, 4), Collins quotes Congreve, •Way of the World," II., 2, '"Tis better to have been left than never to have been loved." In the form of the expression there may be a reminiscence, certainly uncon- scious, of Campbell's "Jilted Nymph": " Better be courted and Jilted Than never be courted at all." ' It would have greatly interested, if not profited, all readers of Tennyson had Pro- fessor Bradley commented upon and ex- plained the striking similarity between the lines quoted from "In Memoriam" and the lines in Clough's "Peschiera," " 'Tis better to have fought aud lost Than never to have fought at all." This poem is dated 1849— a year before "In Memoriam" was published. Lowell's rule for determining to whom a thought be- longs does not apply in this case. Respectfully, Alfales Young. Salt Lake City, Utah. MALAHACK. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In my boyhood fifty years ago at Canaan, N. H, the word Malahack was used less in the sense of "to cut awkward- ly" than in that of "to cut injuriously," e. g., to disfigure or maim — a tree, a piece of furniture, or an animal. Is it not pos- sible that the coinage of the word was sug- gested by the word "maltreat"? Amos N. Currier. State University of Iowa, September 17, 1901. Notes. A new translation of Tolstoy's 'Anna Ka- renin,' the first from the original Russian, it is alleged, by Mrs. Garnett, is announc- ed by McClure, Phillips & Co. A brief history of Russia from Peter the Great to Alexander II., by W. R. Mornll, and 'By the Waters of Sicily,' by Nora Lorimer, with illustrations, are to ha,ve James Pott & Co. for their American pub- lishers. 'Wild Life Near Home,' by Dallas Lore Sharp, will soon be published by the Cen- tury Co. In preparation by Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. is 'The Economics of Forestry,' by Dr. Fernow. 'The New Americans' is the changed title which Mr. Alfred Hodder has selected for the novel already announced by Macmillan Co. 'Our Martyr Presidents,' by John M. Coul- ter, is a subscription-book for the hour in the press of the George M. Hill Co., Chicago and New York. Dana Estes & Co., Boston, will publish 'A Handbook of British Birds,' by J. E. Harting; 'A Year-Book of Famous Lyrics,' edited by Frederic Lawrence Knowles; and 'Among the Great Masters of Oratory' and 'Among the Great Masters of Painting,' by Walter Rowlands. C. W. Bardeen, Syracuse, has acquired in trust for the daughters of the late Henry Barnard that educationist's publications, to be sold as long as copies remain; but the American Journal of Education will be re- printed— the 31st volume, for 1881, issued for the first time. The same publisher will bring out a 'History of Ancient and Medi- aeval Education,' in two volutoes; 'English Words,' by Edwin W. Chubb; 'Manual of Civil Government for the Schools of New York,' by C. W. Bardeen, and 'Manual of Civil Government for the Schools of Ohio,' by Frank H. H. Roberts. Additional announcements by Charles Scribner's Sons are 'The French Revolution and Religious Reform,' by Prof. W. M. Sloane; 'Plutarch's Themistocles and Aris- tides,' translated by Prof. Bernadotte Per- rin of Yale; 'Victorian Prose Masters,' es-

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246 The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 89 1 Says by W. C. Brownell; and 'Bluegrass and Rhododendron: Outdoor Life in Kentucky,' by John Fox, jr. Among the numerous books in prepara- tion by the Clarendon Press (H. Frowde), we select for mention 'Milton's Prosody,' by R. Bridges; 'Classical Metres in English Verse,' by William Johnson Stone; 'The Troubadours of Dante,' by H. J. Chaytor; 'The Age of Bach and Handel,' by J. A. Fuller Maitland; 'Life and Correspondence of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex,' by R. B. Merriman; 'The Welsh Wars of Ed- ward I.,' by J. E. Morris; and 'An Anti- quarian Companion to English History,' ed- ited by F. P. Barnard. Mr. Rae's 'Contemporary Socialism' (Scrib- ners) merited our warm praise on its ap- pearance in 1884. A second edition brought it down to 1891, and now a very thorough work has been fitly extended, in a sup- plementary chapter, to the present century. This increases the bulk of the volume by nearly one-tenth, showing that it has been executed in no perfunctory manner. "The two most important things in the history of the Socialist movement during the last ten years are the remarkable advance made in that period by the Social Democrats as a political party in several Continental countries, and their not less remarkable simultaneous growth in moderation." The revival of interest in White's 'Sel- borne' is notable. The latest example is Messrs. L. C. Miall and W. Ward Flower's careful reprint of the original text of 1789 (London: Methuen & Co.; New York: Put- nams). The diaries are here, as extracted by Dr. Aikin, but the Naturalist's Calendar has been omitted. The notes superadded to Gil- bert White's are, of course, fresh. While the typography of this handy volume is con- densed and not ornate, and there are no il- lustrations, as in some recent instances, this edition contains the substance of the natu- ralist and will claim a place of its own. Volumes vii. to x. of Professor de Sumi- chrast's excellent translation of Gautier (George D. Sproul) contain the Italian and Eastern tours, Fortunio and other tales, and typical art-criticisms under the general heading of "The Louvre." The apprecia- tive introductions are quite sufficiently ex- haustive, without pedantic elaboration; and there is here no attempt to clear the name of Gautier from the easily justified charge of something more than indifference to eth- ical considerations. Among future selec- tions of short stories, it is to be hoped that the translator may find room for "La Morte Amoureuse," on account of its condensa- tion of dramatic intensity and the perfection of its style. We are compelled to remark that the frontispiece to "Constantinople" represents a Turkish interior with modern appointments unknown in Gautier's day. The second and third volumes of Mr. G. C. Macaulay's edition of Gower (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frov contain the English Works — the "Confessio Amantls" and a short poem entitled "In Praise of Peace." Mr. Macaulay justifies the expectation with which scholars have looked forward to these volumes. Pauli's wretched text of the "Confessio" may now be laid on the shelf for good and all. The text offered by Mr. Macaulay is based on the Fairfax MS., with collation of several other codices, and is perfectly satisfactory. The history of the different recensions of the poem is determined with care and acute- ness. There is an essay on Gower's language and metre, and the editor has appended a considerable body of explanatory and illus- trative annotation. The least satisfactory part of Mr. Macaulay's labors is his dis- cussion of the various stories which are strung together to make the "Confessio Amantis." But non omnia possumus omnes, and we are too grateful to be. censorious. Miss Jessie Weston contributes to the Grimm Library (London: David Nutt) a study of 'The Legend of Sir Lancelot du Lac,' which, though not very well digested, shows much industry and considerable learning and ingenuity. She finds the root of the story in a "lai, presumably Breton, dealing with the theft of a king's son by a water-fairy." The loves of Lancelot and Guinevere were, she thinks, introduced into this tale at a later time, under the special influence of the "Tristan." She also con- tends that there was very early contact be- tween the "Lancelot" and the "Perceval," and that a continuation of this contact after Perceval became associated with the legend of the Grail was a very important factor in the development of the "Lancelot." Miss Weston's monograph is of particular interest to students of Malory. Her examination of the Dutch "Lancelot" and of Lenoire's 1533 text of the French prose enables her to cor- rect Sommer's scheme of Malory's sources in a very striking way. Professor Skeat has subjected his well- known 'Concise Etymological Dictionary' (Oxford: Clarendon Press) to a thorough revision. The advance in lexicographical science since 1882, when the book first ap- peared, has been enormous, as well as the multiplication of available materials in the way of texts and linguistic monographs. Mr. Skeat has been in the thick of the fight him- self, and no small part of the winnings rightfully belongs to him. It is with much satisfaction, therefore, that we observe that the present edition is not a mere reprint with "additions and corrections;" but a new book, rewritten from beginning to end, and arranged in a more practical and conven- ient way. We have no space for criticism, which, indeed, would necessarily be con- cerned with unessential details. The 'Con- cise Dictionary' in its present form is in- dispensable to all who feel any interest in the history of the English language. From the same indefatlgible pen we have a handsome volume of 'Notes on English Etymology, chiefly reprinted from the Transactions of the Philological Society.' This is of great interest to the student of English, who will bless the Clarendon Press for enabling Professor Skeat to bring together so many of his scattered contributions to philological knowledge. There are some three hundred pages of "Notes," alphabetically arranged, with ref- erence to the places in which they orig- inally appeared. The words discussed il- lustrate every hole and corner of our lan- guage. The observations upon them are full of ingenuity and curious learning. Besides these "Notes," the book contains Mr. Skeat's important "List of English Words Found in Anglo-French," and a number of other papers. The "Introduc- tion" is partly autobiographical, and a fine portrait of the author serves as frontis- piece. Dr. A. C. Bradley's 'Commentary on Ten- nyson's In Mcmoriam' (Macmillan) puts the possessor of it under the necessity ot procuring the text of the poem and then numbering the lines. This done, the mean- est intelligence will hardly complain of a lack of assistance — certainly not of a willingness to assist — on the commentator's part. Dr. Bradley is not an indiscriminate admirer; in his elucidation he will, on occasion, make free with Tennyson's point- ing. He concludes with a complete list of changes between the first and the ac- cepted text, and dates them where he can. They are fifty-three in number, and cer- tainly not excessive. Librarians take great pains to avoid greater, and hence it has been thought worth while to meet "the demand of study clubs, teachers, and children" by an 'Index to St. Nicholas (namely, to the first twen- ty-seven volumes). This labor has been undertaken by Harriet Goss and Gertrude A. Baker, editors of the 'Cumulative Index to Select List of Periodicals,' and the pub- lishers are the Cumulative Index Company of Cleveland, O. The 234 small-quarto pages might have been reduced by compres- sions, which were probably rendered un- economic by the use of the linotype. For example, the puzzles being indexed, there are four entries for "Geographical primal acrostic," instead of one with four numerical references. This is really not a defect, but a liberality. Authors, sub- jects, and classes are duly arranged, with extensive cross-references; and "all il- lustrations considered of permanent value have been indexed." The work must prove of great utility to heads of the now almost indispensable "children's rooms" in our li- braries and to school-teachers. Mr. William Jaggard's 'Index to the First Ten Volumes of Book-Prices Current (1887 to 1896)' has just been issued by Elliot Stock, London. The compiler saw clearly the desideratum, but the labor had to be realized, and he asks a considerate judg- ment of his handling of "thirty-three thou- sand distinct titles and considerably over half-a-million numerals." He will have it, with the abundant thanks of every book collector. The kernel of this exhibit of the prices paid for notable books during a decade is the careful distinguishing of edi- tions, so that one is not sent on a wild- goose chase through the entire series to find, say, the 1775 edition of Butler's 'Hudibras.' One sees, too, at a glance which editions oftenest or most seldom turn up in sales. The Bible presents the finest example of the value of the Index in the chronological aspect, but the books by or associated with Dickens, filling five and a half pages, are as instructively displayed. Incidentally, pseudonyms and anonyms are revealed. In short, this work cannot be too highly praised. M. D. Jordell continues his valuable 'Repertoire Bibliographique des Principales Revues Franchises' with a volume for 1899 (Paris: Lamm; New York: Lemcke & Buechner), in the customary two divisions of subject and author — the latter forming a most desirable list of contemporary writ- ers. Under the heading War (Q-ucrre), with its abundant cross-references, one remarks how that of 1870-71 cedes, in the number of periodical articles here catalogued, to the Spanish-American war, while Wars of Napoleon I. and Wars of the First Repub- lic have claimed more attention than both the others combined, to say nothing of the rubric Napoleon I. In the next issue the

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Sept. 26, 1901] The Nation. 24=7 Transvaal war will certainly be more copiously treated than in the present, though it already rivals our own war with Spain. The United States claims a column, or half a page. The Dreyfus affair fills half a column. Noteworthy is the display of articles on Literature for the respective countries — American, Ancient, English, Arabic, Armenian, etc., with a column for French. "Poesies" are not overlooked; in- deed, they occupy three columns, and which of the writers is the French poet of to-day? "Romans" fill nearly four pages— many by non-French novelists. The value of the mere list of periodicals "repertoriees" is obvious. In all respects this French "Poole" is highly to be praised and prized. It now reaches its third volume. The Rev. Eugene Roulin, chaplain of the ex-Empress Eugenie, has published a hand- some monograph on the Treasure of the an- cient monastery of Silos, in Spain ('L'Ancien Tresor de l'Abbaye de Silos," Paris: E. Leroux). The book is composed of a num- ber of essays, which he has previously pub- lished in various archaeological periodicals, with additional chapters now appear;ng for the first time. It contains a careful de- scription, accompanied by excellent illustra- tions, of each of the more important objects in the Treasure that have survived the vicissitudes through which the monastery passed in the nineteenth century, and are now preserved either there or In the mu- seum of Burgos. The most remarkable of these are an elaborately carved Arabic cas- ket of the eleventh century, a silver chalice of the twelfth; a silver-gilt paten of the thirteenth, its rim decorated with a fine fili- gree and set with gems; and several splen- did specimens of Limoges enamel of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. To stu- dents of the history of the industrial arts the objects of later periods will also be in- teresting, though they are less extraor- dinary. Some sixteen years ago Prof. George A. Smith of Glasgow published his 'Historical Geography of the Holy Land.' Students who have used that book will hail with pleasure a map of Palestine, from Beirut to the Arabah, edited by hiin, and prepared under the direction of J. G. Bartholomew (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons). The map, on the scale of four miles to an inch, is based pri- marily on the surveys of the English Pales- tine Exploration Fund, but utilizes in addi- tion later surveys and researches, including the admirable work of the German Pales- tine Exploration Fund east of the Jordan. The method of indicating altitudes by means of block colors, instead of by con- tour lines, makes a clearer map for general use, when the eye has become accustomed to it. All Biblical sites which have been iden- tified are Indicated in large letters, and in addition each place has also its modern name. There are in all 3,180 names, but the map is sufficiently large (3894x56V! inches) to prevent confusion. There is an excellent index of both the ancient and modern names. In one corner of the large map are two small inset maps showing re- spectively the environs of Jerusalem and the vegetation of Palestine. The work seems to have been done with thoroughness. In the test examination which we have made, we have noticed but one small omis- sion of a place known to us. The map, folded in book form, is a handy one for the traveller in Palestine, showing, as it does, the modern roads, railways, etc. Mounted as a wall map, it is of convenient size for class-room use. The sixth volume of the Catalogue of the National Library in Paris has just made its appearance, beginning with the word Baade and ending with Bancroft. The ar- rangement is alphabetical, according to au- thors. Each volume Is an octavo of about 1,200 pages, and as it has taken four years to issue the first six volumes, including only the letter A and part of B, at the present rate some sixty years will be con- sumed in finishing the Catalogue. In Paris the first volume of Moltke's Mili- tary Correspondence has appeared in a French translation, to be followed in due time by the rest of the series. The Berlin papers comment favorably upon this fact, especially as the work is published for the benefit of French officers and military schools, and the bulk of the correspon- dence refers to the preparation for and the conduct of the Franco-Prussian war. The National Geographic Magazine for September contains a sketch of the work of the principal German geographers from Behaim to Ratzel, and the methods of teaching geography in Germany, by Martha K. Genthe (Ph.D., Ann Arbor). She dwells justly on the broadening influence of this study, from the Lamderkunde of the village schools to the scientific geography of the universities, and she might well have ad- duced as one of the material results of the attention paid to it the present commer- cial success of the Germans in foreign lands. Other articles are upon Siberia and the drift of floating bottles in the Pacific Ocean. Among the articles announced for early publication in the new volume of the Deutsche Rundschau, beginning with the October number, are three dealing with the history and the royal family of Prussia: "The Negotiations at Tilsit in 1807: Corre- spondence of King Frederic William III. with Queen Louisa," by Dr. Paul Bailleu; "The Times of Frederic William IV.," by Prof. G. von Below; and "The Sister of Frederic the Great (the Margravine of Bay- reuth)," by Prof. R. Fester. George Brandes will write on Hans Christian Andersen, Dr. O. Frommel on Gottfried Keller, and Hugo von Hoffmannsthal on Victor Hugo. Among the writers of fiction are still found the venerable names of Paul Heyse and Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach. — There is now what may fairly be called a "literature" of the publishers' quid pro quo in the shape of generous rewards for inter- ested puffery. Here is the latest instance that has come to our notice: Dear Sir : Please take notice that you being an indorsing subscriber on our books, by acknowledg- ing this letter, as per card enclosed — without ex- pense or obligation on your part — you are entitled to a special discount. Should you desire to be- come an indorsing subscriber of this naw work, we will ask you to accept with our compliments, without charge, 20 steel plates, in tints, for framing purposes. Under the editorship of Mr. , Dr. , and Captain , we are issuing an absolutely new edition of 's works, in which is used as illustrations the entire series of steel plates. To an art collector, these plates alone are worth the price of a set of the books. . . . Upon receipt of the card above referred to, full particulars will be furnished you. Yours truly. September 16, 1901. It is evident that men of letters who are solicited to collaborate in these enterprises with prefaces, introductions, etc., will have to guard their good names against such marketing of the joint product. — Some thirteen years ago a paper was published by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, in the American Journal of Archwology, on the small Mexican terracotta heads which are a prominent but generally unexplained fea- ture of all collections of Mexican antiquities. This essay revealed a student of rare equip- ment in a neglected field. Since that date, Mrs. Nuttall's name has appeared at occa- sional intervals attached to kindred essays which have shown the same happy faculty of seizing on disregarded topics or slighted relics as subjects of original research. Now we have from her a solid volume of 602 pages, which must rank as the first serious attempt of a competent specialist in the his- tory, languages, hieroglyphics, and relics of ancient Mexico to relate these studies to the history of the world at large and to other branches of archaeology. We refer to volume ii. of the Archaeological and Eth- nological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, entitled 'The Funda- mental Principles of Old and New World Civilization.' The conclusions reached by this work are as follows: (1) The central feature of Mexican mythology, religion, and social organism was the observation and worship of the pole-star and of the circum- polar constellations, especially Ursa Ma- jor and Ursa Minor; (2) a comparison of Chinese beliefs and theories as to the cardi- nal points, the pole-star and Ursa Major leads to the inferring of a single centre of development for the mythology of China and of Mexico, the differences of detail showing that China did not borrow from Mexico, and that Mexico did not borrow from China; (3) pole-star worship was a prominent and often dominant factor throughout the an- cient mythologies of the Old World; (4) the dominant features of Chinese astronomy probably reached China from the West; (5) the dominant features of Mexican as- tronomy probably reached ancient America from the East, by crossing the Atlantic Ocean— possibly by Phoenician voyages, pos- sibly by later ancient voyages; (6) the sym- bolism of the pre-Christian (Greek) cross is identical with the symbolism of the swastika, and the forms themselves are vari- ants of one form; (7) the (Greek) cross and the swastika of the New World are identical with the (Greek) cross and the swastika in the Old World; (8) the swastika is a picture of four equidistant positions of the Great Bear in its annual revolution around the pole. The order of arrangement in these conclusions is not that chosen by Mrs. Nut- tall, but they are all expressly stated or expressly implied by her. We regret that we can do no more than present them, with- out entering into the debate which is sure to arise over them among scholars. —Apart from two or three essays of little moment, Mr. Andrew Lang's 'Magic and Re- ligion' is an uncommonly spirited attack on Mr. Frazer's 'Golden Bough,' which has recently appeared in an enlarged edition. Readers of Mr. Lang's 'Making of Religion' will readily understand his opposition to Mr. Frazer. It is fundamental; there is no possibility of reconciliation so far as the main point of either system is concerned.

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24:8 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 89 1 But Mr. Lang does not confine his critique to the central difference between his own genesis of religion and Mr. Frazer's. He carries his argument from one hypothesis in 'The Golden Bough' to another, follows the minutest ramification of Mr. Frazer's reasoning, and, in his own opinion, leaves nothing of the huge work but its erudition, ingenuity, and eloquence. Of course, the case is actually not so bad as this. 'The Golden Bough' is in reality a long series of monographs, each valuable in itself, com- bined into a great unit by means of an amazingly subtle web of conjectures. The web may be torn to pieces without much affecting those qualities for which scholars value the work. As for Mr. Lang's critique, it is worth reading for itself, and there can be no question that it considerably damages Mr. Frazer's hypothetical structure. It Is not of uniform merit, however. The In- terval between Mr. Lang at his best and Mr. Lang at his worst is well known to be no small space, and best and worst are both exemplified here. There is repetition with- out mercy, much hair-splitting, and no end of glorification in the setting of pretty logi- cal traps — some of them mere springes to catch woodcocks. Yet every purchaser of 'The Golden Bough' must buy 'Magic and Religion,' too, and set all four volumes to- gether on his library shelves. — The return to North Sydney, C. B., of the Erik, the vessel of the Peary Auxiliary Expedition of 1901, brings intelligence of a further abortive effort to reach the pole, albeit accompanied by the record of an- other brilliant exploration in the far North. With indomitable energy Mr. Peary, on April 15 of last year, set out on his third great journey northward, and. before the middle of the following month, had the satisfaction of reaching the high latitude of 83° 50' N., the point nearest to the pole that had thus far been reached in the western hemisphere, although falling short by 2° 14' of the highest point reached by Nansen (86° 4', as now determined by Geelmuyden), and 2° 43' of the "highest north" attained by Capt. Cagni, the leader of the advance party of the Duke of Abruz- zi's expedition. The route followed by Mr. Peary was very nearly that of Lockwood and Brainard (1882), whose cairn was found and opened, when new memorials of ex- ploration were deposited in it. Beyond Cape Washington, the furthest point of land observed by Lockwood, the trend of the coast was found to be eastward, with its most northerly projection in latitude 83° 39' N. Beyond this point the "palaeocrystic sea," a broken, hummocky arctic pack of unstable condition, opened up in the direc- tion of the pole, over which extended pro- gress was made practically impossible. Eastward of the Cape the survey of the coast-line was continued practically to Navy Cliff, which Mr. Peary first reached in his memorable "white journey" of 1892. Thus, while failing to reach the pole, the great merit belongs to Mr. Peary of hav- ing determined the boundaries of the land masses lying beyond Greenland, and of hav- ing fixed the position or limit of what is seemingly the most northern piece of land on the globe — an achievement which has been characterized by Sir Clements Mark- ham, President of the Royal Geographical Society of London, as second only in im- portance to the attainment of the pole it- self. Mr. Peary remains in the North an- other year, and will make a final effort to attain the object of his search, starting, if the information that is now brought down is correct, from Cape Hecla — the so-called American route being considered imprac- ticable. — The Vienna Tageblatt of August 20, on the occasion of a seventieth birthday cele- bration, publishes a five-page article on Prof. Eduard Suess, President of the Im- perial Academy of Sciences of Vienna, who in this country is known principally as a geologist of marked eminence, but in Aus- tria as perhaps the most broadly cultured person of the empire — a man of affairs, the leader of school reform, an orator of the Reichsrath of rare eloquence and persua- sive power, and the avowed champion of liberalism and progress. To him more than to any one else the Austrian capital, which, up to 1873, in common with most of the capitals of Europe, shared the burden of a polluted and dangerous water-supply, is in- debted for the construction of that vast system of waterways which unites it with the outliers of the Alps, and gives it a potable water in purity probably unsur- passed by that now furnished to any of the larger cities of the world, and equalled only by that of Rome. The work by which Professor Suess is most broadly known in this country, and which will do honor to his name long after the present generation of geologists has disappeared, is the 'Antlitz der Erde,' a masterful exposi- tion or attempt at explanation of the dom- inant features of the earth's surface, in their relation to one another, and as co- ordinated with the geological conditions not of one region alone, but of the world at large. However much geologists may hesi- tate to accept some of the views here for- mulated, it will generally be conceded that in no other work aiming to explain the ob- scure problems to which this inquiry leads are the avenues of thought and analysis so clearly marked out as in this one, and in none other does the geologist meet with a comparable array of facts. Two of its fundamental concepts, which stand in a measure, or even largely, opposed to the generally accepted Lyellian teachings, are: the tendency of the earth's crust (or mass) to subside, through successive breakages, in the direction of the planetary centre, and the instability, as expressed by alter- nating recessions and transgressions of the oceanic waters, of the oceanic level (or mass). As indicating the esteem in which Professor Suess's labors are held in the country where geology first became an exact science, may be cited the expression contained in the congratulatory dispatch of the Geological Society of London: "Uni- versally regarded here as the greatest liv- ing geologist." It is interesting to note that, in a recent interview, Professor Suess expressed the opinion that the future great powers or forces of the world would be China, Russia, and America. LISZT'S LETTERS TO TWO WOMEN. Frame Liszt's Brief e an die Furstin Sayn- Wittgmatein. 2 vols. Leipzig: Breit- kopf & Hiirtel. Franz J.isit's liricfe an cine Fnuiidin. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Hartel. Liszt's importance as a composer is be- ing more and more cordially recognized every year. In German concert-halls, he Is now exceeded in popularity, measured by the number of performances, only by Beethoven and Wagner. At least half a century more, however, must elapse be- fore his deepest and most inspired works will become as familiar to amateurs and professionals as they deserve to be. In the meantime, it is to be hoped that more attention will also be bestowed on his lit- erary works. There are six volumes of these, only one of which (his 'Chopin') has been translated into English. His vol- ume on Wagner contains the essays on the "Flying Dutchman," "Tannhauser," and "Lohengrin," which advanced the vogue of these operas by a decade, and which have never been equalled by other com- mentaries in keenness of insight and poetic eloquence. A strangely fascinating and il- luminating book afso is his monograph on the gypsies and their music and his own Hungarian rhapsodies. The other three volumes contain essays on diverse musical topics — operas, composers, singers, pro- gramme music, criticism, etc. If profes- sional musicians and critics could be in- duced to read and digest these essays, there would be a wonderful clearing of the musical atmosphere. Besides the literary works proper, Breit- kopf & Hartel have been issuing in book form the letters of Liszt to various con- temporaries, and their replies. Of these re- plies, only two volumes have been print- ed so far, while Liszt's own letters fill five complete volumes and their share of the three volumes containing his corre- spondence with Wagner and Hans von Bu- low. Possibly "La Mara," the editor, has the material for further volumes. Liszt's letters to Mr. Joseffy, for example, have not yet been printed. No fewer than 452 of Liszt's letters were addressed to the Princess Sayn- Wittgen- stein, one of the most remarkable women of her time. Humboldt referred to her as "die vielbegeistigte Furstin," and Liszt's admiration for her knew no bounds, though she lacked personal beauty and certain other feminine charms. Her father, a very wealthy Polish nobleman, had brought her up (he was divorced from his wife) like a boy, teaching her to assist him in his scientific and agricultural studies, and often mak- ing her stay up so late at night that, in order to keep awake, she acquired the bane- ful habit of smoking strong cigars. By way of atonement for these peculiarities, she had the feminine quality of sympathy un- usually developed; and this it was, no doubt, combined with her alert intellect, that at- tracted the great musician. Up to the time when she first met Liszt, her life had not been a happy one. Yielding to her father's wishes and command, she had, at the age of seventeen, married a son of the Russian Field Marshal, Prince Wittgenstein. He was mentally her inferior, and she felt an an- tipathy toward him which led her to re- fuse him three times before she finally consented. The result of this mariagc de convenwicc was that, after a decade of un- happiness, she left him and followed Liszt to Weimar, after sending an application for divorce to the Russian authorities. She took up her residence in one wing of the Altenburg, and Liszt in the other. Here she had abundant opportunity to gratify her intellectual ambitions. She became

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Sept. 26, 1 90 1 J The Nation 249 Liszt's confidential adviser, secretary, and assistant in every possible way, during a period of thirteen years — the period in which he composed his symphonic poems and many others of his greatest works. She wrote letters for him, kept away forbidden guests, helped to entertain welcome visitors — in- cluding most of the eminent musicians of the time; and while she could not aid him in his compositions, she did give him the benefit of her knowledge and experience In the sketches of Polish life in his 'Cho- pin,' and in others of his literary works. The suggestion for and first sketch of his oratorio "St. Elizabeth" were made by her, and it was she, too, who put the Idea into Berlioz's head of writing a Trojan opera, the score of which he gratefully dedicated to her. Prince Wittgenstein, being a Protestant, had no difficulty in securing a divorce from the wife who had deserted him, and marry- ing another woman; while she, as a Cath- olic, struggled in vain for years to secure permission to marry Liszt. In 1860 she went to Rome in order to accelerate mat- ters, and succeeded finally in getting the Pope's consent. The wedding-day was fix- ed, the altar already adorned, when the enemies of the Princess obtained an order from the Pope to reconsider the whole mat- ter. This broke her spirit, and from that day a sort of superstitious dread made her give up the idea of marrying Liszt, though the death of Prince Witt- genstein, in 1864, set her free to do as she chose, and Cardinal Hohenlohe offered to perform the ceremony in his own chapel. Her mind had in the mean- time been diverted from art to religion, and it was largely due to her influence that Liszt became an abb6 and devoted the last period of his life chiefly to ecclesiastic composition. As for the Princess herself, she gave up most of her time to literary labors, which culminated in a work enti- tled 'Des Causes Int§rieures de la Faiblesse Exterieure de l'Eglise,' in twenty-four volumes! The last pages were written a few days before her death in 1887, but she left directions that "the work" should not be printed till twenty-five years after her death. She might have done the world a greater service by writing her reminiscences of Liszt and her innu- merable conversations with him. To this Princess, Liszt opened his heart more freely than to any other correspondent except, occasionally, Wagner; yet there are fewer revelations of his personality than one might have expected in the 747 pages of these letters. With his usual willingness to sacrifice himself for others, he writes a great deal about topics which must have interested the Princess much more than himself. He even keeps her supplied, at her request, with political views and gossip, although he had told her in one of his first letters that he had "always detested politics." While he was a man of wide sympathies, music re- mained to the end of his life his great pas- sion. During the last forty years, however, it was no longer interpretation but crea- tion; and this gradually became an actual necessity to him: "I feel as if I were starved (desscchc) if I pass a few days without music paper. My brain gets dull, and I become incapable of taking an interest in external matters. I have often observed this fact, and the malady increases with my years. Music is the breath of my soul— it becomes at once my prayer and my work." There are a few references to special com- positions he happened to be engaged on, but not as many as one could wish; and always he speaks of them with unaffected modesty, as in this reference to one class of his creations which has so far been en- tirely withheld from the concert-going pub- lic: "I have done some tolerable work these last weeks. To-morrow I shall send to Leipzig twelve part-songs for male voices which form, as it were, an indispensable supplement to my Lieder. . . . If I am not mistaken, some of these Mannerchor- Oesdnge might meet with some little suc- cess." In another letter he says: "In everything I compose I believe I have soroeth ng sufficiently new to say. It is thereiore necessary to assimilate my thought and my feelings lest they be be- trayed bv a ruinous performance. Carlsruhe has betn a most useful lesson to me in this respect, and I shall try to profit by ir. Though to a less degree thaii Wagner, I, nevertheless, need real men and artists, and cannot content myself with manoeuvres and a mccbanica'ly regular execution. To the end of his life Liszt retained some- thing of the gypsy lawlessness by which he came naturally through his Hungarian na- tivity and early associations. "After the theatre," he writes to the Princess, "I ran over to the gypsies, as I did last night. You know what special charm this music has for me. ... It might be defined with tolerable accuracy as half gypsy, half Fran- cisran." It was this peculiar mixture — v.'ith some other rare ingredients — that made Liszt so dear to the unprejudiced pub- lic, and so offensive to the straight-laced professionals, of whose extraordinary silli- ness an amusing instance is referred to iu volume one (p. 349). Rietz (conductor of the Gewandhaus concerts at Leipzig) left the hall during the performance of a Lis/t concerto because the triangle was used in it! — which reminds one of the pedant who censured Saint-Saens for introducing trom- bones in a symphony, and when Saint- Saens timidly suggested that Beethoven had made good use of them in some of his sym- phonies, Girard replied: "Perhaps it would have been better if he hadn't." Although Liszt was perhaps freer from vanity than any other artist of his rank that ever lived, he was pained as well as puzzled by the extraordinary divergence between the public's judgment of him and that of the critics. In one of the most interesting of his letters, dated December 12, 1855, he expresses his surprise that, after the deep impression made by his compositions on the Berlin public, and the great honors ren- dered him, the critics of all the journals should have lashed him so mercilessly. "Our dear friend Hans [von Biilow] was so indignant that he wept." Liszt knew all the critics by name, and he heard that one of the editors had written to Stern that, "out of consideration for him," he would not allow any notice of Liszt's concert to be printed in his journal! Liszt was prepared in part for his reception by Alexander von Humboldt, who, he writes, in conversation with him, deplored "la rage de critique et de depreciation, qui est la maladie toujours regnante de cette capitale de l'intelligence germanique" — a "critical disease," by the way, which, though lashed by Heine, has not abated in the least. To take a modern in- stance: the Berliners are not aware to this day that Paderewski is the greatest living pianist, though all the rest of the world has known it for years. As regards vanity in general, so free from it was Liszt that he never made use of the de or von before his name, to which he was entitled, as bis family was of noble descent. He did, however, secure this Prddikat for his uncle, who thenceforth called himself Eduard Ritter von Liszt. Only once did Liszt seemingly depart from his principles — when he wanted to become a corresponding member of the French Institute in view of his position as a composer; but even here he declares that he will remain perfectly calm whether the honor is bestowed or refused; and he adds that "la veritable modestie ne consiste pas dans l'ignorance, ou la dis- simulation de sa capacite; mais elle est sim- plement la pudeur morale de soi." His ac- count (II., 183-4) of the conversation he had with the old fogy Halevy on this occa- sion regarding his attitude toward Wagner is amusing. In the letters describing his visits to Paris, Liszt has many interesting things to say about poor Berlioz, who "has neither friends nor partisans — neither the great sun of the public, nor the sweet shade of intimacy," and other famous men. One day Halevy, Auber, Berlioz, Gounod, Theo- phile Gautier, and other notabilities sat at table with him. He also describes his visits to Rossini, with a humorous touch: "His musical diversion consists in writing sonatas for the piano, to which he gives alimentary titles: Fresh Butter, Green Peas, Cherries, or Apricots, and I know not what else. I shall read them to- morrow, after having dined with him." The cosmopolitan Liszt was a sincere admirer of Rossini when at his best, and he was a much more practical man than Wagner; but when he sent Ros- sini (as he relates) a copy of his "Dante" symphony, he made as ludicrous a mistake as Wagner did when he composed his "Tris- tan und Isolde" for an Italian opera com- pany in Brazil. Rossini thanked him for the score of the symphony in a letter "charmante et d'une ftatterie delicate"; but he significantly signed himself a "melodiste italien pur sang," and Liszt could not help reading between the lines that Rossini "did not find himself in his natural element fn reading my episode of Francesca da Rimini, which, perhaps, touches a more elevated re- gion of the soul. However," he concludes, "I fancy that if he could hear a performance of it he would quickly, with the marvellous insight peculiar to his genius, seize my meaning." For the obtuseness of musicians in gen- eral in relation to his original works Liszt found atonement in the appreciation of Wagner. "The sympathy and interest which Wagner manifests in relation to my sym- phonic works has been a great joy to me," he writes to a, friend under date of January 30, 1857; and when Wagner's essay on his symphonic poems appeared, he asked the Princess to send him copies to be placed where they might do good. There are of course numerous references to Wagner in the letters to the Princess, and two are of exceptional interest. Liszt seldom indulges in elaborate descriptions, but in one of these letters, of the year 1853 (I., 140), he draws a portrait of Wagner, physical and mental, which has never been equalled. It is too long to quote entire, but a few lines of it may be translated here: "Wagner awaitedme at the landing, and we

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250 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1891 almost smothered each other with embraces. At times there is something in his voice like the cry of an eagle. He wept and laugh- ed and stormed for joy at seeing nje again, for at least a quarter of an hour. . . • He looks well, but has grown rather thin- ner during the last four years. His features, particularly his nose and mouth, have taken on a remarkable finesse and nervous ac- centuation. ... As for myself, he loves me with all his heart and soul, and when the conversation touches on his reputation and popularity, he exclaims, 'See what you have made of me!' twenty times a day. He throws himself on my neck and the next moment rolls on the floor, petting his dog Peps and talking nonsense to him — abusing the Jews, a term which has a generic mean- ing for him, of a very wide application; in a word, une grande et grandissime nature, — something like a Vesuvius shooting out flames and fire mingled with roses and lilacs." The other passage referred to (I., 143, 145) illustrates -the combined hospitality and penchant for luxury which helped to keep Wagner poor the greater part of his life: "Wagner told me that he would have a place reserved for me at his table from morning to night as long as I was here. I feel some scruples in regard to the ex- pense I give him, for there are always a dozen persons to dine with him at one and to sup with him at 9:30. . . . The Ritter family gives him a regular subvention of more than 1,000 thalers a year — and the footing on which he lives appears to me to demand double, if not three times, that sum. His cellar, as Hermann tells me, is well filled, and he has a pronounced taste for luxury and elegant habits." All of Liszt's letters to the Princess are in French. The only thing German about these two volumes is the title, the introduc- tion, and the explanatory foot-notes. The same is true of the 'Briefeaneine Froundin.' Who this friend was is not explained, either in the letters themselves or in the preface. She was, the editor, "La Mara" (Mario Lipsius), simply informs us, a pupil of Liszt's at Weimar, after 1853, and in- tended to make her living by teaching the piano, but afterwards took up journalism. Liszt praised her as a musician, and how much he esteemed her as a friend is obvious from this, that his correspondence with her covers a period of 31 years, ending only a few weeks before his death. There are 133 letters, and in them he tells us more, pro- portionately, about himself than in the cor- respondence with the Princess. Those who know of Liszt only as the world's pet pian- ist, will be surprised at the melancholy tone of many of these letters. His friend's life was an unhappy one, and he goes so far as to endorse her words, "Life is but a long and bitter suicide"; or, as he puts it in an- other place: "Notre vie n'est qu'une gamine ind£finie de soupirs et de pleurs"; and once he goes so far as to declare that he envies his coachman, who sits philosophically on his seat, ignorant of the tristesse and en- nuis of life and of intercourse with stupid people. He declares, too, that he has be- come "very tired of teaching that which in truth cannot be learned — which is precisely what is most important in music. I am therefore deaf to the young pianists of both sexes who come to me in droves, and for the moment have reduced my little band to four or five." But he was too good-natured to abide by this decision; for these words were written in 1859, and he continued to instruct and inspire shoals of young pianists for an- other quarter of a century. Not all of these letters are so melancholy and depressing. They are in all moods, and contain many interesting observations on Rubinstein, Spohr, Schumann, Joachim, Wag- ner, Verdi, and others, as well as on his own works and their interpretation. We read how he wept on playing Wagner's music with its composer; what infinite pains he took in revising his own compositions; what a difference it made in the reception of these pieces whether he himself or others interpreted them; how furious Berlioz was at the habitual misinterpretation of his own music, etc. It is odd to find that while his career as pianist made Liszt fly from city to city, he was not a tourist in the modern sense of the word; for he tells us that he lived in Rome seven years without visit- ing Naples. We also get glimpses of his family — his mother, his son Daniel, who died young; and his two daughters. For a time he was rather disturbed by the refusal of these daughters to take husbands, though plenty offered themselves. "They seem to want a Beethoven or a Raphael." Cosima married Wagner, and Blandine married the French statesman of the "cceur leger," fimile Ollivier. CURRENCY AND BANKING IN THE MAS- SACHUSETTS BAY PROVINCE. Currency and Banking in the Province of i!t< Massachusetts Bay. By Andrew Mc- Farland Davis. Part I., Currency. Ameri- can Economic Association. The history of paper money is a history of disaster, and yet is never the same at dif- ferent times and in different places. The general course of events from the inception to the redemption or repudiation may be uniform, for there are laws governing the use of credit, and the consequences of abuse are inevitable; but the details are novel, interesting, and illuminative of social ac- tivity. Attempts have been made to frame a full account of the many effects of an over-issue of an irredeemable paper cur- rency, and the economist is familiar with the important stages in the enforced use of a credit currency during the American and French Revolutions, during our civil war, and in England during the contest with Na- poleon. Mr. Davis has taken for his subject the colonial paper money of Massachusetts, and tells the story with a fulness of detail and grasp of subject that leave little to be desired. For nearly ten years he has been accumulating his material, and the results justify his patience and skill. Not only has he freely utilized the labors of other historians, but he has found in manuscript sources much that is new and valuable. If he writes as an historian rather than as an economist, his work loses little, for the facts give a more vivid picture of the half- century of experiment in paper issues than could be obtained by other means. Al- though no English colony on the American continent escaped a resort to bills of credit, none can show so full and careful a history as Mr. Davis has given of the experience of Massachusetts. The reproduction of the different forms of notes of which examples have been found is valuable, and suggests many peculiar questions as to engraving and signing, as well as illustrating the in- genuity of the dishonest in "raising" the denominations — attempts which have been instrumental in preserving specimens as part of the court records. In the very early days of the colony, bar- ter was the rule, and the taxes were paid in produce and commodities. With little foreign trade, coin was obtained with diffi- culty, and, before 1652, paper bills, probably based upon private credit, were used to make good the want of specie. The basis for such notes would naturally be studied, and a "fund of land" was under discussion before 1081, perhaps as early as 1649. No definite step was taken until the colony found itself deeply involved in debt through the failure of the Canadian ex- pedition in 1690. The colony, on the plea of necessity and want of time, issued cer- tificates which were receivable for public dues and were in fact anticipations of taxes, to be destroyed when paid into the treasury or redeemed out of the produce of the tax-levy. The notes were thus is- sued as a means of paying the creditors of the colony, and were not clothed with a legal-tender quality as regards private debts. The fact that they were receivable for public dues and were to be called in graduallj' by taxes, gave them the credit they required to circulate from hand to hand. The public distrusted the experi- ment, and, as new issues were ordered, ac- cepted the notes at a discount. The Gov- ernment promised to receive them at a premium of 5 per cent., but could not modify this distrust. Until the charter came into effect the stability of the Gov- ernment itself was not beyond question, and its pledges were under suspicion be- cause of this political feature. So ready a means of payment served upon subsequent occasions when the administra- tion was called upon to meet heavy expen- ditures, and the "great service and benefit" derived from the bills of credit formed a strong argument in their favor. If the As- sembly accompanied the issue with a pledge of an early redemption and enforced tax laws adequate to this purpose, the danger of depreciation was not great. In this essen- tial precaution, however, lay the insidious temptation to avoid doing what is always unpopular, that is, to impose taxation to call into the treasury for destruction the bills that constituted the circulation of the colony. In creating the debt, they repre- sented that the Government had "perform- ed a public service"; but when it came to be a question of paying that debt, which could be done only through sacrifice, a pow- erful opinion was created not only in favor of leaving the bills in circulation, but of increasing their quantity. The paper had driven the few coins available out of circu- lation, and the complaint of a "scarcity of cash" (a complaint as old as barter itself) was erected into a political opinion, color- ing the legislative proceedings as long as any of the bills remained outstanding. The royal governors, until Shirley's time, were upon the side of meeting in full the re- quirements of the original terms of the is- sues, and their urgent and incessant rec- ommendations to the House of Representa- tives were at once honorable and instruc- tive. As the popular branch, the House was most guilty in its refusal to redeem the promises which had given to the bills their circulation. Very early in the proceedings the Repre- sentatives voted to postpone the retirement of the bills as provided for by annual in- stalments. Not only was this a violation of public faith, but it gave to the advocates of paper money their most effective argu-

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Sept. 26, 1901] rn The Nation. 251 ment. If the existing Issues, they argued, have proved of such public benefit as to make their continuance advisable in the face of the solemn pledges of redemption at a fixed period, why should not further is- sues be expedient and produce further pub- lic advantage? It was only natural that the prospect of more paper money attracted the support of all who owed money, or had borrowed and misapplied the capital, and were now feeling the pressure of their debts. The opportunity of deriving some direct benefit from a new issue was offered by the adoption of the land-bank scheme, in which the Government were to issue bills of credit and to lend them to the inhabi- tants of the province on real estate; a pro- vision being made for the gradual repay- ment of the loan. No restrictions imposed by the laws, no regulations of the Executive, could prevent the abuses which followed. In refusing to redeem its promises and in issuing loans for debtors, the Assembly de- liberately invited a distribution of favors which could reach only those who were most deeply involved in debt and had the least ability to meet their obligations. A bribe so generously offered to those in dif- ficulties could but react in sapping the mo- rality of the bribe-giver, and provincial pol- itics were brought to a correspondingly low point. Even the appointment of Governor was infected with the taint, when, in 1715, Burgess sold his commission to make room for Shute, a transaction which Mr. Davis rightly terms "extraordinary," but one that was justified by the fact that through such means alone could the Boston capitalists contributing the fund for this sale attain their end. The situation now became a contest be- tween the House and the Governor over the issue of more bills. The representative body was ever seeing a necessity for larger sums of money, and, by its refusal to main- tain the credit of what was in circulation, tending to create that necessity. It is probable that the province would have been flooded with paper at a very early period if the House had carried out its intentions. To give a medium of circulation, to avoid the necessity of laying taxes, and to obtain a revenue for the Government through the interest on the loans, were advantages ap- parent to all. The deeper significance of the issues could come only through experience, and fortunately one of the first experiments converted the Governor to a "specie man." His influence and authority could not have stemmed the popular tide in favor of paper had not the weight of the Crown and Par- liament been on the same side. The rapid depreciation of the bills made remittances to England difficult, and aroused the mer- chants there to protest against the manner in which their debts were settled. A definite instruction was sent to the Governor, prac- tically prohibiting the issue of bills without the approval of the Crown. From this time and until Shirley became Governor, the Gov- ernor was at odds with the House. He was generally anxious to destroy the outstand- ing bills as they were received into the Treasury under the tax laws, while the House was fertile in projects for paying the old by creating new debts, for exchanging new issues against the old bills. In vot- ing a supply of the bills of credit to be ap- portioned among the towns for loaning purposes, the House considered that it had done all that was necessary; the Governor, in pleading the royal instructions, believed that he had made a full and complete an- swer. It would be an unnecessary task to follow this contest in detail, as the course is so fully described by Mr. Davis. The signifi- cant matter was that the degeneracy of public and private morality was so rapid under the insidious influence of paper mo- ney. Promises were freely made and as freely broken; Governors were made and unmade; the House resorted to arguments which would support any dishonesty, and to acts which were little less than crimi- nal in their open disregard of what was right. The colony was starved for lack of appropriations, salaries were unpaid, the forts were decay- ing, and the small provincial army was at times forced to disband for want of subsis- tence. The notes depreciated, and the issues of the neighboring colonies, made upon a scale even greater than those of Massachu- setts, infected all dealings with an element of gambling. Every compromise with dis- honesty was costly, and only a grant of sil- ver from Parliament saved the province from complete repudiation. In this long experience in seeking to avoid the payment of debts, some good is to be found. The gradual resort to a full legal-tender quality, making the notes re- ceivable in settlement of all debts, public and private, past and future, showed some conscience on the part of the Assembly. Then, too, the contest in favor of a return to specie was useful in inculcating better opinions regarding paper money, and in leading to a more correct knowledge of the nature and working of credit. After every expedient for maintaining the value of the bills had been tried and proved incompetent, the hard-money men were able effectively to urge their remedy, but at great cost to the colony, as all the monetary errors of half a century must be made good. Finally, in its contest with the Governor for legis- lative freedom of control, subject only to the provincial interpretation of the charter and royal instructions, the House developed a keen sense for political advantage, and established precedents of high utility at a later day, when the colony was really op- posed to Parliament and the King's repre- sentatives. A YEAR IN CHINA. A Year in China. By Clive Bighani. The Macmillan Co. The deadly dulness which, to Western eyes, seems to hang over all things Chinese, is decidedly relieved in this volume, which contains the lively record of a traveller and a soldier. During a year of constant activi- ty, both as a civilian and a military man, in the service of the British Government, he saw four countries which have especially occupied the world's attention for a year past — China, Korea, Asiatic Russia, and Japan. The author, Clive Bigham, has al- ready made his mark in the literature of travel by his books 'With the Turkish Army in Thessaly' and 'A Ride through Western Asia.' He is a man of very keen observa- tion, apparently of great endurance, and of imperturbable good nature, and his style is crisp and crackling. One has a delightful feeling, as of innumerable mimic electric shocks, as he reads these pages so richly charged with information and suggestion. The author refrains from high questions of statecraft, strategy, and finance, modestly declining to discuss or advise the future pol- icy of the British, or of any other Govern- ment, and omits the description of those places which have been voluminously writ- ten about. It was early in April, 1899, when the au- thor arrived in Hongkong, destined for the British Legation at Peking. At Kashgar he had seen the western extremity of the Chi- nese empire, but apart from this knew of the Middle Kingdom and its people only from books. His determination was to reach Pe- king by the overland route. He was under the escort of four native Gov- ernment soldiers, who proved to be very use- ful assistants. Each one was armed with one Snider rifle, one prong, one sword, and four parasols. His journey from Canton to Hankow, covering eleven hundred miles, was made in twenty-four days, most of it being done in a small, flat-bottomed wooden craft, thirty feet long and eight feet broad. The chief feature in the landscape was the rice field, with the ploughman standing up to his knees in the fertile ooze, and driving the water-buffalo. Travelling from Hankow to Peking, the author was enabled to see how different were the people of southern and northern China, the former being as a rule better fed, more industrious and contented, and less apathetic, fanatical, and given to outbreaks. The geological and economic dif- ferences between the north and south are im- mense. North China, with its excess of mountains, its peculiar loess formation, its lack of roads, and from other causes not operative in the south, is to-day "isolated, decadent, underpopulated, and poverty- stricken." Southern China, being far bet- ter supplied with waterways, even though endowed with a less fertile soil, has made great strides of progress during the past century. Mr. Bigham writes less like a European and more like the Japanese, who understand the country and people of China better than almost any foreign critics. He insists upon a radical difference between the Aryan and the Yellow races, as to both body and mind. "What would appear truth and reason to the one, often seems folly and lies to the other. Our ideas of history, of ethics, of do- mestic life, and even our logic and system of reasoning, frequently run quite counter to what the Chinamen expect and believe. . . . And our victories do not by any means convince him that he is wrong and that "we are right." Our perspective of China is so frequently incorrect because we apply to the Chinese Western standards of comparisons. Nev- ertheless, the author believes that the Chi- nese "understand the iron hand much bet- ter than the velvet glove," and that, "in Asia, fear is the father of peace." The Chinese as a race, while essentially a law- abiding people, are also materialists. In their eyes life is not long enough for fight- ing, which after all is "a dangerous and un- civilized amusement." If not harassed or pillaged by those in authority, they accept their rule with comparative equanimity. Abeve all, they appreciate financial purity, for peculation has so cankered the Chinese bureaucracy that an honest official is to the ordinary citizen something almost su- perhuman. The author believes that the highest powers of the best civilization yet evolved upon this planet will be taxed to

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252 Tlie N" a t i o n . [Vol. 73, No. 1 891 win the Chinaman's sympathy, as well as his respect for the Western man's force. In August the author was sent on a jour- ney across Mantchuria, with whose excel- lent waterways, splendid forests, and fertile soil he was very favorably impressed. The Mantchus who formerly thinly inhabited this region have practically disappeared, having either emigrated to the eighteen provinces, or been crushed out, or assimi- lated by the vanquished Chinese in the guise of colonists — one of the many peaceful con- quests of China. Passing into eastern Si- beria, he reached by means of the Russian railway the city of Vladivostok, whose com- merce is not advancing quite so rapidly as is generally believed. Since the early sum- mer of 1900 the Russian forces have in- creased to an army of one hundred thousand regular troops, which, with a powerful fleet, is kept ready for attacks from Japan or from other countries. At Khaborovsk is a statue of Count Muravieff, "the Cecil Rhodes of Russia." Returning southward, the author followed for 500 miles the old land road down the eastern shore of the Korean peninsula. He passed through Kyong Song, an embattled city with walls of cyclopean masonry, but with dirty streets and tumble-down mud cottages, to the bright new treaty port of Gensan. He declares that Korea, the laud of tiny horses and huge oxen, is very in- teresting to travel in, if only for its com- plete isolation from even Asiatic civiliza- tion, for the Koreans seem to have evolved nothing of consequence. In its future, though the Japanese have at present the prepon- derance, Russia and possibly a reformed China must be counted elements of influ- ence. At Seoul he had an audience of the Emperor. He found the royal soldiers used bayonets of two lengths, the shorter for summer, when the people wear thin clothes, and the longer for winter, when they are swathed in thick padded garments. He then rode on the new railway to Chemulpo, which has now 22,000 inhabitants. Crossing over to Japan, he spent the month of De- cember there. Early in 1900 going up the Yangtzse River into the great inland prov- ince of Sze-Chuan, he left the river at Chung King, going westward to Kia Ting, and thence northward into Shansl and to Sian Fu, and from this place, by the Yellow River and overland, to Tientsin and Peking. He had numerous adventures, and tells these in a bright and attractive way. He shows that a railway in western China, whether from India or from the eastern seacoast, would be a very expensive enter- prise. In addition to the difficulties of engineering, much of the way lies through desolate and uninhabited regions. Declining to discuss the history and evo- lution of those dynastic or anti-foreign feel- ings that led to the Boxer movement, and without detailing the events that precipitat- ed its outbreak, he tells us how disappoint- ed he was with Port Arthur. Its harbor can accommodate only four or five battle-ships with any manoeuvring room; it is a very unhealthy spot, owing to the mud daily un- covered by the ebb tide; all its supplies must come from Chefoo, across the straits, and by land and sea it is easily blockaded and could thus be starved out. Reaching Tientsin in May, he saw the small bodies of troops that got into Peking and saved the situation. He took part In Admiral Sey- mour's hasty expedition of sailors and ma- rines, which nobly attempted the first en- deavor to raise the siege of the legations. This march and running fight he describes most vividly, in detail, and with fascination, especially the combined attack by Boxers and Imperial troops upon the column at Hsiku, and the skilful defence and retreat. His appreciative remarks and criticisms up- on the soldiers of various nationalities are intelligent and judicial. After Tientsin had been captured, and thus the first barrier on the road to Peking broken down, the author determined to travel home by way of Mantchuria. By way of Nagasaki and Vladivostok, and then by rail and river steamboat, • he covered the distance of six thousand miles from the sea to Moscow. His criticisms are on the whole rather fa- vorable to the Siberian railway management. He figures the items from London to Vla- divostok at time of writing thus: distance 8,010 miles, time 26 days, first-class fare $150, or for all expenses $200. Altogether this is a most interesting book. Its information is fresh, abundant, and at first hand, and the mental attitude of the author is that of a thoroughly sympathetic human being, and not merely of a British islander. "Whether it be the missionaries, the Koreans, the Russians, or Americans, or Chinese, he sees the good points of each. While stanchly loyal to his own convic ■ tions, he points out where Englishmej as well as other Westerners can learn. Very few books in such brief compass cover the ground so accurately and entertainingly. There are four valuable colored maps, which give the present situation at a glance. The illustrations are forty in number, and are full-page and well reproduced, and there are appendices and an index. Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Bruns- wick. An Historical Study, 1735-1806. By Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice. Longmans, Green & Co. 1901. During the five hundred years and more which have elapsed since Germany began to produce "hereditary princes," she has not often been successful in making them dis- tinguished men. Of their mediaeval ances- tors, Mr. Herbert Fisher says: "Restrained by no considerations of patriotism, soften- ed by no tincture of culture, swayed by ru- dimentary passions, simple, violent, and gross, they would neglect all the higher calls of citizenship to serve their greedy ends." Where there were so many petty princes, some could not fail to achieve distinction, and in the age of the Reformation we meet with a Philip of Hesse, a Maurice of Saxony, and a Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. But, after the Peace of Westphalia, particularism and dependence on France reduced the stature of the lesser German sovereigns, causing many of them to resemble the electoral dynasty of Hanover as it was at the close of the seventeenth century. We according- ly feel that sort of interest which arises from the exceptional case when we approach the career of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. His standing among rulers of his own class in Germany may be judged from the fact that, when the Fiirstenbund of 1786 was formed, he became without dispute its head. " 'Nobody,' wrote the Duke of Gotha to the Duke of Saxe- Weimar, 'can be the head of the League ex- cept one person, the Duke of Brunswick. It would be an honor to serve under him.' " But we are using too small a standard when we speak of the Fiirstenbund and the petty princes of Germany. The Duke of Brunswick belongs in the widest sense to the history of Europe. His life is a single and unique link between the age of Fred- erick the Great and the age of Napoleon. He won his first fame in the Seven Years' War, and he received his death wound in the battle of Auerstadt. For above forty years he was a factor in the European situation. Even after he had signed the famous proc- lamation of the allies against the French Revolution, a number of leading Frenchmen talked of him seriously as a possible suc- cessor to Louis XVI. Had he chosen to be- come a military adventurer, his chances would have been better than those of Wall- enstein or Dumourietz, and he might even have created conditions which would have rendered the appearance or Napoleon impos- sible. His real eminence gave him a bril- liant opportunity to which he proved un- equal. Still, at the lowest estimate, he is a fit subject for the essay which Lord Ed- mond Fitzmaurice, after publishing it in two numbers of the Edinburgh Review, has now converted into a book. The Duke of Brunswick was a Prussian commander-in-chief, and also the ruler of his own patrimony. In both capacities he enjoyed such great fame at the critical pe- riod of his life (namely, when the French Revolution began) that his biographer must find it hard to distinguish between their relative importance. Before 1789 he had been uniformly successful, whether serving under his uncles, Duke Ferdinand of Bruns- wick-Luneburg and Frederick the Great, or with an independent command, as during the brief war of the Bavarian Succession which was ended by the Peace of Teschen in 1779. He had been the favorite nephew of Frederick the Great, who devoted a long ode to his praise, and said that "nature des- tined him to be a hero." At home he put aside the thought of military ambition al- together, and reformed the administration of his duchy. He was not merely a type of the general turned benevolent despot, like Frederick of Montefeltro at Urbino; he wa3 a philosopher whose views of the world and of mankind had been colored by the French ideas so prevalent at Berlin. Mira- beau. then a secret envoy of Calonne, saw him in the summer of 1786 and wrote: "The Duke will certainly not be thought a common man even among men of merit. His person bespeaks depth and penetration and a desire to please, tempered by forti- tude—nay, by sternness. He is prodigious- ly laborious, well informed, and perspicuous. However able his first Minister, Feronce, may be, the Duke superintends all affairs and generally decides for himself. His cor- respondence is immense, and this he can owe only to his personal reputation, be- cause he cannot be sufficiently wealthy to keep so many correspondents in pay." While Lord Fitzmaurice places a high value upon Brunswick's gifts and attain- ments, his book may be called pathological in tone. With a great deal of sympathy he examines the causes of the Duke's failure to accomplish towards the close of his life what had been hoped for at the outset. Ac- cordingly, he pays much more attention to the last fifteen years than to the fifty-five which precede the meeting of Leopold and Frederick William at Pilnitz. How Bruns- wick's reputation stood on the eve of the campaign which led to Valmy, may be

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Sept. 26, 1901] The Nation 253 gathered from the words of the journalist Carra: "C'est le plus grand guerrier et le plus grand politique de l'Europe que le due de Brunswick; 11 est trgs instruit, tres aima- ble; il ne lui manque peut-etre qu'une couronne, je ne dis pas pour fetre le plus grand roi de la terre, mais pour etre le veritable restaurateur de la libertg de l'Europe." He disliked and despised the emigres. As a ruler, he had shown himself a liberal. He was thought to be a better general than Lafayette, Rochambeau, or Luckner. And so the Narbonne ministry, acting through Francois de Custine, offered him the leadership of the French forces In the great war with Austria and Prussia. One cannot say that he made his fatal mistake when he declined this invitation, for he would have deserted his principles by ac- cepting it. But his misfortunes began on the day when he assumed the Prussian com- mand against France, under the pressure of loyalty to the heir of Frederick the Great and despite his better judgment. He did not write the celebrated manifesto which bears his name and is so dreadfully associated with the September massacres; he issued it with the utmost reluctance, and never ceased to regret that he had countenanced It in any way. Long afterwards he said to Massenbach: "That unlucky manifesto! I shall repent it to the last day of my life. What would 1 not give never to have sign- ed it!" An episode of the kind brings us to the rea- sons with which Lord Fitzmaurice accounts for Brunswick's failure to succeed amid the stormy politics of the Revolution. He pos- sessed enough discernment, but he was lack- ing in will power. Though the imigre's thought Paris an easy prize, he was deceiv- ed by no illusions. He saw the potential strength of France, and the absence of any true advantage which Germany could gain through war. He saw clearly, yet was led into trouble by fools, because he had not the faculty of holding fast to his opinions. "When the decisive moment arrived which Mirabeau had indicated must sooner or later come, when the Duke would have to decide if he would act with authority or not, it was proved that the early suspicions of Gaudi and Westphalen were true, and that, while Nature had granted him every faculty of the intellect with an unstinted hand, cir- cumstances, if not Nature herself, had de- prived him of the equally necessary qual- ity of moral determination." Hardenberg put the issue more tersely when he complained that the Duke would neither say "yes" nor "no." It is a sad verdict to pass on a man of Brunswick's talents and honor, but both in statecraft and in war his acts were marked by a caution which can hardly be traced to any- thing else than radical indecision of charac- ter. In a few words of preface the author ac- counts for the publication of these two pa- pers on Brunswick as a book. "Lord Rose- bery and Sir George Trevelyan having in- timated to me their opinion that these ar- ticles might be of use to the historical stu- dent if they received a more permanent shape, the present volume appears in con- sequence." It is an admirable essay, and one which does more than compass the aim so modestly expressed. It is not only useful but attractive. En MbdHterram.be: Promenades d'histoire et d'art. Par Charles Diehl. Paris: A. Colin. 1901. Pp. 286, 16mo. The first of the excursions of M. Diehl, in whom the reader will find an enthusiastic and scholarly companion, is, following in the footsteps of the historian Freeman, in 'Subject and Neighbor Lands of Venice,' through the ruins of the fortress-pal- ace of Diocletian at Spalato on the east- ern shore of the Adriatic. His description of this vast group of buildings, this "frag- ment of petrified history," revives the splendors of an expiring civilization. The main point of interest here, after the his- torical associations, is the architecture, in which are to be seen the first indications of the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine and Christian orders. At the neighboring city of Salona his attention is directed chiefly to the cemeteries, whose numerous inscriptions throw much valuable light on the origins of Latin Christianity. The other Dalmatian ports, Zara andRagusa, serve only to awaken patriotic reminis- cences of the French occupation in 1805. Our traveller recounts at length and with evident satisfaction the manifestations of attachment to France, as the "ally of the great Slav race," on the part of the people, the great majority of whom are Serbo- Croats, and full of Slavic aspirations. When in Bosnia-Herzegovina, also, he loses sight of the past, and confines himself to giving his impressions of its present condition. The great material progress of these prov- inces since they were freed from Turkish rule he frankly acknowledges, but he is in- clined to believe that only superficial re- sults have been obtained. A hint is drop- ped that the Austrians have been more successful in impressing tourists with what they have accomplished than in conciliating the mass of the people, who are poor and burdened with heavy taxes. Apparently he shares in the convic- tion of some Austrians even that "this much vaunted work will vanish into smoke on the day in which it ceases to be support- ed by 40,000 bayonets." Our author is at his best in his descrip- tion of Delphi when it was the centre of Greek art and religion — and, we may add, liberty. For "yet to-day, on the poly- gonal wall which sustains the terrace of the great temple, one can read by hundreds those acts of enfranchisement which recall that the sanctuary of Apollo was, in the second century, one of the great centres of emancipation for slaves." We have not space to dwell upon M. Diehl's survey of the history and present organization of the twenty monasteries of Mt. Athos, with their great army of monks, nor upon the record of his experiences at Constantinople. His chapters on Famagusta and Rhodes are largely devoted to showing the predominant influence of France during the Middle Ages in the Levant, and especially to picturing the marvellous prosperity of Cyprus when, under the house of Lusignau, it became the great market for the merchants of Asia and Europe. Amid all the profoundly Interesting associations of Jerusalem, however, the things which impress him most are the evi- dences of the eclipse of France and rise of Russia in Syria. He closes his highly instructive book with a sigh of regret at the "slow but real waning of our influ- ence, the scarcely perceived but incontest- able diminution of our prestige." Educational Aims and Methods. By Sir Joshua Fitch. Macmillan Co. It is always a pleasure to review a work by Sir Joshua Fitch. It would be hard to name a single book in English which can be more unreservedly recommended to the young teacher than Fitch's 'Lectures on Teaching.' The present volume is more miscellaneous, but is characterized by the same thorough knowledge, deep initerest in the subject, breadth of judgment, and clear- ness of style as the earlier admirable book. It consists of fifteen lectures delivered at important educational centres in England and America. Among the titles are the fol- lowing: "Methods of Instruction Illustrated in the Bible"; "Socrates and his Methods of Teaching"; "Charles Darwin and the Evo- lution of Character"; "Hand- work and Head-work"; "Endowments and their In- fluence on Education"; "Edward Thring"; "University Extension"; "The Sunday School of the Future." The first lecture is of special interest. The varied contents of the many documents which make up the Bible are analyzed, and the different ways in which they appeal to the human mind are set forth. The con- sideration of the Psalms and Isaiah suggests the importance of poetry as a factor in edu- cation, and the remark is made that the caution, wise for most teaching, not to soar above the pupil's comprehension, does not exactly apply to the use of poetry. Here it may be wise and right to allow a pupil to learn some things which he only dimly com- prehends. The parallelism, which is so characteristic a feature of Hebrew poetry, is likened to the important pedagogic device of restating a thought with changed words. Dr. Fitch remarks that catechisms or mem- ory lessons are rather a substitute for teaching than an aid to it, and comments on the fact that, in the New Testament, the only formulary used is the Lord's Prayer, and this is expressly given as a suggestion only. "Why are proverbs so little effec- tive?" asks Dr. Fitch. "Because," he thinks, "they contain more wit than wis- dom," stating only half the truth and being therefore half false. "A better form of teaching than the proverb is the parable, and why is this so good? Because the pupil, beginning to reflect, becomes his own teacher." How important the phrase, de- scriptive of Christ's teaching, "Without a parable he did not speak to them." The teacher will value the Scripture references in Dr. Fitch's essay. The choicest pas- sages of the Bible are thus indicated. The passages might well be used in the daily Bible-reading in schools, and the teacher will be helped in his own brief comment by Dr. Fitch's thoughtful study. We have left ourselves little room for comment on the other lectures. Several of them are biographical studies. Arnold and Thring, says Sir Joshua Fitch, are the two most important names in the history of secondary education in England during the last seventy-five years. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Baton, Lee. Our Houseboat on the Nile. Hougb- ton, Mifflin & Co. $1.75. Beavan, A. H. Imperial London. London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $4. Beecber, May H. (1) No Trespassing; (2) Jacque- minot. F. Tennyson Neely Co. Blair, Ed. Kansas Zephyrs. Madison (Wis.): The American Threshermafl. .$1. Blanchard, Amy E. A Heroine of 1812. Boston: W. A. Wilde Co, »l.SO.

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254 Tlie USTation [Vol. 73, No. 1891 Boutell, R. S. G. Amata. Washington: The Neale Pub. Co. $1. Bradley, A. U. Owen Giyndwr. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35. Brooks, INoah. Lem. Scribners. $1. Brooks, It. O. A Bibliography of Municipal Prob- lems and City Conditions. New ed. Reform Club. Burroughs, John; Muir, John; and Grinnell, G. B. Alaska. (Hamman Expedition.) 2 vols. Double- day, Page & Co. Chauning, Blanche M. Winifred West. Boston: W. A. Wilde Co. $1. Christiansou, Barbara. A Triumphant Defeat. F. Tennyson Neely Co. Clifford, C. R. Period Decoration. Clifford & Lawton. Codmtin, John, 2d. Arnold's Expedition to Que- bec. Macmillan. Coltmnn, Robert. Beleaguered in Peking. Phila- delphia: F. A. Davis Co. Davis, M. E. M. Jaconetta: Her Lovers. Hough- ton, Miitiiu & Co. 85 cents. Diamond, F. J. The Rational Speller. Mac- millan. 24 cents. Dinsmore, C. A. The Teachings of Dante. Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. ?1.50. Ditmar, Virginia. Love's Quicksands. F. Tenny- son Neely Co. Dorvs, Georges. 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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 892 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1901 PRICE TEN CENTS. T5he *Road to Tttdgeby's " When I took up this book, I found It so ' worth while' that I spent an evening finishing it at. a sitting," writes one of the most distinguished ant hois in the United States. " The story is a genuine outcome of American soil, speech, talent, and I hope it will be 'found out' by the press and public." "Here is a good Story," says the Bookman, " and one that should not be lost sight of in the avalanche of Autumn publications. There is something about it so real, so sponta- neous, so simple, that one is glad to pass it on with a word of commendation. Its characters have the touch of real humanity." " A romance full of action, true pathos, and genuine humor," writes Ella W. Peattie in the Chicago Tribune. " I'tiqiiestiouably one of the best novels of the year, and an addition to American literature that will live," says Town "'"( I 'ountry, formerly th? New York Home Journal. SMALL. MAYNAR.D <& COMPANY. BOSTON SMALL. MAYNARD & COMPANY SMALL, MAYNARD A COMPANY A JVetv fio-Oel Aphrodite The Romance of a Sculptor's Masterpiece. By Fkanklin Kkst Giiford. With an ideal portrait of the heroine by Ed- win H. Blashfield. SI. 50. BOSTON. An important series of plain-spoken let- ters to girls about their Educa- tion, their Social Relations, and their Personal Conduct. To GIRLS by Heloise E Hersey, whose school for girls in Boston has won so high distinc- tion. Of keen interest to every girl and to every mother of girls Attractively bound, in cloth decorative, $1.00 net. A JVetu JVo-Oel. In the Shadow of the Black Pine. A Romance of the Massachu- setts Bay Colony. By MissA.'G.PLTMFTON. $1.50. BOSTON. NEW BEACON BIOGRAPHIES EMERSON WHITTIER, H£A2)y AGASSIZ FATHER HECKER. IJV PHESS LONGFELLOW MORSE BOOTH HAMILTON These lieacon Biographies are "a monumental collection," says R. H. Stoddard. "They contain exactly what every intelligent American ought to know about the lives of our great men."— Boston Hemlii THEY ARE 75c NET EACH; BLUE LAMBSKIN $1.00 NET. SEND FOR SPECUL CIRCULAR ABOUT! HEM. SMALL. MAYNARD «, COMPANY. BOSTON SMALL. MAYNARD A COMPANY A JVetv JVotfel. The Grapes 0/ Wrath A strong story of the Civil War, dramatically vivid, and fair alike to North aid South. SMALL, MAYNARD A COMPANY "XShe Kipling Stories of the Filipinos. q,j one might jay." Ai\ting-Aivtin£ Stories By SARGENT KAY ME. "Entertaining.'' says L/ife; "Clever," iV.Y. Times; "Dra- matic," Chicago Tribune; " Excellent, valuable, Boston Transcript. $1.25 Ga.ge of Youth A delightful collection of new poems, together with some of the unique verses which won so much ad- mirat ion when first pub- lished in The Lark. $1.00 net. BOSTON. HOSTOK.

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11 The !N~ation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 The Nation. 1 A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art.

FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Posl-offlce as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 255 Editorial Articles : Juvenilia 258 The Municipal Contest in New York 258 "A Country Without Strikes" 259 Tiie German Dreyfus Case 260 Special Correspondence: Modern Art in Venice 261 Chateaubriand the Statesman 262 Correspondence : Mr. Miehle and the Missionaries in China... 263 The Tax on Knowledge 264 Bernini's Constantino 264 Malahack Once More 264 Notes 264 Book Reviews: Maher's Psychology 267 ( 'ai'inichael s Tuscany 268 The Hook of Genesis in the Light of Modern Knowledge 269 The Thirteen Colonies 269 Books of tre Week 270 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United Slates or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $!,.00. The date when tin- subscription expires is on the address label of ' eaih paper, the change of which to a subsequent dale becomes a receipt for remit- tance. 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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 111 I Sir Edwin Arnold's New Epic Poem 1 Ithobal was the first African explorer we know about. He was a sea- captain of Tyre, who rescued and married an African Prin- cess, and then induced the King- of Egypt to put him in charge of a voy- age of explora- tion of the won- derful land of his wife's birth. The Voyage of Ithobal After a voy- age of fifteen thousand miles around Africa, he returns after numerous and exciting adven- tures, which bring outalmost every feature of African life and scenery. Itho- bal relates the story of his en- terprise in a dis- course of seven days before the throne of Phar- aoh, who crowns himwithhonors. SIR HENRY if. STANLEY, in a letter to the, author, says of it: •• You have added greatly to the happiness of many of //our race by the production of so unique a poem, so rich in the beauties of the sired English language." Other able critics who have read the blind poet's new epic poem unite in calling it even better than the old favorite, "The Light of Asia." ******** G. W. DILLINGHAM COMPANY PUBLISHERS v NEW YORK CITY !2mo., Cloth, Gilt Top 1 Illustrated from 36 drawings C"i C A by Arthur Lumley . <^)I«3V/ Financial. Denver, Colorado. Our earnest convictl jn Is that this Is the time to pur- 1 liase selected property In Denver. The under, ylng fac- tors which go to make permanent prosperity are con- spicuously present all over this section, and Denver's real estate will never again be purchasable at such at- tractive prices. Let us submit facts by correspondence. WHIPPLE & REYNOLDS, Boston Bldg., Denver, Colo. The care of property for non-residents a specialty. LAWTOI & FERTIG Colorado Springs, Colo. An experience of twenty- five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for investment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. Pueblo, CoL I caD handle investments for Eastern people with safety and legitimate profit. Pueblo is a promising field. My specialty for years has been the care of properties and making invest- ments for non-residents. References: First National Bank, Pueblo, and Eastern and For- eign clients. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Col. AMERICA'S RAGE PROBLEMS Addresses delivered at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadel- phia, 1901. The nine papers are classified under the head- ings : -The Kaces of the Pacific," " The Kace Problem at the South," " The Kaces of the West Indies." Among those whose addresses are Included are : Hon. Orvllle H. Piatt, U. S. Senator from Con- necticut; Edward A. Koss, Ph.D., University of Nebraska ; Titus Munson Coan, A.M., M.D.: Prof. W. E. Burghardt DeBoIs. Ph.D., Atlanta Univer- sity; Chas. M. Pepper, Esq , Washington, D. C. Price, $1 50 net {postpaid, -$1.62). McClure, Phillips <& Co., New York. Financial. CRUTCHER & WELSH have for many years demonstrated to a large clientele that money was to be made In Kansas City Real Estate if it be conservatively selected and administered. Every facility for the care of non-resident estates. Property wisely purchased now is certain of steady advance. Our purpose is to serve faithfully and efficiently a few more Eastern clients. Wc are an essential part of the his- tory of KANSAS CITY, MO. Hixh-Grade Securities. ^VtSWS MilS: Mailed on request. E. H. OAT * CO., 181 &»V9n»Blre St., Boston, and I N»m»u St., KewTorh. THE EQUITABLE Strongest in the World" ABSOLUTE SECURITY is the first consideration in any financial contract, and should be more rigor- ously insisted upon in a contract of life assurance than in any other, for up- on its permanent security may depend the whole future of your family. THE EQMTABLE'S POLICIES ARE THE GOVERNMENT BONDS OF LIFE ASSURANCE . SEND FOR PARTICULARS. the EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF" THE UNITED STATES 120 Broadway, NewYork. J.WALEUNDER.Pres.J.H.HYDE.VicePrcs Travel. QOINO ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP ? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly. Boston — Liverpool— London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin $40, $45, upwards, depending on steamer. S. S. " Phila- delphian," Oct. 9; S.8. " Lancastrian," Oct. 16; S. S. "Devonian," Oct. 23; S. S. "Cestrian," Oct. 30. P. O. HOUOHTON & CO.Oen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. •• Manders," by Elwyn Barron. Publlihed by L. C. PAGE * CO.. Beit6Q. Mast.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 A. C. McClurg e Cohs Fall Announcement, igoi. NEW WORKS FICTION OF Published Sept. 31. 2d Edition Ready A Nevj Story by George Horton THE TEMPT! \ O OF FATHER AN- THONY By Geokgb Hokton, author of "Like An- other Helen,"' etc. With six full-page il- lustrations. ' 12mo, pp. 216, $1.25. The love itory of a young Greek priest. A Book of Unusual Interest LADY LEE And Other Animal Stories. By Hermon Lee Ensign. With eighteen full-page photogravure plates from original draw- ings by Hambidge, Klepper, Beard and Drake. Large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 256, ft. Lady Lee is the story of a beautiful horse. A Love Idyll of Ra'e C^arm NANNA A Story of Danish Love. By Holgek Dracumann, re-written in English by Francis F. Browne. 16mo, pp. 208, $1.00, The latest volume In "Tales from Foreign Lands." In Khaki in T<wo Lands JLELL DEM MING By Albert L. Lawrence. l2mo, pp. 384, $1.25. The adventures of an Anglo-Saxon In Cuba and South Africa. 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Instructive and Entertaining WORD AND PHRASE True and False Use in English. By Josepii Fitzgerald. 12mo, pp. 400, $1.25 net. A novel treatment of many vexing points of Eng- lish. Comprehensive, Readable, and Scholarly A HISTORY OF AMERICAN VERSE By James L. Onderdonk. 12mo, pp. 395, $1.25 u,l. From the Colonial period to the end of the nine- teenth century. Nevj and Pleasing Verses A T THE SIGN OF THE GINGER JAR. Some Verses Gay and Grave. By R. 0. Rose. 16mo, pp. 185, $1.00 net. Clever poems by a Chicago newspaper man. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS A. C. McClurg & Co., Publishers, Chicago

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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 12— Important Autumn Books— 12 Warwick of the Knobs By John Uri Lloyd, author of " Stringtown on the Pike," etc. i2mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. A powerful tale of " Stringtown " (Boone) County, Kentucky. The action takes place during the Civil War, when the Kentucky Knobs were on the border line between the contending factions and the people were divided in their allegiance The great Confederate leader Morgan figures prominently in the story. The Lady °f Lynn By Sir Walter Besant, author of" The Orange Girl," etc. 1 2mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. The Lady of T ynn is a young heiress. During her long minority, it had been the aim of her guardian to keep the knowledge of his ward's wealth a secret, that she might not fall a prey to fortune-hunters. A. con- spiracy against her is carried out, apparently with success, but she is finally rescued. The Velvet Glove By Henry Seton Merriman, author of " The Sowers," etc. i2mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. The story is located in Northern Spain, about 1870, and deals with the endeavor of the Jesuits to secure the fortune of a young girl by forcing her into religion. There is an historical interest in the novel, and the love interest is stronger than in any other of Merriman's stories. The Lion's Whelp By Amelia E. Barr, Author of "A Bow of Orange Ribbon," etc. i2mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. A romance having to do with the fortunes of two families during the English civil war. The story brings Oliver Cromwell, " The Lion's Whelp," in close touch with the reader and leaves a vivid impression of his greatness of character not easily effaced. Young Barbarians By Ian flaclaren, author of " The Bonnie Brier Bush." cloth, illustrated, net, $1.35. l2mo, A charming story of school life in Muirtown ; among other things, showing how the French "Count," a lonely man in a foreign land, con- quered the prejudice, specially strong in Scotch hearts, against his race, so that when he died, he was followed to his grave by every boy at Muir- town Seminary. A Dream of Empire By^William Henry Venable. i2mo, cloth, $1.50. "This volume should take high rank among American historical nov- els. Aaron Burr was a dramatic character, and this book gives a most vivid and interesting picture of him and his associates. The story is well- planned and executed, and there is a touch of adventure about it that is delightful." — Worcester Spy, The History of Sir Richard Calmady A Romance. By Lucas flalet (Mrs. St. Leger Harrison), author of " The Wages of Sin," etc. i2mo, cloth, $1.50. This is a frankly realistic romance, the scene of which is laid in Hampshire, in London and in Naples. The action deals with the adventures of an English country gentleman of an essentially normal type of character, subjected to very abnormal conditions of life. The long drama, though tragic in incident, ends amid such secure happiness as should satisfy the most exacting reader. Light Freights By W. W. Jacobs, author of "Many Cargoes," etc. cloth, $1.50. 1 2mo, These delineations of the life of the sailorman, both ashore and afloat, show most convincingly his manner of life, his trials, his plea- sures, and his point of view. The book is justly considered the best work that Mr Jacobs has done along this line, and he already has some excellent work to his credit. Norse Stories By Hamilton W. Mabie. Revised edition, with illustrations, title-page and borders in colors, making a most attractive children's gift book. i2mo, cloth. Probably, net, $1.80. Mr. Mabie has here retold, with all the charm of which he is master, the old stories of the battles of the gods and the giants, which have been repeated for hundreds of years by the Norse firesides in the long winter evenings. A Child of Nature By Hamilton W. Mabie. Handsomely illustrated. Small 8vo, cloth. Probably, net, $1.80. A descriptive story of the life of a man of poetic nature, with the gift of imagination, who ripens in close companionship with nature into a beautiful and rare character, but without the faculty of expression; whose genius is, in the end, interpreted and expressed by one who enters into his experience and gives his thought form and shape for the world. Love Idylls : Cinderella," etc. i2mo, By S. R. Crockett, author of cloth, $1.50. A portrayal of some of the varying phases of the "divine passion," a theme of which this old world has never grown weary and never will. The characters offer a great variety, but ca not fail to come close to the heart of every reader, since "all the world loves a lover." Love the Harvester By flax Pemberton, author of " Pro Patria," etc. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. A story of the days when George the Third was King, showing how Mistress Nancy Dene outwitted her cousin, who had schemed to defraud her of her property, and in the end found herself not only mistress of Belton Abbey, but of the heart of Master Jack Danvers as well. Dodd, Mead {<§L Company, 'Publishers /few Vor%

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VI The IsTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 APPLETONS' NEW BOOKS The Eternal City A Novel. By Hall Caine, author of "The Christian," "The Manx- man," "The Bondman," "The Deemster," etc. i2mo, cloth, $1.50. " One of the great if not the greatest books of the year."— San Fran- cisco Bulletin. "A powerful novel, inspired by a lofty conception, and carried out with unusual force. It is the greatest thing that Hall Caine has ever at- tempted."— Brooklyn Eagle. Shacklett A Story of American Politics. By Walter Barr. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. Mr. Barr has written a novel of politics in the West which shows the richness of a field comparatively undeveloped. A Nest of Linnets By F. Frankfort Moore, author of " The Jessamy Bride," "A Gray Eye or So," etc. Illustrated. i2mo, cloth, $1.50. This charming romance is in the vein the author developed so hap- pily in " The Jessamy Bride," and it is in many respects a more mature and important work. The Wage of Character A Novel. By Julien Gordon, author of " Mrs. Clyde," etc. With portrait. l2mo, cloth, $1.25. Julien Gordon's new story of modern society is in her most brilliant vein. Glimpses of social life in New York are accompanied by vivid pic- tures of political life and society in Washington. The Private Life of the Sultan By Georges Dorys, son of the late Prince of Samos, a former minister of the Sultan, and formerly Governor of Crete. Translated by Arthur Hornblow. Uniform with " The Private Life of King Edward VII." Illustrated. i2mo, cloth, $1.20 net; postage 10 cents additional. The author of this remarkable and timely book has left the domain of the Sultan of Turkey, and is now a resident of Paris. He has been re- cently condemned to death by the Sultan on account of this book, and will be executed should he return to Constantinople. While Charlie Was Away A Novel. By Mrs. Poultney Bigelow. i6mo, cloth, 75 cents. Mrs. Bigelow tells a wonderfully vivid story of a woman in London "smart" life, whose hunger for love involves her in perils, but finds a true way out in the end. Lincoln in Story The Life of the Martyr President told in Authenticated Anecdotes. Edited by Silas G. Pratt. Illustrated. l2mo, cloth, 75 cents net: postage 9 cents additional. This interesting book offers a narrative of Lincoln's life, composed of the best stories told by and about the Martyr President. Dragons of the Air An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles. By H. G. Seeley, F.R.S., 1'iofessor of Geology in King's College, London; Lecturer on Geology and Mineralogy in the Royal Indian Engineering Col- lege; Dean of Queen's College, London. With original illus- trations. 121110, cloth, $1.40 net ; postage additional. l'rofessor Seeley has chosen a fortunate title for this highly interest- ing and valuable book, which presents in concise form the results of the latest studies and discoveries regarding the wonderful extinct monsters whose remains have been preserved in various parts of America and Europe. Mills of God A Romance. By Elinor Macartney Lane. Illustrated. i2mo, cloth, $1.50. " It is a good novel in comparison with even the best in current American fiction. Its author, in this her maiden effort, easily takes her I dace among the Churchills and the Johnstons and the Runkles."-iVet© York Herald. The Quiberon Touch A Romance of the Sea. By Cyrus Townsend Brady, author of " For the Freedom of the Sea," " The Grip of Honor," etc. With frontispiece. 1 2mo, cloth, $1 .50. Mr. Brady stands at the head of contemporary writers of sea ro" mances. This is the first novel of the sea that he has written for over two year^, and it is the longest and most picturesque and stirring tale which he has offered to the public. He has opened a fresh field in which readers will meet " the great Lord Hawke " and his picturesque environ- ments for the first time, it is believed, in fiction. Mr. Brady has spent much time in the consideration of his theme, and his local coloring is singularly vivid. The Alien A Story. By F. F. Montresor, author of " Into the Highways and Hedges," etc. 1 2mo, cloth, $1.50. Miss Montresor has utilized incident and intrigue in this excellent story to give a vivid delineation of character. The scene is laid partly in Eng- land, and there are also glimpses of South America. B Y THE A UTHOR OF " DA VID HA RUM " The Teller By Edward Noyes WESTCOTT, author of " David Harum." Illus- trated. i2tno, cloth, $1.00. The publishers of " David Harum " have the pleasure of presenting the only other story written by the lamented Edward Noyes Westcott. Mr. Westcott's business life lay with practical financial matters, and in "The Teller " he has drawn upon his knowledge of life in a bank. Some Women I Have Known By Maarten Maartens, author of "God's Fool," etc. With fron- tispiece. !2mo, cloth, $1.50. Maarten Maartens is recognized by all readers of fiction as one of the most artistic and finished novelists of the day, and he has done nothing that Shows certain fine characteristics of his work better than this gallery of charmingly executed miniatures. Shipmates A Volume of Salt- Water Fiction. By Morgan Robertson, author of " Masters of Men," etc. l2mo, cloth, $1.50. When Mr. Robertson writes of the sea, the tang of the brine and the snap of the sea breeze are felt behind his words. "Shipmates" is the most diversified work of fiction this virile sea writer has given us. Other Worlds Their Nature and Possibilities in the Light of the Latest Discover- ies. By Garrett P. Serviss, author of "Astronomy with an Opera-Glass" and " Pleasures of the Telescope." Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $1.20 net; postage additional. No science has ever equalled astronomy in its appeal to the imagina- tion, and recently popular interest in the wonders of the starry heavens has been stimulated by surprising discoveries and imaginary discoveries. In Mr. Serviss's new book the most interesting facts about the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc., as well as about the nearest of all other worlds, the moon, are presented in a popular manner, and always from the point of view of human interest. General McClellan By General Peter S. Michie. A new volume in the Great Command- ers Series, edited by General James Grant Wilson. With portrait and maps. i2mo, cloth, $1.50 net ; postage 11 cents additional "The most thorough study and analysis of McClellan's character and his military operations ever attempted." —Philadelphia Record. The Story of King Alfred By Sir Walter Besant. A new volume in Appletons' Library of Useful Stories. Illustrated. i6mo. Cloth, 35 cents net; post- age, 4 cents additional. The millennial anniversary of the greatest of England's kings lends a special interest to this charmingly written, comprehensive, and compact account of "the noble king of the West Saxons, the defeaterof the Danes, the patron of learning, and the founder of the English navy." D. Appleton and Company, Publishers, New York

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Oct. 3, 1 901] The Nation. vn *J*ome of Darva Estes®. Company's JVebv *BooKs Illustrated Cabinet Edition of the Works of Thomas Carlyle This edition contains the complete works and translations of Carlyle, with copious annotations and an introduction by Dr. W. J. Rolfe. Illustrated with one hundred and thirty illustrations, being etchings or photo- gravures printed on royal India etching paper. The text printed in large, clear type, with wide margins, on a handsome laid, deckle-edge paper. Complete sets, cloth, 12mo, 26 vols. . $39 Complete sets, 12mo, half calf or morocco . 78 George Eliot's Complete Works HANDY VOLVME EDITION New edition on fine laid deckle-edge pa- per, including Novels, Poems, Essays, and Life by George Willis Cooke. Illustrated with photogravures and full-page engravings. Complete set, cloth, small 12mo, 12 vols., $15 Same, haJf-crushed levant or 3-4 calf, . 30 A Handbook of British Birds By J. E. Harting, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Member of the British Ornithologists' Union. An account of the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants. Illustrated by thirty-five plates in color, reproduced from original draw- ings by the late Prof. Schlegel, repre- senting the heads of two hundred and sixty-two species. Oi\e vol., thick octavo (net), .... $15 Illustrated Cabinet Edition of the Works of Alexandre Dumas A new translation of the romances of Du- mas, pere, by Katherine Prescott Wormeley and other well-known scholars. Illustrated with one hundred and seventy superb etch- ings and photogravures, printed on royal India etching paper. This edition is printed from entirely new plates, set from new, large type, in a small page with wide mar- gins. Like the other Cabinet editions, it will be sold in complete sets or as separate works. Complete sets, cloth, l2mo, 34 volumes, . . $51 Complete sets, 12 mo, 34 vols., half calf or morocco, , 102 Geoffrey Strong By LAVRA £. RJCHAUDS In this charming romance of a New Eng- land seaboard village Mrs. Richards shows herself as much at home in the story for adult readers as she has formerly in the chil- dren's story. This tale has justly been pro- nounced "the American Cranford," and the Cleveland World is not alone in thinking it "Laura Richards's best story." Tall 16mo, cartridge paper sides, cloth back, gilt top, fully illustrated by Fraivk T. Merrill $.75 Reynard the Fox Burlesque poem from the German of the fifteenth century. A new edition of this famous classic, which contains the quaint, original folk-tales of the animal kingdom in amusing verse. Illustrated with 24 full- page and more than 100 vignette drawings by J. J. Mora, author and illustrator of "The Animals of ^sop." Quarto, cloth, ha.ndsome cover design, $1.50 Publishers. DANA ESTES <& CO. *«*».'

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Vlll The USTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 JUST PUBLISHED With "Bobs" and Kroger By Frederic W. Unger, War Correspondent of the London Daily Express Illustrated with more than 150 Halftones from the Author's Own Photographs in the Field. Crobvn &i)o. List Trice, £2.00 Experiences and observations of an American War Correspondent in the field with both armies. Mr. Unger was present at Lord Roberts's early operations, and was then sent secretly by Mr. C. Arthur Pearson to correspond with his paper from the Boer side. His experi- ence, as representative of an English paper with the Boer army, was perhaps unique, and he has given an absolutely truthful account of events as he saw them. The book is a work of considerable importance. Dear Mr. Unger: I am glad to hear from you with regard to your work, and hope it will turn out suc- cessfully. You have so much admirable material that there should not be the least doubt about this. Yours sincerely, . C. Arthur Pearson, Proprietor and Editor of " Pearson's Magazine," ''The Daily Express," etc. Dear Mr. Unger: I have great pleasure iu stating, as manager for " The Daily Express" in South Af- rica during the war, that your work was most valuable to the paper, and was very much appreciated by our readers. 1 hope you will have the success that you deserve, and that means a good big boom. Yours sincerely, B. Fletcher Rohinson, Managing Editor of "Pearson's London Daily Express." JUST PUBLISHED New "Library Edition" of Mrs. Stoddard's Novels TWO MEN. TEMPLE HOUSE. THE MORGESONS. By ELIZABETH STODDARD. I2mo, cloth extra, in a box, or sold sepa- rately, etL'-h $1.50. "Two Men," "Temple House," and "The Morgesons," as Edmund Clarence Stedman says, are " essentially modern and in keep- ing with the choicest types of recent fiction." James Russell Lowell once said of Eliza- beth Stoddard that she was the one woman in America who had revealed the profound- est depths of genius. And Nathaniel Haw- thorne wrote of her first book, shortly be- fore his death, " It seemed to me as genuine and lifelike as anything that pen and ink can do. There are very few books of which 1 take the trouble to have any opinion at all, or of which I could retain any memory so long after reading them as 1 do of ' The Morgesons.'" HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS The Romance of Religion. By Olive Vivian and IIekkekt Vivian, M.A., Author of ''Abyssinia," "Tunisia,'' "Servia," etc. With 38 Illustrations from Photographs. Crown 8vo, gilt top, pp. xvi.-M04. $1.75. Individuality and the Moral Aim in American Education. Report presented to the Victoria University ami the Gilchrist Trustees, February, 1901. By 11. Tuiselton Makk. t'rowa 6vo, $1 50 »•'. By mail, $1.00. **♦ The report embodies ft fairly representative series of answers to the questions, What is it that you personally arc aiming at with regard to the children or the students in the school or college? ami How are you seeking to accomplish it ! Arts Under Arms: "An Univcrsit) Man in Khaki." By MAURICE BTTZGIBBON, Mode- rator in Classics and B.A.. Trinity College, Dublin University; late Trooper and Sergeant-Major, 45th Company (Irish Hunt Contin- gent 1, Imperial Yeomanry. With six Illustrations from Photo- graphs. Crown 8vo, pp. xii-:23:>. gilt top, $1.50 net. By mail, H.80. The Art of Building a Home: A Collection of Lectures and Illustrations. Ity H.muiv Pakkick and RAYMOND I'nwin. With 6H Full-Page Plates reproduced from Plans, Line Drawings, Wash Drawings and Pho- tographs. Large crown 8vo, pp. vi.-133, gilt top, $3.75 net. By mail, $3.90. A Treatise on Hedical Jurisprudence. Based on Lectures delivered at University College, London. By GEORGE VIVIAN POORE, M.D., F.R.C. P., Professor of the Prin- ciples and Practice of Medicine, University College, London. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, pp. xxiv.-533, $4.00. A Civilian War Hospital : Being an Account of the Work of the Portland Hospital, and of Experience of Wounds and Sickness in South Africa, 1900. Together with a Description of the Equipment, Cost, and Management of a Civilian Base Hospital In Time of War. By the Professional Staff, Anthony A. Bowlby, F.R.C.S., Senior Sur- geon; Howard H. Tooth, M.D., F.R.C.S. ; Cuthbert Wallace, M.B., B.S., F.R.C.S.; John E. Calverley, M.B., B.S., M.R.C.8., and Surgeon-Major Kilkelly, Principal Medical Officer and in Military Charge. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo, $4.00 net. By mail, $4.20. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract: The Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx. Wilh a Section on the Examination of the Ear. By P. Watson Williams, M.D., Lond., Physician in Charge of the Throat Department at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, etc., etc. With 37 Colored and Stereoscopic Plates and a Stereoscope. 8vo, com- plete with Stereoscope, $6.00. LONG/WANS, GREEN, & CO., 01=03 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1901. The Week. The news of the disaster to American troops in Samar confirms the reports of the serious state of affairs in that isl- and which have been coming in for some time past. If it be true that more than forty Americans were killed, including the three officers of the company, this is the severest loss inflicted on the Ameri- can troops in any one engagement since the beginning of the fighting in 1899. It will at once be used by those (like the Philippine correspondent of Leslie's Weekly) opposed to the methods of the Taft Commission, as another proof of the imprudence of establishing civil govern- ment in territory not yet conquered by the United States troops. From the mil- itary point of view, the disaster calls for a strict investigation. That a company which had within three years served in three wars should have been caught off its guard in hostile territory, seems to show that somebody blundered, and blun- dered badly. Apparently the simplest military precautions were omitted, per- haps because of over-confidence, engen- dered by many victories over the brown men. The whole affair, as well as the discouraging news, received at the same time, of the guerrilla conditions in Ba- tangas and Tayabas, supports the opinion of Gen. A. S. Burt and other officers that the war is not likely to be ended during our time. Czolgosz was brought into court on Monday week, and the witnesses were examined on that and the following day. The arguments were made, the judge's charge was delivered, and the verdict rendered on Tuesday. On Thursday the death sentence was passed, and now only remains to be carried into effect. If an appeal were to be taken — of which there is no expectation — some little time might elapse before the execution, but it would be the minimum which the law provides for. Such expedition cannot be looked for in all cases of murder, but the trial of Czolgosz should be an example for bench and bar and legislators. The Eng- lish system is as nearly a model of the workings of even-handed justice as the world has ever seen. Yet it is not fet- tered by the delays which, among us, nullify the effects of punishment and furnish excuses and provocation for the lynching of criminals without any trial at all. As was to have been expected, the at- tempt to force Commissioner Evans out of the Pension Bureau was renewed at the earliest possible moment after the change in the Presidency. It had become plain before Mr. McKinley was shot that the raid on this efficient public servant could not succeed so long as he remained in the "White House. Mr. Roosevelt, of course, had previously had nothing to do with the controversy, and some of Mr. Evans's enemies fancied that they might fare better with the new Presi- dent. They have already learned their mistake. In pursuance of his resolution to carry out Mr. McKinley's policy, Mr. Roosevelt was morally bound to stand by the Commissioner, as he has served no- tice that he will. This will be all the easier because the President is the last man who would favor the idea of turn- ing a good official out for no other rea- son than that he had done his work well. The New York Press has obtained let- tors from sundry meoibcrs of Congress on the subject of a lowering of the duties on sugar by treaties of recipro- city or otherwise. The Press itself is opposed to any change whatever in the tariff at the coming session of Congress or during the next ten years. It per- ceives, however, that an attempt will be made to reopen the question, particularly as regards the importation of sugar from Cuba, and upon this subject particularly it has sought the views of Congressman Payne, the prospective Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, of Senators Burrows and Hawley, and of Congress- man Henry of Connecticut. Mr. Payne's letter is not as explicit as it might be. He says that "the tariff question should not be opened unless for the most imper- ative reasons, and only when the benefits would outweigh the temporary embar- rassments and losses resulting from it." This might be said by even such a here- tic as Congressman Babcock of Wiscon- sin. We had looked for a more pro- nounced statement from Mr. Payne, if any. Senator Burrows of Michigan is more decided. He holds that the present duty on sugar ought not to be disturbed at all. He goes even further, and favors a duty on coffee for the purpose of en- couraging its growth in this country. He thinks it possible to grow all that we consume, "and thus save the $52,000,000 annually expended abroad for this prod- uct." This is the kind of protection that we like to see, the kind that flinches at nothing, but follows its logic to the end. Senator Hawley, while adhering to the doctrine of protection in a general way, does not care to say anything as to de- tails until he hears the report of the Finance Committee of the Senate. Con- gressman Henry thinks that a reduc- tion of 10 per cent, in the duties on su- gar might be admissible, and that Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines should be protected by a differential duty on the coffee imported into the United States. This is a new variation of the protective idea. It means the payment of gratuities of unknown amount by the consumers of coffee in this country to the people of distant islands, with some of whom we are now waging war. This is a scheme which is not likely to make rapid head- way among our people when they dis- cover what it signifies. Another long step toward the over- throw of the Quay ring, not only in Phil- adelphia, but in all Pennsylvania as well, was taken on September 24. The Union party, made up of anti-Quay Republicans and Independents, held its State and County Conventions in Philadelphia, and nominated excellent candidates, chosen not only because of their well-known fitness for positions of public trust, but also with a view to uniting all the elements in the city and State which stand for purity and decency in public affairs. Judge Yerkes, who had already been nominated by the Democratic Con- vention to head the State ticket, was ac- cepted and endorsed by the Union State Convention, and a candidate was nomi- nated for State Treasurer who, it is un- derstood, will be acceptable to the Demo- crats, their own candidate retiring in the interests of the fusion movement. The County Convention nominated District Attorney Rothermel, Who is already the nominee of a mass convention of citi- zens, and who will also receive the sup- port of the reorganized Democratic par- ty in Philadelphia, which ex-Gov. Pat- tison is calling together after throwing off the incubus of the Donnelly-Ryan machine. The Democratic vote in Philadelphia, strange as it may seem, has decreased in recent years from more than 100,000 to about 30,000. and it now looks as though the missing 70,000, at least, to- gether with as many voters from the 30,000 as have not sold themselves to the Republican ring, would be found in the new organization. A well-attended mass meeting of Democrats was held last week, under the call of Mr. Pattison, at which the ticket nominated by the Union party was endorsed and present- ed to the Democratic voters. At the same time the news of a break in the Donnelly-Ryan machine was announced, one of the ward leaders coming over to the Pattison organization and bringing with him his entire ward committee. The interest with which students of munici- pal problems will watch the progress of this fusion campaign, must be greatly intensified by the fact that the fusion was possible only after a repudiation of the bosses of the national party.

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256 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 Developments in the New York muni- cipal campaign are still encouraging. The Conventions of the Citizens' Union for Manhattan Borough and New York County last week unanimously endors- ed the tickets previously agreed upon by the conferees of the various anti- Tammany organizations, with the excep- tion of one of the nominees for cor- oners. It was charged that this man has a bad record as a supporter of Tammany, and the Borough Convention very prop- erly referred his name back to the Com- mittee, with the understanding that it would make an investigation and substi- tute a better choice if the charges were sustained. It is already clear that the substantial elements among the minor anti-Tammany organizations will support Mr. Low, and that any would-be leaders who may become allies of Tammany by holding off will soon find themselves without followers. Of no class of voters is this so true as of the respectable German-Americans, whom a number of organizations have professed to represent during the period of con- ference. What such voters want, above all else, is an honest and decent govern- ment, and they will pursue the only course by which it can be secured. What an extraordinary figure is that now cut by Comptroller Coler! After having lost the nomination of the party of reform and good government, he is angling for one from the party of cor- ruption and bad government, which he bas so often opposed and so often por- trayed in the darkest colors. He will not even hear of a renomination for his present office, but insists upon the head- ship of the ticket, notwithstanding the fact that he has so often announced his retirement from politics for business and other reasons. Although an avowed champion of local home rule, and op- posed to the interference of State offi- cials in city affairs, he has, it would scorn, brought the question of State con- trol of tho Democratic party into the situation, by his appeal to State poli- ticians to aid him in satisfying his heart's desire. Were he the man most of those who shout for him take him to be, he would prove his devotion to the < ity's welfare by giving his support to Mr. Low, and putting the great cause of municipal honesty and purity above his own petty ambitions. His failure to do so casts doubt upon the sincerity of all his reform pretensions. His acceptance of a Tammany nomination for any of- fice whatever will mean that he has put himself beyond the pale, and has defi- nitely allied himself with the enemies of public decency and of the welfare of the city. No Ramapo record and no maga- zine articles on commercialism in poli- tics will ever clean his slate again. strict negro suffrage attempts some new device, and that agreed upon by the ma- jority of the Suffrage Committee of the Virginia Constitutional Convention is very ingenious. There is no "grandfa- ther clause," like the one adopted in Louisiana and North Carolina, but the illiterate ex-Confederate soldier is assur- ed the right to vote by a provision giving it to any person who has served in the army or navy of either the Confederacy, the United States, or any State— which, of course, covers both whites and blacks who fought for the Union during the civil war. Such voters are relieved from paying the $1.50 poll-tax which is to be required of all others after the 1st of January, 1903. Suffrage is also granted to any person who, by himself or his wife, has paid during the year before an election as much as $1 in State taxes on property owned by one or the other The scheme by which it is expected to keep most negroes from the ballot-Dox is a provision that any man who is not an ex-soldier or a taxpayer, in order to vote, must, when he offers to register, "be able to give a reasonable explana- tion of the general nature of the duties of the various officers for whom he may, at any time, under laws then existing, be entitled to vote, and, if physically able, shall have indicated his substantial at- tachment to, or identification with, this State, by having been regularly employ- ed or engaged in a lawful trade, profes- sion, business, calling, work, or service, for at least one-fourth of the time during the year next preceding that in which he shall offer to vote." Any State would be benefited by an impartial application of the principles here embodied, but it is obvious that they may be enforced by unscrupulous officials in such a manner as to admit grossly ignorant and thrift- less whites and to debar reasonably in- telligent and industrious blacks. Be- ing impartial on its face, the Supreme Court would doubtless sustain the Con- stitutionality of the provision; and if it shall be adopted, the negroes will have to depend upon the growing sense of fair play in the dominant race to give them a chance. It should be added that an- other sort of educational qualification is proposed after January 1, 1904, in a provision that the would-be voter must make his application to the registrars in writing, and must be able to prepare his ballot without help, except in case of physical disability. Each Southern State which tries to re- The question of transportation has given rise to an interesting situation in the new oil region of Texas, and the outlook now is that the industrial his- tory of the Ohio and other oilfields will be repeated. The average daily capacity of the fifty-two wells that have been opened up to this time is about 1,560,000 barrels. This large output could scarcely be handled with promptness by all the railways in Texas, even if they should combine in an effort to take care of the total product without discrimination. As a matter of fact, they are very far from placing transportation facilities at the disposal of all, without any respect to persons. Although the demand for the oil for use as fuel is greater than the railways can supply, only about 125,000 barrels a day are being shipped, and these come chiefly from a single com- pany, which is now said to form part of the Standard Oil Company. The dif- ficulty in shipping the oil from the wells, of course, prevents the smaller com- panies from earning anything, and the prospects are that, unless some measures can be taken to secure transportation, the stockholders in these companies will be obliged to sell out at a low figure. Such a necessity would practically re- peat the experience of Ohio producers who competed with the Standard Oil Company twenty years ago, except that in this case the suppression of com- petition would be far from having the same beneficial results as formerly. The efforts of ex-Gov. Hogg to form a rival syndicate which shall construct pipe lines to the coast, and so market the out- put of the small producers, are there- fore worthy of success from all points of view. The suggestion of Gov. Say- ers that pipe lines be subjected to the law of common carriers also deserves serious consideration. A different, but quite as interesting problem as that of transportation has been brought to the front by the at- tempt to tax the Texas oil-producers. In accordance with the general feeling that the oil should be made a special object of taxation, Gov. Sayers recom- mended a bill imposing a tax of 2 per cent, upon the gross receipts from all sales. Although the rate was finally lowered from 2 per cent, to 1 per cent, the tax has met with strong opposition from producers, and even in the amend- ed form has failed to pass both branches of the Legislature. The proposed mode of imposition will give the objections of the producers much weight with stu- dents of taxation, although not all of their arguments have been of the strong- est character. Among those most promi- nently urged was the familiar plea against crippling an infant industry. The cry against discriminating taxation was raised, since it was maintained that there was quite as much reason for tax- ing corporations engaged in producing coal or metals, or even farm products. Less disingenuous were those who pro- tested against double taxation, since the oil-producing ground is already taxed, and who complained of the exorbitantly high rate of the impost. The real ques- tion, of course, is the old one as to the proper mode of taxing corporations. Most of the objections to the tax would be overcome by imposing it upon the net income, or net income above a speci-

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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 257 fled amount, from the wells. In this form the possibility of shifting the tax would be minimized, and most of the special pleas put forward would be with- out foundation. The recent decision of a Delaware court on the illegality of prepaying sea- men's wages is much to be commended. In this particular case a sailor had agreed to ship for "one shilling for the first twenty days and $30 a month there- after," the $20 that would naturally have come to him for the first twenty days be- ing paid as commission to an agent who had secured the man's services for the British steamer Eestor. By American admiralty law the prepayment of wages to any but the seaman himself is illegal, since it makes possible the perpetration of fraud upon ignorant men. The court held in this case that the consideration of a shilling for the first twenty days was an evident attempt to evade the law, and, as such, should be held void. Espe- cially to be commended is that part of the decision which repudiates the de- fence offered that the complainant was a British citizen, and hence not subject to American law. If such a claim should be admitted, a wide door to fraudulent evasion of the statute would have been opened. The law was meant, not merely for American seamen on foreign vessels and foreign seamen on American vessels, but also for foreign seamen shipping on foreign vessels in American ports. Any other interpretation would have render- ed this valuable piece of protective leg- islation practically void. The progress of the inquiry has al- ready done much to inform the lay pub- lic in regard to the true nature of the case against Rear-Admiral Schley. In the public mind, despite endless news- paper elucidation, the bone of conten- tion has seemed to be Rear-Admiral Schley's behavior at the battle of San- tiago itself, and the question whether the credit for the victory should go to him or to the Commander-in-Chief, who was twenty miles away at the time of the beginning of the fighting. Even when the precept by which the Court of Inquiry is governed was published by the Navy Department, the impression remained that Schley's conduct on the third of July, 1898, was the real sub- ject of the investigation. To any intel- ligent man who has followed the digni- fied proceedings of the Court, it must be plain now that the question to be decided is Rear-Admiral Schley's fitness for the command, as shown by his oper- ations and movements previous to the battle itself. His own personal actions under fire, and the turning movement cf the Brooklyn, about which discussion has raged so hotly, have shrunk to their proper place as mere incidents of the fight. The failure of the publie to grasp this is responsible for the frequent poll- ing of multitudes at summer resorts and elsewhere upon the question, "Who was the hero of Santiago?" and for Rear-Admiral Schley's frequent intro- duction to public assemblages as "The Man Who Was There." This has never been the question at issue, and the clear revelation of what underlies it is so great a gain as in itself to justify the holding of the court. As far as the navy itself is concerned, there has never been any more idle talk print- ed than that which hinted at a con- spiracy to deprive Rear-Admiral Schley of the honors to which he was entitled as the senior officer present when Cer- vera made his fatal dash for liberty. The painful duty of explaining a joke of six months' standing falls to the Rev. Gilbert Reid, missionary at Pekin. Last spring, when criticism of missionary loot was rife, Mr. Reid wrote to the North China Herald "an ironical con- fession, intended as a burlesque," by way of rejoinder to the sallies of the press. Fat-witted news-writers and edi- tors took the joke seriously, and now, under date of August 26, the perpetra- tor of the hoax explains the incident at great length. The most striking thing about this serious explanation is that it is far more humorous than the joke it- self. The Rev. Mr. Reid offers the time- honored apology that his loot was "a very little one," or, in his own words, "I favored the looting of only two or three houses." And this he did by way of retribution upon those who "had near- ly encompassed our massacre." Further- more, he has saved many innocent Chi- nese from pillage; in fact, for his stay- ing of the looting hand which was out- stretched over the home he now occu- pies, the landlord, on his side, has ab- stained from collecting rent. The old re- frain, "Come live with me," is evidently sung with uncommon fervor by the guileless Chinaman confronted by a member of the missionary "committee on loot." But we are far from thinking the majority of his fellow-missionaries likely to be pleased with Mr. Reid's pleasantry; and if his aim is a complete whitewashing, we advise him to quit joking and procure a signed testimonial from his associates. An address by Joseph Lawrence, M. P., before the Newport Chamber of Com- merce, reported in part by cable, relates to the capacity of the United States and that of Great Britain in the production of steel. The conclusions reached by the speaker were rather more favorable to the United States in this particular than any other that we have seen in the course of recent discussion. Mr. Law- rence told his audience that Charles M. Schwab assured him that the Steel Trust could deliver steel billets in England for $16.50 a ton, whereas the lowest price for which British manufacturers could make them was $19. Mr. Schwab, he said, also asserted that when the Trust had completed certain ocean transporta- tion arrangements now pending, the American price would be still lower. In addition to this statement, Mr. Schwab called the attention of Mr. Lawrence to the fact that his (Mr. Schwab's) steel- workers got double the wages paid Brit- ish workmen in the same line. The Iron Age of September 26 quotes steel billets at Pittsburgh at $26 to $27 per ton, or $10 per ton higher than Mr. Schwab says that his company can sup- ply them to England. This large dis- crepancy is due, probably, to the recent strike and to the consequent abnormal demand for home consumption. We so infer from the remark in the Iron Age that "it is no longer a question of price in the steel market, but where to get it." But, after making all allowances, it seems a trifle absurd that we should maintain a tariff against English steel when we are able to undersell English manufacturers by $2.50 per ton in their own market. Chairman Babcock of the Republican Congressional Committee will no doubt make good use of Mr. Schwab's testimony, as reported by Mr. Lawrence, when he introduces his tariff bill. That touch of nature which makes even bosses kin is beautifully illustrated in the case of ex-Deputy Casale of Na- ples. Casale was the city boss, until the peculations of his followers became notorious. A Socialist newspaper brought full and explicit charges of corrupt practices against him. He responded with a libel suit, in which the newspaper was acquitted and himself morally con- demned. That a criminal trial has not long since relegated the great Camor- rist to prison is due only to some ex- traordinary laxness of the prosecuting authorities. Meanwhile Casale has been asked to give his opinion on the work of the Committee of Investigation which now rules Naples. Naturally, his anxiety is not for himself, but for his well-loved city, and his opinion is that of other famous politicians concerning investigating committees: "As a citizen and Neapolitan," said Casale, "I believe that the investigation will carry in its train incalculable harm to our city, both of a moral and economic sort. The scope of the investigation is too broad. It has acted upon a plan which will make the whole world believe that in Na- ples there is not a hand-breadth of earth untainted by corruption and crooked prac- tices." This high moral indignation has a strangely familiar ring. Where can we have heard the like before? Is it pos- sibly Murphy and Devery on the spoil- ing of "business" by reformers? Or is it Mr. Croker of Wantage protesting that New York is the best governed city in the world?

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258 The ]STatioii. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 JUVENILIA. "The atrocious crime of being a young man" is one which must be imputed to President McKinley's successor. Mr. Roosevelt is both the latest and the youngest incumbent of his high office, being one of four inaugurated under fifty. At his present age, not one of the other three — Pierce, Grant, and Cleveland — we may be sure, was any- thing like so youthful in temperament, so full of animal spirits, so openly af- fected with the love of boyish as well as manly sports. In a marked degree he represents the Young America of to-day, for at the date of his birth all tha". pas- sion for athletics which he typifies was nearly invisible in college circles, yet grew with his growth, overcame him, and made him one of the extreme de- fenders of games discredited for rough- ness and peril. How far the new gospel of brawn was responsible for his par- ticipating in the Spanish war, we will not now inquire; but hundreds of the rising generation, bred to the rush lines of the "Soldiers' Field" and other col- lege playgrounds, passed naturally to the larger "sport" of killing Spaniards in Cuba. The recruiting of the Rough Riders had less a Wild Western than a juvenile aspect, as had all that was spec- tacular in Colonel Roosevelt's military career. The same happy period of life pro- tracted into manhood has been manifest in his volubility, his impulsiveness (which as Governor led him into more than one amusing situation), his rest- lessness and excitableness. Especially in the Expansionist we discern the boy whose patriotism is indistinguishable from a sense of national bigness in every dimension. True, the boy's mind, fired by the contemplation of the Great- est, Freest, and Best, is content with the boundaries shown on the map and familiar in spread-eagle oratory — "from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific from the Great Lakes to the Gulf." Nor does the child feel the stirring of a mission- ary political propaganda, in which the Declaration of Independence is to be made to cross the seas — never to re- turn. But there is no natural dividing line between the megalomania of self- satisfaction and that of dissatisfaction with the area in which so much bigness has swelled up. The boy is father to the man. The spirit of adventure taking us to lands remote in the pursuit of wealth, power, and glory is again associated with the sap and buoyancy of early years. The author of 'Hunting Trips of a Ranchman,' 'Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail,' and 'The Winning of the West' reverts by sympathy to the in- fancy of the republic, and, in default of Boone and Lcatherstocking, fraternizes with the cowboy of to-day. In an un- guarded moment he even contrasts the plodding farmer unfavorably with the cowboy, as if nomadic "roughing it" were a more valuable element in our civilization than settled industry. This is exactly the way it would strike a boy's imagination if he could see the two side by side; it would be like comparing the circus with a horse-car stable. In short, one cannot but feel that Mr. Roosevelt, but for his breeding and cul- ture, might readily have fallen a victim to the dime novel. We share the poet's aversion to "ir- reverence for the dreams of youth," and we indulge in these reminiscences solely because they serve to explain why there were such general misgivings as to the results of Mr. Roosevelt's succeeding President McKinley. It was not his relative youthfulness, as being fifteen years younger than his late chief, or more than ten years below the average of all the Presidents in their first terms. The fear lay in those impetuous traits which betokened a retarded maturity alike of judgment and of ideals, and which might — particularly in our deal- ings with foreign nations — expose the country, if not to actual dangers, at least to mortifying collisions. Mr. Roose- velt had shown that boyish lack of humor which consisted in taking his own strenuousness seriously; and how large a part humor plays in statesman- ship need not be insisted upon. He had, also, both in the versatility of his public experience and in his disappointing Governorship, shown a certain incon- stancy which of all things is out of place at the head of the Federal Admin- istration. Civil-Service Commissioner, Police Commissioner, Assistant Secre- tary of the Navy, "captain, or colonel, or knight in arms," Governor — valuable dis- cipline this, in the sum, for perpetual adolescence, yet suggestive of fickleness and a roving habit. A man's nature was never wholly changed even by such a fortune of sudden responsibility as has befallen Mr. Roose- velt; and calm, steadiness, reticence, the just vision, are to be attained by him, if at all, only by severe internal conflict. We can await the issue hopefully and generously, but at the same time we can- not avoid asking ourselves whether he may not be the mirrorof his time; wheth- er this people has not declined from the manhood which reached its full height in the Civil War, to a childhood peril- ously near to decay. We shall answer this doubt as optimistically as we can by quoting here a remarkable view of the American tendency as it appeared to a friendly foreign observer in 1855, at the beginning of the armed struggle over slavery in Kansas. We quote from the Autobiography of Harriet Martineau, written at a time when she supposed her own end to be imminent: "N'ogro slavery in the United States, as regards the existing Union, is near its end, I have no doubt. I regard with a deeper concern the manifest retrogression of the American people in their political and so- cial character. They seem to be lapsing from national manliness into childhood — retrograding from the aims and interests of the nineteenth century into those of the fifteenth and sixteenth. Their passion for territorial aggrandizement, for gold, for buccaneering adventure, and for vulgar praise, is seen miserably united with the pious pretensions and fraudulent ingenuity which were, in Europe, old-fashioned three centuries ago, and which are now kept alive only in a few petty or despised states where dynasty is on its last legs. "I know that there are better men, and plenty of them, in America than those who represent the nation in the view of Eu- rope; but these better men are silent and inactive; and the national retrogression is not visibly retarded by them. I fear it cannot he. I fear that when the bulk of a nation is below its institutions — whether by merely wanting the requisite knowledge or by being in an immature moral condi- tion— it is not the intelligence and virtue of a small, despairing, and inactive mi- nority that can save it from lapses into barbarism. I fear that the American nation is composed almost entirely of the vast majority who coarsely boast, and the small minority who timidly despair, of the Repub- lic. It appears but too probable that the law of Progression may hold good with re- gard to the world at large without pre- venting the retrogression of particular por- tions of the race. "But the American case is not exactly of this kind. I rather take it to be that a few wise men, under solemn and inspiring influences, laid down a loftier political pro- gramme than their successors were able to fulfil. If so, there is, whatever disappoint- ment, no retrogression, properly speaking. We supposed the American character and policy to be represented by the chiefs of the Revolution, and their Declaration of In- dependence and republican Constitution; and now we find ourselves mistaken in our supposition. It is a disappointment; but we had rather admit a disappointment than have to witness an actual retrogression." THE MUNICIPAL CONTEST IN NEW YORK. "The one issue in this campaign," con- cludes the admirable platform adopted by the Republican City Convention last week, "is an upright administration of municipal affairs, conceived and execut- ed solely for the benefit of the people. It is the issue of common honesty. It is the fight of good citizenship against bad, selfish, and careless citizenship." It would be difficult to better this compact and forcible statement of the contest upon which we are just entering. The conventions of both the Citizens' Union and the Republicans showed the right spirit. The threatened attempt to "stampede" the Union Convention for Mr. Coler was not made, the Comptrol- ler's chief advocate announcing that he had refused to allow the use of his name; but it was obvious that only a small minority of the delegates would have supported such a movement under any circumstances. Moreover, the espe- cial champions of Mr. Coler announced their loyalty to the principles of the Union, and their purpose to stand by the candidate who was selected for the head of the ticket. The temper and the action of the Republican Convention were all that could be desired, from the excellent speech which Mr. Robert C. Morris delivered, as temporary chair- man, throughout the proceedings. Hearty cooperation is assured between the two

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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 259 great anti-Tammany organizations in the support of Seth Low. Such minor organizations as have participated in the preliminary conferences and really desire the overthrow of Tammany, will now fall into line; such as do not, will become simply the allies of the com- mon foe whom they have professed to hate. The figures of 1897 are full of encour- agement. Four years ago Tammany cast only 233,997 votes, against 253,413 by the Citizens' Union and the Republicans to- gether (151,540 for Low and 101,873 for Tracy). Hare was a plurality of nearly 20,000 against Tammany, if the votes di- vided between the two chief opposing or- ganizations had been concentrated upon one man. But the real plurality against Tammany was more than twice 20,000, for Henry George had run as an inde- pendent; and even after his sudden death, on the eve of the election, 21,693 votes were cast for his son and name- sake. Mr. George was as strongly op- posed to Tammany as Mr. Low, and not long before the end declared that, "If I cannot be elected, I should prefer that Mr. Low should occupy the chair of Mayor of Greater New York. If I thought I could not win, I would say, Vote for Low." The chief supporters of Mr. George in 1897 are prominent in the Citi- zens' Union now, and one of them is a candidate on the fusion ticket. It must be remembered also that the real anti- Tammany plurality of more than 40,000 in 1897 was secured under conditions far less favorable for the opposition than those which now exist. Tammany had then been out of power for three years. The public memory is short, and the recollections of Tammany misrule were dim. There were even people who pre- tended that Tammany had reformed, and that it would be decent if it return- ed to power under a mayor who had won a respectable reputation as a judge. It was impossible to arouse the voters to a realizing sense of the peril which confronted the city, because the object- lesson was too remote. Now we have had Tammany in power for nearly four years, growing steadily worse from first to last. Apologies for the organization are impossible; hope of its reform is ab- surd. It stands before the public for what it really is — the exemplification of all that is bad in government. Its continuance in authority means only greater license for the powers of evil, and lower depths of shame for decent citizens. In short, to support Tammany means that one connives at the degrada- tion of the city. It seems impossible that a majority of the voters should not see their duty, and do it. Meanwhile, Mr. Low, who has been three times a candidate for Mayor, twice in the old city of Brooklyn and once in Greater New York, and fully realizes the press- ing necessity of an immediate start by the reform forces, has saved practically a week by making his replies on Friday and Saturday to the notification com- mittees of the Citizens' Union and Re- publicans largely anticipate the letter of acceptance which he will write, after all the bodies that joined in selecting him have formally communicated their action. In the language of his first speech, "to wrest the control of the city from those who permit one man to govern it from his English home, like a second George III., and to make millions for himself and his friends out of his control of it, as though this imperial city of New York were his private gold mine," is the supreme object of the campaign. In his second speech, to the Republican Com- mittee on Saturday evening, Mr. Low further characterized the existing admin- istration as one "under the direction or by permission of an absentee who is not responsible to the people," and defined what is offered in its stead as "home rule, carried on by the Mayor himself, who is responsible to the people, and to them alone." This sole responsibility to the people was also emphasized by Mr. Low's statement that it would be his "duty, in case of election, to stand as the representative of the city itself, and to administer the city government in the public interest only," and by this explicit declaration of independence of all bosses and machines: "It is indeed highly important that all who vote tor me shall understand that, if elected, the actual as well as the nominal head of the city Government will be in the City Hall. As I shall accept the respon- sibility incident to such a conduct of the city as we propose, so I shall reserve the right to act on every question to come be- fore me according to my best judgment." Mr. Low laid stress in each of his speeches on the importance of registra- tion, and especially of early registration. This is a matter which Tammany never neglects, but which the other side is only too apt to overlook. It may be taken for granted that the Republican manag- ers will send by mail a personal notifi- cation of the arrangements for registra- tion to every voter whose name is on the rolls of the organization. The Citizens' Union will, of course, do the same thing for all members of that body, but it should do much more; it should make sure that everybody who can be per- suaded to vote against Tammany shall be registered. We learn of one district where the Union has already decided to do this, and the example should be imi- tated throughout the city. There are more voters in this city who oppose Tammany than there are who favor it. The organization can be dislodged from power if the majority of honest and de- cent citizens can be got to the polls. A good start has been made in the cam- paign, but hard work will be required every day of the five weeks before elec- tion to secure the end in view. "A COUNTRY WITHOUT STRIKES." Considerable surprise, tinged with not a little indignant incredulity, has been provoked by recent dispatches concern- ing the labor situation in New Zealand. Trades-unionists, and all those who ad- vocate an extension of "the economic functions of the state," have refused to believe that a land of industrial peace could by any possibility contemplate a return to the vicious system of free com- petition. But the information from New Zealand is now too well authenticated to admit of its being waved aside in any cavalier fashion, and there can no long- er be doubt that the whole body of leg- islation which has received so much praise from social reformers, bids fair to be repealed before a great while by the very men who secured its adoption. It will be remembered that, some ten years ago, after the maritime strike which practically resulted in a war of classes, the New Zealand Parliament passed a series of measures designed to secure industrial quiet by means of com- pulsory arbitration of labor disputes. The new legislation provided for a final Court of Arbitration and for Boards of Conciliation, in which employers and employees should be represented by men of their own class and choice. The coun- try was divided into "industrial dis- tricts," and one Board of Conciliation was to be appointed in each. Neither court nor boards were to interfere in any industrial dispute, but the boards were merely to deal with such matters as should be brought before them, the Court of Arbitration acting as a tribunal of final appeal whenever conciliation should prove ineffectual. Authority to make its decisions binding whenever ad- visable was bestowed upon the court. With these extensive powers it might reasonably be expected that compulsory arbitration would succeed in New Zea- land, if anywhere. As a matter of fact, the advocates of state interference in la- bor disputes have pointed to the colony as a classic example of the proper mode of dealing with industrial questions, and an idyllic picture of the conditions there prevailing has been drawn by economists of the impressionist school. According to Mr. Henry D. Lloyd, "The Compulsory Arbitration Law of New Zealand and its laws for progressive tax- ation, land resumption, and labor regula- tion are in truth the most advanced appli- cations yet made in the modern world of the doctrines of Carlyle and Ruskin, . . . that captains of industry are captains in the public service." Mr. Lloyd describes the working of the compulsory arbitration acts as being highly satisfactory. The boards succeed, he says, in settling most of the disputes brought before them; they throw light upon mooted questions, and assist in shaping public opinion. But their crown- ing service is that they have made New Zealand "a country without strikes," thus doing away with the use of vio-

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260 Tlie ^STation [Vol. 73, No. 1892 lence in settling labor disputes, and even "blazing the trail along which interna- tional arbitration must move if it would succeed." No one would wish to dash the hopes of those who are desirous to improve this wretched world, and it is to be re- gretted that the roseate views of the admirers of New Zealand conditions cannot be accepted, nor the reality of their Utopia recognized. But the in- terests of economic truth demand that the full facts concerning every economic change shall be known, that all things shall be proved, and those only held fast which are good. However desirable it be to have a country without strikes — and few would hesitate in deciding that question — it is of more importance that industry go on upon some terms, and that it hold out some prizes whose at- tainment would be worthy even of a strike. In this view of things, conditions in New Zealand wear an aspect some- what different from that customarily presented by the Utopists. According to Mr. J. Grattan Grey, who has lived in Australasia the greater part of his life, and has been an observer of the situa- tion in New Zealand from the beginning, "the working of the conciliation boards has been so mischievous and ineffectual as to demonstrate quite clearly that they ought to be done away with." They have developed some of the characteris- tics of our own legislatures, for they pro- tract their sessions in order to earn more, since they are paid upon the "more days, more dollars" principle. In- stead of discouraging industrial dis- putes, they are constantly fomenting them, preventing the expansion of in- dustrial enterprise, and leading capital- ists to keep their wealth locked up in banks, through fear of the conditions under which investment must take place, if at all. Nor have the long and ill- considered lucubrations of the concilia- tion boards resulted in maintaining in- dustrial peace. From 1896 to 1900, no fewer than ninety trade disputes were brought before the boards by trades- unions, and of these only twenty-nine were settled. Belonging largely to special trades, the board members have been too ill-informed and too narrow to act intelligently in the settlement of dis- putes in lines of work other than their own. The whole experiment has, in fact, turned out to be a disastrous failure. The general economic outlook in the island is also far from possessing the roseate tint it has been supposed to have. The public debt is increasing, and per- capita taxation is heavy, exceeding that of any other Australasian colony. The colony is over-governed and badly ad- ministered. The Parliament contains a large number of self-seeking men, who pose as friends of labor, and whose ef- forts, far from promoting industrial peace, have seriously strained the rela- tions between employer and employee. It would be fair to inquire how it is that such a conflict of evidence concern- ing the state of things prevailing in New Zealand has come to exist. On this point a remark made by Mr. Grey fur- nishes some light. Commenting upon certain bright pictures of the New Zea- land labor situation, he suggestively ob- serves that they have, as a rule, been drawn by "birds of passage," "who have taken a run of a few weeks through the colony," and "who appear to throw themselves straight into the arms of those who wilfully mislead them." Ap- peal may safely be made to the opinions of the colonists themselves. What is really the view held by New Zealanders concerning their own prospects may be inferred from the political movement now making head. The farmers, who have all along found themselves serious- ly hampered by the system of legislation there prevailing, as well as by the heavy tariff charges upon manufactures, are now demanding repeal of the laws from which they are suffering, and modifica- tion, if not abolition, of the import du- ties. Whether they can carry both these reforms may be doubtful. In their op- position to labor legislation, however, they will have the support of manufac- turers and investors; and the ultimate disappearance of the socialist Utopia which has been so widely lauded by on- lookers, but which has caused so much dissatisfaction to those who have lived under it, is reasonably to be looked for, and probably at no distant day. THE GERMAN DREYFUS CASE. Just two years ago German military men were reading the accounts of the second trial of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus with unconcealed satisfaction. Such monstrous falsehoods, such wicked con- spiracies, such deliberate schemes to en- trap an innocent man, were possible only in the French army, they conclud- ed. The Rennes revelations were to them proof positive that, as the true soldier spirit was so obviously wanting, the Re- public's forces were internally as disor- ganized as was the case in 1870. That there was anything wrong with the sys- tem of universal conscription itself they indignantly denied. So, too, in ob- serving the British failures in South Africa, German military critics have not hesitated to say that the internal discipline of Kitchener's forces was at fault, and that a respectable army could never be secured if a country had to rely upon voluntary enlistments, instead of upon conscription. Now, however, it is Germany itself which furnishes us with a glaring illus- tration of the depths militarism can reach, even when the circumstances un- der which it flourishes are most favor- able. At Gumbinnen a court-martial has offered as a sacrifice at the altar of the god Discipline a non-commissioned officer named Marten, found guilty of having shot his captain. Although the two civilian law members of the court voted for his acquittal, although not a single newspaper of any party believes that the evidence offered was in any way conclusive, he is to hang, after serving a year's sentence for a minor crime. The Kolnische Volkszeitung has kindly ex- plained that, even if innocent, it is ad- visable that Marten should die, lest Dis- cipline suffer by a failure to find any criminal. This sounds monstrous enough to An- glo-Saxon ears, but it reads still worse when one remembers that the available evidence against the victim was purely circumstantial, and that his life had been placed in jeopardy for this same offence on a previous occasion. At the first trial he and the other suspects were acquitted. This did not please the general, who, as reviewing authority, passed upon the papers, and solely at his instance the trial began anew, with the result that Marten's death was decided upon. The other non-commissioned offi- cers involved were acquitted, only to be dishonorably dismissed, with the loss of the 1,000 marks bounty to which they were each about to become entitled by virtue of long and faithful service. If there were those who thought that the German press and public were so under the domination of the military aristocracy as to remain silent in the face of this judicial outrage, the wave of indignation which has swept over the Empire should convince them of their error beyond all cavil. Every newspaper, irrespective of party or creed, whether Conservative or Liberal, Agrarian or Socialist, has registered its protest, with the exception quoted above. If no Zola and no Picquart have come to the rescue of this victim of military despot- ism, there have at least been no public men ready to demand his sacrifice. Among the people the feeling of dis- satisfaction is deep and universal. No judgment in recent times, says the Ber- lin Tageblait, has so stirred the public and been so universally condemned as this. In Berlin, the home of militarism, Dr. Carl Liebkneeht, son of the famous Wilhelm Liebkneeht, has had the temer- ity to address a great mass-meeting called in protest — itself an unheard-of thing. In a dozen different places money is being collected to make good the losses of the summarily discharged non-com- missioned officers. The Association of German Watchmakers, 4,000 strong, has protested through its organ against the acceptance of that link in the fragile chain of evidence which hinges upon the reliability of several cheap watches, and with this link gone the entire chain gives way. Finally, the public is following Sergeant Marten's appeal from his death sentence with an in- tense desire for a reversal, which is strengthened by the announcement that

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Oct. 3, 1901] The ISTation 261 not one iota of additional evidence was produced at the second trial, and that the public prosecutor did not dare to ask for the death sentence which, to his amazement, the military members of the court pronounced. That there have been reactionary voices heard, even among those who ad- mit the injustice of the verdict, is true. The worshippers of Discipline have been on hand to deprecate the publicity of the matter, "so injurious to the service." Yet had not the law calling for the pres- ent partial publicity in military trials been passed, some two or three years ago, Marten might have gone to his death without the public's being aware that a trial had taken place. It would be hard to find a case which would more thoroughly demonstrate the vital neces- sity of unlimited publicity than has this very trial, in which all that related to the bad character of the murdered offi- cer was heard only behind closed doors. The military officials will not see that their authority over their subordinates is in no way threatened by public trials conducted in accordance with the cere- mony and procedure of civil courts, and that if their own methods are beyond re- proach, full publicity will only strength- en them with their men and with the public. They are even protesting against the public collections on behalf of Mar- ten's dismissed comrades on the ground that such actions are detrimental to Dis- cipline, since they practically nullify and set aside the punishments meted out by the authorities. The vital truth which the military autocrats cannot recognize is plain to both the press and the people. It is, that the mere suspicion of such a grave mis- carriage of justice as that at Gumbinnen does infinitely more harm to the army's standing before the nation than would a thousand collections on behalf of too se- verely treated sergeants. Thanks to the court's disregard of the evidence before it, in its haste to find a victim, the press has had an incentive to speak its mind freely in criticism of the military sys- tem as it has hitherto never dared to do, and it has used its opportunity and rec- ognized its duty in an inspiring way. The cause of freedom of thought and speech the country over has profited by this in no small degree. MODERN ART IN VENICE. Venice, September, 1901. Venice is not a town usually associated with enterprise. The casual tourist, by this time, knows that in its indolence born of decay he is to look for its charm. But there have been signs of chaoge in recent years. Every one still remembers the loud outcry made when the little steamboat began its useful journeys up and down the Grand Canal. Then came the destruction of the beautiful Island of Sant' Elena — in the eyes of the faithful, a crime calling to Heaven for vengeance, and really, it must be con- fessed, a misfortune. The lace and glass in- dustries, thanks largely to Cook and Ruskin, between them, have revived, until now, I am assured, the working-women in Venice, Murano, and the more prosperous islands actually get enough to eat. New big hotels have gone up on the Lido; as you steam or row over towards Mestre or Fusina, you see a cluster of tall factory chimneys belch- ing forth clouds of black smoke, while parts of the Giudecca bear no slight resemblance to Jersey City. Rumors are rife of a scneme to fill up the canals. Altogether, the spirit of Young Italy begins to be active in Venice, but I am not sure that it manifests itself anywhere more diligently and unexpectedly than in the International Art Exhibition now held annually under municipal patronage and artistic direction. The Exhibition is in its fourth summer, but this is the first time I have been able to visit it. So little has been heard of it in comparison with the shows of Munich, Dres- den, and Vienna, that I was not prepared to find the general arrangement and man- agement so excellent in many respects. The Exhibition building stands in the Public Gardens, within a pleasant ride on the penny steamboat — or, on a cool day, a pleasant walk — from anywhere along the Grand Ca- nal or the Rivai. The Gallery having for object primarily the display of works of art, space has not been ruthlessly sacrificed to architectural effect, as at Glasgow. The lighting is fairly good, though the uses or the velarium seem to have been imper- fectly understood; a muslin veil or screen, drawn tightly, tempering the sunshine per- haps, but by no means helping it to fall just where it is needed. The decorations verge somewhat on indiscretion, color and pattern distracting the eye from the pictures that alone should attract it. But this very in- discretion is eloquent witness to the suc- cess of the Exhibition, for it was the sur- plus made in the first three years that has enabled the authorities to redecorate the building throughout. The financial prosperity of the show is really one of its most extraordinary fea- tures. In England, nowadays, artists are bewailing the bad times and the rapidly in- creasing difficulty in disposing of their pro- ductions. But, to judge from the present Venetian Exhibition, times never have been more flourishing. Almost every other picture and print and drawing is already marked "Sold." Queen Margherita has set the fashion by investing in some twenty works by foreign as well as native artists, and the private collector eagerly follows suit. The permanent galleries of modern art in Venice and Turin seem to vie with each other in their efforts to appropriate to themselves as many of the exhibits as possible. Apparently, a very fever of buy- ing prevails. I am told that this is, in a measure, due to the practical interest taken in the exhibition from the start by King Humbert and Queen Margherita, and still continued by the Queen. For its existence, indeed, I believe they are responsible; money which the loyal Venetians had pro- posed to lavish upon a regal gift to them, having been at their request devoted in- stead to the encouragement of contem- porary art. But, whatever the causes, there can be no question that remarkable finan- cial success has attended the undertaking from the first. And I think it is to be noted that there has been no foolish en- deavor to protect or patronize Italian art- ists alone. The foreigner shares in the good fortune. Absolutely no national line is drawn. Only this year two pictures by British artists have been bought for the Venetian permanent gallery. I was special- ly struck with this, coming fresh from Lon- don, where, at the Academy, the foreigner is so grudgingly admitted, and where no municipal scheme or bequest like the Chantrey is ever likely to include him. So far I have said little about the pic- tures, nor do I propose to go into detail on the subject. For one thing, the world has become sated with international exhibi- tions; for another, the same canvases have a way of reappearing in almost every show of the kind opened — artists having even begun to paint certain pictures for the sole purpose of sending them on tour from country to country. Besides, it is out of the question for Venice to compete with Paris in its international hospitality. Most nationalities are represented, but some very poorly — the Americans, for example. I could have wished my countrymen had stayed away altogether, to so little ad- vantage do they show themselves. Indeed, the one section that makes any pretence to completeness is the Italian, which, per- haps, is natural enough. If last summer Frenchmen monopolized the greater number of galleries in the Grand Palais, It must not now be wondered at if Italians do what they can to profit by their opportuni- ties. Personally I cannot regret the chances this gives for the study of modern Italian art at home; as I have seen it abroad, it has always struck me as depressingly com- monplace. Even in the Italian rooms at the Paris Exhibition, M. Boldini and Segan- tini were the only two men who stood out with distinction. The other exhibitors ap- peared to be preoccupied with reechoing Fortuny, manufacturing Salon sensations, or turning out pleasing baits for the tour- ists who crowd the Piazza in Venice and the Corso in Rome. But abroad there is at least the possibility that many artists, for one reason or another, have not been included. At home there is less probability of important omissions, and an entirely representative collection is expected. Pre- sumably this is found at Venice. In mere point of numbers the list of exhibitors is doubtless beyond criticism. I had no idea so many painters were at work to-day in Italy. And everything has been done that could be done for their bene- fit. Their pictures are well hung, never crowded, as a rule allowed the neces- sary margin. They are grouped according to the different modern schools — the Ve- netians, the Piedmontese, the Tuscans, the Neapolitans; all in their respective gal- leries, with separate rooms or special space set apart for the artists held In most honor in their own country — Morelli, Previati, Luigi Nono. Certainly the Ital- ian exhibitors have nothing to complain of. And now, what is the impression made by so large and complete a collection? I might as well be honest and say at once that I have come away from the Exhibition with my estimate of modern Italian art, if anything, lowered. I have wandered from room to room, searching almost in vain for work of genuine vigor, beauty, or in- dividuality. There is nothing by M. Bol- dini, and next to nothing by Segantlni.

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262 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 Morelli, whose reputation is so great just now in Italy, I thought theatrical in his religious pictures, as if he were but bid- ding for popular favor in his choice of subjects approved by a fashion of the day. Previati, in his straining after mysticism, seemed a belated offshoot of the Rose- Croix, far more self-conscious in his recent work than in some earlier sketches I had seen a few days before in Milan. Luigi Nono might be described as an Italiau Marcus Stone, providing the public with the sentiment it can best appreciate. And among all the others whose contributions were more limited in number, Fragiacomo, with one or two landscapes, Tito, perhaps, and Pattari (a Tuscan of decidedly original method, whom I have now met for the first time) are the only ones whose work detained or interested me. A Royal Acad- emy would not be so well hung, but, other- wise, it could hardly prove more common- place. To me this has been no small disappointment. Italian artists and dealers will talk to you of schools and movements and secessions; between them, they have even invented a new name for a certain group — Italian "Divisionists" having suc- ceeded to French Pointillistes. But, for all the artistic smoke, there is very little fire. Segantini, a Divisionist probably without knowing it, has a few followers, as the Exhibition explains. But I discov- ered signs of no other movement, of no tendency, except to conform to the pictorial fashions at present in vogue, to come in first in the race for popularity. It may be the mistake in Venice to accept the Doge's Palace and the School of San Roc- co as the standard. But, after all, the art that cannot be submitted to the standard of the masters is not worth consideration. N. N. CHATEAUBRIAND THE STATESMAN. Paris, September 17, 1901. Nothing that concerns the personality of Chateaubriand can be indifferent to those who recognize in him one of the precursors of the Romantic school of literature, as well as one of the supporters of constitutional government in France. Chateaubriand de- serves to be studied in this double charac- ter. I will not dwell to-day on the merits of Chateaubriand as a writer; some of his early writings, which excited great emotion at the time, are now almost forgotten. Few people read the 'Genie du Christianisme,' the 'Martyrs,' 'Atala,' 'Rene,' the 'Dernier des Abencerages.' The work which survives, and which will always be read, is the 'Me- moires d'Outre-tombe,' an autobiography which has pages never to be forgotten. Chateaubriand shows himself in it with all his passions, his defects as well as his vir- tues; and the dominant note of these me- moirs is a certain feeling of sadness, of melancholy, of what might be called pess- imism, which gives a dramatic and some- times almost sublime character to these outbursts of a noble soul. It ought to be said at once that the 'Me- moires d'Outre-tombe' are not merely a literary work. The incidents of the life of Chateaubriand are all more or less inter- woven with politics. The political part is probably that in which he took the greatest pride. He resisted the power of Napoleon, and left the diplomatic service of France after the execution of the Duke d'Enghien. His pamphlet, 'Bonaparte et les Bourbons,' was worth to the Bourbons, in the words of Louis XVIII. himself, a hundred thou- sand men. His other political pamphlets, the most important of which was 'La Mon- archic selon la Charte,' were an attempt to reconcile the old dynasty with constitution- al government, and the country with the old dynasty. It is rather difficult to reconcile the atti- tude of Chateaubriand towards the Bournons, and of the Bourbons towards Chateaubriand, if we do not take into consideration his unbending character, which had all the te- nacity of a Breton with the consciousness of genius; and equally the hereditary propen- sities of the Bourbons, who accepted consti- tutional government only as a necessity. In a curious study by M. Gustave Lanson, this author enters into interesting details on the rupture of Chateaubriand with Louis XVIII.: "On the 6th of June, 1824, the day or Pentecost, Viscount Chateaubriand, Minis- ter of Foreign Affairs, went, at half-past ten in the morning, to the Pavilion de Mar- san, to pay his respects to Monsieur. He could not be received, and went to hear the music in the chapel. A servant came to fetch him; his secretary was asking for him. Chateaubriand found him in the Salon des Marechaux: 'You are no longer Minister, sir,' were the first words of the secretary, who placed in his hands a letter from the President of the Council, M. de Villele, with an ordonnance of the King. The latter was thus worded: 'Sir, I obey the King's order in transmitting at once to your Excellency an ordonnance which the King has just signed.' This royal ordonnance confided the Foreign Office ail interim to the President of the Council in place of Viscount Chateau- briand." Two hours afterwards Chateaubriand left the Ministry, taking with him his two cats only, of which he was extremely fond. He had every right to be "mortally wounded" (such is his own expression), not only at being dismissed, but in such a manner, without warning, without a word of ex- planation or regret, after the eminent ser- vicee which he had rendered to the royal family. He wrote to his friend M. de Mont- losier: "They have put me out as if I had stolen the King's watch from his mantel- piece." M. de Villele, in his memoirs, throws the whole responsibility for the act on King Louis XVIII. The reason of the misunderstanding was of old date. At the Congress of Verona Chateaubriand and Mathieu de Montmorency, who represented France, made a war of intervention in Spain necessary. Chateaubriand, who played the principal part in this Congress, wanted intervention, while Louis XVIII. would have preferred to avoid it. Chateaubriand's ob- ject was to give the French army an occa- sion to fight under the white flag and to reconcile it with the Restoration. The war was a mere military promenade. The army marched against the revolutionary troops, and. at the battle of the Trocadero, the Duke of Angouleme found an occasion to distin- guish himself. The war in Spain was a suc- cess for Chateaubriand and for Emperor Al- exander of Russia, who had favored it. It left a bad impression on Louis XVIII., who was in favor of an English alliance, and England had been opposed to French inter- vention. Chateaubriand triumphed perhaps a little too loudly over the King's policy, and that of his colleague, M. de Villele, who was the King's obedient instrument. Their relations became more difficult, till the King dismissed Chateaubriand brutally. Chateau- briand was not one of those men who for- give and forget. He entered directly into relations with the Journal des Debats, and began an unmerciful war on the Prime Min- ister, M. de Villele. He did not resume his pen as a journalist; he made himself again a pamphleteer. The death of Louis XVIII. imposed for a time on Chateaubriand a sort of truce. He published a pamphlet under the title 'Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!' If Charles X. had changed the Cabinet completely, Cha- teaubriand would probably have been quite disarmed, but the King retained Villele, and, six weeks after the death of Louis XVIII., Chateaubriand recommenced his opposition. He attacked the subserviency of the Villele cabinet to England; as for himself, he had, while he was minister, tak- en a proud position with regard to England. He counted upon the Emperor Alexander; his imagination represented to him a bril- liant future for France through her at- liance with Russia. Villele had less im- agination; he knew that the English Gov- ernment had upset the Cabinet of the Duke de Richelieu, who was a friend of the Em- peror Alexander; he was anxious to please Canning, to consolidate the credit of France. The collection of the articles which Chateaubriand wrote during the Villele ministry in the Journal des Debats might be considered a model for a journal- ist anxious to carry on a furious and sys- tematic opposition. Chateaubriand recog- nized and collected some of them after- wards (newspaper articles were not signed at the time), but he himself allowed some to sink into oblivion. It is fortunate for Chateaubriand that he had, in most cases, to defend a good cause. He wrote or spoke in the Chamber of Peers against the re- establishment of the censorship of the press, against the measure which disbanded the National Guard; he was a stanch sup- porter of the liberty of the press, and de- nounced with eloquence all the petty and arbitrary measures which were taken against the proprietors of newspapers, the writers, and even the printers. In the Royalist camp many people were scandalized by the militant character of Chateaubriand; it was thought unworthy of a "man of quality" to write for the press, and Madame de Chateaubriand was of that mind. Others intimated that the attacks against a Cabinet would, in the end, weaken the cause of the crown; some people went so far as to call Chateaubriand a traitor. But he held that he was acting simply ac- cording to the spirit of the time and to the institutions of the country. Where the press was not free, where there was no real Par- liamentary Government, there was no rem- edy but civil war. He maintained that op- position was legitimate and even necessary in a Constitutional monarchy, provided the person of the King and the crown should be kept outside and above the struggle. Some of his words were prophetic, and you may discern the Revolution of 1830 in these lines: "God knows what may be produced by a drop of blood shed on a soil equally ready to produce harvests or soldiers. When, in the troubles of empires, one comes to the use of force, it is no longer a question of the first attack, but of the final victory." During this period the real Chateaubriand reveals himself — the man of intellect, who knows and feels that intelligence is the greatest force, the ruling spirit of mankind.

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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 263 What says he of the press? "The periodical press is an immense force, the offspring of modern civilization. It cannot be stifled either by violence or by disdain." What says he of liberty? "The illusions of the past are gone; each individual, having been freed by his misfortunes, has learned to count only upon himself, to esteem himself only ac- cording to his own qualities; and this natural legitimacy, which has replaced political legitimacy, has founded in minds an inde- pendence which is now invincible." It cannot be denied that there appears a. certain incoherence in Chateaubriand's political attitude during the Restoration; that sometimes we see him allied with the ultra-Royalists and sometimes with the Liberals, and that personal motives, likes or dislikes, had much to do with his con- duct. But these contradictions, -which have often been the subject of criticism, can, on the whole, be explained by the politi- cal creed which he had adopted, and to which he remained faithful. His motto was, all along: "The King, Religion, Lib- erty." He considered the King as intan- gible, whatever his opinion of him, and thus he professed the true doctrine of consti- tutional monarchy. He defended the cause of religion, but he would not be enslaved to a religious coterie, to what was called at the time the "Congregation," and he was the enemy of religious intolerance. As for the third term of the trilogy, lib- erty, his conduct under the Empire and during the Restoration shows that he never sacrificed it to transient circumstances. And how could Chateaubriand have ceased to be a liberal? In betraying the cause of liberty, he would have betrayed himself, his own genius, his own glory. Correspondence. MR. MICHIE AND THE MISSIONARIES IN CHINA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Perhaps a word will be welcome from China about the lecture of Mr. Michie, on the missionary question, which was noticed in your number of July 4, recently received on this far-distant shore. The lecturer threw much light on the question, as was to have been expected of a person of his long ^experience and observation. In partic- ular, he rendered the missionary cause a good service by his clear testimony to the fact that "the Christian religion, as such, has never provoked the Chinese Govern- ment or people to acts of violence; and that their real objection to the propaganda has been, and is, primarily political, and only incidentally religious." Mr. Michie's plea, however, that missionaries themselves are to blame for the political complications and difficulties which excite hostility, against their work, must be taken with due restric- tion. Not all of the lecturer's statements are entirely exact, and some of his gen- eralizations are evidently exaggerated, as when he says, for instance, that the aim of Roman Catholic missionaries is to "convert the population of China into French citi- zens." As an example of the missionaries' tendency to meddle in politics, with conse- quent disastrous results, he states that the persecution which afflicted missionary work in the eighteenth century was caused by the plotting of the Jesuits against the Emperor. That is so far from being exact that the Jesuits, as is well known, were in high favor at the imperial court during all the persecution, up to the temporary suppres- sion of the order towards the end of the century. Mr. Michie's brief sketch of what he calls the modern missionary question, from the treaty of Nanking in 1842, is hardly given in as impartial a spirit as might be de- sired, nor would it seem to be borne out by the facts simply stated. His charge is that the missionary privileges were ob- tained by insidious and hypocritical diplo- macy, and the capital offenders were the French Government and missionaries. Con- fining ourselves to the question of the mis- sionaries, if, under the Government of Louis-Philippe in 1842 and 1844, they could not get the hearing they desired, nor ob- tain treaty sanction for privileges consider- ed just and necessary, it is not surprising that they tried to get more when the ques- tion came up again under the Empire. The treaty privileges in question were asked by the missionaries simply for religious pur- poses, and for this end did they serve, as the history and the present flourishing condition of the missions in many parts of China amply testify. Even if French statesmen seemed to foresee advantages to their coun- try in the privileges obtained for their missionaries, it could not therefore be ar- gued that the treaty stipulations covered deceit and hypocrisy. Such a charge would suppose that missionary interests were only a pretext; which was not the case, as con- temporary history of the missions shows. Mr. Michie's strongest point against the missionaries is the charge of a fraud, as he says, "audacious and flagitious, per- petrated by a French missionary in the interests of the Catholic propaganda in 1860, when a clause of the most drastic significance was smuggled into the Chinese text only of the French treaty, unknown even to its nominal negotiator, Baron Gros." The reference here is to a curious fact, which is worth stating clearly, but briefly, that it may be seen whether it is really as "audacious and flagitious" as might at first sight appear. In the first place, Mr. Michie is mistaken in saying that the clause stipulated the restitution of former missionary property; that point is clear in the French text as well as in the Chinese. The clause not found in the French text consists of just eighteen words, and it concedes to missionaries the right to rent, buy, and build in any of the prov- inces. Abbe Delamarre, acting as inter- preter to Baron Gros, secured the insertion of that clause in the Chinese text, to ren- der more clear and precise the rights al- ready implicitly conceded by previous treaties, in particular by that of 1858. In article xiii. of that treaty, missionaries were granted the right of going into the interior to pursue their work, and, unless that clause were to be rendered purely nugatory, they thereby acquired the right of having chapels of some kind and houses to live in. The same is implied in the resti- tution of missionary property, which, as I have just noted, is clear in both texts. That the clause was not inserted without the knowledge of the Chinese, or at least that its stipulations were not considered to exceed known treaty rights, is sufficient- ly proved by the fact that the form of the passport drawn up by convention soon after the signing of the treaty clearly states the privileges in question; nor was there any demur made to such insertion. Again, when the French Minister, M. Ber- themy, brought up the question five years later, in 1865, Li Hung Chang and the members of the Tsung-li Yamen had not a word to say against the validity of the clause. Mr. Michie's explanation of such silence is hardly satisfactory. It is far more natural to suppose that they said no- thing because the clause had been taken on the Chinese side as a valid part of the treaty from the very beginning. It is regrettable that it should have been left out of the French text, but better that than that it should have been found in the French text only; in which case the charge of fraud would have had more ground. Taking the matter at its worst, it does not appear so very "audacious and flagitious" to insert into the text which the Chinese were supposed to read, and most probably did read before signing, a clause which, far from violating the spirit of the treaty, is closely in keeping with, and a natural con- sequence of, other treaty stipulations. Taking it at its worst, I say, for it is by no means certain that the clause was not duly submitted to the commissioners, and agreed to on the one side and the other. The above remarks follow the argument, and at times the words, of a letter of mine published in the Hong Kong Daily Press at the time of Mr. Michie's lecture. All agree, I think, including missionaries themselves, that the mixing of political ques- tions with their work, which generally comes in the form of invoking secular protection, is most undesirable. The opinion of Catho- lic and Protestant missionaries is on record to that effect. But many are inclined to look upon that course as a necessary evil. The deplorable abuses in the administration of justice, in the present state of the Chi- nese Government, must be borne in mind be- fore condemning the missionaries too se- verely. During all the period of what Mr. Michie calls the modern missionary ques- tion, the government throughout the prov- inces generally has been most inefficient. In the case of disputes and law-suits, the side with the greater influence and the longer purse invariably carries the day. The po- lice, moreover, being none at all, or most in- effectual, it is impossible for the mission- ary and his little flock to avoid questions with their pagan neighbors. Were the ad- ministration of justice anything like what it should be, the course of the missionary would be clear and simple — to stand by and let the law take its course. But, given the condition of things as they are, what is the missionary to do — stand by and let himself and his flock be imposed upon? Some might say that that would be according to the letter of the Gospel, but, in that case, in many instances, not only would he soon find himself alone, but his own life in the place would be rendered impossible. What many a missionary does in such cases is to appeal to the local mandarin, and, if that be unavailing, to the higher mandarins, and, if everything else fails, when the issue at stake is important, to his consul, and sometimes to the Minister at Pekin. Then the trouble begins. The Minister stirs up the Tsung-li Yamen, the Tsung-li Ya- men, if the Minister is urgent, ad- monishes the Viceroy of the prov- ince, the Viceroy, in turn, sends word to his

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234= The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 subordinates, and finally the local mandarin must come to terms with the missionary. Restitution is to be made, if it is a money matter; reparation of honor must be gone through. Several thousand firecrackers are set off for the latter purpose, some bowing and other acts of civility are performed, with an outward show of reconciliation, and there the matter ends for the moment. But, of course, that is not the end; the rancor and embittered spirits remain, and upon occa- sion will make themselves felt. The fundamental reason of this particular source of missionary troubles lies in the inefficiency of the government of the land in which the missionary's lot is cast. Assure China an efficient and just administration of justice in the provinces, and then mission- aries might be blamed for the troubles which attend their work. Of course, while await- ing such a consummation as a good govern- ment for China, the greatest prudence should be exercised by the missionaries, and, fail- ing such prudence on their own part, some- thing might, as Mr. Michie suggests, be done to teach them prudence. What an impru- dence it is, for instance, not to speak of other matters, to take children into the in- terior of China! Is it commonly known that at least thirty or forty children of mission- aries were killed in the massacres of the summer of 1900? In the Roman Catholic missions, the pru- dence of the workers is generally pretty well insured by the authority and the vigilance of the bishops, who are, as a rule, persons of experience, moderation, and prudence. The subordination of the missionaries is such that little can be done without their bishops' knowledge and authority. Hence, in their sessions, external control of missionary con- duct would seem to be less called for than in missions of a looser organization, where there is not so great respect for ecclesiastical authority. To take but a single instance; against Catholic missionaries there has not been the least accusation with regard to the odious affair of looting. Whether other missionaries were guilty or not, we need not say; but one of their number has at least published rather dubious doctrine in that regard which he would probably not have done if his elucubrations had had to pass through the hands of a prudent bishop, or if even he were responsible to ecclesias- tical authority for his utterances. This letter has grown into something longer than I intended to make it, but, writ- ing from such a distance, on a subject of which I know something from personal ex- perience and observation, I hope the length of the communication will be excused if its contents be acceptable. Yours, etc., William L. Hornsby. Macao, August 21, 1001. THE TAX ON KNOWLEDGE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In view of recent communications to the Nation on the subject of the adminis- tration of the United States customs duty on books printed in a foreign language, the following facts may be of interest, as il- lustrative of the over-exact nicety with which our revenue laws are executed: On August 24, 1901, I paid, at the San Francisco Custom-house, import duty to the amount of $4.75 on fifty copies of a dissertation that had been presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Goettingen, in Germany. This thesis, a copy of which I am sending you, was, of course, entirely in German. The pretext on which duty was levied was that, in the appended "Lebenslauf," several un- translatable English expressions (names of schools attended and titles of high-school and college positions held by the writer of the dissertation) were incorporated in- to the German. Irritated at the time-consuming annoy- ances of the Appraiser's Office, I filed a writ- ten protest, but it was only after the pro- test had reached the Collector of the Port and received his courteous consideration that the matter was adjusted, and the un- lawfully collected duties refunded. Respectfully, Charles A. Noble, Instructor in Mathematics. University of California, Berkeley, September 20, 1901. BERNINI'S CONSTANTINE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In using the excellent 'Cyclopedia of Architecture in Italy, Greece, and the Le- vant' of W. P. P. Longfellow, I find a slip of the pen which it may be useful to correct. On p. 413 it is said of Bernini: "He also made the statues of Constantine and Char- lemagne that occupy the two vestibules." These statues are in the vestibules of Ber- nini's colonnades of St. Peter's at Rome, but only the Constantine is by Bernini. S. Fraschetti, in 'II Bernini,' published in 1900 at Milan, on p. 320 calls the Charlemagne "povorissima opera del Cornacchini." This attribution to Cornacchini, a Pistoian sculp- tor who flourished about 1730, is also to be found in Nagler's 'Kiinstler-Lexicon' (Mu- nich, 1836), vol. 3, pp. 87-88. Fraschetti gives an excellent phototype of the Con- stantine. William Caret Poland. OVLDENOE, K I., September 27, 1001. MALAHACK ONCE MORE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: From 1865 to 1872 I lived in Harri- son County, West Virginia. I then moved to Roane County, where I lived until 1885. The word malahaek was in common use there, in the sense of deface or injure; e. g., "Who mollyhached your hair?" "If you dare to do it, I will mollyhack you." (Observe the spelling and pronunciation.) T. M. Broadus. Gtobdoksville, Vi., September 2?, 1901, Notes. Doubleday, Page & Co. announce 'A Mod- ern Antaeus/ by the author of 'An English- woman's Love Letters'; and 'Camera Shots at Wild Game,' by A. G. Wallihan and Mrs. Wallihan. McClure, Phillips & Co. will be the Amer- ican publishers of Dent's new edition of Boswell's Johnson in three large volumes, edited by Arnold Glover, with an introduc- tion by Austin Dobson. They have also in preparation Eastman's 'Indian Boyhood,' with illustrations by Ernest L. Blumen- schein. Finally, C. H. Van Tyne, Ph.D., is editing for them more than a thousand unpublished letters from Daniel Webster's correspondence with his family, his con- stituents, and the public men of his time., derived from the collection of Webster pa- pers owned by the New Hampshire Histori- cal Society and from private libraries. Harper & Bros.' announcements for Octo- ber include 'Heroines of Fiction,' by W. D. Howells; 'Two Treaties of Paris and tb° Supreme Court,' by Sidney Webster; and 'The Baby: His Care and Training,' by Mari- anna Wheeler. We learn from A. C. Armstrong & Son, the American publishers of Dr. George A. Smith's other works, that they have now made arrangements for the exclusive sale in this country of his Map, of Palestine, which we noticed last week. 'Essays in Historical Criticism,' by Prof. Edward Gaylord Bourne; 'Fables for the Fair,' by Josephine Dodge Daskam; and yet another juvenile abridgment of Lewis and Clark's Journal, compiled by Noah Brooks, are on Messrs. Scribner's list. A new edition of Mrs. Jameson's 'Shak- spere's Heroines,' with illustrations by R. Anning Bell, will be issued by E. P. Dut- ton & Co. during the present month. T. Y. Crowell & Co. inform us that they have in preparation a new edition of Tol- stoy's 'Anna Karenina,' translated direct from the Russian by Nathan Haskell Dole, from new plates, with illustrations, in three volumes. From Brentano's we are to have 'Memoirs of Countess Cosel,' by Joseph J. Kraszew- ski; 'Studies of French Criminals of the 19th Century,' by H. B. Irving; and 'Wise Men and a Fool,' essays by Coulson Kerna- hau. The "Temple Bible" in seventeen and seven volumes for the two Testaments re- spectively, in the Authorized Version, and "printed consecutively" (i. v., without sen- tence paragraphing), with special apparatus, is to be marketed here by J. B. Lippincott Co. They announce also 'Through Persia on a Side-Saddle,' by Ella C. Sykes. A de luxe edition of Dumas's 'Celebrated Crimes'; 'Florence,' by Grant Allen; 'Grand Opera in America,' by Henry C. Lahee; and 'A Critical History of Opera,' by Arthur Elson, are among the imme- diately forthcoming publications of L. C. Page & Co., Boston. The John Foster Kirk edition of Pres- cott's 'History of the Conquest of Mexico,' in three handy volumes, is now included in Bohn's Libraries (London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan). We detect no changes since the work bore an Amer- ican imprint. The third issue of 'The American Jewish Year-Book,' that for the year 5662, has just appeared. It contains the usual calendar and also some statistical information, but the elaborate directories of the previous years are not reprinted. Of its 308 pages, no less than 118 are given to the report of the Jewish Publication Society, and 59 of these give a list of the members of that so- ciety. The precise utility of this in a year- book may be doubted. The point of in- terest, however, in this new issue is cer- tainly the sketch of the history of the Jews in Rumania, and of the Jewish situation there since the Treaty of Berlin. It is by Dr. E. Schwarzfeld, the Rumanian novelist and journalist, and is a timely if some- what excited and high-pitched discussion of what is at present the most acute phase of the anti-Semitic problem. There is add- ed an account by D. M. Hermann of the

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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 265 Rumanian Jewish immigrants and of their life in this country. The attention o£ theologians and students of comparative religion may be called to a recent volume in the admirable series of French publications of the Musee Guimet. It is devoted to a study of beliefs with reference to the doctrine of a future life according to Mazdaism, or Zoroastrianism, In comparison with other religions. The au- thor, Professor Nathan Soderblom, of the University at Upsala, was for some time pastor of the Swedish Church at Paris. His previous contributions on Zoroastrianism have met with a favorable reception among Iranian specialists, and he has now written a work that will appeal to a larger audience as well. The volume contains an elaborate discussion, from the comparative stand- point, not alone of the faith in a life after death, but also the doctrine of future pun- ishment and the regeneration of the world. A comparison is drawn between the teach- ings of Iran, India, Greece, Judasa, and the West on the life eternal and union with God. The treatise is the work of an Orien- tal scholar who is at the same time a professor of theology and a minister of the Gospel, and there need be no hesitation in commending it to favorable notice. It bears the title: 'La Vie Future d'apres le Maz- deisme: fitude d'Eschatologie Comparee' (Paris: Leroux). Doubleday, Page & Co.'s new venture, Country Life in America, assumes that the occupants of cottages and country places require an organ to represent their interests and to celebrate their rural avo- cation. The first number proves that there is material in the idea for a very original and attractive magazine. Like its English forerunner and exemplar, Country Life in America offers as its prime attraction ex- cellent pictures from photographs of the homes and lawns and gardens which the text discusses; and the large folio form permits the reproductions to be of gen- erous size. Information and practical ad- vice are naturally the chief aim of the pub- lication, so the clou of the present num- ber Is a richly illustrated account of Mr. Levi P. Morton's place at Rhinebeck — "El- lerslie, an American Country Seat." Ar- ticles on plant-growing in garden and field, on real country homes, and on "a home- maker's lawn" serve for practical counsel and suggestion. Literature is represented, among others, by Mr. J. P. Mowbray's ap- propriately florid "A Sniff at Old Gardens," and by John Burroughs's poem on the cuc- koo. Prof. L. H. Bailey of the State Agri- cultural School at Ithaca is the editor, a choice which should prove of good augury for the conduct of this new enterprise. The pictorial photographic advertisements of country places to sell or to rent are a fur- ther and useful imitation of the English practice. To point out the inconsistencies in Nietzsche's writings does not require the dialectics of M. Alfred Fouillee. Still, the article entitled "La Morale Aristocratique du Surhomme," which the French thinker contributes to the Revue des Deux Mondcs of September 1, is an arraignment of the poet of Zarathustra, which for analytic reason- ing has hardly been equalled by any former criticism. Students of Nietzsche cannot af- ford to pass it by unnoticed. The Geographical Journal for September opens with an account of some explorations in the Great Bear Lake region, by J. M. Bell. He reports the country south of the lake as fairly well wooded, with numerous lakes teeming with fish and waterfowl. Caribou are still plentiful at certain seasons, but "every year the Indians and Eskimo kill thousands of them for their tongues alone, and even for the 'sport' of killing them, so that there is a probability in the near fu- ture of this beautiful and useful animal sharing the fate of the North American buffalo." Mr. J. J. Harrison describes a journey through southern Abyssinia to Lako Rudolf, in which he recoras the effects of the two years' drought that had prevailed in East Africa. Extensive regions were al- most depopulated, and the level of Lake Rudolf had sunk twelve feet in a year, while Lake Stefanie, thirty-seven miles long by twelve broad, was "nothing but a vast ex- tent of ground, strewn with shells and heaps of fish bones." He passed through the "devil-haunted" Ulamo (Walamo), but with- out any of the ill effects experienced by the late Capt. Wellby and his companions. In a sketch of Bahrein, on the Persian Gulf, reference is made to its submarine fresh- water springs, of which the head of water is so great that the water will rise through a hollow bamboo above the surface of the sea, so that vessels may be filled. Pctermann's M itteilungen, number six, con- tains an account of the mineral resources of Hayti. These are principally iron and cop- per, and the assertion is made that, at a cost of $12. a ton of the latter ore could be landed in New York. Other subjects treated are the Antarctic climate and the structural features of southeastern Anatolia. In number seven is a review of the clima- tological atlas of Russia, published by the Physical Observatory of St. Petersburg on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation. The other principal con- tents have reference to the magnetic and bacteriological work of the German Ant- arctic expedition. Among the notes is a reference to the setting out last March of two native Indian surveyors from Assam to trace the still unexplored course of the Bramaputra or Dihong through the Hima- layas, a stretch of about 150 miles. Their success will resolve the last lingering doubt, if there be any, as to its identity with the great Tibetan River, the Tsanpo. Num- ber eight contains the conclusion of Tip- penhauer's account of the geology of Hayti, an article uponx the relations of Russia with Korea, and some letters giving the latest news of the Koslow expedition in Central Asia. The twenty-seven Greek isl- ands or island-groups in the JEgean, Eubcea excepted, are described by Dr. A. Philippson in supplementary number 134, as to physical features, geology, inhabitants, and their in- dustries, with admirable maps. Another supplementary number is the eleventh of the series devoted to a periodic survey of the population of the earth. In this the editor. Dr. A. Supan, gives the areas, the political changes, and the numbers of the inhabitants of the different countries of Asia, Australia, and the South Sea Islands. The Philippine statistics are both those of the year 1887 and those of the American Commission of 1900, the former being regarded by Dr. Supan as the more trustworthy. A map shows the density of the population of Asiatic Turkey, the average being about fourteen to the square mile. Two years ago the French established in Saigon in Indo-China an 6cole Frangaise de PExtrfime Orient, modelled after the French schools in Athens, Rome, and Cairo, in or- der to create a headquarters for the scien- tific investigation of Eastern Asia. It is managed by the Paris Academy of Sciences, and enjoys a vigorous youth. As with other institutions of this kind, the new school is now publishing a Bulletin, the first sheets of which have recently appeared in Hanoi, in the province of Tonkin. Introductory ar- ticles are furnished by the members of the Academy of Inscriptions, Barth, Breal, and Senart, on the purpose and object of the School, while L. Finot, who is at the head of it, has a special article on the Mussul- man tribes of Cochin China called Cham by the French, their history and literary re- mains. The new periodical is a quarterly. The Munich Allgemcim Zeitung reports that both Germany and Russia contemplate the establishment of similar schools in China in the near future, and the combined labors of these will doubtless shed an abundance of new light on the literature, history, ana civilization of that ancient country. The Korea Review for August tells, along with the tiny empire's chronic impecuniosl- ty, of the lighting of the city of Seoul with electricity, of the prevalence of lone drought and an impending famine that compels prohibition of rice export, and ot the breaking of ground for the Seoul-Fusan Railway, which will, along the direct line of the march of the Japanese invaders in 1592, join the east and west coasts. From a non-clerical resident on Quelpert Island, we learn that the recent rebellion and mas- sacre were the results of the imposition of new taxes and the jealousy of rival of- ficers, as well as of the introduction and spread of the Roman form of Christianity by French priests. A very appreciative yet none too flattering article on the late George C. Foulk, in charge of the United States le- gation in 1884, one of the youngest and ablest of our naval and diplomatic officers, shows what a powerful personality he was in the opening of Korea to modern influ- ences. An article that compels reflection is that on Rice and the Ideograph, which shows that as the grain and the writing grew up together, so also, as the Chinese begin to import wheat flour in large quan- tities and to make it for themselves a staple food instead of rice, we hear of pro- jects being formed for the making of a phonetic alphabet for China. We have an- other instalment of Professor Hulbert's history of Korea, and various shorter items of interest, one being that in the Japanese fleet of eight war vessels which cast an- chor in Chemulpo harbor on July 31, two were over 15,000 tons, and three over 9,000. Consular Reports for September contains a significant statement, by Consul-General Mason, of the disastrous deficit in Prussia in the wheat and rye crops of nearly two million tons, "valued, at the average prices of last year, at $67,246,500." A memorial calling the attention of the Government to the threatened calamity points to the fact that the deficit has had but a slight effect upon the world's wheat market, as proof "of the need of higher protection for German agriculture." The growth of Ger- man commerce, on the other hand, is indi- cated by the fact that while twenty years ago only fifteen German vessels passed through the Suez Canal, last year there were 462. Among other subjects treated

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2ee The USTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 are the reduction of copper ores in some twelve foreign countries, and the long working day in the Russian cotton mills, the average for one spindle in 1899 being 15.8 hours per day. There is also noted an increase of nearly 50 per cent, in last year's cotton-planting in central Asia; and a re- port on automobiles in Europe presents a list of French periodicals devoted to this interest — two dailies, seven weeklies, and two monthlies, all published in Paris. At the recent meeting of the German Geographical Congress at Breslau a com- mittee was appointed to take measures to promote the scientific study of the geog- raphy of the Empire. This committee has offered a prize of at least $150 for the best answer to the question, "What have been the changes in the course of the Rhine be- tween Bonn and Cleves In historic times, and how have they affected the settlements on its banks?" The essay should show not merely the results of an examination of the written, but also of the physical records of these changes. Our geographical societies would do well to imitate this example. We have received from Gustav Kruell, East Orange N. J., specimens of book- plates on copper from the hand of this master of wood-engraving. The contrary nature of the two processes makes the success here attained in metal engraving very notable, and these intrinsically beau- tiful plates well deserve a place in the af- fection of collectors. — The third volume of 'A Register of the Members of St. Mary Magdalen College, Ox- ford, from the Foundation of the College' (new series), edited by the Rev. W. D. Macray (H. Frowde), opens with entertain- ing extracts from the registers and from the bursars' accounts (1576-1648), the pe- riod of Shakspere and the Civil War. From 1584 to 1606 there was a noticeable attempt, with lapses, to introduce the Gregorian calendar, and this has caused no little dis- turbance in the chronology. In both se- ries of documents here digested there is a mass of valuable economic material re- garding prices; and one of the three appen- dices is a reproduction of inventories of plate, etc., 1590-1685, while another is an inventory of donors' plate now in posses- sion of the College. In his preface, Mr. Macray explains a puzzling entry, in the first volume, from the bursars' accounts, assigning the value of 24 shillings and a penny to 17 sheep dead of the murrain. The next year, 607 lost sheep were valued at only five pounds and sixpence. The late Professor Sylvester solved the enigma: "Arabic numerals were just beginning to take the place of Roman, '607' being simply a mistaken way of writing 67." Hence a sheep was valued at one shilling fivepence in 1499-1500; at one shilling sixpence in 1500-01. The bulk of the present volume is taken up with biographical sketches of the Fellows, year by year. Of these, William Dayrell (1576) died the following year "of the desease theare," the plague, namely, contemporaneously described as "pestem grassantem" or (in 1593 and 1603) "in- gravescentem," the cause of many sus- pensions and leaves of absence. Robert Ashley (1684), famous as scholar and trav- eller, gets the largest share of attention, in ten pages, thanks to use of an inedited Lat- in MS. autobiography now in the British Museum. More conspicuous names are Peter Heylyn, chaplain to Charles I. (1618), and the Rev. John Ricard (1640). Nicholas Richardson (1614) supplies, in 1620, an early instance of pulpit quotation from Shak- spere. The Parliamentary Visitations bore heavily on royalists who could not yield obedience. This admirably executed work supplements the Dictionary of National Biography, of which it may be deemed a sort of extension. — The long-promised translation of Dr. Karl Biicher's much-valued 'Entstehung der Volkswirthschaft' has at last been pub- lished by Henry Holt & Co. under the title of 'Industrial Evolution.' It is from the hand of Dr. S. Morley Wickett of the Univer- sity of Toronto. Since the book was first reviewed in these columns, in its original form, it has passed through three German editions and has been somewhat modified. At the outset merely a collection of lectures, delivered to audiences not composed of specialists, the chief value of 'Die Entste- hung' was nevertheless found in its use by students and others as an introduction to the study of industrial evolution. This fact led naturally to a modification of the book. Several chapters have been thoroughly re- constructed, and one of semi- statistical character omitted. On the other hand three valuable sections (chapters i., v., and vii.) have been added in order to present more fully the course of economic development. The book would, we feel, have gained by the omission of one or two other chapters (like that on the Genesis of Journalism), since, whatever their intrinsic value, they mar the unity of the treatment. On the whole, however, it would be hard to find a more thorough, stimulating, and interesting vol- ume for the beginner in industrial history. Of course it is impossible to cover in a sin- gle volume the whole course of industrial development, nor does Professor Biicher make any such formal attempt, although he succeeds in conveying a philosophical con- ception of the general sweep of economic tendency. It is his great merit, too, in ad- dition to much original matter, to take the results of the "historical" economists and put them into readable form after stripping them of the crudeness and extravagance of their original dress. What he has to say of the deductive method in economics is of the greatest value, yet his own use of it is always checked by thorough historical learning. Dr. Biicher, as well as his Eng- lish readers, is fortunate in having secured a translator as sympathetic and painstak- ing as Mr. Wickett seems to have been. — Years ago the late F. T. Vischer, pro- fessor of aesthetics in the University of Tu- bingen, used to regret the lack of a general history of caricature, and often expressed the hope that some competent person would soon supply the long-felt want. This wish seems about to be fulfilled by Eduard Fuchs and Hans Kramer's elaborate work now In process of publication under the title 'Die Karikatur der Europaischen Vblker vom Alterthum bis zur Neuzeit.' It is issued by A. Hofmann & Co., Berlin, from the office of the well-known comic journal Kladdera- datsch, and will be complete in twenty num- bers, of which nine have already appeared, forming together a large quarto volume with nearly six hundred illustrations either in the text or in supplementary sheets, and some of them in colors. The first num- ber is introductory, and discusses the es- sential nature of caricature and its differ- ent manifestations in the various stages of European culture. The author comes to the conclusion that, with rare exceptions, it has been employed not to scoff at justice and virtue, but to defend the right and to promote the good, the beautiful, and the true. Indeed, this may be said of all the great representatives of satire in art, such as Hans Holbein, Lucas Cranach, Leonardo da Vinci, Hogarth, Gillray, Gill, Daumier, Cruikshank, Leech, and their compeers. The other eight numbers begin with an appreciative analysis of the satirical humor of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Ro- mans, followed by a description of mediaeval caricature with its extravagant and often coarse symbolisms, in which Satan and his satellites play the chief part; the genial satire of the Renaissance, which found its fullest expression in literature rather than in the formative arts, and culminated in the fantastic creations of the genial Rabe- lais; the caricature produced by the Refor- mation and by the struggles for freedom in Holland during the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries; political caricature at the time of the Revolution and under the Con- sulate and the Empire in France; and final- ly social caricature, the father of which was Hogarth, to whom a special chapter is devoted. We may add that the work Is written in a clear, simple, and succinct style, wholly free from the barren verbiage and "gush" which too often characterize the treatment of such subjects by German writers. The illustrations are well chosen and admirably executed, and the price of the volume (15 marks, or $3.75) is very moderate. — With the death of the Marquis Sho Tai, formerly the King of the Loo-Choo Islands, who died in Tokio on August 19, ended also the last of the dual sovereignties once so common in Asia. The various names of the defunct little kingdom suggested, from the Chinese side, the pendant tassels on the fringe of China's mighty robe, and Japan- wards the long thread (Okinawa) which the Japanese silkworm outlined on the map of the islands, with its head at Kiushiu, spins to make the cocoon of Formosa. A thou- sand square miles and a population of 170,- 000, with a soil fertile enough to produce sugar and rice very easily, and of the latter two crops a year, with a most de- lightful warm climate tempered by the sea breezes, make up the chief assets of what in mythology is the Eternal Country and in modern conditions the land where it is always afternoon. The Okinawa-ken, as it is now officially styled, is getting to be more and more visited by steam-yacht- ing parties in the Pacific, and promises well as a sanitarium. Sho Tai was born in 1845. As a little boy of eight, he enjoyed, not without some feeling of terror, also, the advent of Perry's ships and the march- ing of our marines to his father's capital. He received his investiture from China as one of her many vassals, but the great Middle Kingdom did nothing for his pro- tection, and, in spite of the protestations of King and court that China was the father and Japan the mother of Loo-Choo, and their willingness to pay tribute to both states, the Japanese Government, after the revolution of 1868, when the empire was consolidated, brought Sho Tai a captive to Tokio, making him a marquis. Though he considered himself an aggrieved 60v-

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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 267 ereign, he soon came to enjoy himself, while in the islands themselves, although the aristocracy forfeited most of their priv- ileges, the people were immensely bene- fited. Commodore Perry's pity for the Loo- Chooans as the worst-treated people on earth has now no basis of fact. MAHER'S PSYCHOLOGY. Psychology: Empirical and Rational. By Michael Maher, S.J. Fourth edition, re- written and enlarged. Longmans, Green & Co. 8vo, pp. 602. Father Maher's purpose is so to present psychology as to illustrate the advantages of the Thomistic Aristotelian metaphysics, as well as the positive contributions to psychology by St. Thomas Aquinas and by Aristotle. This is done with a remarkably complete acquaintance with modern psy- chology, and a sufficient acquaintance with scholastic writings for this purpose. Here and there we detect a vague conventional- ity in the accounts of mediaeval scholas- ticism which leads us to surmise that, as it was in its full bloom, it is not very well understood by the author. But that is of small consequence. The great scholastic psychologist was Aquinas; and Aquinas has been thoroughly mastered. The volume verges upon corpulence, and when one finds that much the larger part of it is in one or other of three grades of small print, one gets the impression that it is a pretty full treatise. But when one comes to find not only that it covers every- thing usually called psychology, including both Erkenntnisslehre and such branches as Animal Psychology and Hypnotism — pausing, too, to make practical applica- tions— but that, besides, it discusses Free Will, the nature of the Soul and its con- nection with the body, and, furthermore, that the position taken involves consid- erable controversy, it is evident that, al- though concision has been studied, the work can really do little more than outline what is known upon each topic. The historical matter, the summaries of different opinions, and the select references to places in other books where each matter is treated more at large, would be sufficient to give this treatise a real utility for the student, but its main interest is as a defence of Tho- mism as a grounding for modern pyscholo- gy. "My aim," says the author, "has been, not to construct a new original system of my own, but to resuscitate and make better known to English readers a psychology that has already survived four and twenty cen- turies, that has had more influence on hu- man thought and human language than all other psychologies together, and that still commands a far larger number of adherents than any rival doctrine." As to the last pretension, if noses are to be counted simply, regardless of what lies behind each nose, and if notions about mind and body, however vague, are to be dignified as psychological "doctrines," no doubt the author is right. If we are to exclude all but readers of psychological treatises in English, French, German, and Italian, taken collectively, the estimate is probably much exaggerated; and if we confine ourselves to scientific psychologists, the majority is great on the other side. Perhaps, however, in one sense, it might not be so, if scientific men were accustomed to draw the distinc- tion that ought to be drawn between the hypothesis which is preferable in a given state of general scientific research, and the hypothesis which is preferable for instant action. It is true that, after induction has done its work, or has substantially done it, no such distinction is to be drawn; for then the hypothesis has ceased to be a mere presumptive hypothesis. But as long as ex- perimentation to test the hypothesis is in its early stages, which is the case in regard to the deeper questions of the science of the soul, the economies of a research which may probably be protracted through several generations, or even centuries, render in- dispensable a system of procedure which will have little relation to what seems likely at the moment. There is nobody who is experienced in difficult inquiries — say, for example, the detection of the author of a crime — but is well aware that nothing is more fatal than to attach much weight to what merely seems likely towards the be- ginning of an investigation. Probably, dur- ing such an inquiry, several theories will have to be tried and rejected; and in what order they shall be tried is a question of economy. But if one be forced, without completing the study, to act upon one theory or another, quite a different series of considerations ought to be decisive. In particular, good scientific economy will usually prescribe that simple hypotheses shall be thoroughly tested before resorting to complicated ones. This is the truth in Ockham's razor. But it is very far from being true, in questions concerning any science of life — psychology, physiology, and the like — that the true hypothesis is likely to be simple. On the contrary, the history of discovery in those departments shows many more examples of the old theory being found to be too simple than of its being found to be too complex. Now the main, and almost the only, gen- eral difference between the psychology Which Father Maher defends, and that which is current among modern scientific psycholo- gists, is that the former admits an element, that of the efficient agency of reason, which the latter excludes. Certainly, the proper scientific method is to try first whether all the phenomena may not be explained with- out that agency, and to resort to it only after it shall come to be overwhelmingly proved to be indispensable. But as long as it is very far from having been proved that the phenomena of the universe and of men- tal action, so far as we know them, can be entirely explained without the efficient agency of reason, not merely upon mind (and fliat the modern psychologist prac- tically refuses to admit), but even upon matter, there is nothing illogical in enter- taining, as a small party among the warm advocates of the existing method of study do entertain, the opinion that science will ultimately be driven to have resort to that theory. We fear that the perusal of Father Ma- her's treatise may rather weaken than strengthen any previous bias toward his views. There is a charm about Aquinas. His reader breathes, for the time being, a mediaeval atmosphere; and in the dim ca- thedral light of that interesting age that built the Sainte-Chapelle, and Amiens, and much of Notre Dame, theories look very attractive which, when they are set down on a modern page, and are examined in the hard daylight of the twentieth century, strike him as cramp- ed and grotesque, not to say crude. It may be doubted whether Father Maher has, after all, done the best for the essen- tial theory. It may be doubted whether a man of his profession could do that, al- though his thought is, very likely, quite as free as that of an average North German university professor. But in the one case there is an external rule which draws a sharper line than exists in the other. However, it was in no way incumbent upon him that he should fall into the very fallacy which he justly condemns in many of the -works that build on modern ideas. Although this book has been almost en- tirely rewritten, yet it is based upon an original edition of 1890. so that much of it was written before James's great 'Princi- ples' appeared. Now, in the fundamental conceptions of the science there has been a great advance since then. They are not by any means thoroughly clear, even yet; but probably nobody would now propose, as James then did, to write a psychology al- together uninfluenced by any metaphysics. As Ladd well names it, the "clandestine" metaphysics which such an attempt inevi- tably brings with it, is all the more danger- ous from its lying in ambush. But Father Maher does substantially this very same thing. It is true that he avows his meta- physics at the outset, but he makes no for- mal defence of it until he reaches page 459. "In fact," he says, "our chief con- tention is that a complete and accurate separation of the two branches of Psychol- ogy [positive psychology and metaphysical psychology] is impossible." There is no need of considering absolute cleanness of cut; that is not the question. The point is that it has been made manifest that positive psychology cannot escape taking for granted a metaphysics of one kind or another in no inconsiderable measure. But what never has been proved, nor can any good reason for believing it be found, is that metaphysical psychology stands in need, in any degree worth consideration, of the scientific results of positive psychol- ogy. We must distinguish between results which depend upon the validity of the sci- entific method of psychology — scientific dis- coveries— and those rough facts about the mind which are open to everybody's ob- servation, and which no sane man dreams of calling into question. As a matter of fact, it is upon these latter facts, and upon a series of similar facts about the outer world, that every man actually and really bases, first, his general metaphysics, and then his metaphysics of the soul. Even modern conceptions of the nature of intel- ligence, although facts of physiology have aided their development, can be more log- ically defended without resort to anything but those general facts about which no- body any longer ever simulates a doubt, and never did do more than simulate one. But as for the general Aristotelian meta- physics upon which Father Maher builds, it would be ridiculous to say that it can- not find all the support that is to be found for it anywhere, in the common facts upon which Aristotle himself rested it; nor is anything more needed for Father Maher's pneumatology. It is remarkable how very little his Book II., on metaphysical psychology, would have needed to be modified had he chosen to transpose this with Book I., on positive

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268 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 psychology. The result of his doing so would have been that a good many discus- sions in Book I. could have been dispensed with; and the whole work would have been at once more sincere — we mean, more true to the author's real thought — and vastly more logical. As it is, we should decidedly recom- mend this transposition in reading the book. There will, however, still remain the fault that the general metaphysics, upon which the decision of the dispute really must turn, is not made the subject of an explicit and separate examination. That ought to have come first of all. Logic required it; good rhetoric, too. For a way of thinking so dif- ferent from that of our day that it would have come upon the reader as a complete surprise, has everything to gain by an overt attack. It is only assumptions that the reader already makes that can to any pur- pose be slipped in surreptitiously. To conclude, the book will be found well worth consideration by students. It has much to recommend it, also, for those who never expect to read another on this sub- ject, although its concision renders it just a little dry. Let this be followed by the delightful perusal of James's smaller book, after which Baldwin's little 'Story of the Mind' will be an entremets, and the reader will have a very decent knowledge of what psychology is. CARMICHAEL'S TUSCANY. In Tuscany: Tuscan Towns, Tuscan Types, and the Tuscan Tongue. By Montgomery Carmichael. London: John Murray; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 1901. On beginning this book, and, indeed, while reading the first hundred pages or so, it seems that nothing could be easier than to render an account of it; a dozen extracts taken almost at random here and there, and the thing is done. But it turns out that the book is divided into two parts, and the second, and by far the larger, part does not lend itself to such informal treat- ment. The first third is made up chiefly of portraits of the cook, the valet, the gar- dener, the coachman (or, rather, more hum- ble rcttiirino) of the author, all of whom appear to have been chosen rather for their defects than their qualities; and yet they form a service that would excite the envy of any British or American matron. And the explanation is not so far to seek as one might think. It is only that the Tus- can, even the most ordinary, is like a piece of furniture of many compartments, some of them secret, and all full of delightful sur- prises; to get at its treasures you need but to be worthy — that is, to be a very good fellow yourself— and the Tuscan land will be made for you a very Paradise. There have been those who have' brought away a different report, but in so doing they merely condemned themselves. The author recog- nizes that a genial courtesy, equal for the lowly as well as the lofty, is not the at- tribute of every one among his countrymen; that there are even those who journey from Dan to Beersheba and cry: " "lis all bar- ren!" And it is not to be wondered at if the Tuscan whom they spurn should on oc- casion furnish to these outer barbarians some reason to complain of him; ho is not absolutely perfect in a naughty world— he is only far more nearly so than his super- cilious contemner. In all this no one will deny that there are many grains of truth. The crusty, the stupid and prejudiced Briton is not alto- gether a thing of the past; and among the smiling Italians not all are cheats; some even are as good as their manners — and that is saying a great deal. It is pleasant, then, to find an Englishman (it would be no less pleasant were he an American) who recognizes the solid virtues as well as the graces of the Tuscan, and who records his convictions and the experiences in which these are founded in a style of unusual lightness and amenity. And having said thus much, we indulge in one or two citations, by no means the best that might be se- lected, but merely representative and easily separated from the context. In the first chapter, on the Tuscan temperament: "With all his faults, in spite of all the difficulty we have in comprehending his char- acter, in spite of contradictions, complex- ities, and crudities, the Tuscan is perhaps the most charming of all the children of Adam; just as his country, in spite of all its drawbacks, in spite of fierce heat, damp, scirocco, tramontano, mosquitoes, and all the plagues of a vexatious bureaucracy, is more nearly like the Promised Land than any other. But to live in that enchanted land and dwell among its siren people needs an apprenticeship not easy to serve [our author talks as a Briton, you see], and many a Philistine from beyond Jordan cancels his articles early in the apprenticeship and flees the country in affright or disgust. It is only after vears of hard service, constant uneasiness, and continued perplexity that the stranger sojourning in the land awak- ens one day to find that he is dwelling in Eden, and sees on all sides of him, living in the flesh and working in the spirit, char- acters and ideals which had dimly figured among the dreams he dreamt in the far-off days of his generous, romantic boyhood." And in the amusing chapter on the Tuscan tongue: "A great impediment to acquiring Tuscan is the cleverness, and especially the cour- tesy, of the Tuscans themselves. They read your wants without any need of speech, and, if you make a mistake, are even ca- pable of adopting it for the sake of sav- ing your feelings. One of the first happy thoughts of the beginner is to Italianize French words. It answers so often. He knows, to begin with, that if he changes the French cau into eUo (agncau, agncllo), or the French cur into ore (vapcur, vapore), he will probably be right. He is tempted to soar beyond these ascertained rules, gai\on, garsone; jardin, giardino; /tier, ieri; jamais, giammai ; how smoothly the system works. He goes into a pizzicheria and asks the price of jambon, giambone, point- ing to a small, juicy ham of the Casentino cure. 'Questo giambone,' says the cour- teous shopman, 'costa novanta centesimi la libbra.' The ham is bought on the spot and sent home. The cook is asked what she thinks of the giambone. 'The what!' she asks in bewildered astonishment. 'The giambone that I myself sent home from the pizzicheria.' 'Ah!' she gasps apologeti- cally, 'it is excellent giambone! Will the Signore have some of it fried with eggs after the manner of the Americans?' And so, thanks to an infamous conspiracy of courtesy between a shopman, a cook, a par- lor-maid, and a serving man, it was six months before I found out that there was no such word in the Tuscan tongue as giambone, and that the Italian for ham was jirosciiilto!" The second part of the book has also its claim to being something out of the com- mon. It is Tuscany without Florence and Siena, without history or art or literature, without politics or the labor question, and with very little landscape. At first blush we thought it was a great falling off, and that the author was, after all, only one of what Gottfried Keller somewhere calls the Dutzendmenschen, the men who are turned out by the dozen. But we read on until we repented of this hasty judgment; indeed, the Englishmen who have so far forgotten their insular origin as to be capable of writing the earlier pages of 'In Tuscany' do not exist in dozens; and though we cannot think the notices of towns equal to the personal experiences, they too have their spice. Mr. Carmichael lives at Leghorn, which oc- cupies the first chapter of this division, and fills the others with accounts, all pleasant- ly written, of places easily reached from there, Pisa, Lucca, Montecatini, Porto Fer- raio, Orbetello, Volterra, La Verna, Camal- doli. The chapter on the cheerful little wa- tering-place, Montecatini, might perhaps have been left to repose in the columns of the journal where it made its first appear- ance, but more than one will smile at learning that it was through living in Leg- horn, of all Italian cities, that the author learned that Tuscany is the earthly Para- dise. This is enough to prove that he is no Dutzemdmensch ; for one might search in vain for the remaining eleven of such a dozen. Neither is he commonplace in other interests: "If the foreign observer desires to learn the history of a Tuscan town or to understand its people, let him immediately find out the miracle picture of the place and commence to study and acquire its legend; the rest follows of itself by some mys- terious process." So as a key to Leghorn we have an account of the picture of Our Lady of Montenero; for Lucca we have a description of the "Volto Santo," and for Pi- sa of Santa Maria sotto gli Organi. "Ifwould be impossible to enumerate the number of times that the city [Leghorn] has been preserved from the plague, and the lives of its citizens saved during the perils of an earthquake, through the intercession of our Lady of Montenero." Such passages as this are numerous, and it is hard to resist a smile at them, as well as at the enthusias- tic veneration for the monk, which sees al- most angelic virtues in every brother who wears a frock; but in days when the In- quisition is laic, it is the part of mere everyday courtesy to be indulgent to the blind indiscriminacy of such faith. Two chapters are devoted to visits to La Verna, where St. Francis received the stigmata, and to Camaldoli, where is a summer hotel united to a convent; besides which, the monks are frequent figures throughout the volume. Other two chapters, and these are the closing ones, have an air of being sur- prised at finding themselves in such saintly company; one is on the fine national game of palJonc, with a plea for the totalizzatore (a sort of cooperative betting system com- mon in Italy, such as is practised on trans- atlantic steamers anent the number of the pilot-boat), and a very clear account of the State lottery, the usual modes of playing, and the advantages accruing therefrom to the State and to the individual. The book is generously Illustrated with well-executed views from photographs, with the arms of the various towns described or rather visited, and with three maps, a general one of Tuscany, with lesser ones respectively of the island of Elba and of the region about Orbetello.

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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. 269 The Book of Genesis in the Light of Mod- ern Knowledge. By Elwood Worcester, D.D. McCIure, Phillips & Co. We have here the work of a trained stu- dent, of adequate learning in the field which he investigates, of wide reading, indepen- dent thought, and a spirit of perfect candor and open-mindedness. It deals with what may be called the cosmical portion of the (book of Genesis, from the Creation to the myth of the Tower of Babel, which it illus- trates by a wide survey of the affiliated myths and cosmogonies of the great peoples of antiquity. In doing this, the author makes use of the original sources (the He- brew text, cuneiform inscriptions, etc.), and the highest authorities, literary and scien- tific, with careful discrimination. In criti- cism and interpretation, it is only necessary to mention, among others, Dillmann, Well- hausen, Holzinger, Bacon, and Zimmern. His data have been corrected by corre- spondence with scholars like Jastrow, Jack- son, and Professor Barton. Hence this se- ries of lectures, though designed to be pop- ular, in a certain sense, is as far as possible from being superficial or perfunctory. The Deluge myths are treated in a special study, consisting of six chapters, which em- brace the whole range of such legends, and discuss the views of Gerland, Cheyne, Ihe- ring, and Usener. The author does not fully agree with any of these, but suggests a view which may be called original, and which, as to the reasonableness of its geologic details, is supported by the high authority of Eduard Suess, the Austrian geologist. The Flood myth, Dr. Worcester observes, is, as a rule, associated with the Creation myth, with the belief in a past Eden of felicity, a subsequent deterioration of morals, and a necessary corollary of punishment and perdi- tion. After destruction follows a re-crea- tion, the problem of which is exactly similar to that of creation. From this chain of events a moral motive is naturally devel- oped. As to the flood legends of Genesis, the author regards them as variants and amplifications of the older story contained in the Babylonian poem of Izdubar. This older poem- is, in all probability, a fairly accurate reminiscence of an actual local flood, caused by an earthquake, which up- heaved the alluvial soil of Babylonia and the waters beneath the soil, and propagated huge tidal waves from the Persian Gulf (at that period extending one hundred miles further inland), northward up the Euphrates and across the plains to some bordering mountain in the land of Nisir, where, ac- cording to the poem, the ship of Sit-napistim was driven and finally lodged. Such a seis- mic disturbance, accompanied by wind, thick darkness, thunder, and lightning, is within the range of physical possibility, and fits well some of the picturesque details in the Babylonian and the Hebrew narratives. The poem of Izdubar evidently contemplated a flood sent to destroy the single city of Surip- pak on the Euphrates. This tradition the Hebrew narrators expanded, emphasizing the ethical motive, and "building up a great re- ligious myth, the destruction of the world as a judgment for sin." The Hindu and tbn Greek flood myths are probably borrowed from these Semitic sources. That the Greek flood legends are derived, and not in- digenous, seems probable, from the fact that they do not appear in Homer or Hesiod. The chief significance of this volume lies, however, in its tone and spirit, and in the fact that the lectures it contains were ad- dressed, on Sunday afternoons, by a divine of the Episcopal Church to an intelligent congregation in Philadelphia. From this point of view it is a good book to begin the century with. It is not addressed to pious readers "who believe every word of the Bible from cover to cover," nor to that class who listen to the reading of a chapter as if it were a form of incantation. It does not assume the attitude of those preachers who "teach with authority" books whose lan- guage and real meaning they have never taken the pains to fathom and understand. The author has so much reverence for the Bible that he is eager only to ascertain its truth; he has no thesis to maintain, no doctrinal position to defend; his object is to discover the precise meaning and pur- pose of the authors of Genesis. Hence he is able to say with perfect frankness: "The narratives of Genesis are not his- tory as we understand it; they are largely mythical — that is to say, history idealized. Does that in any way affect their inspiration or religious value? Speaking for myself, I can only say, not in the least. The error lies with those who attempt to interpret materially and scientifically what was in- tended religiously and ideally. The truth does not lie in the supposed fact, but in the lesson that is drawn from it. . . . The story of the Fall of man is 'pure poetry,' 'a sad and somewhat pessimistic tale,' in- vented to account for the origin of evil." And again: "We admit, then, that these are myths and sagas — the unconscious product of faith, marked by childhood's happy disregard of reality, and true in precisely the same sense that Shakspere and Milton are true — that is to say, true to nature morally and spiritually for ever. . . . The only safe test with which I am acquainted of the in- spiration of any book is the effect that book is able to produce." And finally: "The task of reconciling the physical the- ories in Genesis with the recent results of modern science, I gladly leave to those who are ignorant alike of science and of Gene- sis. My own firm conviction is that the book is so great in itself that it does not need the assistance of maladroit apologists." All this is not exactly new, but it comes from a new quarter, and it reveals a streak of daylight. If a new generation no longer knows the Bible, it is partly because that book has been betrayed in the house of its friends by the timidity and ignorance of "maladroit apologists." If the most inspired and the most inspiring of the Sacred Books of the East is to be known once more, and if its nobler spell is to be reestablished, it will be by the conscientious labor and the enlightened honesty of treatises such as this. The Thirteen Colonies. By Helen Ainslie Smith. Two vols. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1901. In writing a sketch of colonial history for the "Story of the Nations" series, Miss Smith has adopted a new method, which may be most briefly explained by citing a passage from the preface: "So far as I can learn, aftfr an examination of a long series of admirable works in this depart- ment of American history, this is the first single work in which is presented separate- ly the record of each of the thirteen colo- nics from its first settlement to the Dec- laration of Independence." The parallel or horizontal treatment which has usually been employed is thus abandoned, and each col- ony is regarded as a separate State. Not only is Miss Smith's idea uncommon in its application to the American colonies, but it is one which has seldom recommended itself to the historians of other countries, like Italy and Switzerland, where the local tendency has been strong. It also runs counter to the modern belief in the value of comparative study. Such are some of the facts which occur to one on reading this an- nouncement o[ the preface, and which quick- eu one's curiosity regarding the success or failure of the experiment. The advantages of Miss Smith's method are equally obvious. When the development of each colony is traced from its founda- tion to 1776, the reader can be left with no doubts about the nature of the materials out of which the Federal State was formed. Every one understands the difference in character between Jamestown and Plymouth, between Connecticut and Rhode Island, be- tween the Cal verts and the Penns; but when the action shifts to the first half of the eighteenth century the outlines begin to be blurred unless the historian makes a spe- cial point of keeping each colony distinct from its neighbors. Miss Smith really says, by modelling her book as she has done, that the separate origin and continued isola- tion of the colonies are more significant than the features of resemblance which they have in common. She has succeeded in showing how widely the colonies differed from each other; on the other hand, we doubt whether her general scheme of treat- ment gives better results than the meth- od which she has discarded. Where the lo- cal side of colonial life is concerned, she gains something by reason of greater dis- tinctness. Where broad questions, like the dealings of the colonies with the Crown, with the Indians, and with the French, are concerned, shs loses by throwing away her standards of comparison and by taking up in pieces what could better be discussed as a whole. Her account of the relations be- tween French and English is decidedly weak from being so disconnected, and we ascribe this partial failure to the inherent weak- ness of a method which yields good results only in the field of domestic annals. The difficulty might be overcome, when the work goes into a second edition, by adding a few supplementary chapters on the larger aspects of colonial life. Miss Smith's narrative is largely politi- cal, though economic and religious motives are kept well to the front. By writing a continuous sketch of each colony, she can mark with clearness the stages of growth through which the community passed; while, again, she loses some part of her space by describing the deeds of obscure Gover- nors, who would probably be passed over if the subject were treated after the cus- tomary manner. The two volumes repre- sent a wide range of reading, and are writ- ten with a zest which gives lively color to the text. According to the preface, the work has not been done at the gallop: "In the preparation of a history on this plan, a number of years have been devoted to a study of the older records and of the works of modern historians, and yet other years to sifting out prejudice and to shaping the results into a simple, straightforward nar- rative." The study of older records and of

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270 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 modern historians shows itself by numerous extracts, many of which are excellent, though some from recent and very accessi- ble writers might have been omitted. While there is more in this book to praise than to censure, we must call attention to certain shortcomings which it does not escape. Without saying that Miss Smith shows a partisan spirit, we frequently dis- cover a fondness for using stronger lan- guage of praise or condemnation than seems warranted. We could collect repeated il- lustrations of this tendency, but one ex- ample will be enough to show what is meant. Volume ii., page 275: "The last and best-known period of the province's [Massa- chusetts] history began under his master- ful Majesty, George III., and the disputa- tious, avaricious thief and liar, Gov. Fran- cis Bernard, whose term of ten years ended in disgrace on both sides of the water." But when describing Bernard's previous ca- reer in Pennsylvania, Miss Smith says (vol. ii., p. 44): "Indians began to harass the frontier af- ter Braddock's defeat; but Francis Bernard made his two years' term memorable by his general council of sachems at Easton, Penn- sylvania, when he quieted the claims of the tribes marauding on the borders and turn- ed their hostility into good will, which saved the colonists untold distress. Ber- nard was a royal officer, who, forgetting his salary in solicitude for defences, could raise money, enlist regiments, and even assert the royal prerogative without exciting the resentment of the representatives. There was harmony while he ruled, and regret when he left in 1760, to go to Massachu- setts." These passages reveal .an exaggeration of language which does not, probably, reflect an equal exaggeration of sentiment, but which seems more like a trick of style. "Forgetting his salary in solicitude for de- fences" and "avaricious thief" are expres- sions that ought not to be used without some note of explanation. Miss Smith falls into more than one error when she goes beyond the limits of local history. Thus (vol. i., p. 2), she states that the Dutch were under the yoke of Spain in 1493. On page 35 it is affirmed that Cath- erine de M6dicis was determined to rid France of the Protestants at the time when Ribaut sailed for Santa Elena. On page 52 Queen Elizabeth is called "the source and centre of all this heroism," where the allu- sion is to the American voyages of her reign. Montreal (p. 165) was not founded before 1613. Amherst and Wolfe (p. 424) did not capture Louisbourg in 1759, and Wolfe was not killed on the 17th of Sep- tember. Misprints also occur too fre- quently. However, most of the slips which we have noticed are apparently due to carelessness rather than to lack of infor- mation. Despite some blemishes and some neces- sary limitations, which may be connected with the author's method, this book justi- fies the attempt to study the different set- tlements in detachment. Miss Smith has not supplanted the works of her predecessors, but she has made a place beside them for her own. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Baldwin, Jane. The Maryland Calendar of Wills, Vol, I. Baltimore: Published by the Author. Becke, Louis. Yorke the Adventurer. London: T. Fisher Unwin: Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. Botsford, a. \Y . A History of Greece. Macmil- lan. ¥1.20. Bradley, A. (1. Highways and Byways in the Lake District. Macmillan. Burnett, Frances Hodgson. The Making of a Marchioness. Frederick A. Stokes Co. Carlyle, Thomas. Sartor Kesartus, and On Heroes and Hero Worship. Macmillau. $1.50. Catberwood, Mars II. Lazarre. Indianapolis: The Bowen-MerrlU Co. Cometock, Harriet T. Cedric the Saxon. Thomas Whittaker. 50 cents. Daring. Hope. Paul Crundal's Charge. 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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. IX SELECTED FALL TITLES THE ART OF LIFE By R. de MAULDE la CLAVIERE, author of " The Women of the Renaissance: A Study in Feminism." Translated by G. H. Ely. A delightful book by a writer who is at once wit, scholar, and artist . OTHER FAMOUS HOMES OF GREAT BRITAIN And Their Stories. Edited by A. H. MALAN. With about 200 il- lustrations. Royal 8vo, crimson cloth, full sides gilt, gilt top. $6.50 net. Third and completing volume of a sumptuous series. Descriptions and histories of famous British estates by their owners or other com- petent authors. HISTORIC TOWNS OF THE WESTERN STATES Edited by LYMAN P. POWELL. With an introduction by Pro- fessor R. G. Thwaites. 8vo, with about 150 illustrations. $3.00 net. Each chapter is written by an authority. Among the writers are Lyman J. Gage, Perry S. Heath, F. L. Herriott, Edwin Markham. THE SPINSTER BOOK By MYRTLE REED, author of "Love Letters of a Musician," etc. 1 2mo, $ l . 50 net . (By mai 1 , $ l .60.) Clever and diverting essays on spinsterhood. 5000 FACTS AND FANCIES By WILLIAM HENRY P. PHYFE, author of " 7000 Words Often Mispronounced." A reference book of unusual value, by a writer with a positive genius for his work. An enormous amount of quaint and useful infor- mation, not easily obtained, is compacted into tnis cyclopedic volume. THE STARS By SIMON NEWCOMB, Retired Profes- A Study of the Universe. sor U. S. Navy. A popular treatment of astronomy, by one of the most eminent au- thorities. POTTERY AND PORCELAIN OF THE UNITED STATES By EDWIN A. BARBER. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, over 200 illustrations. $3.50 net. The only important work on the subject. THE PASSING AND THE PERHANENT IN RELIGION By MINOT J. SAVAGE, D.D., author of "Life Beyond Death." l2mo, net $1.35- PETER ABELARD By JOSEPH McCABE, author of " Twelve Years in a Monaste ry," etc. l2mo. Half vellum, net $2.00. A complete and accurate life of the lover of Heloise, who was, further, the keenest thinker and the boldest theologian of the twelfth century. ONE OF MY SONS By ANNA KATHARINE GREEN. Illustrated by Louis Beth. " The Leavenworth Case " and " Marked Personal " gained for Miss Green the reputation of being tin best writer of mystery stories since Poe. This book is considered the author's best work. IN OUR COUNTY Stories of Old Virginia. By MARION HARLAND. 8vo. Illustrat- ed. $1 .50. Fascinating sketches of Virginia life before the war. Every mood is in the book, and all are skillfully portrayed. THE SOUL OF A CAT By MARGARET BENSON. Illustrated by Henriette Ronner. Delightful animal stories by a dauehter of the talented family of which Archbishop Benson and the author of " Dodo" are members. LIGHTS OF CHILDLAND By MAUD BALLINGTON BOOTH, Author of " Sleepy Time Stories." Illustrated 8vo, net $1.35- TIME AND CHANCE By ELBERT HUBBARD. 12mo. $1.50. Mr. Hubbard has chosen the most promising theme of the career of the heroic, unfortunate, and spectacular John Brown. DUTCH LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY By a Resident at The Hague. No. 4 in " Our European Neighbours." i2mo, illustrated, $1.20 net; (by mail, $1.30). ROMANCE OF THE RENAISSANCE CHATEAUX By ELIZABETH W. CHAMPNEY, author of "Romance of the Feu- dal Chiteaux." 8vo, fully illustrated, gilt top. $3.00 net; (by mail, $3.25). ASIA AND EUROPE. Studies Presenting the Conclusions formed by the author in a Long Life Devoted to the Subject of the Relations between Asia and Europe. By MEREDITH TOWNSEND. Formerly editor of The Spectator, London. 8vo, net $2.50; (by mail, $2.65.) "If I could afford to buy only one book this summer, I should cer- tainly choose Mr. Townsend's Asia and Europe."— British Week y. THE SCIENCE OF PENOLOGY THE DEFENCE OF SOCIETY AGAINST CRinE. By HENRY M. BOIES, M.A., author of "Prisoners and Paupers." 8vo. Net, $3.50. The writer has had much and long experience in the administration of penal laws, and especially the management of convicts in the great prisons of Pennsylvania. JOHNNIE COURTEAU, AND OTHER POEHS By WILLIAM HENRY DRUMMOND, author of " The Habitant, and Other French-Canadian Poems." Fully illustrated. Popular edition. 8vo. $1.25 net; (by mail, $1.35). Large paper edition, 17 photogravure illustrations. $2.50 net; (by mail, $2.65). Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, NEW YORK and LONDON

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Tlie !N"atioru [Vol. 72» No- l892 LILY FRANCE A ROMANCE OF THE 16th CENTURY By Mrs- Caroline Atwater Mason Ant/tor of '" A Woman of Yesterday," "A Wind Flower" " The Quiet King," etc. FOUR FULL-PAQE ILLUSTRATIONS For the first time in the English language, the exact and authentic facts concerning Charlotte de BourDon are to be disclosed. The hitherto unknown life of this exqui- site, mysterious figure has been made the subject of a historical novel of intense dra- matic interest. The story of Charlutte, who, though a French Princess and the abbess of a Roman convent, became the wife of the Dutch hero, has never been told as it is here brought to light. "As u historical novel the toik is far and away above the average."— The Book Buyer. "This is really a remarkable production, as interesting on every page as it is valuable."— Pres. Augustus H. Strong. 12mo, 456 pp. PRICE, $1.10 NET Postpaid, $1.25 Published by THE GRIFFITH AND ROWLAND PRESS 1420 Chestnut Street, Philade'phia FOR SALE BY ALL LEADING BOOKSELLERS Do You Know Mistress Barbara? If not, you will be glad to make her acquaint- ance through the medium of Halliwell Sutcliffe's book of that name. She is a charming person, with whom all lovers of pure, wholesome fiction should become acquainted. By Halliwell Sutcliffe Just Published = - $1.50 THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., New York Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray's Works and Dickens' »n<i Scott's I hin paper Large type, easy to read Size i',b\ i'.', lochea and only '.. Inch Uilrk. Hound In ctoth, $1 mi each. Bent prepaid on tooelpl ol price. id requeat. thus NELSON ft SONS. :I7 Bast 18th St., Kiw York. L By the Author of ESTHER WATERS SISTER TERESA By GEORGE MOORE Cloth. $1.50 J. B. LIPP1NCOTT CO., Philadelphl 1 J yyontkcc a Laces. Real Irish Laces, Duchess and Honiton Laces. Real Lace Robes. ,, Spangled Robes. Real Irish Lace Collars, French Ruffs and Stocks French Liberty Squares and Scarfs. i Feather Boas. Handkerchiefs. Gloves. jJtoaDwau cAj 1 Jib 6l. NEW YORK. 23 YEARS the Standard of Excellence ONLY TRUE S ANITA R Y UNDER WEAR ALL WEIGHTS FOR ALL WANTS ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE NEW YORK: BROOKLYN: BOSTON: PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO: / 10 West 23d Street [155-157 Broadway 664 Fulton Street 330-832 Boylston Street 034 Chestnut Street 82 State Street m Agents In all Principal C It lea READY OCTOBER 15TH. The Phonographic Dictionary and Phrase Book. By BENN PITMAN and JEROME B. HOWARD 550 pp., Octavo, Cloth, $3.00. Liberal Discount to the Booh Trade- This great work has been six years in preparation, and Is the most complete Shorthand Dictionary ever published. It gives the i-mci-ared phonographic ontlines for over 120.000 words and phrases. It should be In the hands of every writer, teacher, and student of shorthand.

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Oct. 3, 1901] Tlie Nation. XI Fall Publications OF The Robert Clarke Company, CINCINNATI, OHIO. * Personal Recollections of Gov. John M. Palmer. The Story of an Earnest Life. 8vo, cloth, net S3.00; delivered, $3.25. (Jeneral John M. Palmer bore a great part in liuildinc up the State of Illinois. Lawyer, poli- tician, soldier, statesman, his name is "writ large" in its annals. He was the friend and associate of all the great men whom the people of Illinois have honored and loved, and he was worthy of their regard. He hore a part in some of the most important political events which have transpired in his State and the Nation during the last halt century, and was intimately connected with tnc great actors who were the human agencies that gave to them historical importance. "Gen'l Palmer's 'Personal Recollections.' written down by himself near the close of his illustrious career, are replete with an extraordinary interest and instructiveness. No one. especially no young man, can road this hook without being deeply and wholesomely touched by this honest, brave-hearti d, resolute, and highly typical American." — Chicago Tribune. A Buckeye Baron. A Rural Story of a Buckeye Boy. By W. A. Paxson of the Ohio Bar. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, gold and colors, $1.50, Mr. Paxson, a writer and poet of no mean repute. Is giving us his best in a very pleasing story told in his own natural style under the suggestive title of "A Buckeye Baron." The time of the story is about the beginning of the Civil Mar, and is a faithful description of the manners and customs or Ohio people at that time. Pact and Fancy in Spiritualism, Theosophy and Psychical Research. By G. G. Hubbell. Crown 8vo, cloth, net $1.25; delivered, SI. 35. Mr. Hubbell combines scientific accuracy with a popular literary style that renders his work a de- sirable addition to the library of every person in- terested in the study of psychic phenomena. The author has devoted twenty-five years to a careful study of psychic phenomena, and has embodied a large part of the results of that study in this Volume. The impartiality and fairness with which opposing views are stated will commend it to all fair-minded and truth-loving persons. "An excellent popular presentation of the sub- ject dealt with."— Hichard Hodgson, LL.D.. Sec'y Am. Branch, Societv for Psychical Research. * Reminiscences of a Mississippian in Peace and War. By Fkank'A. Montgomery. With portraits. 8vo, cloth, net $5.00. Recent Publications. Ye Clods and Little Fishes. A Travesty on the Argonautic Expedition in Quest of the Golden Fleece. By James A. Henshall, M.D. 8vo, cloth extra, net $2 00. Recollections of a Lifetime. By General Roelifp Brinkerboff. 8vo, cloth, |2.00. Prehistoric Implements. By Warren K. Moore- head. 8vo, illustrated, cloth, net $3.00. Shaksper, not Shakespeare. By William H. Ed- wards. 12mo, cloth, $2.00. The Song of a Heart. By Helene Hall (Mrs. Gen- eral H. V. Boynton). 12mo, cloth, $1.25. My Mysterious Clients. A volume of short sto- ries. By HARVEY SCRIBNER. 12mo, cloth, $1.25. The Robert Clarke Company Publishers, Booksellers and Importers, 3". 33, 35 East Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. FALL BOOKS Anthony Hope's New Novel Vnder this Imprint In its Twentieth Thousand Tristram of Blent An episode in the story of an ancient house. Says the Philadelphia Tele- graph: "In 'Tristram of Blent' Anthony Hope has provided a rare delight for the novel-reader. It is original in conception and handling, bright and readable, dramatic and powerful." " It is the most characteristic work that he has produced."— Boston Post. I2mo, $1.50. By Breacd Alone This story of the steel-workers by I. K, Friedman will be a revelation to those who are unfamiliar -with the causes and development of labor controver- sies. It depicts the psychology of the strike in its visible aspects. 12mo, $1.50. Life on the Stage These reminiscences of Clara Morris, so charmingly told, constitute a classic of American biography. She writes interestingly of the Booths, of Barrett, of Augustin Daly and his company in their prime ; of Jim Fiske and Jay Gould, and of many others in whom the world is interested. $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1,62. Songs of Nature An anthology of English nature verse edited by John Burroughs. Not only have the poems been selected for their beauty of sentiment and expression, but none have teen admitted which are not absolutely true to nature. 12mo, $1.50. Boswell's Life of Johnson Edited by Arnold Glover, with introduction by Austin Dobson. 100 drawings by Herbert Railton of places connected with Johnson and his times. 10 photogravure portraits in colors of Johnson and his contemporaries. 3 vols. Per Set, $9.00 net. Postpaid, $9.46. Large paper edition, with 30 portraits, $ 1 8.00 net. Postpaid, $ 1 8.66. Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction Important as were Lincoln's preliminary plans for reconstruction, they have never been adequately treated until taken up by Chas. H. McCarthy, Ph.D., the author of this volume. 8vo, $3.00 net. Postpaid, $3.20. I McCLVUE, PHILLIPS ^ PUBLISHERS. <a co., I NEW YORK. THE MOST IMPORTANT BOOK OF THE YEAR, Gail Hamilton's Life in Letters. Edited by her sister, H. Augusta Dodge. Large 121110. Two volumes, 600 pages each. Photogravure portrait frontispiece. Fine laid paper. Gilt top, boxed; $5.00 per set. These letters, covering the entire life of this remarkable woman from early child- hood, deal intimately with most of the literary and political leaders of more than a generation. Thoroughly entertaining, and a most valuable contribution to lit- erary and political history. LEE & SHEPARD, Publishers, Boston.

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Xll The .N" ation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 D. Van NostraM Gomoanr's Announcement of New Books JUST PUBLISHED FOSTER, H. A. Electrical Engineers' Pocket Book. With the collaboration of Eminent Specialists. A hand-book of useful data for Electricians and Electrical Engineers. With innumerable tables, diagrams and fi.ures. Pocket size, full leather, about 1000 pages. $5.00 SWOOPE, C. WALTON. Lessons in -m Practical Ef«;tricity ; I rinciples, Experi- ments and Arithmetical Problems An Elemen- tary Text Book, with numerous Tables and Formula?, and two large Instruction Plates. 8vo, cloth, 385 pp $z. 00 net IN PRESS: ARNOLD, E. Armature Windings of Direct Current Dynamos. Extension and Application of a General Winding Rule. Trans- lated from the original German by Francis B. DeGress, M.E. With numerous illustrations. ATKINSON, A. A. {Ohio University ) Electrical and Magnetic Calculations. BEAUMONT, WORBY, and DUQALD CLERK. Auto-Cars and Horseless Carriages. CATHCART, PROF. W. LLOYD. (Columbia University.) Marine Engine Design. Stationary Engine Design. HILL, JOHN W. The Interpretation of Water Analysis. HUDSON, MAXIM. High Explosives in Warfare. MOELLER, F. C. Q. Krupp's Steel Works. With 88 illustrations. By Felix Schmidt and A. Montan. Authorized transla- tion from the German. 4-to, cloth. PARSHALL, H. F.,and EVAN PARRY. Electrical Equipment of Tramways. PERR1NE, F.A.C., A.M., D.Sc. Con- ductors for Electrical Distribution; Their Manufacture and Materials, the Calculation of Circuits, Pole Line Construction, Underground Working and other Uses. POWLES, H. H. Steam Boilers. PREECE, W. H. Electric Lamps. TRAVERSE TABLES, showing the differ- ence of Latitude and Departure for distances be- tween 1 and 100, and for angles to quarter degrees between I degree and 90 degrees. Reprinted from Scr bner's Pocket Table Book. i6mo, boards. (I'an Nostrand's Science Scries, No. 115. ) WILLYOUNQ, E. Q., and W. M. ST1ME, Ph D. Electrical Instru- ments and Measurements. umo, cloth. 2 vols. D. Van Nostrand Company, PUBLISHERS. 23 MURRAY AND 37 WARREN STS., N. Y. DRAMATIC LITERATURE J_/i 1 A of an unusually cbolce and ^^^ extensive collection of B."' M j Mi^ li "* lirniniili)' IIooUn anil ■; ■%. I * r ^ SliiikrHix-iiiiiinii. In ^ — ^ m m ^*^ cluolng many scarce lib- rary edition" of Hie works of the "Id dramatists, iir-i editions of old plays, biographies of famous actors, iiiiiiiiic extra-Illustrated i. yon free. Charles E. Lauriat Company, Boston. 301 Washington St. Opp. "Old South" Church Life Everlasting By John Fiske. 'pHIS book completes the remarkable group to which belong The Destiny of Man, The Idea of God, and Through Nature to God. Its argument is on the line of Evolution, in- ferring from what man has already become through the Infinite Force in whose beneficent hand he is, that the logical next step in his progress is the attainment of life everlasting. 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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. xin Notable Publications of the Clarendon Press. History of the New World Called America. By Edward John Payne, Fellow of University College, Oxford. Crown 8vo, cloth, Vol. I., $3.00, Vol. II., $3.50. " It is beyond question a remarkable book. . . No one who pretends to acquaintance with American Aboriginal conditions can afford to neglect Mr. Payne's work. . . . It is a storehouse of information drawn from out-of-the-way sources, quite beyond the reach of any except the most favored students."— Journal of Education. Historical Geography of the British Colonies. By C. P. Lucas, B.A. Introduction. With Eight Maps. Crown 8vo, $1.00. Vol. I. The Mediterranean and Eastern Colonies (exclusive of In. dia). With Eleven Maps. $1.25. Vol. II. The West Indian Colonies. With Twelve Maps. $1.90. Vol. III. West Africa. Second Edition. Revised to the end of 1809 by H. E. Egerton. With Five Maps. $2.00. Vol. IV. South and East Africa. Historical and Geographical. With Eleven Maps. $2.40. Also in Two Parts:—. Part I. Historical, $160. Part II. Geographical, 90c. The History of South Africa to the Jameson Raid. With numerous Maps. Crown 8vo, $1.25. Vol. V. The History of Canada. (Vol. I.) With Four Maps. Crown 8vo, $1.50. The Relations of Geography and History. With Maps. By the Rev. H. B. George, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.10. " Mr. George deserves special congratulation on his success in overcoming the temptation to political partisanship which must be a serious dif- ficulty in the way of any writer who deals with such subjects as are treated here. Each topic is discusse 1 with absolute impartiality in this respect, the historic and scientific conscience being everywhere followed as the only guide " — Evening Pjst, New York, August 7, 1901. Notes on English Etymology. Chiefly reprinted from the Transactions of the Philological Society By Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt. D. Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.90. " Of great interest to the student of English, who will bless the Clarendon Press for enabling Professor Skeat to bring together so many of his scattered contributions to philological knowledge."— The Nation, New York, September 26, 1901. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. By the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt.D. New Edition. Completely rewritten and rearranged. Post 8vo, cloth, §1.25. "The Concise Dictionary in its present form is indispensable to all who feel any interest in the history of the English language."— The Nation, New York, September 26, 1901. For sale by all booksellers. Send for catalog. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, Anglican Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Ave., New York. Silver, Burdett & Company Announce Marcus Whitman and the Early Days of Oregon By William A. Mowry, Ph.D. 358 pp. Illustrated. Cloth, uncut edges, gilt top. $1 50. "The bo->k is a valuabl- addition to the literature of tlir century Its author has ably and conscientiously rendered a service to future historians by gathering the recjrds for their possible use, f>e has vindicated the claim to an honored memory of a flaure which we Should be loath to class among the indefensible myths of the past ... He presents the c*se for his client moderately, appealing to facts and reason slone; therefore he is convincing."— Richard Henry Stoddard in the Xew York Mad and Express. International Law For Schools and Colleges. By Georgb G. Wilson, Ph.D., Professor of Social and Political Science, Brown University, and George Fox Tucker, Ph.D., lately Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Ju dicial Court of Massachusetts. $1.75. A comprehensive, i_oncise, and clear statement of the principles of International Law. Unique in its thorough treatment of diplomatic and other forms and methods of procedure. Introduction to the Study of Commerce By Frederick R Clow, Ph.D., State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. With an introduc- tion by F. W. Taussig, Ph.D., LL.B., Professor of Political Economy, Harvard University. Illus- trated by charts and diagrams. $1.25. Treats of trade and commerce.— the mechanism and frocessot exchange,— and commercial geography, close- y allied to these. Freshman English and Theme- Correcting in Harvard College By C. T. Copeland, Lecturer on English Literature, and H. M. Rideout, Instructor in English, Har- vard University. $1.00. A very thorough presentation of the successful meth- ods of developing accurate and cogent expression. Spe- cimen themes, several of which are in fa simile, show how the various articles are written, corrected, and re- written. Ten New England Leaders By Williston Walker, Ph.D., D.D., Hartford Theological Seminary. 480 pp. Cloth, uncut edges, gilt top, $2.00 "In thisdav when so much has been written flippantly about the fathers of Aineri. an society, church, ai d State, it is most pleasant to And a defender c.mlng for- ward who speaks with >he authority of a specialist, the gravity of an historian, and the gratitude of 0"e who realizes that the twentieth century inherlts.full as much as it ever can convey."— The flaiion. Seven Great American By Beatrice Hart. 323 pp. Poets Illustrated. $1 25. "A book to attract all lovers of literature, and all who may be stimulated and ennobled by greatness and good- ness."— San Francisco Chronicle. Highways and Byways of Music By Hugh A. Clarke, Mus. Doc. 15a pp. 75 cents. A series of six essays on the origin and growth of Music, traced from the time of the Greeks down to the present day. The Silver Series of Classics Artistically bound in ornamental cloth, this steadi- ly expanding series is valuable in the home library as in the school. Send for list. SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY, New York, Boston, Chicago LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private, School, College, and Club Libraries with all current Books promptly and cheaply. It Is our specialty We deal In nothing but books, •■ur Monthly Bul- letin of a'l the publishers' new, noteworthy, and popular books mailed on application. THE BAKER. ® TAYLOR. CO.. 33-37 E. 17th St., New York.

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XIV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 Approved New Text-Books Dryer's Lessons in PhysicaJ Geography . . . $1.20 Generalization is here minimized The physical features of the earth are grouped according to their causal relations and functions, and the characteristics of each group are presented by means of a typical example. A relatively minute knowledge of the facts is first obtained, and after- wards an understanding of the general principles. Realistic exercises and discus- sions, and directions for laboratory work. Muzzarelli's Brief French Course .... $1.25 Arranged in conformity with the new laws of syntax promulgated by the French Government by decree of Feb- ruary 26, 1901. Besides containinga clear exposition of the method of reading French v-rse, the book includes the poems prescribed for memorizing by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. "It concentrates and yet enlarges, re- tains and yet improves, the excellences of the author's Aca lemic French C'ours 5. and by its adoption of the simplifying processes authorized by French educa- tional and literary powers will material- ly facilitate the work of the French stu- dent. In itself the volume is attractive. It is clear and concise. It is sufficient and suggestive. It is scholarlv '' - A (iuYOT Cameron, Profes or of French, Peine- ton University, and Ch.ef Exami- ner in French for (he College Entrance Ex i in Ination B >ard of the Middl i States and Maryland. Milne's Academic Algebra .25 $1. " Milne's Academic Algebra is a book well suited to Its purpose, and gives all the essential principles of the subject, clearly expressed "—Eugene L. Rich- ards, Professor of Mathtmatics, Yale Univ. rstty. "Milne's Academic Algebra has been ex- amined and has been placed upon the list Of accepted books for the entrance re- quirements in Elementary Algebra at Cornell I'niversity."— Geo. W. Jones, ("ommi tee of Mill* in Itlos, Cor 111 I, versify. Ho&dleys Brief Course in Genera.1 Physics . $1.20 "Hoadley's Brief Course in General Physics contains, I think, many excel lew features and will prove satisfactory for the class of students for whom it ,s intended The combination of class room demonstration with laboratory work seems desirable and useful."— Geobob l'\ Barker, Profeseorof Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Morey's Outlines of Roman History .... $1.00 "Morey's Outlines of Roman History Impresses me very favorably, especially because of t he good proportions observ- ed in Its construction, and the ph phical ye( clear exposition of the de- velopment of Roman institutions and of the place occupied by Rome in the world's history. I am pleased with the illustrative matter and the excellent bibliographical references at the end of 1 chapter."— Eleanor L Lord, In structor in Ttistory, The Worn ,n's (\,i- lege, Halt mime. A Descriptive Catalogue of High School and College Text-Books sent on request AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY New York Cincinnati Chicago RECENT PUBLICATIONS By FRANK FROST ABBOTT, Professor of Latin in the University of Chicago. A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION Of Romaa Political Institutions For introduction, $1.50. This book is intended for students of Roman History, of Latin, and of Political Science. The first part traces historically the develop- ment of the Roman constitution from the earliest times to the reign of Diocletian. In the second part, detailed descriptions are given of the consulship, the tribunate, the senate, the lomitiii. and the other institutions of the gov- ernment. By JERMAIN G. PORTER, Director of Cincinnati Observatory and Pro- fessor of Astronomy in the University of Cincinnati. The Stars in Song and Legend For introduction, 50 cts. This book deals with astronomy from the literary and legendary side. It is designed to interest Ihe student in the mythology of the sky as embodied in the classic stories of Greece and in the folk-lore of more recent periods. Under the general term star the sun and moon are included. Tin ill 11st rut inns nf Hi, niiistillnliiiH JUjitris arc reproduced from Albrecht Diirer's famous draw- ings. By ERNEST SETON- THOMPSON Bird Portraits Familiar birds pictured by this distinguished artist, printed on heavy coated paper, 8% xi 2 inches in size; with de- scriptive text by Ralph Hoffmann. Beautifully bound in cloth. Quarto, $1.50. Trade Department. By R. L. GARNER Apes and Monkeys: Their Life and Lan- guage With an introduction by the Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale. The author's unique investigation into the speech and intelligence of monkeys, and his life among them in Africa are vividly told. The story is the most novel and thrilling of modern research, and it is now, with its results and conclusions, made public for the first time. Very fully illustrated. i2mo. 35opages. $2 00. Trade Department. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Columbus London UHE JVOVEL OF THE CEJVT\/7iy A MODERN APOLLOS A Romance qf the Ea.st and West By ROBERT McINTYRE. No work of fiction issued in recent years approaches it iu its Delineation of Character, Subtlety) of Wot, Masterful Word fainting and Purity of Purpose in development and denouement. FASCINATING FROM START TO FINISH. The author's fame as a Preacher and Lecturer is a guarantee of the literary excellence of the book, and its moral tone and teachiDg are in striking contrast with recent so-called religious novels. About 375 pages. One Dollar and Fifty Cents, postpaid. Ready October First. Advance orderB already exceed usual lirst editions. JENNINGS & PYE, 57 Washington St., Chicago. 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Oct. 3, 1901] The Nation. xv IJW VRESS London: Historic and Social. By Claude De La Roche Francis. Illustrated with 50 full-page photo- gravures from original negatives. Two volumes, crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, with cloth jackets, and in a cloth box. List price $5.00 In political importance, historic interest, commercial greatness, and social characteristics, London is the mistress of the world. Strange to say there has been no book hitherto which thoroughly and fully describes this wondrous city. Mr. Francis, in undertaking ( his work, after exhaust- ing the libraries of this country, has spent the last two years in London in research upon the spot, and has produced a work which will bean authority on this subject. Ireland: Historic and Picturesque. By Charles Johnston. Illustrated with 25 lull-page photogravures and a map. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, gilt top, with cloth jackets- and in a clothbox. List price $300 Although Ireland has been written about by many writers, it has never been done so effectually and sympathetically as by Mr. Johnston. Commencing with the dolmens and round towers of unknown history, Mr. Johnston has brought his subject dowu to the present time, omitting nothing which could add to the interest and charms of the Emerald Isle. Scotland: Historic and Picturesque. By Maria HoRnor Lansdale. Illustrated with 50 full-page photogra- vures and a map. Two volumes, crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, with cloth jackets, and in a clothbox. List price $5 00 Scotland is the most interesting and picturesque country in Europe. Poetry and romance have made its lochs and mountains famous the world over. Miss Lansdale has entered fully into the spirit of her subject. The Night- Side of Nature; or, Ghosts and Ghost- Seers. By Catherine Crowe. New Edition, with a critical introduction by Dr. Thomson Jay Hudson, LL.D., author of 'The Law of Psychic Phe- nomena," etc. 12mo, cloth extra. List price $1.50 The subjects treated in this book are the various kinds of prophetic dreams, presentiments, second sight, and apparitions; and in short all that class of phenomena which appears to throw some light on our physical nature and the probable state of the soul after death. Dr. Hudson in his critical introduction sets a very high value upon this work. A new work of high importance to 7ahist players. The Principles and Practice of Whist. By Lennard Leigh, Ernest Berkhoi.t. and W. H. Whitpblt, Profes- sor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. Including Il- lustrative Deals, Tables of Probabilities, Critical Eadings, etc. 12mo, cloth extra. List price $1.50 MAX ADELER-'S NEW BOOK Captain Bluitt: A Tale of Old Turley By Charles Heber Clark (Max Adeler). Author of "Out of the llm ly Burly," etc. " Persons with long memories and delicate sense of humor will be de- lighted on seeing the announcement of a novel by 'Max Adeler' (Charles Heber Clark). The author is almost the only humorist of twenty years ago whose books are still in large demand, and he is the only humorist of that period who has for twenty years refused to be funny— in print. 'Captain Bluitt' is a delightful compound of wit, wisdom, sentiment and sense." 12.Tio, cloth extra. Illustrated. List price $1.50 "The Authority and Up-to-Date" NEW AND REVISED EDITION Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice: Rules of Proceeding and Debate in Deliberative Assemblies. By Luther S. Cushing With miny additional notes by Prof Albert S. Bolles, of the University of Pennsylvania. Including the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. The Standard Parliamentary Authority. Indispensable to Presidents, Secretaries, Directors, Chairmen, presiding otticers, and every one in public life or connected with corporate bodies. Prof. Bolles' notes, which are up to date, make this book especially valuable. 18mo cloth, 340 pages. List price $0.50 Flexible leather 75 By the Higher Law. By Julia Helen Twells, Jr., author of " A Triumph of Destiny." Illus- trated. 12mo, cloth extra. List price $1.50 "By the Higher Law" is a very dramatic novel of New York society life, written by one who is entirely familiar with the life of " the smart set." She writes with great power, her story turning upon a question of conscience, and holds the reader's attention and interest throughout. HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. Some Fall Announcements of Little, Brown & Co. TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS With some remarks on the development of naval warfare during the 18th century. By Capt Alfred T. Mahan. Six photogravure portraits. 8vo, $2.50 net. THE WORLD BEAUTIFUL IN BOOKS Lilian Whiting's new book, similar in treatment to the three volumes of "The World Beau- tiful." 16mo. si. 00 net. Decorated, $1.25 net. UP AND DOWN THE SANDS OF GOLD A new book of the present time by Mary Devekeux, author of the very successful story, "From Kingdom to Colony." 12mo, $1.50. MISTRESS BRENT A powerful and charming story of Lord Baltimore's Colony in 1638, by Lucr M. Tuukston. Illustrated by Ch. Greenwuld. 12mo, $1.50. A JAPANESE MISCELLANY By Lafcadio Heakn, author of "In Ghostly Japan," "Shadowings," etc. 12mo, $1.60 net. THE POCKET BALZAC Miss Wormelev's superb translation. Complete in 30 vols. ISmo; size 4^x6%. Price, in cloth, $1.00 per vol. ; in limp leather, $1.25 per vol. Any volume sold separately. JOY AND STRENGTH FOR THE PILGRIMS DAY A companion book to "Dailv Strength for Daily Needs," by Mary W. Tileston. 18mo. Cloth, 80c. net. White and Gold, $1.00 net. Bed Line Edition, 16mo. $1.25 net. LITTLE MEN ILLVSTBA TED EOLIDA Y EDITION. By Louisa M. Ai.cott, with 15 full-page illustra- tions by Reginald B. Birch. Crown 8vo, $2.00. THE LIFE OF FRANCIS PARKMAN By Charles Haight Faknham. NEW LIBRARY EDITION. With photogravure por- trait. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $2.00. DRAKE'S NEW-ENGLAND LEGENDS AND FOLK-LORE, in Prose and Poetry With one hundred character illustrations. New and enlarged Library edition. Crown 8vo, $2.50 MAIDS AND MATRONS OF NEW FRANCE By Mary Sifton Pepper. Illustrated. 12mo, $1.50 net. WHITE APRONS A new illustrated edition of Mai d Wilder Goodwin's favorite colonial story, uniform with 'Sir Christopher" and "The Head of a Hundred." 12mo, $1.50. DEAFNESS AND CHEERFULNESS, "An Unconventional Sermon'' By Rev. A. W. Jackson, author of "James Martineau: A Biography and Study." 16mo, $1.00 net. LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, Publishers, 254 Washington St, Boston THE VAN DWELLERS ?5he V^lII Dwellers /LBEI^TBICELOW PAINE A Strenuous Quest for a Little Home In a Great City By Albert Bigelow Paine. Illustrated, Cloth, $1. 50. Things which exasperate you a.re funny— to the other ma.n. Things which ha.va ex- asperated the other man, will be funny and instructive to you. Live a.nd profit by the troubles of the Little Family. Two Sides of a Question. Life from Wom&rv's Poirvt of View. MAY SINCLAIR. Cloth, $1.50 A Book to R.ea.d, TKirvk Over, a.r\d Discuss. " A masterpiece." -The Bookman. "The cha.ra.clersa.re irresistible. The book should be rea.d."-V/. .Tunics' Gazelle. J. F. TAYLOR ®. CO., New York OXFORD MAPS. BY PROF. H. S. OSHORN, LL. n. Palestine, ~| These maps cover all Biblical Western Asia. I <;eoKraphy, contain all recent Egvpt and Slnal, ( discoveries, and are accepted St. Paul's Travels. I authority. Can be seen over lara;e rooms. Special tef ms for the maps as a set. Oxford Map PublUhtfa. Oxford, Ohio.

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XVI The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1892 BOOKS OF IMPORTANCE An Important *BooK by the President of yale The Education of the American Citizen By ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY. LL.D. President of Tale University President Hadley believes that in many of the political writings of the day there is a tendency to lay too much stress on the mechanism of government and of industry, and too little on the force by which this mechanism is kept at work. This book is offered to the public in the hope that it may contribute something to the understanding of our political needs, to the growth of a public sentiment which shall give us power to meet those needs, and to the development of those educational methods which shall make for an increase of such power in years to come. $1.50 net. (Postage II cents.) The Civil War and the Constitution By JOHN W. BURGESS Professor of Political Science and Constitutional Law and Dean of the Faculty of Political Science in Columbia University, author of '* The Middle Period' ' This work is eminently a constitutional history in its discussion of the points at issue in the light of public law and political science, but it is also a stirring and graphic accoant of the events of the war, in which the author was a participator. It covers the most important period of the civil war and reconstruction, and is one of our "American History Series," of which the author's "The Middle Period " is the volume just preceding. An especial feature of the book is its brilliant and searching portraiture of the great personalities on both sides. In two volumes. $2.00 net. (Postage 20 cents.) A Day with a Tramp and Other Days By WALTER A. WYCKOFF Author of " The Workers" This notable bock is made up of additional matter descriptive of Mr. Wyckoff's wage- earning experiences made famous through seven editions of "The Workers," dealing with developments of the author's "experiment in realism," not brought out in that work. It throws certain social problems into strong relief. $1.00 net. Postage IO cents IS he most dramatic and the important nox)el of Mr. Cable's literary career The C^cvaJier By GEORGE W. CABLE Author of "Old Creole Da.ys," "The Gra.ndissimes," etc. Illustrated with eight superb drawings by Howard Chandler Christy There has never been a story of the Civil War like this one, and the dramatic crises of the tale will give fullest satisfaction to that body of novel readers to whom " the story " is the chief thing. In addition, the art of a fiction- writer, of which Mr. Cable has been for so many years master, is used at its fullest development to tell the most power- ful tale that Mr. Cable has ever devised. " The Cavalier" will take its place as one of the greatest novels of the South in the Civil War, as well as one of the most intensely interesting stories of its accomplished author. $1.50 Charles Scribner*s Sons J

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 893. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. " Professor Sloane's sound judgment, his remarkable deductive powers, keen insight, and tersely vigorous style well qualify him for the work in which he is so happily successful."— Boston Transcript. The French Revolution and Religious Reform By WILLIAM M. SLOANE Professor of History at Columbia. University and author of "The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," " The French War and the Revolution," etc. PROFESSOR SLOANE'S new history considers the French Revolution from a point of view of special interest. The effort to find a normal and regular evolution in the French Revolution characterizes all recent studies of the epoch. But at a given moment the rate of the movement was so hastened that it seemed as if the entire structure of French society were falling in ruins. Startling as is this apparent interruption, the explanation seems to lie in the passion for religious emancipation and the titanic struggle to throw off the ecclesiastical yoke. Exhausted by overhaste, the nation finally turned to a compromise. The author has sought to outline the successive steps whereby the revolutionary governments sought the end so earnestly desired by the enlightened of all classes and to exhibit the retarding forces existing partly by foreign intervention, partly by the conservatism of the devout French who were adherents of the papacy, and partly by the fanaticism of unbelief. $2.00 net (postage 15 cents). The Civil War and the Constitution By JOHN W. BUR.GESS Professor of Political Science and Constitutional Lavj and Dean of the Faculty of Political Science in Columbia University. THIS important work is eminently a constitutional history in its discussion of the points at issue in the light of public law and polit- ical science, but it is also a stirring and graphic account of the events of the war. An especial feature is its brilliant and searching portraiture of the great Personalities on both sides. It is one of the American History Series following the author's " The Middle Period." ,n tw0 volumes, $2.00 net (postage 20 cents). PfcLrts of Speech — Essays on English By BR.ANDER. MATTHEWS Profe sor in Columbia University and author of " The Historical Novel," etc. " A MONG the few who have bravely fought for a reasonable latitude in the use of English and for our freedom from the thrall of the ** language, Mr. Matthews is certainly the leader. . . . Mr. Matthews's book is bound to provoke discussion. It sounds a note which cannot b'e disregarded."— Chicago Tribune. "It is also full of hopeful, healthy, vigorous optimism, and instead of studying a dead past, concerns itself with a living present and a dawning future."— Boston Daily AdveHis?r. $1.25 net (postage 11 cents) . A -BOOK. "By THE VRESI-DEJtT OF &ALE The Education of the American. Citizen By AR.THUR. TWINING HADLEY, LL.D- PRESIDENT HADLEY believes that in many of the political writings of the day there is a tendency to lay too much stress on the mechanism of government and of industry, and too little on the force by which this mechanism is kept at work. This book is offered to the public in the hope that it may contribute something to the understanding of our political needs, to the growth of a public sentiment which shall give us power to meet those needs, and to the development of those educational methods which shall make for an increase of such power in years to come. $1.50 net (postage n cents). AH Booksellers or CHARLES SCRIBNER.S SONS

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 The Nation. A -WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 371 Editorial Articles: Tammany and "Respectability" 274 Mr. Shepard's Apologia 274 The Strike in San Francisco 275 The New Education of the Army 276 The Work of the Clearing-House 277 Tracking Dante to India 277 pecial Correspondence: A Swiss Obcrammergau 278 Notes 280 Book Reviews: The American Bible 283 Recent Work in Chaucer 284 The New South Africa 285 La Noblesse Fruncaisc sous Richelieu 285 Biographical aud Other Articles 286 The New Brazil 287 Surrey 287 Five Tears in Ireland, 1895-1900 287 Tlie Mrlioiiongb-Hackstaft Ancestry 288 Maryland as a Proprietary Province 288 Books of tre Week 289 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. I Insertions 5 per cent B •' 111 18 •• Vix •• 86 " 15* " 39 " 2tl 25 A MOUNT— $100 with in n year 111 per rent -' r_". •• ■ 15 •• 2(1 1,000 " " 25 " SO 2,000 " •• 33-3 .. The NATION is sent free to those who adit rtist in it as long as advt rtisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at lirentnno's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of H F Stevens A Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. Educational. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. 'T'HE MISSES HEBB'S A Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W.Franklin St. T7DGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA Y /> School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26,1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre, ( p ■.,.., Miss E. D. Huntley, » 1 rmunals- Massachusetts, Boston. jQ OS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. LJ Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. T)ARIS, France. JL Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Study Home for young ladies. Resident French teacher. Only French spoken. For particulars and circular address 97 Boulevard Arago (XI Ve). A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls. Established in 1>*48. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St.. Phlla., Pa. ]\/frSS RE YNOLDS School. 66 W. 45th 1 VJ. St., New York.— Special students admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received Into the family. SCHOOL OF DRAWING and PAINTING Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. INSTRUCTORS. SCHOLARSHIPS. E. C. Tarbell, ) Drawing Paige Foreign Scholar- F. W. Benson, > and ship for Men and Wo- Philip Hale, \ Painting men; Helen Hamblen B. L. Pratt, Modeling. Scholarship; Ten Free Mrs. Wm. Stone, Scholarships; Six Cash Decorative Design. Prizes. E. W. Emerson, Anatomy. For circulars and terms A. K. Cross, Perspective. , address ^^•uTTr Emily Danforth Norcrosg, ZOth Year. Manager. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGlll University. For conditions of entrance, schol- arships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College. Montreal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given In both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine flre-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. TheMisses Shipley's School forGirls PREPARATORY TO BRYN MAWR COLLEGE Bryn Mawr, Number limited. outdoor life. P11. Ten miles from Philadelphia. Individual attention. Athletic and WABAN SCHOOL FOR BOYS i Wilbai), J. H Pillsbury, M.A., Pnn. >■ » „., WINDSOR HALL FOR GIRLS ( iUaSs. Anna M. GOODHOW, H.A., Assoc. Prln. School Agencies. 'THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave , Washington; l.">f!F!ftti Ave., New York; 414 Cent. Bldg., Minneapolis; r,:!:! Cooper Blag., Denver- 4 Evans Bldg.; Oskaloosn ; SOS Mich. Blvd., Chicago: 525Stlms'n Bk., Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, Jj. 81 Chapel St., Albany. N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. (T CHE RMER HORN Teachers Agency. kJ Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. HnYSSOQN & Kockwell, Mgrs., 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. Teachers, etc. ]\ JR. NEWEL PERRY, Ph.B.,Ph.D., 1 VI formerly Instructor in Mathematics In the Uni- versity of California, who Is now residing at Munich, Havana. Gallcrlestr, 15, dcBlres to offer hli services as private tutor to Americans residing In Germany. Financial. PVLFORD, HOW al< at S and 6 per cent. In- terest. our responsibility Is unquestioned, Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co. 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Oct. 10, 1901] The N" a t i o 11 . 111 Financial. In What ShALLIInVESTI \* Romance THE MOST TALKED ABOUT BOOK OF THE DAY BLENNEPMASSETT Surely a vexiDg question, but we can help you solve it. Our rec- ommendations are absolutely im- partial. We deal in high class income paving securities exclu- sively. Our list contains many valuable suggestions. Write for it. EM. Gjly & Co. BOSTON 131 DEVONSHIRE ST. PHILADELPHIA ■421 CHESTNUT ST NEW YORK I NASSAU ST. MONTREAL CANADA L/FE BLDG Denver, Colorado. Our earnest conviction Is that tills is the time to pur- chase selected property In Denver. The underlying fac- tors which go to make permanent prosperity are con- spicuously present all over this section, and Denver's real estate will never again be purchasable at such at- tractive prices. Let us submit facts by correspondence. WHIPPLE & REYNOLDS, Boston BIdg., Denver, Colo. The care of property for non-residents a specialty. LAWTOI & FEETIG Colorado Springs, Colo. An experience of twenty-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for investment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. Pueblo, Col. I can handle investments for Eastern people with safety and legitimate profit. Pueblo is a promising field. My specialty for years has been the care of properties and making invest- ments for non-residents. References: First National Bank, Pueblo, and Eastern and For- eign clients. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Col. CRUTCHER & WELSH have for many years demonstrated to a large clientele that money was to be made in Kansas City Real Estate if it be conservatively selected and administered. Every facility for the care of non-resident estates. Property wisely purchased now is certain of steady advance. Our purpose is to serve faithfully and efficiently a few more Eastern clients. We are an essential part of the his- tory of KANSAS CITY, MO. These trade-mark cris: Glut BAULK _ Perfect Brealcfa: PANSY FLOUR Unlike all For _ HARWELL & RMIN nes on every package. its STALS, t Health Cereals. Cake and Pastry. Ask Grocers, write ertown.N.Y„U.S.A» A THRILLING ROMANCE — OF— cAaron 'Burr cAkxander Hamilton Theodosia 'Burr Harman cBUnnerhassett and his w ife, SMargaret Blue Silk (loth. Gilt Top, 12 Full-Page Illustrations,].. 50 "It is a brilliant perform- ance, thrillingly interesting throughout. The romance has in it that power which compels admiration and insures popu- larity. "-Philadelphia Telegraph, Sept. 7, 1901. By CHARLES FELTON PIDGIN Author of Quincy Adams Sawyer At All Booksellers. IN PREPARATION MISS PETTICOATS. Columbia University Studies IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS, AND PUBLIC LAW. VOL. XIII. No. 2. Political Nativism in New York State. By Louis Dow Scisco, Ph.D. 8vo, paper, net $3.00 No. 3. The Reconstruction of Georgia.. By Edwin C. Woolley, Ph.D. 8vo, paper, net $1.00 Sets of the first thirteen volumes (except that Vol. II. can be supplied only in unbound Nos. t and 3; are offered bound for $43 each. VOL. XIV. No. 1. Loy alism in New York During the American Revolution. By Alexander Clarence Flick, Ph.D. 8vo, paper, net $2.00 No. 2. The Economic Theory of Risk and Insurance. By Allan H. Willett, Ph.D. 8vo, paper, net $1.50 THE MACMILLAN CO., 66 Fifth Ave., New York. Travel. QOINd ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP ? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly. Boston — Liverpool— London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin $40, $45> upwards, depending on steamer. 8. S. "Lan- castrian." Oct. 16; S S. "Devonian," Oct. 23; S. 8. "Oestrian," Oct. 80; S. S. "Kingstonian," to Lon- don about Nov. 9 P. O. HOUOHTON & CO. , Oen'l Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. tudent's Standard Picii STANDARD STUDENT'S DICTION A condensation of the famous Standard Dictionary .'. .". h, leather back, carriage paid, t full leather binding " - (Patent Thumb Index, 50c. extra) & Taylor Company 7th St.. Union Sq., N. AN EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY. School Trustees, Principals, Teachers, And others interested, are invited to consider the advantages offered by the Nation as an advertising medium. There are probably few weekly periodicals whose columns offer so favorable an opportunity for reaching an audience interested in educational matters. In its special field of political and literary criticism the Nation is unlike any other periodical, American or foreign. Going, as it does, to all the principal libraries, reading-rooms, and clubs, and into thousands of the best homes, addressed to the intelligence of the country, the Nation finds its readers able and anxious to secure for their children the best educa tional advantages. The School List in the Nation has been a representative one for many years. It includes cards of most of the prominent educational institutions everywhere, during the season of school advertising, and a considerable number are inserted in the paper throughout the year. The rate is reasonable, and discounts are made on continuous insertions, of which most of the school advertisers avail themselves. The Nation is sent free while advertisement continues. Orders may be forwarded through any responsible advertising agency, or directly to The Nation, 206 to 210 Broadway, New York.

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IV The ISTation [Vol. 73, No. 1893 of°the Macmillan Company's books A New Novel by the Author of " ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN " Just Ready The Benefactress Cloth, $1.50 THE BENEFACTRESS is a young English woman who takes up life in a German village where property has been left her by a relative. Her experiences are described with the unfailing humor and delicate satire of both German and English ways to be expected from the charming writer who gave us such delicious accounts of the garden by the Baltic of " The Man of Wrath," and Elizabeth's most entertaining Babies in Elizabeth and her German Garden Cloth $1.75, Illustrated $2.50; and its Sequels, A Solitary Summer Cloth $1.50, Illustrated $2.50, AND The April Baby's Book of Tunes With music and illustrations in colors. Small 4to, cloth, $1.50 net. OTHER NEW NOVELS JUST READY OR IN PRESS By the Author of " The Forest Lovers " New Canterbury Tales By Maurice Hewlett, author of "Little Novels of Italy," "The Life and Death of Richard Yea and Nay," etc. Cloth, i2mo, $1.50. The New Americans By Alfred Hodder, author of " The Adversaries of the Sceptic," etc. Cloth, l2mo, $1.50. In Press. The plot turns on a conflict of the Ideals of the old and new generations of women and men, etc. By the Author of '" Who Goes There?" A Friend with the Countersign By B. K. Benson, author of " Who Goes There? The Story of a Spy in the Civil War." Illustrated by Louis Betts. Cloth, l2mo, $1.50 Calumet **K" The Romance of a Grain Elevator By Merwin-Webster, authors of "The Short Line War," "The Banker and the Bear." Illustrated. Cloth, l2mo. $1.50 In Press. Tells of the building of a grain elevator against time, rivals and " walking delegates"— a vivid story of business life. The Beginnings of Poetry By Francis B. Gummere, Professor of Eng- lish in Haverford College. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net. This book undertakes to set forth tin- finis of primitive poetry, so fur us they can be ascertained, and iii establish some conclusions, not about tbe origin of the art as outcome of an Individual ere* in i\ c fancy, but about the beginnings and develop- ment of 1 try aa ■ social Institution, us au element in the life "i early man. Hubert von Herkomer, R. A. A Study and a Biography By A. L. Baldry. Royal 8vo, with ex- quisite buckram binding. Richly illus- trated. $15.00 net. It were Impossible, even If desirable to exclude personal details from a book on the artistic accom- plishment of Prof, von Herkomer. Therefore In these pases there Is at least as much said about the man us about the work he has produced. It Is ouc of the most attractive hooks of tbe season. The Dictionary of National Biography Supplement In Three Volumes. Edited by Sidney Lee. Cloth, 8vo, $5.00 net each. (Volumes Land II. now ready.) This completes the monumental work be- gun under Mr. Leslie Stephen. NOTE.— The price of the Dictionary of National liiography has been changed to »5.00 net per volume. The Works of Thackeray Edited witli an introduction by Walter Jerrold. The set will be complete in thirty volumes. Each volume to contain eight illustra- tions by C. E. BROCK, together with portraits and views in photogravure. No<w Ready : To follow shortly : VANITY FAIR. 3 volumes. Cloth, i2mo, $3.00. PENDENNIS. 3 vols. The Macmillan Company 66 Fifth Avenue, New York

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1901. The Week. Much significance attaches to the se- lection by President Roosevelt of ex- Gov. Jones as United States District Judge for Alabama, to fill a vacancy caused by death. The late incumbent was a Republican, and the Republican politicians of Alabama took it for grant- ed that a Republican President would consider only Republican candidates for the vacancy. But when it appeared that the party had nobody to present who was worthy of the place, Mr. Roose- velt concluded to look elsewhere, and to pick out the best man without regard to his political affiliations. The man upon whom his choice fell served the State with honor a few years ago, as Demo- cratic Governor, and more recently has distinguished himself in the Constitu- tional Convention as the opponent of ex- treme measures directed against the blacks, and as the advocate of provisions designed to restrain the spread of lynch- ing. He enjoys the confidence of the best elements of both races, while his high standing as a lawyer abundantly qualifies him for good service on the bench. Of course, this appointment is not to be regarded as an isolated act, but rather as the first illustration of a policy which the President means to pursue in the South, viz., to appoint only fit men to office in that section, as elsewhere. Being a Republican, he will naturally give the preference to representatives of his own party when it presents worthy candidates, but he knows that in many regions the Republican organization is so weak and disreputable that this is im- possible. In such cases Mr. Roosevelt will insist upon finding the right type of man, even if he is compelled, as in this Alabama instance, to take a Democrat. Dispatches from Washington concur in saying that W. F. Wakeman is to be removed from the office of Appraiser of the Port of New York. This is not a case of removal during a term of office, since there is no term to the office of Ap- praiser. He holds the place during the pleasure of the President, and this would ordinarily mean, under a good civil-ser- vice system, that he holds it while he performs his duties satisfactorily. Mr. Wakeman, whatever may be said of his intentions and motives in the premises, has kept the Custom-house and the im- porting business in hot water nearly all the time he has been in office, by his ex- traordinary and unexpected rulings. He has made more work for the Secretary of the Treasury than any other incum- bent whom we can now recall. During i the greater part of the time that he held the office of Appraiser, he also held that of Secretary of the American Protective Tariff League. It was a manifest scan- dal that a man should hold these two positions at the same time. As Secre- tary of the League, he was committed to the doctrine that the importation of foreign goods should be curbed. As Ap- praiser, he was in a position to put on the curb. This scandal was so glaring, and was brought to public attention so often by Wakeman's rulings, that the Secretary of the Treasury finally requir- ed him to resign one place or th? other, and then he resigned the Secretaryship of the League. But of course he saw no impropriety in holding both places, and it must be admitted that, if importation is a crime, it would be quite proper for him to hold both. If, on the other hand, it is a lawful and necessary vocation, yielding about one-half of the public revenues, then a decent regard for the opinion of mankind requires that the judgment of all the men employed in the customs service should be free from bias in their official action, or the suspicion of it. government corresponding to her popu- lation. The demonstrations which took place at Havana and Santiago de Cuba on Thursday in favor of trade reciprocit> with the United States were so formid- able in point of numbers that they can- not fail to make a strong impression upon our Government and people. It is needless to say that a movement for an- nexation will not be far behind reci- procity. In fact, the demonstrations were almost as pronounced for the one as for the other. Therefore, they may as well be considered together. We have never considered Cuba a desirable addition to the American Republic. We do not desire her for the sake of big- ness, because we are big enough already. We think that her population, race, re- ligion, ideas, habits, traditions, are in- congruous with our own. We are of the opinion that .the marriage would not be a happy one, yet our chief objection to the policy mapped out in the Piatt amendment has been that it did not leave Cuba a free hand in deciding her own destiny. The Piatt amendment, how- ever, has been adopted by Congress and accepted, albeit with a bad grace, by Cuba. No other pressure rests upon Cuba. If the people of the island de- cide to be a part of the United States, now or later, they can become such with- out any violation of the Teller resolu- tion, which, at the beginning of the war with Spain, pledged us to leave her peo- ple free to form a government to suit themselves. The question for us to de- cide will be merely whether we want her for a partner, with a voice in our Massachusetts elections are seldom close enough to be interesting, and this year the Democrats stand absolutely no chance of beating Gov. Crane for an- other term in view of his admirable con- duct during the past two years. Josiah Quincy accepts the candidacy of the Opposition now solely in order to be the party leader after Gov. Crane shall have retired a year hence, when conditions may be much more favorable to the Democrats. The real significance of the State Convention last week is the proof which it has afforded that the party has cut loose from Bryanism, and that the sober and conservative elements which gave it strength during the days of Wil- liam E. Russell, and which were driven out under the management of George Fred Williams, are again in normal control. Massachusetts Republicanism has suffered from having the Opposition become contemptible, and the Common- wealth will gain by the return of De- mocracy to its right mind. Complete fusion against the Quay ring in Pennsylvania is now assured. In a letter of admirable temper Representa- tive Palm, who was nominated by the Democrats for State Treasurer, has withdrawn in favor of the nomination on the fusion ticket of Representative Coray, the candidate of the Independent Republicans. The State Committee au- thorized to make substitutions will meet in a few days and formally complete the ticket in the manner indicated. The fusion campaign will then begin, with what seems, at the outset, to be an ex- cellent prospect of success. The evi- dences of revolt from the machine on the part of Republicans throughout the State are increasing daily, and alto- gether it seems to be a bad year for bosses in Pennsylvania. The discom- fiture of the Donnelly-Ryan Democratic machine in Philadelphia is soon to be made complete by the appointment, by the authorized committee, of real Demo- crats to take the place of the Donnelly- Ryan representatives on the State Com- mittee. The men who, under the name of Democrats, have for years been act- ing in alliance with the Quay machine are thus practically to be read out of the party. The days of their influence for evil in Philadelphia are over, and they will doubtless find cold comfort even with the corruptionists whose tools they were. When Chairman Baldwin of the Com- mittee of Fifteen last spring pleaded for the passage of the new Tenement-House

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272 The 1ST a t i o la . [Vol. 73, No. 1893 Law in order that prostitution in such houses might be broken up, Tammany officials sneered at his earnestness and denounced him as a falsifier. The partial report just made by the Committee as to its work under the new statute is Mr. Baldwin's complete vindication. In the space of a few weeks it has secured con- clusive evidence against women occupy- ing 290 rooms in 237 tenement-houses in Manhattan Borough, and this does not represent "even a formidable fraction of the prostitution existing in tenement- houses in the borough." So successful has been the work of the Committee's investigators that complaints have been made to the Board of Health in 244 cases, and the offending tenants in 173 separate apartments have already been evicted. A census showed that in many instances an average of nearly thirty children to a tenement-house were subjected to the evil influence which Tammany has fos- tered through its connivance at prosti- tution under these conditions. Comptroller Knight's report, in which he reviews the fiscal receipts of the past year accruing from New York's corpora- tion, organization, and inheritance taxes, shows that the most productive of the three has been that on corporations, which has brought in $4,966,680; the in- heritance tax standing next with $4,084,- 606. As might be expected, the receipts from the organization tax have fallen far below those from either of the others, amounting only to $293,856, this being partly due to the nature of the impost, but also very largely to the fact that the laws relating to the organization of cor- porations are not yet thoroughly under- stood. The sources of these large vol- umes of tax receipts are as instructive as tbeir relative amounts, and it should be noted that over one-fifth of the total col- lected has been gathered through the agency of savings-banks and trust com- panies, which have turned in, all told, $2,104,132. Many suits have been filed by these institutions, with reference to technical points as to the application of the law to interest at different stages and to various sorts of securities, and when these shall have been settled, the receipts from such institutions will probably be yet larger. The report as a whole is most instructive in that it points out the important and highly pro- ductive character of tax sources yet un- touched in most of our commonwealths. The decision just handed down through Justice Kruse of the Supreme Court on the subject of advertising sign-boards in Buffalo will strengthen the hands of those who have been conducting a cam- paign against the bill-board nuisance. Both in Chicago and in Buffalo, ordi- nances have recently been enacted regu- lating the erection of such boards, and ordei ing the destruction of those not con- forming to the law. Bequests made by advertising companies in these two cities for injunctions protecting their boards from condemnation have in each in- stance been denied. No actual steps against the boards have as yet been taken in Chicago, but the special term of court called by Gov. Odell, at the request of certain citizens of Buffalo who wished to destroy the signs before the close of the Exposition, has resulted in a final decision of the court against the bill- boards. Justice Kruse's verdict makes two main points. He upholds the ordi- nance on general grounds, and waves aside the plea that, in the special case before him, the "system" of signs ob- jected to could not be defined as "bill- boards." For more comprehensive rea- sons, he shows that, even were the or- dinance defective, the order for their removal could be sustained should it prove that the boards are in fact public nuisances. That they are so is shown by their tendency to increase the danger of fire and accident, and to furnish a screen for disorderly and unsanitary con- ditions. To what extent the Constitutional Convention authorized on Monday by the voters of Connecticut will remedy the gross inequalities and injustices in legislative representation, is problemat- ical. To correct those inequalities is the motive for the calling of the Convention, which is to meet in January next, but the limitations on its make-up do not warrant expectation of any adequate re- form. Constituted, as it will be, of one delegate from each town, it will be overwhelmingly controlled by the rep- resentatives of the little towns, which must lose some part of their legislative membership in any workable plan for a more equitable representation of the cities and larger towns. Such reform as may be had, therefore, will be measured by the sense of justice and fairness in the minds of the rural delegates. This sense has not been conspicuous hither- to, the dominating sentiment in the lit- tle towns being to keep what they have. But out of the selfish motive may come some measure of relief, if the rural dele- gates can De persuaded by the Republi- can leaders and newspapers that the way to preserve town supremacy in the Leg- islature is to concede a little to the cities. Much will depend upon the char- acter and ability of the delegates who are to be chosen next month. Meantime, another gain has just been made. Here- after Connecticut State officials will be chosen by a plurality of the votes cast and not by a majority, as has been the rule since the preceding Constitutional Convention in 1818, under which pro- cedure the choice of State officials often develoved upon the Legislature, almost invariably Republican. By still another Constitutional amendment, the Senate is to be made somewhat more represen- tative in character. It is gratifying to learn that the work of the Indianapolis Monetary Conven- tion will be continued during the com- ing session of Congress, and will be di- rected toward changes in the existing banking system. According to Col. John P. Irish, the effort will be made to get such legislation as will tend to equalize rates of interest throughout the coun- try by making possible the distribution of surplus capital from the business cen- tres to outlying districts. Col. Irish sounds the right note when he says that legislation of this character "will have a tendency to obstruct the unsound- money campaign, which has been pro- moted in States remote from the money centres by the false cry that there is not money enough in the country to do its business." He is well aware that while the free-silver movement may be dead, the spirit that gave rise to it is certain to reappear as soon as any check to the country's prosperity, and particularly to that of the farmers, has been felt, and that the only thoroughgoing remedy for currency dissatisfaction lies in the supply of suitable means of turning property into means of payment. We regard the publication of the United States Steel Corporation's month- ly net earnings, by order of the direc- tors, as a development of the very high- est importance. Whether for good or for ill, the fact has been obvious, during many months, that the investor was turning his attention, more freely than ever before in our financial history, to- wards shares of industrial corporations. One reason for this — perhaps the main reason — was the extravagant price to which most railway securities of the higher grade were advanced at the open- ing of this year. Wall Street's way of describing the situation was to say that the larger capitalists already held the bulk of such high-grade shares. This was true only in part; but the existing situ- ation was much the same as if it had been wholly true. From the average in- vestor's point of view, the railway shares were too high in price to attract his cap- ital; he was, in a way, forced to con- sider the industrial shares. That he did place his money in them very largely has been shown by the history of the great American corporations organized and "floated" during the recent period of prosperity. But behind all this evi- dence of increased willingness, on the public's part, to consider industrial in- vestments, there has existed from the start a very formidable danger — the re- fusal of the companies to make their financial condition public, or at best to do more than issue an annual statement. It is needless to explain why this sit- uation was extremely dangerous. It

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Oct. 10, 1 901] The Nation. 273 necessarily became more dangerous the more extensively the investing public bought industrial shares. What might at some future time occur, through the tempting of outside capital into a com- pany which refused to make known in any official form its real condition, has been forcibly suggested by the recent Copper Trust incident. But there has also been very grave reason to doubt the efficacy of annual balance-sheets alone. We do not refer merely to the dismay and astonishment with which a number of yearly industrial balance- sheets were received during August by investors. It is more noteworthy still that the old Cordage Trust at the close of 1891 showed an ample surplus on its balance-sheet, but went into hopeless bankruptcy only a year and a half later. How was the average investor to know, in the case of any company, whether the same misfortune might not befall him- self? He had, of course, via the Stock Exchange, the word of "people close to the management." What this amounts to, the story of the "copper deal" is suf- ficient witness. The only safeguard worthy of real consideration was a full and fair exhibit of earnings for the quarter, or, preferably, for each month, with a showing of fixed charges, surplus, and disposition of surplus. The fact that this has now been officially adopt- ed as the policy of the "billion-dollar Steel combination" settles the merits of the question. If this huge organization can prepare and publish such a state- ment, there is no other which cannot. In our judgment, the example set by the United States Steel Corporation will ren- der hopeless any further effective and general resistance to the movement for publicity. loan market is settled and the security offered of known value. Good evidence of the prosperity of the farmers of the United States is furnish- ed by the latest report of the English Mortgage and Debenture Company, Lim- ited. This association, whose business consists in lending English capital upon American farm mortgage security, now announces a dividend of 10 per cent, on its common shares. During the past year it has realized a profit of over $100,000, and has carried a reasonable amount to the credit of the "reserve" account. Only a relatively small num- ber of foreclosures have taken place, and considerable capital locked up in foreclosed lands has been released. The average rate obtained on farm loans has been 6.7 per cent. This situation contrasts very favorably with the his- tory of some of the older English mort- gage companies, which were forced to the wall after 1890. It ought to be added that the more favorable condi- tion of the Mortgage and Debenture Company is not wholly due to the cur- rent prosperity of the United States, but also in part to the fact that it has con- fined its operations to States in which the Columbia's victory on Friday was by so narrow a margin that the best judgment is inclined to see in it a tri- umph for Barr's seamanship rather than for the boat. Comparing the concluding race of the series with the first, it ap- pears that no two boats could be sailed more nearly on equal terms in light airs, and yachtsmen cannot be too thank- ful for Thursday's race in a half gale, which conclusively proved the superior- ity of Columbia over the challenger. Now that the limit has been reached in the development of the racing-ma- chine, it is a question whether some at- tempt should not be made to return to normal yacht-building. The aim of such building is to combine with reasonable comfort and safety a maximum of speed. Beautiful and swift as the modern lac- ing-machines are, no one would ever follow their lines for either safety or comfort. The fin is structurally a weak element, and the consequent reduction of the head-room makes for discomfort in all the living arrangements. The long overhangs are again a most vulnerable portion of the modern boat, and in a heavy sea-way actually dangerous. And yet, in spite of the obvious disadvan- tages of the Herreshoff type for cruis- ing, many Corinthian yachtsmen are sail- ing in boats which, though too deep to enter our smaller harbors, would have, without an exaggerated deck-house, in- sufficient head-room. Is it not time for the New York Yacht Club to call a halt, and seek to restore to honor the real boat — the yacht like the great forty- footer Minerva, which crossed the At- lantic under her own sail, scored a sea- son of straight wins, and meanwhile ac- commodated her owner and his guests? The current number of the British Economic Journal contains an interest- ing analysis of the now famous Taff Vale Railway case. It will be remembered that the decision of the House of Lords in this case was pronounced in favor of the legal liability of trades unions, irre- spective of their actual incorporation. This decision traversed several previous- ly accepted doctrines. It appeared to run counter to the express provisions of the Trades Union Act of 1871, which placed the unions on a separate basis by provid- ing for their registration, and by ex- empting them from the special acts of incorporation governing companies, friendly societies, etc. They were by the Act of 1871 — so it was supposed — placed upon a footing where their funds could not be jeopardized by the acts of their officers. According to the Taff Vale de- cision, it would seem that the House of Lords recognizes such a thing as a tacit or implied incorporation. The writer in the Economic Journal shows that such a decision, whatever its merits, violates accepted ideas on corporations. He sug- gests some curious corollaries of the de- cision when he remarks that under it clubs, partnerships, etc., would now have to be regarded as corporate bodies — an anomalous situation. It is just short of two years since the Boer war was precipitated, yet that frank — that terribly frank — Conserva- tive, Mr. Winston Churchill, rudely tells the Government and the English people that the military situation in South Africa is to-day "not less momentous than when the Boer armies threw them- selves into Natal at the beginning of the war." In saying this he but reflects the universal feeling and anxiety in England. Gen. Kitchener comes in for a lot of condemnation, probably unde- served, and the War Office for a good deal more — richly merited, we suppose. But is it not a strange figure which Mr. Kipling cuts in all this business? He now comes forward as an expert mili- tary authority. What the Secretary of War ought to do, how the army should be reorganized, what generals should be appointed and what dismissed, the poet of empire knows perfectly. He is the infallible one. But where was his in- fallibility when he was shouting, two years ago, for the launching against the Boers of an army which he now admits was in a "rut of impotence, pretence, and collapse"? Evien a poet going to war should not make war on his own consistency. After hallooing on the dogs of war as he did, Kipling should not turn round and abuse the Government because what he thought to be powerful mastiffs have turned out to be mangy curs. Interesting light is thrown upon some recent tariff predictions by the recep- tion that is being accorded to the new German customs law. According to the latest dispatches, the law, if enforced, will lead to reprisals by Austria-Hun- gary. The tone of the Austrian press is distinctly hostile, and emphasizes the threatening attitude of the Hungarian Prime Minister. In view of these facts the suggestions of a tariff union between Austria and Germany, made as they are at a moment when the two coun- tries seem to be on the point of coming to blows, are peculiarly inapposite. Only one thing appears to stand in the way of the enforcement of the new law. The German industrial situation is already very grave, and would be aggravated by Austrian tariff reprisals, owing to the closeness of commercial relations be- tween the countries. For the moment German conditions are at a crisis, due to the closing or winding up of one or two of the West German banks. The unwis- dom of introducing any new element of disturbance is apparent even to extreme protectionists.

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274 The ISTation [Vol. 73, No. 1893 TAMMANY AND "RESPECTABILITY." What would have been pronounced in- conceivable a month ago has happened. Tammany has nominated as its candi- date for Mayor a man who has pronounc- ed Tammany government "the most in- solent and audacious, as well as the most reckless assault we have yet known upon the welfare of Greater New York, and of the masses, especially the less fortunate masses, of its people" — and that, too, at a time when Tammany was far less offensive than it has since be- come; a man who, only four years ago, advocated a non-partisan administration of municipal affairs, instead of the rule of the city for the benefit of Tammany which that organization always repre- sents; a man who, so recently as 1897, supported the present candidate of the anti-Tammany forces as one who could be trusted to give the city such a non- partisan administration as he advocat- ed. Disregarding the example of Mr. Orr and other men of high standing whom Tammany emissaries have ap- proached, Mr. Edward M. Shep;ird has cast in his lot with an organization of plunderers masquerading as a political party. And yet it is becoming more and more clear to the moral sense of New York that the proper attitude, at this juncture, of any man who values his own character, and to whom the wel- fare of the city is dear, is an indignant spurning of a nomination for any office that Croker might propose. "Is thy ser- vant a dog that he should do this thing?" Any man asked to lend his honorable name as a cloak for Croker's foulness ought, at least, to keep his eyes wide open; to look at the facts; to consult the past; and to make sure that he is neither cheated himself nor willing to cheat the city. For ourselves, we consider it im- possible that a respectable man could take the Tammany nomination for Mayor, as things stand in this city to- day, without deceiving either Croker or the people whose votes he asks. Rich- ard Croker will not voluntarily put an honest and fearless man in the Mayor's chair. As well expect a thieving bank cashier to hail the arrival of the in- spector. Croker may easily seek the aid of a citizen of fair repute to aid him in retaining his imperilled power to prey upon this city, and plan to make of him a puppet or a victim later on; but the devil cannot dread holy water more than he would a Mayor who should undertake to rule with an eye single to the city's good. Therefore, as we say, it is a case for his nominee of playing false either to Croker or to New York. No man can serve those two masters; and however high his standing, however praiseworthy his motives, however honorable his purposes, he should know that he will accept a Croker nomination only at a fearful risk to his own char- acter, and in the certainty that he is inviting a renewal of the city's ca- lamity. But how about Mr. Hewitt and his ac- ceptance of the Tammany nomination in 1886? This is the instance which is always cast in the teeth of those who maintain to-day that a self-respecting and respected man would no more think of foregathering with Tammany than he would of making his home in a lazar- house. There is, however, an immense difference between the case now and the case then. In the first place, Tammany was not in 1886 the exposed and loath- some thing it is to-day. There was an effective Democratic opposition to it in the city, and it had to walk with some circumspection. It had been beaten in 1884 by Mayor Grace. Moreover, there was on the horizon in 1886 the cloud of the Henry George movement, and Mr. Hewitt thought, as many thought, and as proved to be the case, that the surest way to repel that thinly disguised attack on property was to work through the Tammany organization. He was elect- ed, but what was the result of his at- tempts to give the city good government in and through Tammany Hall? Any man trembling on the brink of a de- cision to cast in his lot with Croker to- day should mark well what happened to Mr. Hewitt. He was thwarted at every turn all through his administration by the men who had professed to seek good government by means of his election, and was finally repudiated by them with open hostility and contempt. When so strong and brave a man as he, so far back as 1886, found the Tammany opposition to decency and reform in the city govern- ment too powerful for him to overcome, what could a slighter Mayor expect to accomplish against the Tammany of 1901? The real spirit of Tammany is most clearly revealed in that part of the plat- form which concerns the administration of justice. During the past nine months the District Attorney's office, for the first time in many years, has been adminis- tered by an honest man working solely in the interest of the public. Mr. Phil- bin has been exactly the sort of public prosecutor that the law contemplates. He has pursued rascals and criminals wherever he found them, and without any reference to their political affilia- tions or influence. He has set a standard which no successor could well hope to surpass. He has earned the praise of every good citizen. But what does the Tammany platform adopted last week say of him? This: "We denounce the conversion of the great office of District Attorney into an instru- mentality for the harassment of political opponents, the carrying forward of parti- san aims, and the terrorism of citizens and officials not found subordinate to the pur- poses of men who aim at the control of the community in its business, social, and gov- ernmental aspeets alike. In the course of the present occupant of the District Attor- ney's office, appointed avowedly to advance the interests of political superiors whose purpose is to substitute for the will of the people of New York their own sinister de- terminations, we see not only a blow direct- ed against the well-settled principles of American law and liberty, but the unveiling of a purpose, the logical consummation of which would be the establishment of a ty- ranny at once infamous and intolerable." It is because Tammany, like the evil men and seducers of Scripture, has so visibly waxed worse and worse, that clear-headed men now feel that a re- spectable citizen cannot accept its fa- vors without betraying both his own class and the whole city. In 1886 it might plausibly assert that it was a political party; now it is little better than a detected den of thieves. Its only definition of politics is plunder. So far from there being any possibility of its giving the city an honest government, the crushing of Tammany is the thing that must be done before we shall get within sight of honest government. It is not a case of weighing the merits of one estimable gentleman against those of another. We are confronted by a system of public robbery, an alliance with crime, a city government organized bottom upwards; and how can a reputa- ble man think it possible to become the respectable figure-head — the inevitable blind — of such an organization as Tammany, and still retain the good opin- ion of his fellows? We confess, for our part, that we do not see how. To put one's self at the head of the Tammany cohorts to-day is, to our mind, in the act to join the enemies of the city, nay, of civilization itself. MR. SHEPARD'S APOLOGIA. It is not often that a candidate's ac- ceptance of a nomination for a great office consists of an apology for consent- ing to take it; but that is the irresisti- ble impression produced by the proceed- ings at Mr. Shepard's home in Brooklyn on Monday night. The Tammany spokes- man began with a noble defiance of the "calumniators" of his immaculate or- ganization, as a proper preliminary to offering its highest honor to one of its leading calumniators. Then Mr. Shepard made his speech of acceptance; but it was obviously addressed, not to Con- gressman Cummings, not to the commit- tee, not to his Tammany nominators, but to those life-long friends and asso- ciates of his in opposition to Tammany who have been painfully wondering for a week past how he could possibly jus- tify himself for having lent his honored name to a company of political freeboot- ers, which he himself had described as "the distintegrating, corrupting power that is vindermining the very vital foun- dation of our civilization." Let it be said at once that his speech is exceedingly adroit. We know no man who could have done better in attempt- ing to reconcile contradictories. And we are bound to admit, also, that Mr. Shep- ard saved his reputation for sincerity.

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Oct. 10, 1901] The ]STation 275 He retracted nothing of his avowed hos- tility to civic corruption, declaring that he had hated and fought it all his life, and was not going to leave off doing so now. He even spoke specifically of the Police Department, and described the sort of Commissioner he should name, if elected Mayor, in terms which were tan- tamount to serving notice upon Murphy and Devery that they must set their house in order, for their end is near. All this was courageous and satisfactory on Mr. Shepard's part, and shows that his heart is still sound. We wish we could say as much for his head. But we can- not shut our eyes to the intellectual con- fusion which marks his speech. In fact, he so completely ignores or obscures the great issues and salient facts of this city campaign that one can only compliment him as the gamekeeper did the noble- man who lamented that he was such a bad shot. Donald had seen worse. "But how can that be when I have missed bird after bird?" "Aye, but your Lord- ship misses them so clean!" Mr. Shepard makes a clean miss in his attempt to raise partisan prejudice. First, he charges that Mr. Low's candidacy rests wholly upon "a partisan basis." He intimates that there has been a great change in this respect since 1897, "when President Low and I stood in the cam- paign" against Tammany. At present Mr. Low's candidacy is, to Mr. Shepard, "only partisan and factional, and in no proper sense municipal." Now to this it is only to be said that it is in flat con- tradiction not only of the platforms of the various organizations which put Mr. Low in nomination, but of Mr. Low's open and explicit assertion. Both they and he affirm in the roundest terms that the movement they stand for is not par- tisan in origin and will not be partisan in execution. But Mr. Shepard, in his passion for non-partisanship, has detect- ed the falsity and treachery of all this, and has discovered that an edict has gone forth that "under no circum- stances" will the Republican organiza- tion of New York support a Democrat for Mayor — a strange edict, falsified by the fact, which Mr. Shepard has forgot- ten, that the Republicans supported Scott for Mayor in 1890! But, granting that Mr. Shepard's facts and insinua- tions are well founded, with what grace can he fling at Mr. Low as a partisan, when he himself hastens to boast that he is "a Democrat through and through," and that he takes the nomination for Mayor in the interests of "the Demo- cratic party"? Nor can Mr. Shepard fail to see, when these present mists are off his mind, how vast would be the difference between Mr. Low's position ajid his own, after election, in this very matter In which he challenges comparison. Mr. Low could point to platforms laying upon him the mandate to conduct the city government in a non-partisan way. But Mr. Shepard stands upon a platform which flouts the need of change and calls for a continu- ation of present conditions — conditions which Mr. shepard himself is compelled to admit are in need of drastic reform. 'We have nothing to apologize for," said the Tammany Chairman of the Conven- tion which nominated Mr. Shepard. It was a fulsome eulogy of Tammany as 'sheathed in integrity" which he had to listen to from Congressman Cummings before announcing his own purpose to "destroy and punish" corruption in New York. These are but incongruities now; after election, in case of Mr. Shepard's success, they will become opposites im- possible of reconciliation. And this, after all, is the fundamen- tally unsound nature of Mr. Shepard's plans and proposals. He is acting in complete oversight of the tools with which he will have to work. His suc- cess will mean general Tammany suc- cess. That will mean a District Attor- ney, a Board of Estimate, and Aldermen banded to thwart and defeat him from the very Deginning. Mr. Shepard ap- pears to think that, from a benevolent idealist in the Mayor's chair, virtue will go out to regenerate the whole Tam- many organization. The moral inter- change of evil companionship is lot usu- ally of that sort. Tammany will be bound by the law of its being to denounce and oppose Mr. Shepard in every effort he may make as Mayor to cleanse the city. It will see to it that his fellow- officials are men who will serve it and baffle him. Indeed, it is more than like- ly that it will throw him over in ad- vance, in the desperate attempt to secure the minor and county offices. In any case, it is clear to us that Mr. Shepard has made the great mistake of seeking ends without considering whether he will be in possession of the necessary means. Tammany as a means to reform is like a gambling-house as a training-school for the church. If Mr. Shepard were to work in the most effective way for the reform of our city government, he would vote for Mr. Low. The latter can do the job, and Mr. Shepard cannot possibly. THE STRIKE IN SAN FRANCISCO. Two murders, half a dozen deaths, three thousand personal assaults — one hundred of these so severe as to call for surgical treatment — the sacrifice of a large part of this year's crop in the sur- rounding country, of several million dol- lars in delayed shipments, and of more than half a million in wages — this is the cost of the war which has for sev- eral weeks been raging in San Francisco under the name of a strike. But heavy as have been the measurable losses of the contest, the sacrifice in more impon- derable elements has been greater. The list of losses must be increased by the destruction of San Francisco's charac- ter as a law-abiding city, and by the rude shock administered to those who have sympathized with the legitimate claims of labor. The contest has now been terminated, thanks to the interven- tion of the Governor of California, after a conference with the strike leaders last- ing for more than a week. His task had been lightened by the practical exhaus- tion of both sides, and the universal condemnation of the cause of the labor leaders. Strained relations between employers and employed first set in some five months ago, as the result of a strike of machinists, and the ill-will generated in this comparatively unimportant dispute was fomented by a certain section of the press and of the clergy until it became general. Finally, the teamsters suspend- ed work. This was in consequence of a letter written to a member of the Em- ployers' Association by the Teamsters' Secretary on July 17. In this letter, and during the controversy which preceded it, the Secretary declined to permit union teamsters to haul goods for those who had in their employ non-union men. No question of wages or of hours was involved. Every reasonable demand had been conceded by the employers, and, most important of all, contracts, upon explicit terms, had been signed by both parties to the controversy. Nor had any new elements been introduced into the labor situation. Union men had for years been working side by side with ion-union. Yet, in the face of these facts, the Teamsters' Association sacrificed its contracts, gave up remunerative work, and called out its men. From the first it was plain that a re- sort to violence would be the only means of winning the contest. Men in numbers sufficient to take the places of the strik- ing teamsters were at hand within a week. Had it not been for riotous dem- onstrations whenever a team appeared upon the streets, and had not the fear of violence deterred respectable men of family from working, the incident might have been closed within a few days. But street battles between strikers and po- lice, in which victory inclined now to the one side and now to the other, af- forded small encouragement to such per- sons. It was not long before conditions were complicated by a sympathetic strike among 'longshoremen, coal-handlers, and others. Traffic in the city was al- most wholly suspended. Loaded vessels were unable to discharge their cargoes. Sea-going ships failed to secure men sufficient to load their freight. Expe- dients of all sorts were resorted to, and Filipinos, Japanese, and university stu- dents were pressed into service. These expedients naturally developed the un- sympathetic character of this sympa- thetic contest. Pitched battles between strikers and the police became a fre- quent occurrence, and hundreds of new men were brutally assaulted, many of

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£76 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 them being maimed or permanently dis- abled. City government had apparently been suspended. An exciting political campaign, coming in the midst of the strike, seemed to have paralyzed office- holders, who feared the "labor vote." Mayor Phelan refused to recognize the existence of violence, and practically re- peated the disgraceful history of Mc- Keesport during the steel strike. It was difficult to find police justices who would return a verdict against strikers convicted of violence, and those already in office were renominated with applause because they "guaranteed the members of the unions fair treatment." Worst of all, the lawless and brutal excesses of the men were excused and even praised by a small section of the press and the clergy, which pretended to stand for the in- terests of labor. In the meantime fruit crops had been accumulating and had spoiled while awaiting shipment. A la- bor leader to whom the danger of loss of the crop was explained, and the immi- nent ruin of the farmers pointed out, re- turned the brutal reply, "Let it rot." It was not until efforts at arbitra- tion had been made by various commer- cial bodies and had been indignantly rejected by the men, that the community saw the need of action. The organiza- tion of a special police force, the threat to organize a vigilance committee, the utter revulsion of public opinion from any shadow of sympathy with the men's demands, are all that has brought the agitators to hear reason, and has final- ly terminated the strike where it began, without the gain of a single point by the trades-unionists. The story of the San Francisco strike is an epitome of many recent labor diffi- culties. It has the wretched preemi- nence of repeating the history of all the most disgraceful labor disputes of recent years. Not an outrage upon independent workmen but has had its parallel in San Francisco during the past few weeks. Not an instance of savage brutality but can be equalled there. Not a failure or municipal officers through truckling to the vote of an insolent union but finds an analogy in the government of the city. There is nowhere a more discred- itable display of low methods in journal- ism than must be attributed to the San Francisco newspaper that has done its best to stir up a war of classes. The San Francisco strike has, like the steel strike and several other recent dis- putes, been a strike for a principle — the alleged right to centralize the control of labor and establish an industrial oligarchy. The outcome of each con- test points to one conclusion— the American public is not ready to accept the notion of labor monopoly. It insists upon competitive freedom. No strike based upon this issue can succeed. And by the side of this axiom must be put one principle for future enforcement— that of trades-union responsibility. No common carrier whose negligence had caused enormous loss to shippers could escape its legal liability. Then why grant greater immunity to an insolent union disturbing the business of a State and destroying the prosperity of a city by its outrageous efforts to establish a mo- nopoly? THE NEW EDUCATION OF THE ARMY. In allotting $100,000 for the purpose of preparing Washington Barracks for the use and occupation of a War Col- lege and School of National Defence, Secretary Root has taken a first and extremely significant step towards plac- ing the army of the United States upon a footing similar to that of European armies. It is the first announcement to the public that the far-reaching plans for a modernization of the service which have been forming in the Secretary's mind, are now approaching completion. It means that within a very short time the army will be as well equipped with professional training-schools as the navy itself. It means that a Secretary of War has at last been found with the energy and ability to put an end to existing wasteful and impotent conditions. In every other country except China it has always been recognized that an army existed primarily to prepare for war. In the United States, until the war with Spain, the sole concern of the War Department was with the feeding and outfitting of the 25,000 troops which it controlled, and the promotion of their officers. The war with Spain revealed facts to the public which were patent to any one familiar with the system, or, more truthfully, with the total lack of system, which prevailed. When hostil- ities broke out, no army official knew how many transports the Government could secure, or where they were to be found. No one knew the military capa- city of a single railroad or the terminal facilities at a single harbor along the coast. Although war had been impend- ing for some months, no bases had been selected for movements against Cuba, ro supplies had been ordered to select- ed points, no camp sites had been agreed upon, no military leaders had been chos- en—in short, there had been absolutely no forethought. While the main con- cern of the Continental armies, for dec- ades past, has been with their general staffs, organized to be the brains of each service, to think out every possible emergency, and to provide the means to meet it, our own War Department would not even recognize an emergency when It knocked at the door. To remedy this situation has been Sec- retary Root's task. He found, on taking office, a civilian President practically commanding the army; a Commanding General such only in name and without proper duties of any kind; an Adjutant- General become chief of staff by force of circumstances and by virtue of un- usual executive ability; a number of topheavy staff departments bound up in red tape, possessed of great political in- fluence, and utterly defiant of any efforts to reduce them to their proper status as subordinate business enterprises; and last, but not least, a system of military education totally disarranged because of two wars. Although the choice of evils to attack might well have con- fused him, he is wisely giving his atten- tion primarily to the question of educa- tion. He first addressed himself to the lower steps of the educational ladder by ordering the reestablishment of the post lyceums, or barrack schools, in which officers are required to produce a certain number of professional studies each year. With this as the public school of his system, he ordered the re- establishment of the post-graduate ar- tillery, cavalry, and infantry schools at Forts Monroe, Leavenworth, and Riley (abandoned at the outbreak of the war with Spain) upon a more elaborate basis than hitherto. The student-officer who does well in the post lyceum is to go to these high schools, which, in the case of Forts Leavenworth and Riley, will include a summer course in military manoeuvres executed by troops of every branch of the regular service in con- junction with National Guard regiments. The honor graduates of these high schools are in turn to go to the War Col- lege and School of National Defence now to be established in connection with the post-graduate Engineer School at Washington Barracks, and intended to be the university of this system of in- struction. To reach this select army university an officer must plainly have shown un- usual fitness or ability, just as the men appointed to the Berlin General Staff are those who have demonstrated their tal- ents in the Bavarian or Prussian or some other war school or general staff. Once in the War College, the aspirant for army honors will deal with the highest problems in military science, in logistics, and in strategy. Just as has been done in the Navy War College at Newport, it is the War Department's plan that its picked officers shall work out problems of exterior and interior defence, of mobilization, and plan for raising volun- teer armies or for any conceivable emer- gency. With this War College once establish- ed, it is plain that the blunders of the Spanish war should be impossible of repetition, for the reason that there will then be officers whose business it will be to think of the most important matters with which no man concerned himself in 1898. There should not, in the event of war, again be those harass- ing delays which cost the Government such unnecessary millions in 1898, nor the mistakes of the fever camps which

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Oct. 10, 1901] The Nation. 277 unnecessarily sacrificed thousands of precious lives. Every man should go to his appointed place at the first signal exactly as is done in Germany and France, without friction, without delay, and without suffering. How great a change this will be from the army of to-day, as well as from that of 1898, the civilian can hardly realize, since it goes to the bottom of the army system, and even threatens the rule of favoritism and of pull which has been the bane of the army ever since the civil war. For the first time it will in- sure to the army officer an opportunity to rise on his merits and by devotion to duty, since the War College graduates will be the men to be selected for re- sponsible duties and promotion the in- stant an emergency occurs. For the public this reform means that, if fol- lowed up, another branch of the public service will take its place alongside the navy as one honestly and efficiently ad- ministered in the public interest. THE WORK OF THE CLEARING- HOUSE. At the annual meeting and election of officers of the Clearing-house last week some facts of importance to the busi- ness condition of the country were made public. The first of these is, that the average daily clearings for the year end- ing September 30 have been $254,193,638, as compared with $170,936,146 for the previous year. The highest average for any former year was in 1899, which was a little less than $190,000,000. The larg- est daily transactions on record were those of May 10 of the present year, when they reached the enormous total of $598,537,409. The gain over the year 1900 has been 44 per cent. Another fact of interest is, that, while the aggregate amount of the clearings has increased in the ratio indicated, the proportion of cash used in settling bal- ances has declined. In 1900 the aver- age daily balance was $8,981,716, or 5.25 per cent, of the clearings. In 1901 it was $11,600,784, or 4.57 per cent. In other words, it takes less money propor- tionately to do a large business through the machinery of the Clearing-house than to do a smaller business. Compar- ing the returns of the forty-eight years during which the New York Clearing- house has been in existence, we find that the average balances have been 4.77 per cent, of the clearings, as against 4.57 per cent. now. In the year 1854, when the daily clearings were $19,000,000 per day, the balances were 5.17 per cent. They are now thirteen times larger, yet the percentage of cash payments is less. The Clearing-house is thus seen to be cne of the greatest labor-saving ma- chines of the modern world. It would be Impossible to transact business on such a scale of magnitude without it. Prior to its introduction it was customary for each bank to send a messenger to every other bank each day with a passbook and a package of claims. Bank A would sort out all the checks and other claims it held against Bank B, and write the amount in the book on the debit side of the page assigned to that bank, and send the book and package to the latter. Bank B would acknowledge receipt of the checks and write on the credit side of the page the amount of its claims on Bank A, and would deliver by its own messenger the corresponding checks, etc., drawn on Bank A, and have the proper acknowl- edgment made in its own passbook. There were thirty-eight banks in New York at that time. So there were seven- ty-six bank messengers continually traversing the streets, getting in each other's way at the bank's counters, and in the way of the bank's customers, and liable to assault or accident. The bal- ances were shown each day by the foot- ings of the passbooks, but, on account of the labor of carrying and counting gold coin, which was the only money receiv- able between banks, the settlements were made only once a week, and then by actual delivery of the coin, which was also carried through the streets, at con- siderable risk to the owners. Payments of clearing-house balances are now made with gold coin, gold cer- tificates, or legal-tender notes. Gold cer- tificates, when not otherwise defined, are those issued by the United States Treasury, but the New York Clearing- house has vaults for the reception of gold deposited by its own members, for which certificates are issued which are available in making payments at the Clearing-house. Here we note another interesting fact, namely, that the bal- ances are now paid almost exclusively in gold. Of the total cash passed through the Clearing-house during the year ($3,515,037,741), all but $5,000,000 was gold certificates, the small remain- der being legal-tender notes. In 1895 all but a small fraction of the balances were paid with legal tenders. Of the gold certificates used during the past year $3,000,000,000 were those represent- ing gold in the Clearing-house vaults, and $414,000,000 those issued by the Government. Next to the remarkable growth in mag- nitude of the clearings, we have to note the different varieties of clearings which are admissible in different places. In New York the only things admissible to the clearings are checks, drafts, and certificates of deposit or other valid or- ders on the banks payable at sight. Some clearing-houses, however, admit, in ad- dition to these instruments, the promis- sory notes and acceptances of private in- dividuals, which are drawn "payable at the Bank," and which have ma- tured. Others admit checks and drafts drawn on out-of-town banks which are correspondents of members of the Clear- ing-house. In some clearing-houses pay- ment of balances may be made by drafts drawn on other designated cities, or partly in cash and partly in such drafts. In Boston the practice exists of bor- rowing and lending balances among the members, on the floor of the Clearing- house, immediately after the day's bal- ances are ascertained. Sixty per cent, of the balances are usually disposed of in this way. Thus, suppose that a certain bank has a credit balance of $100,000 at the Clearing-house, for which it. has no immediate use. In order to save interest on this sum, even for a single day, it lends its balance to a debtor bank "on call," that is, repayable at demand. The creditor bank, in that case, gives an or- der in writing to the manager of the Clearing-house to transfer its balance, in whole or in part, to the borrowing bank. This practice is so common in Boston that the Clearing-house rate of interest is quoted regularly in the news- papers. These and many other varieties of Clearing-house practice are described in Mr. James G. Cannon's excellent trea- tise on 'The Clearing-House.' The New York Clearing-house Association has pursued a very conservative policy, both in the kind of instruments admitted to the clearings and in the method of pay- ing balances. The magnitude of the clearings at New York is truly indicative of the state of trade in the country. They are generally twice as great as those of all the other cities put together — a phenom- enon which is accounted for by the fact that the other cities habitually settle their transactions with each other at this point. Thus, for example, the clear- ings of New York for eight months of the present year were $55,746,132,290, while those of ninety other cities to- gether were $25,626,692,784. This means that New York is the financial centre of the United States, and that the state of trade in the whole country at any par- ticular time can be best learned by ob- serving the course of the exchanges at our Clearing-house. Judged by the fig- ures just made public, the situation is most encouraging. TRACKING DANTE TO INDIA. Some historians are so keen sportsmen that they override, and the chase ends as with the animals in a circus when the pack, faulty only in excess of zeal, sweeps In ahead of the.game. This image rises naturally in the mind as one sees the outcome of the hunt which started long ago to run Dante to cover. First he was tracked back t<7 Greece, and then for a time he disappeared, but a decade ago the hunt began again and he was followed east as far as Persia. Thither a self-contained hunter might be willing to follow and there be content to rest; but of late, with a fresh cry of "hot scent," a noble hunter after nobler game has begun the pursuit anew. The noble hunter, Count Gubernatis, after a long chase su h orme di Dante* dismounts at * 'A. Do Gubernatis: Su le Orme di Dante.' (tome; Tipografla Cotiperativa Soeiale. 1901.

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278 Tlie IN~ation [Vol. 73, No. 1893 length in India, satisfied that he has at last tracked the stag back to the starting-point. Remains the question whether he has not overridden the quarry. Sentimentally, it is a pity to admit failure here, for it is distasteful to see an Italian run down an Italian without need. But Count Gubernatis is an Indologist as well as an Italian, and what glory he detracts from Italy he adds to India. Still, he can but feel troubled in his patriotism, and though he comes triumphantly to the con- clusion that Dante's poem reverts to India, and that one must "look for the origin of Lucifer only in India, particularly in Cey- lon," he yet softens the blow to national pride: "Dante coglieva come ape il miele da ogni fiore; ma ogni fiore colto da Dante riceveva, nelle sue mani d'artista, un nuovo profumo, indistinto ed eneffabile." Doubtless. So that, even if history, "on the tracks of Dante," shows whence he started, it cannot thereby lessen what he is. For Dante, even granting that he did not make his own threads, and that (to take another of the Count's metaphors) la prima Irama di tutti questi tessuti is Indian, is none the less the weaver and the Maker of the magic web. But to grant even this is too much; and with no disparagement to the Hindus or to the Count's ingenuity (rather in praise of his ingenuity), it must be said, not for Dante's sake but for history's sake, that Count Gubernatis's contention will prob- ably satisfy the Sanskritist as little as it will please the poet's admirers. Step by step, the argument is defective. What facts does it rest upon? The earthly paradise, according to Brunetto Latini, Dante's mas- ter, is situated in India. Pietro Lombardo speaks of it as "separated from our world" (just as Ceylon is separated from India!). Then Dante knows something about India, speaks of the Ganges, is acquainted with Oriental products, pearls and sapphires, "Dolce color d'ortental zafflro," and may have got the notion of the tree of paradise from the "tree of knowledge," Bodhi-tree, so famous in Ceylon (!), where Christians and Mohammedans find the "footsteps of Adam," as Hindus and Buddh- ists find the track of Rama and of Buddha respectively. Then, again, the swamp of the "Purgatorio" bears a resemblance to a Ceylon swamp described by travellers in the East. Further— for what is lacking in Dante may be complemented by what is found in Immanuel Ben Salomo— there is the latter's pass to the Inferno over a bridge, "ed un polite mlral mobile e uisto," like the Persian bridge of souls and the Nala bridge, which once connected Ceylon wit h India. Here It Is well to pause and note that even the American Indian had a bridge of souls, and that the same conception is found not only in the Chinvat Bridge of the Persian, but even in Scandinavian and Chi- aese mythology, so that the Hebrew's bridge is not necessarily derived from In- dia; not to speak of the fact that Dante has no bridge at all. And the other factors of the argument, as recounted above— are they not almost all explicable through Christian tradition and through Pliny, who has much to say in regard to India? But this is only the beginning. Ceylon Is the seat of the war besung in Valmi- ki's epic, the 'Ramayana,' where is describ- ed how men and monkeys battle with fiends on that island. The fiends are those of all Oriental literature, the conflict one be- tween good and bad spirits; and the hells of India's theosophy are the tortures of every-day life in the East. Out of dozens of such hells it is not surprising that some torments should coincide, but there is no special resemblance between the two groups of hells. Nor is there any special pit of hell in the Ramayana, as there is in Dante (Inf. ch. iv.), though the "blind depth" or pit is an early Hindu notion. Here, again, however, rises the question whether the Hindu King of Death is a nec- essary historical prototype of Lucifer. The somiglianza may be granted. Hells are much alike wherever found, and the King of Death is always a terror, but the Hindu Death is not a fiend, and the epic fiend par excellence is Ravana, who is not by any means King of Death. In short, to effect a parallel it is necessary to compare Luci- fer first with a Vedic god, the King of Death, and then with an epic fiend whose chief fear is death. Even with this com- bination, can all classical history be ig- nored in favor of Oriental legend as a source for Dante's conception? Was Dante quite uninfluenced by gigantomachias and titanomachias, but a copier of Valmiki? Through what means? Count Gubernatis gravely says that il dotto padre Antonelli has calculated Lucifer's height as "over a thousand metres," and Valmlki's fiends were four hundred cubits high, a coinci- dence which cannot be explained by refer- ence to classical mythology "without the aid of the Hindu epic." According to Count Gubernatis, then, the idea of an In- ferno, with its horrors and its Lucifer, came from India, through Syria and Persia, some- what transformed by contact with "gnostic, Xestorian, Biblical, Talmudic, Mohamme- dan, and Christian traditions." To this the sober historian must reply that the Count has furnished no proof of such a de- rivation, and has not even made it prob- able in the slightest degree. The hunter, in a word, has overridden his quarry. Dante was left (implicitly) in Persia, before Count Gubernatis thought to find him in India. Here the parallel is at least close enough to suggest the possibility that the Persian's pilgrimage to Hell and Heaven was indirectly known to the later writer of the 'Divina Commedia." A Persian writer, Viraf, perhaps as early as the fourth century, certainly not later than the seventh, falls asleep and has a vision of the other world. The best one of three, who were in turn the best of the best sev- en of all the people, he had been elected by the people and then sanctioned by divina- tion to see the wonders of purgatory, heav- en, and hell (in this order). The record is not a poem, but a prose narrative without style or grace. Viral is guided by God's messenger and the angel of fire. They take him by the hand, as did Dante's guide, and show him a purgatory of heat and cold (the Hindus, by the way, have no purgatory), a graded heaven with good kings in the top heaven, etc., a pit for a hell across a sao. river (made by the tears of them that weep for their dead), in which hell a cold wind is blowing; and here are snakes, the eating of human skulls and brains, rending by beasts, suspension upside down, press- ing with weights, foul smells, and inclem- ent weather— all similar to punishments in Dante's poem. Perhaps, as Count Gubernatis says, Dante's friend Immanuel knew of the 'Viraf-Nameh'; and Dante himself may have heard of it. Just so much history can affirm, and no more. For the only close parallels (the fact that each guide took each pilgrim by the hand, though emphasized by Gubernatis, is not important) are in the description of torments, as given above. In a few other cases there is a slight resemblance, but not more than would naturally be the result of working out the same conception. When it comes to verbal similarity, the parallel- ism is strained. Thus, the souls of the saints say to Viraf in Paradise: "How hast thou come from that perishable world of troubles, to this imperishable world free from troubles? Taste immortality; for here you will find eternal pleasure." And St. Bernard says (Par. xxxiii) : "Perche tu ogni nubc gli disleghi Di sua mortality eo' preghi tuoi Si che '1 sommo placer gli si dispieghi." This is curious and interesting, but in view of the facts that it is the only verbal similitude between the 'Viraf-Nameh' and the 'Divina Commedia,' and that the slightest re- port of the former would suffice to explain the other parallels between the poems, each one of which, however, from an historical point of view, is perfectly explicable with- out the other — for the 'Viraf-Nameh' is based on Zoroastrian mythology and tradition quite as thoroughly as the 'Commedia' on classical antiquity — it is quite superfluous either to imagine that Dante had a dirctta notizia of the Oriental work (even Count Gubernatis regards this supposition as pericoloso and temerario), or (with the Count) "to suppose that he had in his hands a European ver- sion, perhaps Hebrew-Latin, of the 'Viraf- Nameh,' as he most likely had in his hands more than one variant of the Hindu legend of the Seven Wise Men." Count Gubernatis, it will be observed, does not give up the old parallel for the new (which is his own). He still clings to the Persian origin of the 'Corn- media,' but, going back of this, derives from Valmlki's Ramayana the features wanting in Ardai Viraf's 'Nameh.' When Viraf's Vision was first known, it was supposed to be copied from Isaiah's Ascent, till it was shown to be thoroughly national and based on the 'Avesta.' So it will probably be thought, despite the spread of Oriental sagas and fables in Europe in the Middle Ages, that Dante's own genius, added to classical mythology and mediaeval tradition, suffices to explain the 'Commedia.' At most (for the Orientalist), Dante may have heard of the conception of Ardai Viraf. That he knew anything of Valmlki's work, or much more of India than did Pliny, is most un- likely. In sum, a comparison of the 'Corn- media' with the 'Ramayana' shows only vague resemblances not indicative of bor- rowing, while the plan of the 'Viraf-Nameh' is close enough to that of the 'Commedia' to merit, as a literary parallel, the attention of Italian scholars, even if there be no his- torical connection between the two works. A SWISS OBERAMMERGAU. Berne, September 20, 1901. Selzach is a pleasant little village of some 1,500 inhabitants, situated near the banks of the Aare River 011 the gentle southern slope of the Jura, a few miles west of Solothurn.

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Oct. 10, 1901] The Nation. 279 Its inhabitants are chiefly given over to ag- riculture; but here, as in so many Swiss villages, the factory is gradually forcing it- self to the front by the side of the barn and the granary, and the watch-making industry of the town is not inconsiderable. Though the bulk of the population is Catholic, there are a good many Protestants among the fac- tory hands; yet the only church of the vil- lage, a structure going back to the four- teenth century, but renovated in the style of the seventeenth, is still dedicated to the old faith. Among the houses there are only a few fine types of the old wooden homestead of the Swiss farmer, with its spacious gal- leries and wide, overhanging roof; the ma- jority are of stone and not particularly pic- turesque. Nor is there anything in the ap- pearance of the neat, but ordinary, streets and squares of the village which would lead one to think that the townspeople were following anything but their own peaceful and humble domestic avocations. And yet, among these quiet and unassuming villagers there has been ripening during the last ten years an undertaking which, if brought to its final consummation, will give to Selzach a fame as world-wide as that now enjoyed by Oberammergau or Bayreuth. It was in 1890 that the owner of the prin- cipal watch factory of the town, Mr. Adolf Schlafli, visited the Oberammergau Passion play, and, carried away by the impressions received there, conceived the idea of at- tempting a similar thing in his native town. As is the way with most enterprises before they have succeeded, the idea was at first ridiculed, scorned, ignored; but gradually Mr. Schlafli's unflagging enthusiasm and spir- it of self-sacrifice, and the executive and ar- tistic ability of his chief supporter, the head-master of the village school, who is also church organist and musical director of the local singing society, overcame all doubts and difficulties; and only three years after the plan of a Selzach Passion play had first been suggested, it could be carried out with a remarkable degree of popular interest and zeal, almost one-fifth of the whole pop- ulation being in one way or another con- nected with its representation, and, what is particularly noteworthy, Protestants as well as Catholics taking an active part in it. Since then, the play has been repeated dur- ing the summers of 1896, 1898, and 1901, with constantly increasing success and with a constant raising of its artistic standard. At present it has become so elaborate an affair and has come to require so extensive prep- arations that, from now on, it will be given only at intervals of five years. This is, in brief, the history of the re- ligious spectacle which induced me, a few Sundays ago, to undertake a pilgrimage to the pretty little village on the slope of the Jura. We arrived in time to attend the morning service, which assembled a large crowd of worshippers at an early hour in the handsome village church. Probably a good many of the Passion players were among the audience; for, as we noticed later, even waitresses and domestic ser- vants belonged to the performers. I was somewhat surprised, therefore, that the priest made no allusion whatever in his sermon to the coming event of the day. Evidently a play, even though it be a sa- cred play, was considered by him outside the holy of holies; perhaps all the more so since Protestants also had been admitted to par- ticipate in its production. There was time, before the beginning of the performance, to take a stroll over the surrounding hills, which afford a charming view of the wide, fertile Aaiv valley, with its wooded slopes and brightly shining hamlets scattered here and there. There was even time to sit for an hour or so in the garden of the Tavern of the Cross, take a glass of wine and chat with some of the villagers who, like our- selves, had taken this mode of preparing themselves for the spectacle to come. Here we learned that two militia men in uniform sitting at a table not far from us, a ser- geant and a corporal, were the impersona- tors, the one of Christ, the other of Pilate; that both were by profession watchmakers, and that they were at present called into service for the autumn manoeuvres. We also learned that the Virgin was likewise acted by a watchmaker, a widow whose husband had recently been killed in an accident; and that the innkeeper's baby, a charming little infant which we saw in its mother's arms, was on that selfsame morning to reappear as the Christ-child in the Na- tivity scene. Towards eleven o'clock, the sound of trumpets from the various squares of the village announced the beginning of the performance, and, together with the crowd which meanwhile had been brought to- gether by carriage and train from near and far, and which now was filling the little town with unwonted life, we made our way towards the Passionsspielhaus, an oblong wooden structure of barnlike appearance with a seating capacity for some twelve hundred persons, and a covered stage of some fifty feet depth attached to it at right angles. While the audience were taking their seats, the orchestra, which, in Bay- reuth fashion, was hidden from view, played a few introductory strains from Haydn's "Chaos," preparing our minds for the open- ing scene of the spectacle, the Creation. I must confess that the first part of the production, from the Creation to Christ's entry into Jerusalem, was in some respects a sore disappointment to me. I had hoped, if not for the popular gayety and broad impressiveness of the Alsfeld or Frank- fort or other religious dramas of the fif- teenth century, at least for something like the simple and serious dramatic effect of the Oberammergau play. But what was of- fered us here was neither popular nor dra- matic; it was nothing but a series of living pictures, chiefly from the Old Testament, loosely held together by the loquacious and obtrusively didactic narrative of an all too officious Prologus, and accompanied by arias, recitatives, choruses, and orchestral as well as organ selections of a decidedly dilettantish order. In other words, it was a rather mediocre oratorio, interspersed with more or less objectionable declama- tions and more or less meritorious ta- bleaux. By no stretch of imagination could it be called a play. There was, however, even in this first part, one element of distinction: the living pictures. I have called them more or less meritorious; it would be more correct to say that, while nearly all of them were impres- sive, a few were of surpassing excellence. Remarkable in the grouping of the masses, tn color effect, and in treatment of the land- scape, were such scenes as the "Gathering of the Manna" or the "Sermon on the Mount," both breathing the spirit of the desert, both bringing before us solemn and varied types of man's yearning for a higher existence. Full of idyllic charm and clear- ly suggestive of a Memlinc or Perugino were such scenes as the "Adoration of the Shep- herds" and the "Flight to Egypt," the Virgin particularly being the perfection of grace, delicacy of feeling, and dreamy pensiveness. And truly sublime was the "Annunciation," a scene which, moreover, had the merit of surprising originality of conception; for, in- stead of turning toward the heavenly mes- senger and responding to his greeting, the Virgin was here represented as breaking down in speechless awe, and, with covered face, committing herself to the divine mys- tery. Even from this introductory part, then (and, by the way, it occupied nearly two hours), it was clear where the peculiar aim and merit of the Selzach Passion play were to be sought. Evidently, here there was nothing resembling the exuberant, tur- bulent life of the religious drama of the Mid- dle Ages. Nor was there any approach to- ward the naive, homely realism of the sturdy Bavarian highlanders. What we saw here was a conscious attempt to produce clearly defined artistic effects of the highest order. Considering that this attempt was made by people who, by profession, were either farmers or artisans or factory hands, could we wonder that it was only partially suc- cessful? Was not the wonder rather that such people could produce such results? It was with feelings of this sort that we returned in the afternoon to see the second part of the performance, the Passion prop- er; and here our partial admiration was changed to unconditional surrender. What gives to this portion of the Selzach spectacle its unique aesthetic charm is the truly won- derful blending of a genuinely dramatic ele- ment with the living picture and the choral and instrumental accompaniment; a blend- ing which, in its way, realizes Wagner's ideal of the combination of all arts in one com- mon endeavor. The dramatic scenes are such as lend themselves naturally to a live- ly realistic treatment — above all, the ma- chinations of the high priests against Christ, and the various scenes before Pilate. The living picture is reserved for moments of the highest religious or emotional import, such as Christ's leave-taking of his mother, the Last. Supper, the Betrayal, the Crucifixion, the Resurrection. And chorus and orchestra serve to connect the action and the tableau and to give to the latter especially its prop- er setting. In this way a whole is produced remarkable both for its compactness and its variety; and I, for my part, am free to con- fess that few dramatic productions have ever afforded me as pure a joy and as deep a Sat- isfaction as this part of the Selzach Passion play. The opening scene, the Council of the Jews, is a decidedly clever bit of dramatic composition, which was acted with a great deal of skill and animation. The Sanhedrim is assembled in state; one member after an- other rises to denounce the demagogue, the rebel, the blasphemer, who is desecrating the Temple and disturbing the public peace. That the welfare of Church and State de- mands his being put out of the way, there is unanimity of opinion; the only question is how to lay hands on him without irritat- ing the populace, which has been led astray by his seditious harangues and miraculous healings. Most opportunely there appears at this juncture a deputation of the money- changers whom Christ has expelled from

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280 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 the Temple, to insist on their legal right to carry on their business unmolested, and to prefer charges against the wilful reform- er. The high priest assures them of the righteousness of their cause, incites them still farther against the disturber of their trade, and finally commits him to their re- venge. With a universal cry of passion and rage from priests and people the scene comes to a close. Beautiful is the contrast between this turbulent, tumultuous action and the two following tableaux: Christ's leave-taking of his mother at Bethany, and the Last Sup- per, both accompanied by most impressive choruses and solos, the latter (strangely enough) in part by the melody of Luther's 'Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott.' The unsec- tarian spirit of the whole performance could not have been more clearly demon- strated than by the fact that Luther's re- ligious battle-hymn should have been sung here by Catholics and Protestants as an accompaniment to the most solemn scene of Christ's life. To describe these two ta- bleaux is impossible. They were simply perfect — in the leave-taking at Bethany, an inner harmony and calm, in spite of the bitterest agony, which were beyond words; in the Last Supper, every one of the disciples a complete character, every one reflecting in his own way the feelings common to them all, while Christ seemed entirely raised above them, and yet to im- part something of his divine countenance to each of them. A powerful Miserere, consisting of chorus and solo, gave to this series of scenes a most impressive ending, bringing out the griet of God over his perverted, reprobate peo- ple, and the contrition of mankind over its lost grace. My people, what have I done to thee or wherein have 1 grieved thee ': Answer me ! Holy God ! Immortal Saviour ! Eternal God, have mercy on us I Holy, all-powerful God, have mercy on us ! I have led thee out of Egypt and have sunk I'haraoh in the Ked Sea, and thou hast surrendered me to the high priestsand hast thrown me in chains and fetters. Holy God ! Immortal Saviour ! Eternal God, have mercy on us! Holy, all-powerful God, have mercy on us ! I have fed thee with manna and given thee to drink in the desert, ami thou hast beaten my cheeks and hast lashed my body with scourges. Holy God: Immortal Saviour' Eternal God, have mercy on us ! Holy, all-powerful God, have mercy on us ! II would lead me too far to enter into the further development of the action. I must content myself with saying that, from here on to the end, the principle of com- position— that is, the constant change be- tween animated dramatic scenes, full or swift and racy dialogue, and tableaux of wonderful calm and beauty— remains the same, and that at last the Ascension dis- misses us with the feeling of having wit- nessed with our own eyes, and of having lived through in our own hearts the eter- nal struggle of mankind with sin and cor- ruption, and the final triumph of love and light. As I said before, the Selzach play, as a whole, is by no means free from very se- rious delects. The text needs a thorough revision so as to be purged of many plati- tudes and crudities. The portion refer- ring to the Old Testament should bo short- ened. The role of the Prologus should be curtailed, and as soon as possible be placed in more skilful hands. And, above all, the musical part of the performance should receive stricter and more effective drill and thereby be made less dilettantish and incoherent. In other words, the technique of the performance should in every way be raised to the level of the professional stage. If this be done, then the noble and pure spirit of the spectacle will shine forth with unimpeded and spotless lustre, and five years from now Selzach will give us a Passion play more artistic in its composi- tion and more truly human in its spirit than any religious drama of our time. The sun was setting behind the ridges of the Jura when we left the little village which, in the brief course of a day, had given us so much. Before us, toward south and east, there stretched the wide plateau of the Swiss Midland with its wood- ed hills, its green meadows, stately farm- houses, and gay, flourishing towns. And above it all, on the horizon, there stood in cloudless grandeur, towering against the evening sky, the whole range of the Ber- nese snow mountains, from the Wetter- horn to Jungfrau and Bliimlisalp. The train was crowded with shouting and sing- ing soldiers, returning from a day's fur- lough to their regiments in camp. They were of both French and German extrac- tion, and in the most fraternal spirit sang alternatingly or even in unison of the "heiliges Vaterland" and the "chere pa- trie," of the "schwarzbrauns Liebchen" and the "jolie bien-aimee." They, too, as well as the noble religious spectacle from which I was returning, were a living proof of the essential soundness, vigor, and joy- fulness of Swiss democracy. KUNO FRANCKE. Notes. 'Practical Life-work of Henry Drummond,' with a preface by Hamilton W. Mabie, is in the press of James Pott & Co., along with Saint-Simon's Memoirs, translated by Bayle St. John, in four volumes, and Miss Par- doe's 'Court and Reign of Francis I.,' in three volumes. A Life of the late Dr. John Hall of this eity, by his son, Prof. Thomas C. Hall, will be published by Fleming H. Revell Company. •The Personality of Thoreau,' by Frank B. Sanborn, is to be most attractively brought out by Charles E. Goodspeed, No. 5a Park Street, Boston, with the aid of the Merrymount Press, in a limited edition. Additional announcements by Messrs. Seribner are 'Unknown Mexico,' by Carl l.umholtz; 'The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale Col- logo,' edited by Franklin B. Dexter, M.A.; and A Hermit of Carmol, and Other Poems,' by George Santayana. Prof. Franklin H. Giddings's 'Inductive Sociology' will be published directly by illan Co. The choice of Professor Woodberry for i-ditor of the one-volume Cambridge Edition of 'The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) was inevitable. As naturally, he has made use of his labors on the 1892 Century Edi- tion, placing his memoir here at the front as a biographical sketch. He has been well advised by the general editor as to omis- sions in Shelley's notes, and he accepts the challenge of his epithet "Complete" in the title by declining to insert the well-lost and ill-recovered 'Original Poetry of Victor and Cazire' (1898). In sum, this volume worthily extends an excellent series. We have too recently discussed the charac- ter of Cromwell, in connection with Dr. Sam- uel R. Gardiner's 'History of the Common- wealth,' to make it needful to pass under re- view his compact direct biographical sketch, "Oliver Cromwell' (Longmans). This work has already appeared in a more sumptuous edition in the Messrs. Goupil's "Illustrated Series of Historical "Volumes." It would have been some equivalent for the illustrations (of which only Cooper's portrait is retained) if an index had been provided. The volume, of 319 pages, is convenient for the hand. Mr. A. W. Pollard's bibliographical intro- duction to Carlyle's 'Sartor Resartus and Heroes and Hero-Worship,' in Macmillan's taking "Library of English Classics," relates the fortunes of the former work, and shows how a public that was used to ask, "Who reads an American book?" was led to read an English book by its merit being first dis- cerned and honored with publication on this side of the water. The text reproduced is that of 1858. From John Lane we have a pretty volume of 'Shakspere's Songs' for which the ex- cuse is eleven full-page drawings by Henry Ospovat. These are essentially decorative and will be valued as such, though not re- markable as interpretation. 'The Land of the Amazons,' by the Baron de Santa-Anna Nery, previously reviewed in these columns, comes to us in English dress bearing the imprint of E. P. Dutton & Co., having been translated from the French by George Humphrey. No additions have been made to the text, and the illus- trations are the same as those which ap- peared in the original edition. While con- taining very little that is new. the work is the most notable contribution to the liter- ature of the Amazon published in recent years, and will be welcomed by English readers interested in the future of this great valley. The republication, under the heading 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' (Swan Sonnenschein & Co.), of old state papers and of addresses made during the last thirty years by Mr. Dadabhai (Naoroji) does not make a new book, though It puts old material together in a convenient form. Like some other reformers, Mr. Dadabhai believes that many "mischievous results" due to the demonetization of silver may be corrected by opening the mints "to the unrestricted coining of silver." This would have pleased that ardent English Angio- phobe, Mr. Hyndman, who twenty years ago announced that the demonetization of gold over the whole earth would cure India's ills. "Un-British Rule," according to Mi. Dadabhai, is rule without representation. If Hindus were represented, they would re- duce the taxes. There is, naturally, much discontent among educated Hindus at being kept out of all higher offices, but there is, In Mr. Dadabhai's opinion, no desire to get rid of the British oppressor, because "thinking Hindus" know that India's politi- cal and material advancement "depends up- on a long continuance of the British rule." The addresses delivered at Boston and Cambridge on February 4, 1901, in com- memoration of the one-hundredth anni-

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Oct. to, 1901] The N"ation. 281 versary of the appointment of John Mar- shall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, have been edited by Mr. Marquis F. Dickinson of the Boston bar, and are pub- lished by Little, Brown & Co. A photo- gravure from the portrait painted by Henry Inman, in 1831, makes an appropriate fron- tispiece for this handsome volume. The cr&yoh drawing made in 1808 by Saint-Me- min is also reproduced, and photographs of the gentlemen who delivered the address- es are superadded. Prof. Arlo Bates has just printed a second volume of 'Talks on Writing English' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.). His chief con- cern in the present series is for the nice- ties of rhetoric. There are some excellent remarks upon particles, participles and gerunds, figures, principles of euphony, and other details of composition, which, if not attended to, may prove pestiferous "little foxes" to spoil the vines of good writing, The work as a whole is decidedly healthy. It should be usefully suggestive to any per- son interested in writing, whether as art or trade. Mr. William Harvey Miner has made a "contribution toward a bibliography of writ- ings concerning Daniel Boone," which the Dibdin Club of this city has printed in a very limited edition ('Daniel Boone,' M. L. Greenhalgh, No. 1135 Madison Avenue). The introductory note is a valuable conspectus of the sources of information about Boone, who is still sadly in need, according to Mr. Miner, of a thoroughgoing biographer. He inclines to the latest view that Boone was a native of Berks County, Pa. The thin vol- ume is altogether choice in its manufacture. In connection with the bicentennial an- niversary of Yale University, a series of volumes has been prepared by a number of the professors and instructors, to serve as a partial indication of the character of the studies in which the University teachers are engaged. In the volume of 'Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrography' (Scribners) are gathered a series of reprints, fifty in all, embodying the results of the researches in these lines. In point of time the papers cover the last fifty years. In subject-matter they deal chiefly with the descriptions and chemical composition of new minerals, only seven of them being petrographical in char- acter. The mineralogical portion has been written or edited by Prof. S. L. Penfield, and the petrographical by Prof. L. V. Pirsson. It is not possible here to review these pa- pers or even to mention the titles of all, but the following indicate their scope: "On American Spodumene," "The Chemical Com- position of Iolite," "On the Chemical Com- position and Related Physical Properties of Topaz," "Petrography of the Rocks of Yogo Peak," "Andesites of the Aroostook Vol- canic Area of Maine." In addition to the technical papers, there are two treating re- spectively of the history of the mineralogi- cal and of the petrographical departments at Yale. These papers, gathered from various scattered sources and put into permanent form, will prove a useful addition to the lit- erature of the closely allied sciences in- volved. The volume is dedicated to the graduates of the University. A bibliography of the principal geograph- ical publications of 1900, both separate works and articles on geography and its allied sciences in the leading periodicals, the proceedings of societies, and Government publications, forms the September number of the Annates dc olographic. Its 908 entries are carefully analyzed and annotated by the editor, M. Louis Raveneau, aided by fifty-five eminent geographers of various nationali- ties. An examination of the different sub- jects shows that the number of titles re- lating to the United States — sixty— Is great- er than that for any other country, Spain bringing up the rear with three. An index contains about two thousand names of au- thors and travellers whose works are ana- lyzed or referred to. Among the eccentri- cities of geographical spelling we note the use of the obsolete Ktaadn for the name of Maine's highest mountain. The Vienna papers report that the pious desire of archaeologists, who for years have been pleading for a museum in which to de- posit the rich finds of Roman antiquities made in that city and the surrounding coun- try, is now being gratified. The City Coun- cil took the matter in hand and appointed a special committee, which has now, at least provisionally, established a Museum Vindobonense, in a school building on the Rainerstrasse, where a good-sized room is already filled with bronzes, terracottas, and iron utensils, while the second room is a "lapidarium," containing, among other things, a sepulchral monument of the first Christian century, the oldest historical find made in the city of Vienna. The establish- ment of the museum has given a new im- petus to research in this line, as is evidenced by numerous additions recently made. The museum is to be opened to the public dur- ing the present month. The University of Giessen has made a con- tract with the Nordstern Insurance Company of Berlin, by which all of the students of that institution become beneficiaries of an accident insurance. Only those more lia- ble to accidents, in the departments of chemistry, medicine, physical sciences, and pharmacy, are required to pay special fees for this, as the premiums for the others are paid out of the sick and hospital funds 01 the University. The measure covers ordi- nary risks, including riding, turning, or sword exercises, conducted by the official masters appointed by the institution. — The Atlantic for October brings its ar- ticles on Reconstruction to a close in "The Undoing of Reconstruction," by William A. Dunning, and an anonymous editorial re- view of the whole subject called "Recon- struction and Disfranchisement." These are by far the best of the series. Our objec- tion to much of what went before was that the writers seemed so often to insist with solemnity upon what no one denied. But here the history of reconstruction is sum- med up and presented to the mind in a few strong touches. The negroes were enfran- chised, i. €., put in control of the govern- ments of the Southern States, a generation ago, in order to secure "the results of the war," among others, their own freedom. Their white fellow-citizens have now In thirty years taken away the franchise from them; yet there is a general acquiescence in the final result, and the best friends of tht negroes see nothing to be done but to edu- cate and improve their race until it is more near the level of the whites. No doubt, as is here pointed out, in any broad view of our period the peculiar conse- quences of Reconstruction are likely to be looked upon as part of the general re- action against Democracy. People who hate Democracy, however, do not discriminate as nicely as they might between the prin- ciple of popular government and the prin- ciple of universal suffrage. Fifty years ago, one might be a sincere believer In democratic principles and yet an ardent adherent of a property qualification. It is obvious, not merely as a matter of prac- tice, but as a matter of logical necessity, that universal suffrage will work only in a community which is fit for it. We may add that those who argue, as many in the South evidently do, that because negro suffrage is being blotted out, therefore it is a good plan to spend $500,000,000 to sub- jugate the "niggers" of the Philippines, are guilty of a non-sequitur, as they will find out by and by. The Atlantic demands that the South apply to both races equally whatever qualifications for the exercise of the franchise, or for holding office, each State may see fit to impose. If this were done, negroes of intelligence and property might yet regain the right to vote. It is a perfectly safe thing to demand. During 1902 the magazine will go on with the sub- ject, and publish articles written by South- erners, by negroes, and by "impartial stu- dents of American social conditions." — The article in Scribner's which will, perhaps, attract the widest attention is Mr. Roosevelt's first instalment of "With the Cougar Hounds." The author is probably the first President of the United States to be at once a sportsman and a writer on sport. By the way, it is rather odd to find one who has been a pretty steady writer for twenty years speaking of "the book people" as a class apart. He points out that the popular nomenclature of wild animals often differs widely, not only in this country, but in others, from the scientific, and adds that in most cases "it is mere pedantry to try to upset popular custom in such matters." At the same time, he thinks it desirable to call the particular animal now in question "cou- gar." It is also known as "painter" (e. g., panther), mountain lion, Mexican lion, and among Spanish-American people simply lion or puma. A second instalment of Gen. F. V. Greene's account of the Army brings us down to 1857, thus covering the period of the Mexican and the Seminole wars. It seems that Calhoun was the first American statesman, after Washington, to insist upon the futility of expecting a militia to answer the purpose of a regular army. "It was during his administration as Secretary of War that our true military policy was adopted of a small, but highly trained and efficient, regular army in time of peace, sup- plemented by a large army of volunteers in time of war." Yet, curiously enough, the three generals who gained the greatest dis- tinction in the war of 1812 were Brown. Harrison, and Jackson. Of these, Brown, a farmer, elected militia brigadier-gen- eral, and without any military ex- perience, served with a distinction which made Sackett's Harbor, Chip- pewa, Lundy's Lane, and Fort Erie names famous in American history; Har- rison, another militia general, recovered and held everything in the Northwest that had been lost at the beginning of the war; while Jackson, the hero of the war, was certainly not an educated soldier, and Gen. Greene himself says that discipline (which to the educated man of war is everything) meant to Jackson nothing more than "the enforce-

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282 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 ment of his own will against those above him as well as those under him." The enemy he overcame were "the best regular troops in Europe, who had defeated the plans of Napoleon in Spain." The question is an old one, and will probably not be settled in our time. It is usually discussed too abstractly, as if it were possible to arrive at a theoretically best military system, with- out any regard to the circumstances of the country considered. Probably when the United States was a country of frontiers- men, the old militia system worked well, wMle as frontier life and Indian fighting de- clined, something more professional became needed. "La race, le moment, le milieu" applies to military as to literary questions. But it is preposterous to argue that a stand- ing army in this country cannot be a menace to liberty. Militarism is the standing men- ace of every free government. — The Century contains an illustrated ar- ticle on "The Practice of the Law in New York," by Henry E. Howland, with repro- ductions of portraits by John Sargent. The full lengths of Messrs. Choate and Carter are interesting. So is an odd "chance portrait" of Mr. C. F. Southmayd, a lawyer of as high standing at the bar as the other two, though (not being noted as an advocate) not so well known to the public. Mr. Howland thinks, and very likely he is right, that there are as good lawyers among us now as there were formerly. But they do not go on to the bench, and, strange as it may seem, there is no court now in New York that can compare with the bench of the Superior Court in 1855, when J. S. Bosworth, John Duer, and Murray Hoffman sat upon it. But the article is mainly descriptive. So is John Mead Howells's "A French Gov- ernment School from the Inside." In this Mr. Howells gives a very good idea of the atelier world, with its ani-icns, its nouvtnu.r, and its pillions. The hazing and "fagging" seem to be very like hazing and fagging elsewhere, except that fn schools and col- leges iiuiiii 1111.1 are boys, while in a Paris atelier the unfortunate novice may be a bearded man, in middle life. The manners of the atelier towards the newcomer are very much those of the Stock Exchange to a new member, but the humor of France is different from that of New York. One curious trait Mr. Howells notices, which he declares to be national, though we should imagine it rather a professional affectation — the proper "pose" is not to seem hard at work at any time even when you really are. Above all, avoid the appearance of serious- ness, no matter how serious, selfish, ambi- tious, and eager you may be. "Do not so infringe on the next man with your Im- portance or the importance of what you are doing." This is the very opposite of the gospel of "intensity " which was the Anglo- Saxon aesthetic affectation as caricatured twenty years ago. "A Grave Crisis in American History," by Milton Harlow Nor- thrup (who was Secretary at the time of the Special Committee of the House of Rep- resentatives), gives the inner history of the origin and formation of the Electoral Com- mission of 1877. The notes of the committee meetings bring out the character of the prin- cipal actors in those scenes in an enter- taining way. Mr. Edmunds, for instance, we find describing Judge Davis as "one of those Independents who stand always ready to accept Democratic nominations." We find Mr. Conkling, in a fine burst, declaring something or other — we do not quite make out what — to be "the pediment on which we rest." "Kick that from under," he goes on, "and we are gone." — The leading illustrated article in Har- per's for October is a sketch of tramp life, by William Sharp, called "The Hotel of the Beautiful Star." Tramp literature, of which the magazines have had for a long time a plentiful supply, is generally of a futile sort, and this paper is no exception. The art of giving us really attractive vagabonds and criminals seems to have gone out with Dickens. The tramp of our period is not at all "convincing." Mr. Sharp introduces us to one (he vouches for the truth of the story) who, a month after his discovery, is making from five to ten pounds a week by drawings and literary productions; six months later he has a picture at the Salon. According to the opinion of a police in- spector here quoted, there are in Lon- don from May till September from fifteen to twenty thousand people without any "last or usual place of abode"; the average fall- ing with the weather to a thousand, more or less, in January. "The New Psychology," illustrated from photographs, is by G. Stan- ley Hall, President and Professor of Psy- chology in Clark University. The photo- graphs are pictures of the curious machines that make up the modern psychologist's "lab- oratory." Mr. Hall's description of this science will, we fear, seem to the laity (to say nothing of the clergy) rather ma- terialistic. He declares, indeed, that this branch of knowledge "experiments on the soul," and 'has made former knowledge of it definite, and added vastly to it"; but when we come to particulars, we find that laboratory work consists in such business as measuring with accuracy "the time re- quired for a sensation to move from a finger up the arm to the brain, the time to trans- form it into a motor impulse, and the rate of the latter down the arm." We come a little nearer the soul when we learn the use of an instrument by which re- actions in thought may be detected. The demonstrator says, for instance, "dog," with a lip key, upon which the attendant utters to another lip key the invariably suggested word "cat." So "boy" suggests "girl"; and "glass" ought to suggest "window," though on one occasion, to the surprise of the Professor, the word suggested to the at- tendant was "beer." Dr. W. E. Flinders- Petrie, the Egyptologist, contributes a valu- able article, illustrated from photographs, Kiving an account of recent discoveries in the Royal Tombs of Abydos, and Henry James has a characteristic story called "The Beldonald Holbein." — The recent discoveries in Crete are yielding immediate fruit in such essays as that which Mr. Evans has lately reproduced from the Journal of Hellenic Studies, in a convenient volume of 106 pages, entitled 'The Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult' (Mac- millan Company). This monograph is illus- trated by enlarged drawings, mostly from Mycenaean gems, which, with Mr. Evans's commentary, shed the most interesting lighi on the primitive religious ideas and ritual of the peoples bordering on the shores of the Mediterranean. These gems represent the worship of sacred trees, of baetylic stones, of the "pillars of the house" and "the horns of consecration." They furnish a commentary on the pillar, or bethel, which Jacob set up; as also upon "the horns of the altar," the terebinth tree of Mamre, and the burning bush of Moses; and they exhibit the immediate ancestry of many survivals of tree and pillar cult on classic Greek soil. They explain also the heraldic form of the Lion's Gate at Mycenae, and certain symbolic peculiarities in architecture. The Romans seem to be indebted to the same source for their cult of the Ficus Ruminalis; their ant ilia present the Mycenaean form of shield, and their legend of the war-god's twins suckled by the she-wolf is paralleled by the attitude of an infant and horned sheep on a seal found in the Palace of Knossos. On the whole, the illustrations show the con- stant intercourse, the action and reaction, both east and west, that went on around the basin of the Mediterranean, from Babylonia and Egypt as far as Sardinia and Spain. They reveal also an indigenous civilization, sub- ject to all these influences, but reacting on them in its turn, as original and distinct as the extraordinary wasp-like figures of de- ities and worshippers which characterize the gems and paintings. ■ — The late John Fiske's 'Life Everlasting' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) acquires a pa- thetic interest from the writer's death be- fore its publication, though it was deliver- ed at Harvard University as a lecture on the Ingersoll Foundation in January last. As James Mill's belief in God was shaken by Butler's 'Analogy,' it seems not impos- sible that some who go to this little book with a stout faith in immortality will come away from it with that faith perceptibly decreased. Frail, indeed, its confidence compared with that large utterance of the theologians which is the popular staple of belief. For the most part the book is an examination of certain objections to im- mortality from the standpoint of science. Those who can recall Mr. Fiske's early manner of dealing with the dogmatists, will be interested to observe how much of their tone, when dealing with materialists and the ultra-scientific, he had assimilated at the close of his career. We have first a vigorous appeal from the attempt to dis- credit the doctrine of immortality by a consideration of the character of early animism. The next step is to inquire whether the primitive belief in immortality was a permanent acquisition or something analogous to the appendix vermiformis and other rudimentary organs. In this connec- tion Mr. Fiske passes quite too trippingly over the deductions from a universal belief in immortality that must be made on ac- count of Buddhist and Hebrew recessions from it. The unsettling of the primitive edifice of faith by scientific thought is next considered. At this point we have too much of the personal equation in the assignment to Herbert Spencer's 'First Principles' of a character as representative of our time as Aquinas's 'Summa' of the Middle Age. The apparent physical origin of thought is resolved into concomitance of the physical and mental by arguments which are fa- miliar in their general drift. In conclusion, there is some endeavor to allay the anxiety of those who fear that the Indian's faithful dog will bear him company. A direct argu- ment for immortality is not attempted; only the removal of objections that leave the ground clear for considerations of philoso- phical analogy and moral probability. — Some years ago. Dr. Tjitze de Boer pub-

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Oct. 10, 1901] The Nation 283 lished a study of al-Ghazzali's 'Destruction of the Philosophers,' which spoke highly for his knowledge of Arabic and his philosophic ability. A 'Geschichte der Philosophie im Is- lam' by him has now appeared (Stuttgart: Fr. Frommann). It forms the first attempt in this field since Munk's brilliant 'Melanges' appeared In 1859, and, while it does not en- ter into such detail nor display such wide reading as De Vaux's recent 'Avicenne,' it covers with fair adequacy the whole devel- opment, from its beginnings until the system of Averroes passed over into mediaeval Eu- rope. In so small a hook it was, of course, impossible to do full justice to all the aspects of a most complicated movement. It is, therefore, only a sketch which we have here, but still a most graphic and illumi- nating sketch. On the strictly philosophical side, Dr. de Boer is perfectly at home. He has breadth enough, too, to be a,ble to sym- pathize with the frequent amateurisms and eccentricities of the Arabic thinkers. Per- haps he is weakest on the side of scholastic theology and mysticism. He has not remem- bered sufficiently that all the Arabic phil- osophers were more or less scholastics and mystics. It is, of course, hard for the mod- ern student to have patience with such things, but it is through them only that the secret of the Muslim civilization can be read. Ritter's dictum that it is in the schools of the Muslim dogmaticians that the true Arabic philosophy is to be sought, is the last word on the matter. It is to be hop- ed that Dr. de Boer will in time give us a history of Arabic philosophy in the grand style, and will in it take account more fully of these influences and issues. There can be do question of his ability to do it. THE AMERICAN BIBLE. The Holy Bible. Containing the Old and New Testaments Translated out of the Original Tongues. Being the Version set forth A. d. 1611, Compared with the most Ancient Authorities and Revised a. d. 1881-1885. Newly edited by the American Revision Committee, A. D. 1901. Standard Edition. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. Pp. xvi+970+xviii-|-296. 12 maps. It was inevitable that, sooner or later, something of this kind should come. Even if the Germans are hardly justified in speak- ing of "the American language," any more than the Bowery tough when he talks "Unit- ed States," yet, beyond doubt, very many words and phrases have come to be intel- ligible on one or the other side only of the Atlantic, and still more have become ob- scure and seemingly affected. The writing of an American scholar too often grates un- pleasantly on an English ear, and the style of an educated Englishman too frequently strikes many here as stiff and archaic. Add- ed to this, there exists in the masses cf America little or none of that reverence for the past and its associations that is so pow- erful an element in the English mind. The American is prepared to make changes in a heritage of the ages on shorter notice and for less cogent reasons than the English- man will ever suffer. To the one, the ca- dence of a verse that has been in his ear since infancy is sacred beyond the concep- tion of the other; and that subjective sa- credness holds him to lost critical posi- tions in a way that, to the other, suggests moral obliquity or mental decay. The truth is, that his brain moves more slowly — it may be more steadily — and allows more weight to what, for it, are aesthetic considerations. All this was made perfectly clear during the work of the original Revisers and on the publication of the original Revised Ver- sion. That appeared in the same form for both peoples, but there was added to it an appendix of American preferences which had been rejected by the British Revisers, who, by right of priority, were accorded the last word. This appendix showed both the types of changes spoken of above — changes to produce a different sense, and changes to more modern diction. It was published by agreement, the American Committee on their side undertaking not to give its sanc- tion for fourteen years to the issue of any edition competing with those of the Eng- lish University Presses. That limit has now expired, and it has become possible for the present, a specifically American, revision to appear. But in it much more has been done than simply to incorporate in the text the ap- pendix of American preferences. The at- tempt had been made in that appendix to reduce the points of difference to a mini- mum, in the hope that, eventually, that minimum might be accepted in England; the appendix had also to be constructed under conditions of great haste. But the hope of ultimate unity through this compromise has proved fallacious. Very many or most of the readings of the appendix have approvea themselves even in England, but the Uni- versity Presses have not seen their way to any further changes. Nor does it seem probable that such will come. Confessedly, the Revised Version has not been a pop- ular success, and King James's still more than holds its own. The drift now is to- wards private translations to be used as commentaries on the classical English ver- sion. There is a tendency to give that ver- sion a hieratic place for ecclesiastical ust, in a sense like the Latin Vulgate in thti Church of Rome, and to regard as hopeless the attempt at one version which will suf- fice at once for devotional and critical pur- poses. But there is more faith in America, and so we have this renewed adventure. Du- bious as we are of its success, we wel- come its appearance in the field. One thing it undoubtedly will accomplish: it will be another blow to the implicit trust with which so many, even ministers of religion and students of theology, take their Eng- lish Bibles, deifying what is not even an original text, but only a most ordinary translation. Those set by the Church to teach will be forced to consider for them- selves what are the words which they will put before their people as divine; and per- haps in time even the students in theo- logical seminaries may perceive that, be- fore they dare to use a text, they must have some thread of connection with it in its original form. Before 1881 such used with calmness and great peace of mind the Authorized Version. Thereafter, the more adventurous turned to the Revision, and were equally slavish in their use of it. Now there are two Richards in the field, and it will bo of interest to see what searchings of heart will arise. More than this, and this is much, will hardly be accomplished. It remains, however, to estimate what degree of care, scholarship, and discretion have been applied to the preparation of this recension. That the patient labor ex- pended on it has been great is manifest. That It has been directed by good sense, a fine feeling for English, and thorough- ness in scholarship is not so clear. Natur- ally, it is necessary to make distinctions, and a broad line of cleavage seems to di- vide the New Testament generally from the Old. That is manifest even in the re- spective prefaces. That to the New Tes- tament is a model of unimpeachable Eng- lish, devout and reverent in its tone, con- servative and cautious in its attitude. As to the text which follows it, such unsight- ly eccentricities as the semicolon and dash in the title to the Gospel according to Matthew should have been avoided, even if it had called for the expenditure of a spe- cial title-page for the Gospels. Similarly, "Wise-men" (so hyphenized), in the sec- ond chapter of Matthew, as a rendering for Magi, can hardly hope to live. The trans- lation of the equivalent Hebrew— equiva- lent at least according to the marginal reference— is printed, Esther i., 13, Dan. ii., 12, as two words, and without capitals. But of such freaks there are few, and the English Revised Version is substantially reproduced. The case is different when we come to the Old Testament. That the Revised Version of it needed further revision is certain, Whatever may have been the reason, the English Revisers left it in very sorry case, as compared with the New. Their New Testament is a fair equivalent for the Westcott and Hort Greek text; their Old Testament corresponds to nothing in earth or heaven, not even the Inerrant Original of apologetic hypothesis. It was a com- promise and a flat failure. The marvel is that so much poor Hebrew and timid crit- icism should have come from the Commit- tee in the Jerusalem Chamber. It was, then, open to the American Committee to take up their spoiled work and do it afresh. Again the preface is significant of the event. Both the tone of mind which it rep- resents, and the English in which it is cast, are different from those exhibited in the preface to the New Testament. The English may well raise a doubt as to the stylistic competence of its writer or writ- ers. Nor is the doubt laid when we turn to the text itself. Here are "only a few of the many instances of phraseology which there is the best reason for emending" (p. iv. of preface). In Exodus xxx., 38, the English Version (the subject is the holy incense) read, "Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereto, he shall be cut off from his people." This is surely plain enough, although "thereat" instead of "thereto" might be more modern. The new recension changes to "thereof," and raises the possibility that the unhappy one in question will use the incense to make himself odorous withal. "To smell of" in the sense "to snatch at a whiff of odor from" is common in "the American lan- guage," but unknown in wider English. Similarly, the new recension shies at the wording of I. Kings, xxii., 5, "Inquire at the word of the Lord," and substitutes, "Inquire for." Yet "at" in this case, if archaic, is also more exact. "For" in- troduces an intermediary to be asked, and all that Jehoshaphat really said was, "Seek the word of Yahwe." Again, it is the merest wantonness of logical grammar to change Proverbs xxvii., 3, "But a fool's vexation is

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234= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 heavier than them both" to "than they both." Finally, for this time, Numbers v., 30, "and he be jealous over his wife," has stirred mighty doubts, and "over" is chang- ed to "of." "Over," it may admitted, is archaic for "with regard to" or "about," but "of" is simple nonsense. The man is jealous "of" some other man, not of his wife. Such are four out of the five examples in the preface, paragraph 5, page vi., "of the many instances of phraseology, etc." Yet wc must add two further ex- amples of such changes for the light which they cast on the methods and attitude of our revisers. For one thing, we learn that we niust no longer speak of "spoiling the Egyptians." To spoil means nowadays to lay waste, ruin, or destroy, and, therefore, our word must be "despoil" (Exodus xii., 36). Americans have always been supposed to possess a peculiar sense of humor; the non-American world will now reconsider that point. For the second, "boiled" (Ex- odus ix., 4, misprint for 31), is classed in the preface, p. vi., as a term "obsolete, obscure, and ambiguous." In its place in the text we read "in bloom." It is perfect- ly true that "boiled" is obscure, but it is not obsolete or ambiguous. In provincial English it means "podded for seed" or "having the seed-vessels formed," and ex- actly that is one view which has been taken of the meaning of the original. The LXX. translate the Hebrew gibh'ol by a-irep^n^, and the English revisers followed the LXX. "In bloom," on the other hand, expresses the Talmudic view of the meaning of gibhU'jl, and is not a modern, clear, and unambiguous synonym of "boiled"; it is a different translation entirely. But we may pass from changes that are purely verbal, or supposed to be so, to such as express a different sense. The most con- spicuous of these is the consistent render- ing of Jehovah in all places whore Yahwt (Adh&n&y) stood in the Hebrew text and had been hitherto rendered into English, "the Lord," "Lord," or "God." This change can be amply justified, but it is hard to see why Adhfmay (r. </., ESzek. xxviii., 22) is rendered "the Lord" and not "my Lord." That the termination continued in Biblical times to have the force of the possessive seems pretty clearly made out. Again, there are certain places (c. ;/., Gen. ii., ff.) where, through textual conflation, Jehovah and God have come to stand together. That combina- tion is here translated quite simply, "Je- hovah God." What that will moan to the unsophisticated reader gives us pause. The Hebrew who had lost the sense of its being a conflate reading, probably took the "God" as epexegetic, "Jehovah, i. c, God." But to produce that effect in English a comma, at hast, should have been inserted between the two words. Of minor changes the mul- titude is so great that we can take almost no account of them. Very many are distinct improvements; some are certainly not. The change of calm&weth from ''shadow of death" to "thick darkness" cannot be jus- tified. The possibility in Semitic of such a form and idea has been amply proved of late, and the Hebrew usage and parallel- ism seem to demand that sense for the word. So, too, in Ecclesiastes ii., 8, "men- singers and women-singers" is highly im- probable against "concubines very many." But at this point we are cast into the chaos of variant interpretations, and, as suggested above, the final value of this recension will probably be that it will compel the theolo- gical student to find a footing for himself, and a reason for the philological faith that may be in him. Yet, many as are the changes here, much more might and should have been done. To take the beginning of all things, we still await an English version that will trans- late grammatically the first three verses 01 Genesis. Similarly, we still await a correct translation of the first three words of Gen. iii., and of the first two of Gen. iv. So, too, Gen. ii., 19, is still in its grammatical misery. It is strange that eminent Hebraists, while they bestow unlimited pains on difficult poetical passages and on matters of the higher criticism, continue to countenance the most shrieking blunders in simple his- torical prose. Another point in which the new Revisers have been lamentably deficient is in their treatment of the versions. In that, they have made a great step backwards. The English Revisers recognized that the Mas- soretic text was corrupt, at least in certain places, and that the versions had preserv- ed, again in certain places, the true read- ing. They also recognized the existence in the versions of probable corrections of the text. These were indicated on the margin as the readings of "some" or "many ancient versions." This was not very much, but it at least put on record the value and use of the versions. The new Revisers, on the other hand, appear to have gone back solidly to the Massoretic text, and given up the use of the versions as, at present or for always, hopeless. Their texts cannot be certainly verified, and we cannot get beyond plausible conjecture in making use of them to correct the Hebrew text. So only one-sixth of the marginal refer- ences to them in the English revision are retained, but these are made specific as to the particular version meant. All this is unfortunate in the highest degree, and it is hard to understand how any body of Hebraists could be found at the present day to take up such a position. That the texts of the versions are corrupt is un- happily true; that they are corrupt to an unusable degree is not true. On the other hand, the Hebrew text is much more than "probably corrupt here and there." It is certainly corrupt in very many passages, and to a degree that we are only gradually realizing. Our only sound hope of correct- ing it is through the versions; otherwise we must make use of simple conjecture. To reject this is to fall back into absolute textual skepticism. The present revision has been equipped throughout with marginal references to parallel aud illustrative passages. These are not too numerous and are most clearly arranged; nothing but continuous use can determine their value. Topical headings have also been added — a much more dubious enrichment. In all but historical matters, theological exegesis is bound to creep in. In this case, that is abundantly evident in the headings to Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon. In the first, we read of "piety," "charity," "industry," "hope," all words which Qoheleth would have regarded somewhat askance. In the second, we have not any longer, it is true, the converse of Christ and the Church, but we have a very definite theory of the structure of the book. It would be hard 10 praise too highly the printing and general get-up of this volume. But we must confess to disappointment with its contents. RECENT WORK IN CHAUCER. The Wife of Bath's Tale: Its Sources and Analogues. By G. H. Maynadier. (Grimm Library, No. 13.) London: David Nutt. Chaucer's Franklin's Tale. By William Henry Schofield. Baltimore: Reprinted from the Publications of the Modern Lan- guage Association of America. The Sources of The Parson's Tale. By Kate Oelzner Petersen. (Radcliffe College Monographs, No. 12.) Boston: Ginn & Co. The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, The Knightes Tale, The Non?tcs Prestes Tale. Edited in critical text, etc., by Mark H. Liddell. Macmillan. The Prologue, The Knight's Tale, and The Nun's Priest's Tale. Edited by Frank Jewett Mather, jr. (Riverside Literature Series.) Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Mr. Maynadier's book is of interest to a considerable variety of readers. For some years it has been known to the learned that an Irish story, extant in several versions, affords the plot of Chaucer's "Tale of the Wife of Bath"; but no one has hitherto ventured to grapple with the problem re- sulting from this curious discovery. The general presumption that everything in Middle English is based on Latin, French, or Italian is firmly rooted in the minds of all scholars. These Irish texts, however, give pause to such an assumption in the present case, and investigators have con- tented themselves with a Fabian policy. Mr. Maynadier deserves much credit for his courage in reopening the matter, and for the ingenuity and acumen with which he has conducted his investigations. His moderation, and the frankness with which he considers all sorts of possibilities, are prepossessing, and we imagine that his main results will meet with pretty general acceptance among those best qualified to pass judgment. He decides that, in the group of stories to which "The Wife's Tale" and its analogues in Gower and elsewhere belong, we have a strong case for the trans- mission of literary material from Irish to English without French intermediaries. This is his principal thesis, and it is well maintained. Its significance with regard to several moot points in mediaeval literature will not escape our readers. Apart from his main thesis, Mr. Mayna- dier's plan requires him to determine the literary relations of all extant forms of the type to which Chaucer's tale belongs. Here there are many hypotheses, and some of the results are necessarily provisional, but the qualities to which we have ad- verted stand the author in good stead. His genealogical table may perhaps be cor- rected in some of its details, as time goes on, but it can hardly be modified in any- thing essential. Incidentally, Mr. Mayna- dier refutes some of the arguments of Prof. Bugge with respect to the Helgi poems in the Elder Edda. Despite its learning and the detail inseparable from such a study, the book is unusually readable. The au- thor never forgets that he is dealing with literature. He manifests a fine apprecia- tion of the charm investing these oft-told

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Oct. 10, 1901] T li e 1ST a t i o 11 285 tales which the world has always been so ready to hear. Mr. Schofleld's paper is likewise excellent reading. He finds the kernel of "The Franklin's Tale" in a shadowy legend of Arviragus and Genuissa preserved by Geof- frey of Monmouth. This legend, he sup- poses, was worked up as a Breton lay, which reached Chaucer in a French version. The Oriental parallels cited by Clouston and others may seem to contravene this theory, but, as Mr. Schofield shows, they by no means invalidate it. The lays are full of material not originally Celtic, and the combination of two stories, widely dif- ferent in source, is no strange phenomenon. Demonstration is impossible, and we should be unreasonable to require it. Mr. Scho- field writes with a complete mastery of the subject, and makes out as strong a case as the nature of the question allows. The results of his previous investigations in mediaeval romance have been widely ac- cepted, and we anticipate a similar good fortune for the present paper. Miss Petersen's monograph is the modest record of a remarkable discovery. Hereto- fore "The Parson's Tale" has usually been regarded as based upon the 'Somme des Vices et des Vertus' of Frere Lorens, though Professor Liddell, in the Furnivall Volume, has advanced a different theory. Miss Peter- sen, who is deeply versed in the confessional and penitential writers of the Middle Ages, finds that the Parson is indebted to two works — the third book of Raymund of Pen- naforte's 'Summa Casuum Pcenitentias' and the Summa seu Tractatus de Viciis' of Guilielmus Peraldus. These important treatises were the ultimate sources of "The Parson's Tale." The immediate source re- mains to be discovered, but Miss Petersen is on the track of it. In her opinion — which is entitled to all respect — it will turn out to be a glossed copy of Raymund into which the substance of Peraldus's tractate has been inserted. We have no hesitation in pronouncing Miss Petersen's monograph one of the most remarkable contributions to Chaucerian scholarship that have been made of recent years. We do not make a practice of reviewing text-books, but we must record the appear- ance of Professor Liddell's edition of the "Prologue," "The Knight's Tale," and "The Nun's Priest's Tale," which is distinguished by the care bestowed upon the text and by a learned essay on Chaucer's language. Professor Mather's edition of the same poems, which appeared some two years ago, is provided with a literary introduction, the lack of which is a defect in Professor Liddell's volume. An edition combining the excellences of these rival candidates for r popular favor would make a first-rate in- troduction to the study of Chaucer. " ! The New South Africa: Its Value and De- velopment. By W. Bleloch. Doubleday, Page & Co. 1901. However offensive we may find the spirit with which the author of this volume regards the subjugation of the Boers, we cannot deny that he takes a broad view of the methods by which their former possessions are to be made remunerative. Assuming that all resistance is crushed, and that the English are in full control of the territory of the two republics, the problem which Mr. Bleloch attacks is the estimation of the re- sources of the country and their systematic exploration. He has certainly taken great pains to collect information from many sources, and his descriptions of particular regions are almost as detailed as those in Baedeker's guide-books. Many of them are quoted from official reports, and the opinions of eminent geologists, engineers, and other experts are constantly cited. Alto- gether, the book appears to be as carefully prepared a catalogue of the resources of the provinces as could be wished. Nevertheless, it is founded largely upon guesses, while its proposed scheme of government is open to much criticism. If the new rulers would do precisely what Mr. Bleloch tells them is necessary, doubtless the result would be ad- mirable. But there is no reason to suppose that proconsuls will be better in South Af- rica than they have been elsewhere. As to the quantity of gold in the Trans- vaal rocks, there are many expert opinions, between which it would be dangerous to discriminate. By a process that suggests the familiar method of "guessing at half, and multiplying by two," Mr. Bleloch reach- es the conclusion that the amount of gold in the Witwatersrand may be computed, "after vigorous pruning and a final deduction of 25 per cent., to prevent any possibility of overestimate," to be of the value of £2,- 153,3S2,938. By including the rest of the gold-bearing area of the Transvaal, this sum is raised to 3,000 or even 4,000 millions of pounds sterling. It thus appears that the territory was worth fighting for as plunder, provided its resources are well managed. That the system of granting mining rights adopted by the Transvaal Government was not in all respects wise, is clearly demon- strated. It was certainly better than that which has generally prevailed in our own country, in that it followed the common-law rule that ownership of land extends down- ward in perpendicular planes from the su- perficial boundaries. The principle that when a man strikes a productive vein he may follow it under his neighbor's property has produced endless quarrels, and has no standing in equity. But the requirement of an annual license fee, amounting for the or- dinary prospector to five shillings a month for every claim, has resulted in throwing the auriferous lands into the possession of large capitalists. The conditions are such that at least 100 claims are required for an average mine on the Rand, and a much larger area is necessary for prospect- ing. No poor man, no weak com- pany, can pay such fees on land that, perhaps, in nine cases out of ten has no value; for it is expensive business to get down to the reef and to work the mine after it is opened. Of course, many poor men and many feeble companies have made the ex- periment, but they have invariably found that when their claims proved to contain gold, it could not be extracted without the expenditure of a great deal of money. Hence there was nothing to do but to sell their claims, which they could do only to the few powerful "syndicates" that were prepared to manage large enterprises. Of course, the monthly license fees constituted a steady pressure on weak holders. Moreover, the valuable "owners' rights," which include a share in the proceeds of license fees, can, as a rule, be acquired only by large capitalists. Mr. Bleloch proposes that the law should be amended by allowing greater freedom in prospecting and by reducing the license fees. The rights of owners of land to the gold which it contains are also to be severe- ly curtailed for the benefit of the Govern- ment, which is to obtain further revenue by taxing the dividends made by mining companies. He considers, however, that the Government would obtain such large sums through its appropriation of the rights now enjoyed by the owners of the land, as to make other taxation unimportant. Never- theless, he proposes an elaborate scheme which contains most of the odious features devised by the rulers of Europe to sup- port their armaments. The people of Eng- land pay an income tax of a shilling in the pound, and it would be unfair, accord- ing to Mr. Bleloch, to allow their enemies, "who have caused the war, to get off scot- free." The hut tax levied on the natives should be doubled. The "death duties" should be introduced, and the land tax in- creased. The revenue thus obtained would be sufficient to pay the interest on £40,- 000,000, or one-third of the cost of the war. It should be added that the Transvaal Gov- ernment was undoubtedly extravagant, and that much revenue could be saved that has been wasted. The dynamite monopoly should be abolished, and railway-freight charges reduced, so that, after all, the mining in- dustry might be less heavily burdened than heretofore. On the whole, Mr. Bleloch makes out a very plausible case for the future prosper- ity of the Transvaal, and, even allowing his estimates to be too sanguine, his an- ticipations may be eventually realized. He presents many interesting facts concerning the agricultural resources of the country, and dwells on its wealth of minerals other than gold. His book is of far more value than most of those which treat of South African conditions, and it deserves the at- tention of those who are interested in the future of that region. We are at liberty to question his inferences, but his state- ments of fact have every appearance of trustworthiness. La Noblesse Franc-aise sous Richelieu. Par le Vicomte G. d'Avenel. Paris: Ar- mand Colin. 1901. The Vicomte Georges d'Avenel, whose 'Richelieu et la Monarchie Absolue' is the standard work on the internal condition of France during the reign of Louis XIII., has added to the obligations of students by publishing a sketch of aristocratic life at that time. But here he does not write for students alone. Any one who can read the copious and sprightly memoirs of seven- teenth-century France will be delighted with a book which, while dealing with gen- eral subjects rather than individual ca- reers, is based for the most part on auto- biographies. And although M. d'Avenel at times draws freely on his former volumes, he has gained force by compression. It is quite conceivable that a book might be written on the measures by which Riche- lieu resisted the plots of the nobles. The execution of Marillac and Montmorency are only the most celebrated incidents in his policy of repressing such powers as could be used against the crown. But the Cardi- nal's dealings with the aristocracy do not furnish the main motive of M. d'Avenel's essay. Richelieu is, indeed, mentioned at frequent intervals; yet, if all the allusions to him were removed, the general charac-

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286 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 ter of the work would not be seriously affected. In other words, the intrigues of the nobles against the Government, and theii political aspirations, are much less accen- tuated than their social rights and duties, their revenues and their expenses, their spir- it and their legal status. One point upon which M. d'Avenel insists very strongly is the mildness of the corvees and banaliUs. He holds that the degree of oppression which they entailed has been much exaggerated. After reading many cahiers of the estates, pamphlets, and broadsides, he has become convinced that the feudal services of the seventeenth cen- tury entailed no excessive hardship. Other- wise they would have been complained of far more vehemently than was actually the case. They could be commuted by the pay- ment of money, and the amount demanded as composition was not large. In 1620 the total amount paid by the maids and widows of a large seigniory for exemption from corvees was fifteen sous. Sometimes local custom required that the lord should feed the peasant and his animals while they were performing the stated service. Closely connected with the amount derived from the banalites, which M. d'Avenel con- siders to have been extremely little, there is the revenue derived from the cens, or the fixed, invariable rent paid by the tenant for his holding. While this amount is regularly forthcoming, a bare title only is vested in the lord; the usufruct belongs wholly to the tenant. The chief fact which bears upon the value of the cens is the rapid decline In the purchasing power of money. The shrink- age of the livre tournois from its importance in the reign of Saint Louis to its insignifi- cance in the reign of Louis XIII. affected the revenues of the nobles disastrously. Legally the rate of payment remained what it had been in the Middle Ages. A livre was a livre; and, no matter how low its purchasing power, it was still the unit of payment, save in some cases where the tenant was bound to pay grain or cattle. From the end of the Middle Ages the nobles kept growing poorer by the action of economic causes, and could make good their losses only by drawing on the royal civil list — an expedient which was open to but low. But we should misrepresent the contents of this animated volume if we limited our notice to economic matters. The bulk of the space is given up to subjects which admit of copious illustration from the personal his- tory of the time, including duels, elope- ments, ami gaming. Almost every Impor- tant statement is supported by its incident or its anecdote. One of the best chapters centres about the spirit of the aristocratic order — its sense of honor and its brutality, its love of adventure and the narrowness of its horizon. M. d'Avenel is perfectly frank, and some of the episodes which he recalls take one back to the nobles of Austrasia and Neustria. Yet, despite the crudeness of practical jokes and public brawling, there is an untamed vigor in sight which contrasts favorably with the tone of society under Louis XV. And it is shared impartially by cavaliers and dames. At the trial of Mont- morency, M. de Guitaux was asked whether he had seen the accused in the fight at Cas- telnaudary. He answered, "que le voyant tout convert de sang, de feu et de fume.. [] cut ill' la pi'ine a le connaitre, mais qu'enfin lui ayant vu rompre six de leurs rang tuer des soldats dans le septieme, il jugea bien que ce ne pouvait etre autre que lui." As for the corresponding activity of women, Mme. de Bonneval fought a duel with her own husband, and Mme. de Saint-Balmont is said during her life to have killed or taken prisoners more than four hundred men. And this was in an age which witness- ed the founding of the French Academy! It is impossible for a modern historian to consider any subject in isolation, and M. dAvenel draws his comparisons not only from other European states in the era of Richelieu, but from earlier and later periods of French history. One long and valuable part of his book looks forward to the rapid decline of the aristocracy between the death of Louis XIII. and the Revolution. Any one who examines the condition of France in 1752, when Lord Chesterfield is prophesying a speedy catastrophe, for which he gives his reasons, must see that the nobles no longer possess their former prestige. As a privi- leged order they still preserve their immu- nity from taxation. "Why is it that they count for less in the social life of the land and also in power? M. d'Avenel finds two main grounds for the change. The first is a silent transfor- mation of manners, and the second is the royal practice of ennobling many persons who to-day would rise only to the lower grades of the Legion of Honor. The nobles fall behind in the race for distinction when fighting ceases to be the normal occupation of a gentleman. They do not keep pace with the general intellectual movement. M, dAvenel says very neatly: "Un grand Ccdant arma togce passe tout a coup sur l'Europe civilisee; c'ostunmot d'ordre que nul encore n'a l'audace de proferer a voix haute, mais qui deja, dans les masses profondes du tiers- Otat, caresse doucement les oreilles." When the arts of peace thrust the duellist and fire-eater in the background, the nobles did not conform to the changed circumstances. Unlike the members of the English peerage, they held aloof from the hard work of gov- ernment. Even as early as the regency of Mazarin, they begged high places for their friends rather than for themselves because they felt their own incompetence. The Crown, by selling patents of honor and by granting them for insufficient services, ac- celerated the downward course of the ord^r. Whether or not Louis XIV. acted from a de- sire to weaken the aristocracy by adulterat- ing it. the effect was disastrous to the repu- tation which the upper classes bore among the commonalty. In contrast to the completeness of his in- formation about France, one observes in M. d'Avenel's references to England a slight disposition to inaccuracy. "Lord Herbert Cherbury" is not the familiar form of Lord Edward Herbert's name, and Englishmen can hardly claim that they have no equivalent of the word misalliance, "parce que l'idee bles- sante qu'il feveille n'y est pas connue." The French term is repeatedly quoted in English writings to express an idea with which Eng- lishmen are quite familiar. But this is cap- tious criticism to pass on a most learned and entertaining book. Biographical and Other Articles. By Wil- liam C. Todd, A.B., President of the New Hampshire Historical Society. Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1901. In the Boston Public Library, the News- paper Reading-Room founded by Mr. Todd is surpassed in the number of readers by no other department, and this fact will lead many people to look into his sketches. The large class who have no time for book- reading will be further attracted by brevi- ty— a real Greek horror of too much — in each of the eight monographs which they find bound together. Interest must be strongest in Newburyport, where Mr. Todd started and endowed the first Newspaper Reading- Room, and where his home has always been, next to his native Atkinson. The biographies are all associated with that neighborhood. Every article contains some- thing that every reader will be glad to learn — each idea the more attractive be- cause flavored with the individuality of the author. He has been a leisurely looker-on in scenes of many-colored life at home and in three continents abroad. A snapper-up of trifles unconsidered by most, he gives them such a setting, whatever his topic, that they are trifles no longer. His twen- ty pages on Webster, for instance, are a mosaic from more than a dozen unexpected witnesses. The New England rural pastor before 1800 is drawn to the life, with a halo around homely or quaint customs now for- gotten, but on which moderns look back cu- riously. This chapter, as well as "A Sum- mer in Norway," will be the freshest revela- tion to most readers, for they are too young to have come into contact with the last sur- vivors of the clergy of the colonial era. In 1879 Mr. Todd voyaged in a crowded tourist steamer to the cape of the midnight sun, and afterwards, as a solitary pilgrim, walk- ed well-nigh four hundred miles on unbeat- en Norwegian paths. The idyllic charac- teristics discovered with glad surprise in recesses not yet demoralized have never been more lovingly chronicled. Mr. Todd's favorite is Caleb Cushing, with whom he was intimate. Cushing, in his judgment, not only was the first citizen of Newburyport, but might well have been so counted everywhere. But why such ex- ceptional talents should have failed, after all, to secure for Cushing a lasting national reputation; why he is not among the cher- ished great men of his native State; why the Senate rejected him on Grant's nomina- tion to the Supreme Court, and why that nomination was a surprise to the country at large — are questions of which the answer must be sought outside of Mr. Todd's pages. Such readers as from childhood have heard traditional stories about Lord Timothy Dex- ter, of whalebone stays and warming-pan notoriety, may be most interested in the paper which shows up authentically his real life, its facts and its fictions alike. The fictions of history are our author's pet aversion. It is not safe to question any fact which he states or even assents to. His estimate of New Hampshire fighters at Bunker Hill, as two-thirds of the reb- els in conflict there, appears, for instance, a wild exaggeration to one who re- members that, in 1775, the New Hamp- shire Continentals were only 2,824 to 16,444 from Massachusetts. His reckon- ing has been proved at last the ex- act truth by official military returns (New Hampshire Hist. Soc. Proc, vol. i., p. 361). The last and longest of these miscel- lanies, "Some Persons I Have Seen," has a significant sentence and sometimes more about each of some sixty celebrities. This chapter cries aloud for an index. Mr. Todd

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Oct. 10, 1 901] The Nation. 287 was the last man from whom a book thus unfinished was to be feared. The desidera- tum will doubtless be supplied in the second edition, which cannot remain long uncalled for. Typographical faults, and they are many, which could not have existed had the author's eyes allowed him to revise proofs, must also be corrected. The New Brazil: Its Resources and At- tractions, Historical, Descriptive, and In- dustrial. By Marie Robinson Wright. Phil- adelphia: George Barrie & Son. 1901. 4to, pp. 450. Illustrated. So long a period has elapsed since a comprehensive work on Brazil has appeared in English that Mrs. Wright has entered a field free from competitors. Any one wishing to know the actual conditions in that country must in consequence have re- course to this book. Its popularity would certainly have been greater had it been published in smaller form, and the loss of illustrations which this would have en- tailed would not have been a detriment. As it stands, it is a sort of picture gallery of Brazil, In which nearly every thing and every man of note in the whole country are represented. A wise selection of illustra- tions would have been more effective. The book is not, however, written as a mere accompaniment to the pictures. Mrs. Wright, if not the keenest of observers, is at least an observer by wholesale. She covers the entire field. She has method, and has inquired into every detail of the national life. In this respect the work is eminently satisfactory, for it answers in its fashion every question that a foreigner might ask. She has not taken the gossip of the port cities, but has seen the things she writes about, and consequently gives in the main an accurate account of the so- cial and industrial life of Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul to Para and Manaos. It is when she departs from matters personally observed that she falls into error. The old familiar notion of that impossible canal from the Orinoco to the Rio Negro is once more set forth in alluring phrase, with the further suggestion of similar canals from the Rio Madeira to the river system of the Paraguay, and of a waterway from the upper Amazon to the Pacific! Here is an interoceanic route which our Congress has not considered! The magnificence of the water-transportation routes in South America has encouraged indiscreet predic- tions many times before, and has led more than one savant to anticipate a growth of population and power in the centre of South America which the very existence of those waterways will long retard, con- sidering the immense difficulties which they themselves are partly responsible for plac- ing in the way of supplementing them with railroads. What we chiefly miss in this book is a revelation of the character of the Brazil- ians, and an interpretation of the spirit of the people as shown in their social and po- litical life. We nowhere feel the pulse of the nation. All is impersonal, in spite of much laudation of the achievements of notable men and women who have made and are making the history of the country. The author's turn of mind is preeminently practical, and the subtler manifestations of life she has not grasped. But the condi- tions of trade and commerce, the unde- veloped resources of this favored land, and the opportunities for colonization, are ful- ly presented. Perhaps Mrs. Wright is even too optimistic, so that she fails to draw any lessons from the financial crisis in which the country has been laboring, and from the failures which have attended the planting of numerous colonies in the past. It is easy to say that northern settlers will find here a fertile soil and a salubrious climate, but the experience of the world has shown that the perils and hardships of pioneer life are greater in the tropics than elsewhere, and that malarial fever is a bane not easy to overcome. Moreover, the petty official is ever an obstructionist, and in Brazil this evil is very great, offsetting to a large extent the liberality of the laws. From her failure to speak out boldly against such abuses, the author would seem to be too intent upon remaining persona grata to the Brazilians. The same spirit shows in the treatment of the religious life of the people, which is dismissed with- out analysis of any sort. While the intelli- gent reader will instinctively discount the opinions of a traveller whose every word is praise and commendation, it is neverthe- less better to deal thus than to indulge in that carping criticism which has marred the productions of so many writers upon the Latin-American republics. Despite its de- fects, therefore, this work will stand as a valuable contribution to our knowledge of present conditions in one of the most in- teresting and progressive American com- monwealths. Swrcy. By Walter Jerrold. With illustra- tions by J. A. Symington. London: Dent; New York: E3. P. Dutton & Co. 1901. This dainty volume contains all any one can wish to know about Surrey. Mr. Dewar, the editor, in his introduction, says that he who writes of his county should feel con- vinced of its excelling in beauty and inter- est all other counties, so that his book should be a labor of love. This is entirely the case with Walter Jerrold, so that, un- like the usual guide-book, his chapters are excellent reading, not only describing the natural resources of Surrey, its manufac- tures, its historical and literary associations, its hunting, fishing, and sport, but introduc- ing also his personal experiences and obser- vations, which are told with a vivacity that insures the interest of the reader. There is keen enjoyment in his planned excursions. Whether he gives us the choice of highway or byway, we feel that every path is fa- miliar to him; we scent the pine woods and heather; he calls our attention to the dis- tant view, and tells us of the wayside inn, of the flowers we shall see in the woods we pass through, and of the birds that fre- quent its shades. Everything has been noted by our author; besides which, he is well read in the book-lore of his county, and lets us share his acquaintance with writers, ancient and modern, who have men- tioned in history, correspondence, poetry, or fiction the sites he wishes us to visit. The many famous authors connected with Surrey in various ways are all introduced in their right place, and appositely quoted for our enlightenment — from Thomas Fuller, John Evelyn, Aubrey, Samuel Pepys, and John Toland, among the elders, to the Rev. O. Manning (the historian of the county), William Cobbett, Keats, Shelley, Ruskin, Dickens, George Meredith, and William Morris. Of famous houses and places of note, of architectural beauty or historical interest, Surrey contains not a few. They are all here, and the illustrations of J. Sym- ington which interpolate the text are very helpful and pleasing. Part II. contains chapters on natural his- tory and sport. "Our Surrey Birds" is by J. A. Bucknell. There are no less than six- ty-odd species, and the lists of summer resi- dents and winter visitors enable us to know when to look for them. E. Step writes of the flora of the county, which seems to have changed during the last forty years — no doubt on account of the fashion for wild flowers in London. The woods and hedges are stripped of flowers, leaves, and berries to supply the market, and the Selborne So- ciety in vain protests against the ruthless tearing up of roots and the molestation of wild creatures of the woods. Those who be- long to this society (and it counts many mem- bers) would strongly disapprove of the Rev. G. J. Vernon's entomological chapter, in which he treats of catching moths by "sugaring." The cyclist will find a special chapter with twenty-five routes made out for him, a lighting-up table, and another of cross-bearings. A gazetteer of Surrey and two excellent maps are included in this most useful volume of the "Rural England Series." Five Years m Ireland, 1895-1900. By Michael J. F. McCarty, Barrister-at-law. London: Simpkin & Marshall. Pp. x + 568. Por- traits and illustrations. This is the work of a young Catholic Irish- man, whose portrait, taken apparently in court suit, and surrounded by favorable notices of the book (which has run to four editions), faces the title-page. Neither the portraits of other personages nor the views of places appear selected upon any settled plan. As the name suggests, the book pro- fesses to be a record of the principal events that occurred in Ireland between the dates named. It is stuffed with puerilities, while many really important subjects, such as the growth of the Irish language movement, are left unnoticed. Mr. McCarty's thesis is that Ireland has now, mainly through the wis- dom of the Conservative party in Parlia- ment, all she should desire, and that it is her own fault if she does not settle down a proud and happy portion of the United King- dom. If Mr. Parnell was one of her chief benefactors and rightly one of her heroes in the past, Lord Cadogan and the brothers Balfour are so now. The late visit of the Queen was one of the greatest events in Irish history. The Protestant population, especially that of the north, is compared favorably with the Catholic. The pres- ent is viewed without consideration of the influences and history of the past. Two chapters are devoted to the perpetrators of a few dreadful crimes and insanities, as il- lustrative of the general character of the Irish people. No nation on earth could be shown worthy of free institutions if judged upon such premises; and those who really know the Irish believe them to be as free from great faults as any other peoples. The work, however, contains important matter, and deserves the attention of all deeply interested in Irish affairs. We do not wonder at the extraordinary vogue it is having in the capital, at least, of Ire- land— that it is permanently on sale in ev-

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288 The IsTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 ery book-shop not specially Catholic, that It is in circulation by the score at the lending libraries, and that at the National (Government) Library of Ireland, partly under Catholic direction, it has so far been refused admission, whilst there (as we are told) "asked for by millions of readers." It is in the main and essen- tially the protest of a Catholic against what he conceives to be the influence of his Church in Ireland, in weakening the mental fibre of the people, and, by its claims upon their purses, impeding their material pro- gress. Mr. McCarty is certainly to be com- mended for his courage. We do not wonder that the Daily News writes: "Had he utter- ed it in the sixteenth century, [it] would have brought him to the stake, or landed him in a Roman dungeon had he given ex- pression to it anywhere in the States of the Church before the King of Italy made an end of the temporal power." The book is naturally acceptable in Protestant circles. Its importance or otherwise as a sign of the times depends upon the extent to which the views expressed by the author are germi- nating in the minds of his coreligionists. If the state of affairs he deplores has been de- veloped under present institutions, is it not likely to be most effectually combated by what he least desires — placing the effec- tive political control of the country in the hands of the people? In any case, the suc- cess of this book and the circulation among all classes in Ireland of a new weekly paper, the Leader, are proof that an unwonted spirit of criticism of men and movements is taking hold of the country. The Macdonough-Hackslaff Ancestry. By Rodney Macdonough. Boston: Press of Samuel Usher. 1901. Records of pedigrees, like the devices of heraldry, are chiefly of interest only to the persons concerned. Few families of modern days have done anything to win the coats of arms they boast, or shed lustre on the bead-rolls of names they bear. The usual tables of descent are as barren as the Biblical catalogues of the Dukes of Edom, lacking personality and linked with no his- torical event. Some few of such diagrams of converging lines centre upon some emi- nent person, illustrating the force of hered- ity, but usually these genealogical re- searches result in mere dry, lifeless jot- ting down of births, deaths, and dates. The author of the compilation before us is for- tunate in finding among his materials cer- tain elements of distinction which heighten mere pedigrees with a touch of the vivacity of annals, and he has availed himself of this advantage with no little literary clev- erness. A record which can so connect its page with public affairs, and can cite as a possession the names of men in three gen- erations conspicuous for service in the American Revolution, the naval war of 1812, and the closing days of commerce by sail- ing-craft, has interest for the general read- er apart from that inspired by the claim of special kinship. The seed of the trees of descent here sketched was planted in Saxon soil. Eng- lish, German, and Scotch sap nourished their growth, varied to advantage by a Celtic graft. On the paternal side, the au- thor's ancestors before his great-grand- father's generation were settled at Kildare, In Ireland. The English island of Antigua was the home of some of the progenitors of the line, which is traced on the maternal side to Alstadt in Germany at the date of 1750. One of the author's ancestors in the fifth ascending generation was a merchant of the city of New York, William Denning, a native of the West Indian island of An- tigua, who married successively two sisters, Hawxhursts, of an English family long set- tled in Long Island. In the troubled times preceding the outbreak of the Revolution, the friends of independence found in him a wise counsellor and active organizer. His name is conspicuous among those of the chief citizens who guided the people with constancy and sagacity in the dangers of their doubtful course. On committees at home, in correspondence with the other colonies, and in commercial measures of prevision, he was among the foremost. At a later time, his services in legislation were constant, and Congress often asked his ad- vice and aid in financial adjustments. At the same period, another paternal ancestor held the rank of major in a Delaware regi- ment, and upon the peace became, after important legislative services, a judge in the courts of that State. The triumph of independence left details of controversy between the nations engaged still unsettled. Persistent holding by Eng- land of territory conceded only in pledge, and arrogant claims of allegiance, demand- ing another conflict for their determination, provoked the naval war of 1812. When that war was to be closed, the military advisers of England confessed that the brilliant suc- cesses of her antagonist, especially the vic- tory of Plattsburgh — for negotiations began before the battle of New Orleans — forbade any exacting demands of settlement. And this was just when the downfall of Na- poleon had released her fleets and armies for other service. The name of the com- mander in that action, Thomas Macdonough, stands secure in history among the earlier glories of the republic. His grandson, the compiler of this record, inheriting the modesty which was conspicuous in his an- cestor, makes no attempt to magnify his fame, only presenting a sketch of his early and too short life, and a facsimile of his dispatch announcing the victory. A steel engraving adorns the page, from Gilbert Stuart's fine portrait, of uncertain date, probably about 1818 — a supreme example of his art. In this era of six-day transits by steam greyhounds, we read with amusement of a time when the world's commerce crept sluggishly under sail, and packets brought over as news only once a month a novel by Scott, or a poem of Byron's, or a battle by Napoleon. Yet, within such limitations, American navigators of those days perfect- ed their art, and secured for the leisurely and comparatively few passengers by their packets a degree of safety and comfort hardly now surpassed. The inconvenience of delay was compensated for by a certain measure of luxury among select compan- ions, while no mob of globe-trotters vexed the voyager's soul. Among the accomplish- ed seamen of that period, Capt. Hackstaff, from 1824 to 1851, was famous for the safety and dispatch of his voyages, and his perfect sailor-like courtesy. Interspersed throughout the book are many distinct memoirs, often presenting curious phases of remote colonial life and manners. Apt illustrations break the uni- I'ormity of its subject, such as old-fashioned likenesses, and facsimiles of ancient wills and documents. The typography and bind- ing are not less noticeable than the dili- gence and research devoted to the prepara- tion of its contents. Maryland as a Proprietary Province. By Newton D. Mereness. The Macmillan Co. 1901. To students of colonial history that of Maryland is apt to seem tame and unevent- ful. Indian wars she had none worth the name; her occasional revolutions and coun- ter-revolutions were remarkable rather for humanity than for heroism, and the chronic bickerings between the governors and the burgesses scarcely rose above parochial magnitude. Yet for this very reason, and from the fact that there were scarcely any violent irruptions into the peaceful process of transformation, the history of Maryland affords exceptional opportunities for study- ing the regular course of political, social, and industrial development. Maryland as a province occupied a pecu- liar position. Ruled by a proprietary with virtually royal powers, under a charter of wider scope than had ever been granted by a king of England; exempted from taxation by the crown; removed from both the con- trol and the protection of Parliament, the Marylanderswere yet declared to be English subjects, and entitled to all the rights, privileges, and liberties of Englishmen. So the people, when discontented (as they generally were) with the existing state of things, if they considered themselves ag- grieved by the Proprietary (that is, during the first fifty years of the colony), they ap- pealed to Magna Carta and their inaliena- ble rights, and when they were aggrieved by the home government (as in the last fifty years) they appealed to the exemp- tions of their charter. Every political ques- tion, therefore, might have two aspects and be treated from two different points of view. And it would seem that every po- litical question which could arise did arise, at some time or other, and was so treated, often with great ability on both sides. All these questions are carefully exam- ined and lucidly discussed in the work be- fore us. The charter of Maryland being feudal, the whole system rested upon the land; and the land question, the modes of infeudation, the revenues derived from the land, the way in which the people were supported by it, and the social conditions which this life in- volved, are treated In full. Then the functions of each department of the Government, and their gradual transforma- tion under changing conditions, are clearly set forth. The machinery of local govern- ment, the complicated questions of finance, religious matters under Catholic predomi- nance, under Puritan predominance, and under the Established Church, are discuss- ed with exemplary impartiality. Last, the relations with the Government of Great Britain, from the time it was looked to as a protector until it came to be regarded as an oppressor, lead us step by step from the Declaration of the Protestant Associa- tes of 1689 to that of the Non-importation Associators of 1769, and so to the Revolu- tion. We have here the colonial history of Maryland presented as an object-study In

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Oct. 10, 1901] r_T h. e IN" a t i o 11 . 289 the gradual evolution of a free, self-gov- erned commonwealth. We cannot speak too highly of the way In which this work has been done. Dr. Mereness has studied every point In the light of the original contemporary docu- ments, printed and in manuscript, not only those in the archives of the State, but those in private collections; and references to the authorities confirm every statement. The labor undergone has been great; but the result is a work planned and carried out in the truest historical spirit, and in- valuable to the student of American history and institutional development. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbott, Prof. F. F. History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Boston: Ginn & Co. Abbott, Alice B. A Frigate's Namesake. Century Co. $1. Allehin, W. H. A Manual of Medicine, Vol. III. : Diseases of the Nervous System. Macmillan. $2. Baldry, A. L. Hubert von Herkomer, R.A. Lon- don: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. 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290 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1893 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS. VOL. XII. NO. 1. OCTOBER, 1901. THE USE OF MORAL IDEAS IN POLITICS. J. S Mackenzie, University College, Cardiff, Wales.— THE TASK OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. The late Thomas Davidsov. — SOCIALISTIC IMPERIALISM. John A. Hobson, London.— MONOPOLIES AND FAIR DEALING. Charles S. Devas, Bath, England— WO- MEN AND THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES. Eliza Ritchie, Halifax, N. S.— THE VALUE OF RELIGION. G. E. Moobe, Trinity College, Cambridge, England.— HAS THE INDIAN CHARACTER BEEN MISJUDG- ED? A. L. Benedict, Buffalo, N. ¥.— DISCUSSIONS.- BOOK REVIEWS. Philadelphia: International Journal of Ethics, 1305 ARCH STREET. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Paternoster Sq. Yearly. $2.50 (10s.). Single numbers, 65 cts. (2s. 6d.). ISSUED QUARTERLY. Entered at Philadelphia as second class matter. THE CHILDREN OF THE NATIONS. 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VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 894. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. NEW PUBLICATIONS Shacklett A Story of American Politics. By WALTER BARR. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. Mr. Barr has written a novel of politics in the West, which shows the richness of a field comparatively undeveloped. The evolution of his central figure, who passes through various stages as clerk, lobbyist, legislator, and governor, is sketched with a graphic realism which is absolutely convincing. The book as a whole is a fresh, strong, vigorous piece of work. The Teller By EDWARD NOYES WESTCOTT, author of "David Harum." Uniform Edition. Illus- trated. l2mo, cloth, $1.00. The publishers of " David Harum " have the pleasure of presenting the only other story written by the lamented Ed- ward Noyes Westcott. Mr. Westcott's business life lay with practical financial matters and in "The Teller" he has drawn upon his knowledge of life in a bank. THE QUIBER.ON TOUCH A Romance of the Sea. By CYRAJS TOWNSEND BRADY, Author of "For the Freedom of the Sea," "The Grip of Honor," etc. With Frontispiece. l2mo, cloth, $1,50. " This story has a reai beauty; it breathes of the sea. Fenimore Cooper would not be ashamed to own a disciple in the school of which he was a master, in these descriptions of the tug of war as it was in the eighteenth century between battleships under sail." — Ni ii' York Mail and Express. SomeWomen I Have Ki\owi\ By MAARTEN MAARTENS. author of "God's Fool," "The Greater Glory," etc. With frontispiece. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. Maarten Maartens is recognized by all readers of fiction as one of the most artistic and finished novelists of the day, and he has doue nothing that shows certain fine characteris- tics of his work better than this gallery of charmingly execut- ed miniatures. These stories indicate character, relations, environments, the development of incidents with the lightness and grace of a true artist. The Wage of Character A Novel. By JULIEN GORDON, author of " Mrs. Clyde," etc. With portrait. l2mo, cloth, $1.25. Julien Gordon's new novel is a story of the world of fashion and intrigue, written with an insight, an epigrammatic force, and a realization of the dramatic and the pathetic as well as more superficial phases of life, that stamp the book as one im- mediate and personal in its interest and convincing in its ap- peal to the minds and to the sympathies of readers. D. APPLETON ® COMPANY, New York

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1894 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. POUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-offlce as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Wbek 291 Editorial Articles: The New Canal Treaty 294 Opposition to the Ship Subsidy 294 Am riean Capital Abroad 295 Credulity About Tammany 296 Mr. Shepard on Pledges 2»b Special Correspondence: Swiss Mountain Railways and Passes 297 Princess Lieven. — 1 299 Notes 300 Book Reviews: The Harriman Expedition 303 More Astronomical Works 304 Beleaguered in Peking 306 A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions— Roman Public Life 306 An English Comment on Dante's Divina Com- m dia 307 Asia and Europe 308 La Formation du Style par l'Asslmilatlon des Auteurs 308 Chapters on Greek Metric 309 Books of tre Week 309 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any ,-art uf .he United Slates or Canada; tofo, eign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $i.00 The iiate when the subscription expires is on the address labH f ea h paper, the change of which to a subsequent da e becomes a re- eipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is s nl unles requested Remittances at the. n.*k of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by check, express or.er. or Pos.al Order payable to •' Publisher of the Na ton."' Whm a change of "ddress is desired, both the old ana new addtcses should b- given Address THE NA I ION. Box 794, New York. Publication Office, £08 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fift en cents per agate li.te, each insertion; U lines to the Inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page, or top 01 column. A column, $20 each insertion; with choice of page, $21,. A page. $60 each insertion ; front-cover page, $80 Advertisements must be ■■cceptable in every re- tpect. Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 percent. 8 " 10 13 " 12« - 26 " 15 39 " 20 " 52 " 25 Amount— 9100 wlthinayear lOnercent. 250 " " 12Jp , , , Miss E D. Huntley, ( *™cipais. Massachusetts, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address tin Dean, Samuel C Bennett. B Oregon, Portland, Park ai d St. Clair Streets. 5T. HELEN'S HALL. A school for Girls. Miss Eleanoe Tebbetts, Ph.D.. Prin^ • Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. Jl/fRS. LUC/A POLK CHAPMAN and IVl MI«S JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GYS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. D.4RIS, France. 1 Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Study Home for young ladies Resident French teacher Only French spoken. For particulars and circular address 97 Boulevard \rago (XlVe). ft/f/'SS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls Established in 1-41. Circularon application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St.. Phlia , Pa. ft/TrSS REYNOLDS School 66 W. 45 th J. VI St., New York.— Special »tu ents admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received into the family. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residential Tollege for the Women Students of Mcftlli University. For conditions of entrance, schol arshlpi. courses degrees, teims of residence, and 01 her par uulare. address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Montreal Miss Baldwin's SchocI for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given in both General and College Preparatory Couri-es. Fine flre-pro"f stone build ng v5 acres beautiful grounds For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. The Misses Shipley's School for Girls PREPARATORY TO BRYN MAWR COLLEGE Bryn Mawr, Pa. Ten miles from Philadelphia Number limited. Individual attention. Athktic and outdoor life. Rogers Hall School For (>irls. CertiflCHte admits to >mith, Vas Bar. Wellesley. a d Wells. Four acr'-s for out- door sports Gol', Rasket Ball Tennis, \ddress Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, M.A., Prln., Lowell, Mass The Browne and Nichols School Cmiiorid •«•, ams. iHth ye ir. Course, « years. Classes limited to IS. No subordinate ti-achen^ ; pupln. Continuously under head teacher in each department. Exceptional facilities for fitting for Harvard. Illus- trated catalogue. School Agencies. THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everktt O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashbnrton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave , viashlnnton; 156 Flftn Ave, ew \ork;414' ent. B dg., Minneapolis; 533 t'ooper Bl O., 131 Devonshire St., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., New York.

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Oct. 17, 1901] The N" a t i o 11 . « • » 111 Financial. Denver, Colorado. Our earnest conviction Is that this Is the time to pur- cha»e selected property in Denver The under ying fac- tors which go to mane perm«nent prosperity are con- •plcuously present all over this section and Denver's real es ate will never again be purchasable at su.-h at- tractive prices Let us sunmlt facts by correspondence WHIPPLE & REYNOLDS, Beaton Bldg., Denver, Colo. The care of property for nou-restdents a specialty. LAWTON & FERTIG Colorado Springs, Colo. An experit nee of twenty-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selectiou of S x Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for Investment. An unbroken record of success In the profitable handling of money for a iarge list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. Pueblo, Col. I can handle investments for Eastern pjople with safety and legitimate profit. Pueiiio is a promising field. My s-pecialty for y* ars has been the care of properties and making inve-t- ments for non-reader' 3. References: First National Bank, Pueblo, and Eastern and For- eign clients. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Col. Kansas City, Mo. The present condl'lon of Kansas City is exactly suita- ble for purchasH o city pr .periy. Pr ces of t-da> guar antee appreciable ta> rease. There is no surer city in the United States for Investors to make money In real estate. We have been identified with ih*- real-estate In- terests of this city during lis steidlly healthy growth and would like to tell a few Eastern Investors how others have made money here, and how an> one with a reason- ably unprejudiced mind can do the same Choice loans on hand for sale at 5 and 0 per cent. In- terest. Our responsibility Is unquestioned. Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co. 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iv V 1 1 e N at ion. [Vo1- 73> No- l894 " These monumental volumes are the admiration of every true student of Shake- speare/'— Dr. William Aldls Wright. TWELFTH NIGHT VOLUME XIIL OF The Variorum Shakespeare EDITED BY HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, PhD., LL.D., L.H.D. THE PLAYS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ARE Macbeth The Winter's Tale Romeo and Juliet Hamlet* Two volumes Othello Much Ado About Nothing King Lear The Merchant of Venice The Tempest A Midsummer Night's As You Like It Dream Royal octavo, Superfine toned paper. Extra cloth, uncut edge, gilt top, per volume $4.00 net. Half morocco, gilt top, in sets only, $65 net. " Mr. Furncss's noble work will be a lasting honor to American letters." — New York Times. "This, the most exhaustive work on anyone of" Shakespeare's plays, comes from America." — London Atbenaum. Dr. W. J. Rolfe says of a recent volume: "This book, like its predecessors, is encyclopaedic and exhaustive — the entire literature of the subject compressed into a single volume, and the more valuable for the editor's personal contri- butions thereto.' ' Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO. Philadelphia

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1901. The Week. The conventions of the dominant party in several of the largest commonwealths between the Atlantic Coast and the Mis- souri River have proved significant in one important particular. They show that Republicans are keeping an open mind as to the Philippines, and that a Republican Administration at Washing- ton may count upon the support of the party in any well-directed efforts toward securing the ultimate relinquishment of American control of the islands. Massa- chusetts and New Jersey are typical Eastern States; Ohio and Iowa are equal- ly representative of the Middle West. Anybody who sought to learn what Re- publican sentiment in these two sections of the country has been at any time in the past thirty years would consult the platforms adopted by the party in the Conventions of those States at that time. The rule holds good now. The first in point of time this year were the Ohio Re- publicans, who assembled some weeks before President McKinley was shot. Naturally, they endorsed in the warmest terms "his wise, patriotic, and brilliant Administration," and they "pointed with pride" to the suppression of insurrection in the Philippines, the establishment of "civil government contemplating the largest practicable degree of home rule," and the introduction of the American educational system. As this convention was held during the lifetime of the Presi- dent who had declared that the flag must never be hauled down where it had once been raised, the moderation of the de- liverance on the subject of the Philip- pines is very noticeable. The Iowa Republicans went a step further. They followed a general en- dorsement of the McKinley Administra- tion with a declaration that "we would emphasize our endorsement of its ac- tion in more firmly establishing our monetary system upon a gold basis, and in providing for civil government in Porto Rico and the Philippines, and for the relinquishment of our authority in Cuba," and proceeded as follows: "The policy of this Government toward these islands has followed inevitably upon our expulsion of the authority of Spain. It has been dictated by conditions entirely consistent with the spirit and with the pro- visions of the Constitution, and the para- mount consideration has been to secure the lasting welfare of these people, whose fortunes and destinies have become in a large degree dependent upon us. The fact that our authority there is the result of ;i war waged, not for our aggrandizement, but in the name of humanity, must for ever govern and inspire our relations to them." The New Jersey Republicans adopted a platform which is entirely silent on the subject of the Philippines, and the Mas- sachusetts platform is equally mute. The party in each State is therefore now in a position to accept and endorse any policy that may look toward an end of the anomalous conditions under which a re- public is governing remote possessions. The Massachusetts Republicans, indeed, employed language which would be far more consistent with our abandonment of the Philippines than with our reten- tion of the islands, for they declared that the Republican party "pledges itself anew to the maintenance of its exalted ideals and its patriotic principles" — ideals and principles which, as Senator Hoar has repeatedly demonstrated, are utterly inconsistent with the rule of sub- ject peoples. Appeals are now made to President Roosevelt, as they had been to President McKinley, to do something in reference to the war in South Africa. Some people advocate one thing, and some another. The mildest suggestion made is that he shall in some way express an opinion about Gen. Kitchener's methods of car- rying on the war. According to this con- ception, the American people would say to the British people, through President Roosevelt: "We think that your concen- tration camps are barbarous and your banishment of prisoners of war needless cruelty. Why do you not exchange your prisoners for those taken by the other side?" etc. If such complaints were made by us, the British authorities might re- ply that without concentration camps the Boer women and children would be worse off than they are now, and that many of them would inevitably starve to death. Then we should reply that the British practice of burning houses is wicked, since it leaves the occupants des- titute and shelterless, and thus makes concentration camps necessary. To this the British casuists would, perhaps, re- join that they had read of similar do- ings by the American forces in the Phil- ippines, even the burning of whole vil- lages; and as for banishment, what about Guam? Possibly they might touch upon the Monroe Doctrine, and ask how we should regard an attempt on the part of a European Power to give advice in ref- erence to a war actually in progress on the American continent, and in which we were ourselves engaged. There is no end to the embarrassments in which we should find ourselves entangled if we should undertake to meddle, even in a friendly way, in the war in South Af- rica. If there was ever any question as to President Roosevelt's attitude towards the fight against Addicks in Delaware, it has been answered by his appointing William H. Heald Postmaster of Wil- mington. He has thus served notice up- on the State that no Federal patronage shall be at the disposal of Addicks or of his political pirates. Mr. Heald takes the place of an assiduous Addicks man, named Browne, whose accounts were re- cently found to be incorrect to the ex- tent of $1,205. This sum was promptly made good, and it was confidently be- lieved that the offence would be over- looked and Mr. Browne allowed to re- main in office. As soon as the President heard of the affair, he insisted upon a change, and, at the suggestion of Rep- resentative Bell, selected Mr. Heald. As the latter is a regular Republican of the most pronounced type, and one who worked for weeks last winter to prevent the success of Addicks during the last session of the Legislature, that intriguer can hardly regard his choice as any- thing else than a sign that the present Administration will be opposed to him, tooth and nail. Further news from Washington con- firms the report (which, however, need- ed no confirmation) that Senator Frye is still interested in the effort to im- prove our merchant marine. The dis- patches speak touchingly of the bill as the Senator's "favorite topic." Mr. Frye admits that last year's bill was drastic, "so drastic, in fact, that it frightened many people"; but he contends that the disease is one that requires drastic rem- edies. "Never was our merchant ma- rine in so bad a condition as last year," exclaims the Senator, in defiance of the recent Government figures showing un- paralleled growth in our ship-building industry, both on the Great Lakes and on the seaboard. Last year's bill, Mr. Frye thinks, was so good as to admit of little improvement. Yet, in order to pacify some who were frightened by its drastic character, he is willing to modify it so as to meet the views of those who ap- prove the principle of ship-subsidies. "These changes will not improve the bill, but will improve its chances of adoption," he plaintively continues. He further points out that last year's ses- sion was so short that the measure was "filibustered to death." In the approach- ing long session such a performance will be impossible, and there is therefore hope among the subsidy men lhat the shameless raid on the Treasury may this time succeed. Mr. Frye also poses as a student of in- ternational commerce. England, he says, is greatly alarmed by the efforts of Ger- many to gain control of the ocean, and by her gradual acquirement of widely

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292 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1894 extended port facilities. We must keep in the race with England and Germany, or we shall be left hopelessly behind. Moreover, says Mr. Frye, there are un- doubtedly special opportunities for our manufacturers to trade with the East, owing to the friendly attitude of China and Japan. Unless Americans are spe- cially paid to enter into trade with those countries, there is danger that they may let the opportunity slip. Hence an in- creasing need for a subsidy bill. Apro- pos of Germany's subsidy system, what would Mr. Frye say to the fact that the Hamburg-American Line was recently offered a German subsidy, but declined it because of the onerous conditions as to service, stopping-places, etc., attach- ing to the gift, and because it was al- ready doing a profitable business which could submit to no disturbance? The fact is, that the developments of the past year have more clearly than ever dem- onstrated the dangerous character of shipping subsidies in those countries where the shipping industry is unprofit- able, and their uselessness in countries where the reverse is true. In the Unit- ed States we now have a vigorous and rapidly growing ship-building industry which is a source of profit to its proprie- tors. There could be no more unblush- ing effrontery than the demand that the Government pay a class of men for con- ducting an already lucrative business. A curious situation in the sugar in- dustry has been revealed by the argu- ment concerning the countervailing duty on Russian sugar just heard before the United States Circuit Court at Balti- more. It will be recalled that Robert E. Downs, a Baltimore importer, was one of the first to pay the duty under protest, and that he appealed to the Board of General Appraisers in New York, which sustained the Treasury Department in imposing it. The decisive point was to settle whether the Russian Government was in any way affording a bounty to its domestic producers. This question was so difficult as to divide the Board of Ap- praisers, the sustaining verdict being adopted by a vote of two to one, while the protestant member of the Board, who opposed the duty, was probably the best informed and most competent of the three. The case was transferred to the United States Circuit Court, and the first day's hearing developed the fact that the Sugar Trust, which had in the first in- stance urged the Treasury to impose the countervailing duty, had now gone over to the other side. It had, in fact, joined Mr. Downs and the National Association of Manufacturers, by which he is sup- ported, in opposing the duty, and was seeking for points to show that the Treasury's position is incorrect. The explanation of this curious re- versal of the Trust's position is found in the news that a fresh conflict with the beet-sugar interests is now opening. Ac- cording to Mr. Post, the President of the National Sugar Refining Company, the recent cut in the price of granulated sugar to Zyz cents is due to the fact that "the making of large contracts by beet-sugar interests made it impossible for refiners of the West, South, and East, who had been supplying the bulk of the refined sugar in the Missouri Valley, to market their stocks there." Mr. Post points out that this cut made by the Sugar Trust is intended to open the competition between the beet-sugar refiners and the Trust, and he argued that with free raw sugar from Cuba the price of 3% cents would become per- manent, and imply an annual saving of $1.50 or $2 to each inhabitant of the United States. The total duties collect- ed from sugar now amount to about $50,- 000,000 per annum, and mean an aggre- gate increase in the cost to consumers of the year's sugar supply amounting to not less than $35,000,000. This $35,000,- 000 is practically equivalent to a bounty to sugar-planters in Louisiana, Hawaii, and Porto Rico and to domestic beet- growers. Of course, with lower duties on Russian sugar, the stress of competi- tion will fall most heavily on the weak- er producers, the beet-growers. For the moment, Judge Morris's decision up- holding Collector Stone will serve as pro- tection to the beet-sugar growers, and stimulate competition between them and the Sugar Trust. But Congress should take measures to regain control of the trade with Russia by repealing the coun- tervailing duty. Dispatches from Washington touching the report of the Industrial Commission indicate that there is a difference of opinion among the members as to the method of dealing with the Trust prob- lem. It is said that one section of the Commission favors stricter anti-Trust legislation by the States and by Con- gress, without altering their respective jurisdictions; that another section pro- poses that the exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce now exercised by Congress shall be delegated to the States, so as to allow them to regulate the manufacturing and trading corporations engaged in such commerce; while a third section favors the assumption by the national Government of an exclusive control of all such corporations and their regulation by act of Congress. Of the three methods of dealing with the problem, the last is the only one worthy of attention. It has been proved by ex- perience that the existing laws applica- ble to the subject are essentially nuga- tory and worthless. How they can be made more effective on the same plan it is difficult to see. To delegate to the States the jurisdiction of interstate com- merce now belonging to Congress would simply aggravate the existing incompe- tency of both Federal and State Gov- ernments to deal with the question. The first thing to secure is uniformity of ac- tion, so that the States shall not play against each other in their eagerness to secure the organization tax from cor- porations. What shall be done after the question of jurisdiction is settled is an after-consideration; but if the people have learned anything during the past twenty years, it is that the dispersion of power between State and Federal Gov- ernment is equivalent to the annihila- tion of power in both. It is a gross perversion of the facts when Mr. Shepard maintains that the Republican organization has not changed in its attitude toward the New York city election since 1897. In that year Mr. Low charged the State machine in the. Republican party with having thrown it- self into the struggle here, "in order that the result of the primaries might, work out the will of the State rather than the will of the city"; that the in- terests of the city and the interests of the Republican organization were widely different; that that organization wanted the spoils, and wanted the spoils "pri- marily to build up the machine." Mr. Shepard quotes all this, and asks whether it is the Republican party which has changed, or Setk Low? It seems in- comprehensible that he should not see that Mr. Low has not changed, that the anti-Tammany candidate is running this year upon the same non-partisan plat- form as in 1897, but that the Republican organization has changed its position ab- solutely, as it now supports the man and the cause that it opposed four years ago. There has been as absolute a change upon the part of another factor in each con- test— Mr. Shepard himself, who in 1897 denounced as the sum of all villanies the very Tammany from which he now accepts a nomination. Two things are clearly to be inferred from the correspondence now published regarding Cecil Rhodes's contribution to the Liberal campaign fund in 1891. One is that he was always ready to put money into politics where it would do the most good — for Rhodes; and the other is that the Spectator went too far (as it, in fact, admits with apologies) in asserting that the Liberal leaders knew of the contribution and of the conditions with which it was coupled. Rhodes admits that he has no evidence of the privity of either Sir William Har- court or of Campbell-Bannerman; and as for Gladstone, the sufficient proof that he knew nothing about the bargain is the fact that it was his subsequent speech which alarmed Rhodes about the Liberal policy as regards Egypt. Mr. Schnadhorst, the Liberal "organizer of victory," is dead; but there is no evi- dence that he, or any other man, ever

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Oct. 17, 1901] The Nation 293 had the temerity to approach Mr. Glad- stone with a corrupt proposal. When the thrifty Rhodes gave Parnell £1,000 fo rHome Rule, he asked the Irish lead- er if Rhodes's wishes about the hill might not be "put to Mr. Gladstone." "No," answered Parnell, "I do not think it would be wise for roe to put the point to Mr. Gladstone!" That the stars in their courses have hitherto favored General Buller there can be no doubt. Where others, like the gallant Gatacre, were relieved after one defeat and allowed to sink into the obscurity of disgrace, Gen. Buller was permitted to persevere, was given a splendid reception and a fine command on his home-coming. Despite certain disparaging newspaper statements, his social influence lately secured for him the command of one of the new army corps, in the face of the War Office's as- surances that only approved field com- manders should have these places. Like some of our own war heroes, Sir Red- vers has been his own undoing. From his confession, it seems that, as al- leged in the press, he advised Gen. Sir George White to surrender Ladysmith, and with it the plucky British army which had opposed the Boers so long. "What of it?" he says; "had Gen. White done so, the responsibility would have been upon my shoulders." Yet this was the man who was likened to our own stubborn Grant in his unyielding ham- mering away at the enemy before him. As it is, Buller has done Gen. White a great service, and placed him upon a higher pinnacle of fame than that he has occupied hitherto, by showing that he did what his superior doubted his ability to do. It is no wonder that press and public are raging. Gen. Bul- ler has revealed the fact that the War Office is still open to those sinis- ter social influences which are so large- ly responsible for its inefficiency, and that there is no genuine desire within it for a change. It is hardly possible now that it can continue to shield and advance Buller. His own folly has ren- dered this impossible. Meanwhile, thinking people are beginning to ask themselves whether there is not some- thing more than a coincidence in the simultaneous discrediting of Imperial- ism, and of many of Imperialism's fa- vorite instruments, that is now going on in more countries than one. ony's loyalty is violently suspect. But military necessity tramples upon the sensibilities of Ministers. What Kitch- ener appears to have told the Govern- ment is that, if he was expected to pur- sue the policy of Thorough, he must be given the weapons to do it with. We may, therefore, expect severer measures, more executions for "treason," and other gentle ways of persuading the Boers that "the best government in the world" is being extended over them. The declaration of martial law throughout all Cape Colony has doubt- less been made at the demand of Gen. Kitchener. Both in Cape Town and in London the civil Government was averse to making the confession involved in the act. After two years of war to expel the Boer invader from a loyal colony, it is a little hard to have to admit that the invader is still there, and that the col- British trade returns for September contrast unfavorably with those of the United States. There has been a falling off in the volume of trade in many lines. Imports have declined heavily, particu- larly those of articles of food and drink, which are liable to duty, and of raw materials. The London Economist, how- ever, says that trade is on the whole in a satisfactory condition. Prices have fallen, but the decline has in general been slight. They are still very high as compared with those ruling prior to 1898. Recent variations in the prices of wool and cotton, which threatened to disturb the textile industries, have proved only temporary, and the trade seems to be generally in good condition. Neverthe- less, while it is true that the situation is not alarming, it seems to indicate that the depression in Continental industry is in a measure spreading to England. The significance of the situation to the United States lies in the possible check to our exports which has been so long anticipated, and which seems to be im- plied in the decline of British imports of certain raw products. The recent reply of M. Delcasse, the French Foreign Minister, to the repre- sentative of the Charente wine-growers shows that the increasing demand for reciprocity is not confined to the United States. The wine-growers had asked for such tariff arrangements with Rus- sia as would result in a decrease in duties on French wine and brandy. M. Delcasse pointed out that he had done what he could in this di- rection, but he complained that Russia had replied by asking a corresponding reduction in French duties on wheat and other Russian products, as well as the repeal of the practical interdict against Russian cattle now created by French sanitary regulations. The Russian re- quests will, of course, encounter strenu- ous opposition from the protected inter- ests in Frence, and thus the question, as in all similar tariff controversies, be- comes a conflict between domestic inter- ests, each trying to get protection at the expense of the others. Nothing could il- lustrate better how tariff dues are paid, not by the foreigner, but by competitive producers or consumers in the home country. These things are done no better in America than in France. The excitement in Berlin over the re- election of Herr Kaufmann as Second Biirgermeister is convincing evidence that autocratic rule cannot extinguish the inborn tendency of the German to stand up for his Constitutional rights. After having learned that Herr Kauf- mann was persona non grata to the Im- perial authorities, less courageous peo- ple than the members of the Municipal Council would have chosen some one else. The Councillors, on the contrary, have dared high official displeasure by reelecting Herr Kaufmann, even after it was rumored that the Emperor himself had directed his rejection for certain trivial reasons connected with his mili- tary service, some twenty years ago. The refusal of the Governor of Brandenburg to transmit the certificate of the second election to the Emperor or to the Prus- sian Minister of the Interior will widen the growing breach between the capital and the court not a little, even if the plan for tramway lines across Unter den Linden should finally receive the Em- peror's sanction, as now seems likely, in spite of his refusal to discuss the matter with the Biirgermeister. One of the chief reasons for Berlin's dislike of the Emperor is his continued absence from the city. Not for years has Berlin profited so little in a business way from the ostensible presence of the court as at present, and her tradesmen have not been slow to express their discontent. Professor Suess of Vienna finds the plan of the new German tariff scheme faulty in theory, and very hard to put into practice. The main aim of the law was to keep the peasant on the land, and check the flow of popula- tion toward the towns by imposing high duties on cereals. It was sup- posed that these duties would make possible the payment of higher agricul- tural wages, by enabling landowners to get better prices for their products, and thus keep the peasants from drifting to the cities in search of work in manu- facturing enterprises. The main error in this notion is, of course, found in the failure of the new law to provide any means of transferring the higher returns in agriculture from the pockets of land- owners to those of laborers. It cannot be argued that, because the repeal of the British corn laws increased the growth of English towns, the reverse effect will be produced in Germany by the imposi- tion of high duties. The real difficulty lies in the privileges of the great landowners and the existence of large estates, and can be removed only by changing these conditions. Professor Suess is right also in pointing out that no changes what- ever can alter some of the main factors of the problem. The attractions of city life and the demand for personal service in cities will continue to make heavy drains on the rural population, tariff or no tariff.

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294= T li e Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1894 THE NEW CANAL TREATY. The state of public opinion, both in this country and in Great Britain, on the Isthmian Canal question is much more placid than it was at the expira- tion of the last session of Congress. The Hay-Pauncefote treaty had been amend- ed by the Senate in three particulars, and while these amendments did not seem objectionable to Great Britain in substance, they were objectionable in form. The chief objection was that one of these amendments bluntly declared the Clayton-Bulwer treaty abrogated. There is good reason for thinking that, if a friendly negotiation in the usual course of diplomacy had been initiated by our Government, having for its ob- ject the abrogation of that treaty, and the substitution in its place of the prin- ciples of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, i't would have been conceded by Lord Lans- downe. But the method adopted by the Senate of disposing of the older treaty without consultation or notice before- hand was too abrupt. Lord Lansdowne found himself confronted by precedents and by public opinion at home and on the Continent of Europe strongly op- posed to that method of setting aside old agreements. So the Senate's amend- ments were rejected by Great Britain, and the treaty fell with the amendments. Except for this matter of form, the amendments of the Senate were not in conflict with British interests, or with the contentions of the British Govern- ment. The amendments were three in number. The first declared the Clay- ton-Bulwer treaty superseded by the new treaty. The second provided that none of the conditions or stipulations in certain sections designated by their numbers should apply to measures which the United States might find it neces- sary to take for securing, by its own forces, the defence of the United States and the maintenance of order. The par- ticular clause which forbade the forti- fication of the canal, or the water adja- cent thereto, was not one of the sections thus designated. In other words, any measure which we might deem it neces- sary to take for our defence must stop short of the erection of fortifications commanding the canal or the entrances thereto. The third amendment simply struck cut the clause which pledged the high contracting powers to invite other nations to adhere to the treaty. It did not forbid their doing so, but repealed the clause which imposed such action upon them as a matter of obligation. The treaty as amended provided that the canal should be free and open in time of war, as in time of peace, to the vessels of commerce and of war of all nations, on terms of entire equality, without discrimination in charges, con- ditions of traffic, or otherwise. It stip- ulated also that no fortifications should be erected commanding the canal or the waters adjacent. These were the princi- ples with which foreign nations were most concerned. Great Britain was more concerned with them than others, simply because her commerce was greater. They embraced the essential principles of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. The provisions of the new treaty have not been made public, but there have been outgivings through English news- papers that it embraces in substance the Senate amendments to the former treaty. We should not be surprised if it should so turn out. At the same time it would not be fair to assume that England has surrendered everything in the new ar- rangement, since she has gained the main point for which she contended in the former negotiation, viz., that an ear- lier treaty should not be set aside with- out previous consultation between the parties which had bound themselves by it. However, it is not for us to study the amour propre of Great Britain. We are concerned with our own future course of action. Assuming that the new treaty does embrace the substance of the Sen- ate's amendments, can that body be de- pended on to ratify its own work a sec- ond time? Undoubtedly there are some members of the body of both political parties who are always on the lookout for disagreements with England, and who may be expected to turn corners on themselves in order to fulfil their des- tiny in this behalf. They are those who are most amenable to the influence of Irish discontent, of Home Rulers, Land Leaguers, Fenians, etc. They are less numerous, however, and less in evi- dence than at any former time in the present generation. They are not in sufficient force, we think, to put in peril the ratification of the new treaty. The new treaty will have the prestige of both the late President McKinley, un- der whose eye the negotiation was con- ducted, and of President Roosevelt, who has adopted it and made it the first essay of foreign policy in his Admin- istration— that is, the first in point of time. An additional source of strength may probably be found in the support of Senator Lodge, who, next to the late Senator Davis, was the most active mem- ber in promoting the amendments to the former treaty. It may be assumed that he will be moved, both by the feel- ing of parentage of those features of the treaty and by his friendship for the head of the new Administration, to give his hearty support to the new ne- gotiation. It is needless to add that, if the Senate should reject a treaty which concedes the substance of all that it contended for last year, it would stand in a sinister light before the nation and the world. OPPOSITION TO THE SHIP SUBSIDY. Mr. Henderson, Speaker of the last House of Representatives, and destined to fill the same place in the new one, made a speech at Manchester, Iowa, on Thursday last, in which he touched upon several questions of public inter- est that are likely to receive attention at the coming session of Congress. Among the subjects selected for brief treatment was that of shipping subsi- dies, on which he delivered his opinion thus: "I have never discussed specifically the question of building up the merchant ma- rine and the great shipping interests of the United States, but this question can no longer be neglected by those looking to the best interests of our country. It is a new problem to us to give financial aid to the ship interests, and I confess that I am not satisfied with any legislation thus far proposed by Congress; but if a wise plan can be devised looking to the interests of our commerce and the country and not to purely individual interests, then it should command careful, patriotic, and fearless at- tention." The belief prevailed in Washington last winter that the Speaker was oppos- ed to the Hanna-Payne bill in all the shapes that it assumed. He now con- firms that belief by the express state- ment that he was "not satisfied with any legislation thus far proposed by Congress." The Hanna-Payne bill in its numerous amended forms is thus pitch- ed out of the window. But that is not all. The Speaker gives no sign that he is in favor of any subsidy whatever. If a measure were proposed in the inter- ests of commerce and the country, and "not purely individual interests," then it should receive "careful, patriotic, and fearless attention." This is as much as saying that the Hanna-Payne bill was, as we have frequently pointed out, a measure for purely individual interests. But even if the bill were purged of pure- ly individual interests, Mr. Henderson would pledge himself only to give it careful attention. There is something to be said in favor of each ship floating on its own bottom, as of each tub stand- ing on its own, and doubtless the ex- Speaker had this thought in his mind when he made his speech. Certainly the ship-subsidy schemers can find no en- couragement in his remarks at Man- chester. Yet we would not advise them to nominate a candidate in opposition to him for the next Speakership. Mr. Henderson is not the only person who has treated the subsidy schemers to a dash of cold water lately. At the very time when Senators Hanna and Frye were in conference at Boston fix- ing up a new bill, the Republican Con- vention of Massachusetts assembles- there and proceeded to damn the whole project with faint praise. They passed a resolution on the subject in these words: "Merchant Marino: We favor govern- mental aid in building up our merchant marine on a just and equitable basis toward all American citizens."' Seeing that the two leading Senatorial advocates of the Hanna-Payne bill were then laboring on this identical measure within sound of their voices, was it not

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Oct. 17, 1901] The Nation. 295 unkind on the part of the Republicans of Massachusetts to veil their thoughts un- der such ambiguous language? Perhaps they had fore-knowledge of what the iron-workers and the cotton-spinners were about to assert on the subject. Hitherto the workingmen's organiza- tions have had little to say about the subsidy— perhaps, because they did not thoroughly understand it. But, on the 2d inst, the National Bridge and Iron Workers held their Convention in Bos- ton and passed resolutions condemning the ship-subsidy bill as "unwise, unfair, and unjustifiable." They went so far as to direct that a copy of the resolutions be sent to each Congressman representing their local unions, "to say that if he does not vote against said bill, the iron-work- ers will oppose his reelection to Con- gress, regardless of party affiliations." The National Spinners' Association of America also met at Boston and took similar action. After observing with pleasure that the shipping industry is now growing more rapidly than for many years past, they say that the ship- subsidy bill discriminates in favor of cer- tain shipping interests, so allied together that they could, by the aid of the sub- sidy proposed for their benefit, form a Shipping Trust which would control the shipping business of this country; that this bill offers no help to the wage-earn- er or the producer, and holds out no hope for a reduction in freight rates, in which the masses of the people are interested. For these reasons the National Spinners' Association "protest against the consid- eration or passage by the next Congress of the ship-subsidy bill and urge our representatives to oppose it." Of course, Senator Frye will report the bill again. Senator Hanna will sup- port it, with an. eye single to the public good, for which he has been so solicitous in times past, and he may pick up one or two Southern Democrats of the Mc- Laurir type who are moved by like so- licitude; but we think that the scheme has seen its best days, and that it will never be as strong again as it was in the last Congress. AMERICAN CAPITAL ABROAD. Recent economic developments have perhaps furnished no surprises greater than that caused by the appearance of American capital in foreign fields of in- vestment. During the past twelvemonth large transportation interests in Lon- don have been acquired by one American capitalist, and an important British steamship line has passed under the control of another. More lately still extensive operations looking toward the control of the English tobacco trade have been undertaken. The purchase of Belgian glass works by an American company has shown that Continental industries, as well as English, may be invaded. The encroachments of American capi- tal are neither so extensive nor of so permanent a character as to warrant the extravagant anticipations here and there expressed. Taken for what they are worth, however, they indicate the exis- tence of certain new conditions. Amer- ican raw products, needless to say, have long enjoyed an extremely wide foreign market, and our manufactured goods have been for some time in increasing demand. But these facts must not be confused with the successful competition of American capitalists with foreign. That the United States would lead the way in productive enterprise of every sort was predicted by J. S. Mill more than fifty years ago. Although the reviv- al of a high-tariff policy after the war hindered this prophecy from being real- ized, its fulfilment is now in plain sight, as is attested by this year's address of Sir Robert Giffen before the British Scientific Association. In this discus- sion Mr. Giffen made the most confident predictions regarding the future in store for the United States. The appearance of American capital in foreign investment markets is a phe- nomenon of an entirely different charac- ter. Successful competition of American products with those of foreigners is proof only of the greater power of our machinery of production. Success of American capital in competition with foreign shows either that our oppor- tunities of remunerative investment at home are becoming narrow, or that some corner of their field has been left uncultivated by our rivals. As a matter of fact, the present industrial situation is the result in some degree of both of these conditions. The increase of capi- tal in the United States is demonstrated not merely by the marvellous growth of deposits and savings of all kinds, but by the considerable reduction in inter- est rates in New York and generally throughout the country. But abun- dance of capital must be spoken of rela- tively to the field for its investment, and it would be absurd to suppose that our natural resources have been as fully utilized as those of many other coun- tries. The chief explanation of the movement of American capital abroad must be found in the form in which our industries are organized. To this must be added the fact that in some fields of enterprise opportunities have been strangely neglected by our competi- tors. Both of these causes are purely per- sonal in their nature, and can be attrib- uted only to the superiority of the American business man. If the organi- zation of our industry is more powerful or our investors are quicker to seize an opportunity for favorable investment, it must be because those in control of capital are better able to use it than are their competitors. The difference be- tween American methods of organizing industry and those chiefly in vogue in foreign countries may be seen from the description recently issued by the Bu- reau of Foreign Commerce at Washing- ton, under the title, "Trusts and Trade Combinations in Europe." From this volume it appears that the organization of industry abroad differs from Amer- ican in that the combinations formed there are looser in structure, while the administrative control is far less central- ized than with our own "Trusts." In Germany many of the recent combina- tions of capital are merely "selling- pools," similar to the American Pipe Trust of a few years ago. In these or- ganizations the amount of production to be permitted is apportioned to each mill, and the agreement is merely "an iron- clad compact in which each contracting party agrees to submit without condi- tions to all rules and measures adopted by the syndicate, or in default to be fined for disobedience. In the allotment of orders the plants nearest the frontier or tidewater are favored, because they can most easily export their surplus, which, if allowed to accumulate, might depress the market at home." Similar organizations exist in England, as may be seen from the history of the cotton- thread and textile combinations. How in- efficient these modes of organization real- ly are is evident from the recent diffi- culties in the English textile industry and in the German coal and iron trade. That they are inadequate was testified when the American Tobacco Company secured its footing in England. It was then said that the only way to combat American competition would be found in a total reorganization of indus- try on American lines, by which was meant the introduction of our system of "Trusts." But a mere question of organization should never be allowed to obscure the facts at the bottom of that condition. The superior organization of American industry can be attributed only to the greater efficiency and skill of the American. Investments of capital in foreign enterprises have occurred in those lines of business which had been shamefully slighted by foreign capital- ists. Even the most casual observer could not fail to be impressed by the weakness of English municipal trans- portation, as compared with our own, while the situation in other lines may perhaps be fairly represented by the state of the iron trade, in which many processes that were discarded by American manufacturers, ten years ago, are still employed. There is no ground for foreign investors to fear competi- tion with surplus American capital driv- en from home to contest with them their too limited opportunities. Recent industrial history is merely a demonstra- tion of power on our part to earn profits where their possibility was unsuspected by others.

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296 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1894 CREDULITY ABOUT TAMMANY. "It has made them so credulous," said Mr. Gladstone once, speaking of men, like the Duke of Westminster, who had been "thrown off their balance by Home Rule." He referred, doubtless, to the extravagant things they were led to be- lieve and say of himself, bent on "wrecking the Empire," and so on, as they alleged him to be. For all this they handsomely apologized when Gladstone died. But political credulity did not die. The capacity of ordinarily reason- able and sagacious men to deceive them- selves when political passions are arous- ed and political prejudices appealed to, and to believe what they wish to in the face of the plainest evidence to the contrary, is endless and indestructible. It is this easy political credulousness alone which explains the readiness of some good men to see a sign of repen- tance and a promise of reform, on the part of Tammany, in its nomination of Mr. Shepard. Mr. Shepard himself has declared it a "sinister" act to go on distrusting Tammany after it has put on a mask of respectability; and one of his sup- porters asserted in the columns of the Evening Post, last week, that the nom- ination of Mr. Shepard proves Tam- many now to be willing "to cooperate with the reformers" in trying to secure "good government under new leader- ship." Now we shall not yield to a nat- ural impulse to scoff at such simplicity, and to remind Messrs. Shepard and Em- met of the saying of Mephistopheles in Auerbach's cellar — namely, that some people have no suspicion of the devil even when he has them by the throat. We prefer to argue the case seriously. And what we say is that Tammany must be judged, not by a single act, but by its general course; that a fountain can- not give forth both sweet water and bitter; that a worthy name at the head of the ticket may be intended as but a screen for the suspicious characters all the way down; and that before we are asked to believe in the sincerity of re- pentance, we must be shown its meet fruits. Tammany's completed ticket is now before the city. Does it argue any real intention to purge and live cleanly? A man who will believe that would be- lieve anything. Putting Mr. Shepard's name one side, the nominations are made strictly on the old Tammany principles. The service of ruffians is rewarded. Sub- serviency gets its price. Arrangements are craftily made to tie Mr. Shepard's hands as tightly as possible, in case he is elected. And in the chief engineer's room is Croker, pulling the levers and working for his own pocket all the time. That is what the average clear- eyed and open-minded man sees Tam- many doing. He does not so easily for- get the past. He remembers the boasted "new Tammany" of 1890; and he also remembers how it speedily showed itself in 1894 to be the same old rotten Tam- many. The more it changes, the more it is the same thing. We have, as reasonable men, to con- sider the balance of probabilities. Which is more likely, that Tammany took Mr. Shepard as an earnest of reform, or as a means of preventing imminent defeat and of staving off real reform? The theory of Mr. Shepard's friends is that Croker went about looking for the most incorruptible nominee possible, and jumped at the name of Mr. Shepard. But there are a dozen theories with more facts on their side than this. One of them is the theory so plainly certified to by the open statements of the Brook- lyn Democratic machine — that is, that Croker was the victim of a trick; that he was frightened at the revolt in Tam- many in behalf of Mr. Coler, and agreed to take any Brooklyn man except Coler; and that then the Brooklyn schemers named Mr. Shepard. That supposition is certainly more in accord with the known facts than the hypothesis that Croker's instinctive longing was for an honest and reforming Mayor. But what more could Tammany have clone? it is plaintively asked. Much more, we assert, and much more might have been done by Mr. Shepard. He has appealed to Tilden, and to Tilden shall he go. It was in 1871 that Mr. Tilden, as Chairman of the Democratic State Committee, was asked to make a com- promise with Tweed. He was told that he could "name every delegate in the State Convention" if he would assent. Other offers were repeatedly made to him to induce him to "let up" on Boss Tweed and to be "regular," but, said Mr. Tilden: "I always declined, telling them that I would not surrender; and I told the State Convention distinctly that I felt it to be my duty to oppose any men who would not go for making the government of the city what it should be, at whatever cost or sacrifice; and that if they did not deem that regular. / would retire, and take position in the ranks of my plundered felloir-rilizens." Mr. Tilden did retire, in the sense that he supported the Republicans, feeling sure, he said, that they could not over- throw the Tweed ring "unaided," and that it was his duty to stand by them in the attack upon a "band of cormorants." This Mr. Shepard might have done in opposition to the cormorants of 1901. Or, if he were the strong and determined man his friends represent him, he could have insisted upon dictating the Tam- many platform — cutting out its brazen glorification of its own misdeeds; he could have insisted upon naming the can- didates to be associated with him, and, if his own terms were not met, he could have contemptuously left Tammany to wallow in its own pit. But, having done none of these things, having consented to stand on a Tammany platform, sur- rounded by Tammany associates, with no word of apology for the past or prom- ise for the future, he cannot blame citi- zens who think him a victim of Tam- many wiles. He may have been misled by an honorable ambition; his faithful friends may have been tricked; but no man who has studied and known Tam- many as the chief public enemy can be credulous enough to suppose that it is not his first duty to wage unceasing war against the unclean thing. MR. SHEPARD ON PLEDGES. An English statesman was accused of taking "too literary" a view of politics. Mr. Shepard's fault is that of taking too narrowly legal a view. His speech on Saturday night was that of a nisi-prius lawyer. He argued as one who had been retained in a difficult case, and who thought, by subtle distinctions and by skilful special pleading, to obscure the great issues of fact and policy which glare at the common mind. In his dread of being specific and his horror of nam- ing names, he gave the impression of an amiable philosopher dwelling in a vacuum and reasoning about abstract quiddities, instead of grappling reso- lutely with the concrete corruption and the embodied knavery upon which the excited attention of all citizens of New York is now fastened. Mr. Shepard put his refusal to give a pledge to remove definitely named and offensive officials on high Constitution- al grounds, and accused Mr. Low of having practically violated his oath of office in advance by publicly promising to drive out Murphy and Devery from the Police Department at his earliest opportunity. Why, exclaimed the pain- ed Mr. Shepard, Mr. Low has overlook- ed the fact that the "successful candi- date" must make oath that he has "not made any promise to influence the giv- ing or withholding of any vote." Now, to answer a lawyer according to his legality, we have to say that Mr. Shep- ard is wholly wrong as to his law. The Mayor of New York has to take no such oath as he describes. The Constitutional provision which he cites applies to "members of the Legislature and all of- ficers [of the State], executive and ju- dicial, except such as shall be by law exempted." In the Charter of New York, the oath of office for this city is said, in section 1548, simply to be "faith- fully to perform the duties of his office." But we would not rest the matter upon a fragile technicality like that. Mr. bhepard appeals to the spirit and "fun- damental theory" of the provision in the State Constitution against making "any promise" to influence voters. But are his eyes so blinded that he cannot see how the whole implication is of a cor- rupt promise? It stands in immediate connection with the prohibition of brib- ery by "money or other valuable thing." Who would be earlier or louder than Mr. Shepard, If his mind were working

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Oct. 17, 1901] The ISTation. 297 with its normal lucidity, in laughing at the contention that Mr. Low's pledge to remove two rascals from office is in vio- lation of the Constitution? "Why, a strained and fantastic interpretation of that kind would prevent a candidate from making any declaration of his pur- poses whatever. He could not promise to be honest or economical; he could not vow to be pure in office and to choose only fit subordinates; he could not open his lips to tell interested and expectant voters what he intended or hoped to do for their benefit, without having Mr. Shepard, in his present mood, down upon him with the threat of a judicial ouster for having violated the Constitu- tion! Surely, Mr. Shepard's much medi- tation on an ingenious defence of silence about Devery has made him mad. And the worst of it is, that Mr. Shep- ard's dramatic refusal to give an uncon- stitutional pledge was immediately fol- lowed up by his giving such a pledge. He would not name Devery or Murphy; that would be too shocking. But he did make the "public pledge" (flatly uncon- stitutional, as he had just maintained) to have a Police Commissioner who would represent "by day or by night the ideas of public order, public morality, and public decency which are held by Edward M. Shepard." There can be no doubt that he intended that to be taken by the enemies of Devery as equivalent to saying that he must go. It is so tak- en and proclaimed by Mr. Shepard's friends. But how futile and unfortunate is Mr. Shepard's attitude of promising in effect what he refuses with indignation to promise in words. Moreover, directly after rebuking Mr. Low for notifying Devery that he would be removed from office, Mr. Shepard gave his own pledge to Devery not to remove him except un- der conditions. He said: "No man, whatever my present impressions or opinion of him, and however strong my impression may be now, shall, by any promise I now give, be deprived of the right to submit his case to me as a sworn Mayor in office, ready, with an un- closed mind, to hear his defence, if he has one." That is a distinct pledge to Devery. It may hold out no ultimate hope for him, but it is a promise, cal- culated to "influence" him and his fel- low-ruffians in the giving of their votes to Mr. Shepard, and is a promise by a man who had just called heaven to wit- ness that he would never make one! Mr. Shepard's speech shows him to have a refining and elusive turn of mind most unhappy in a man called upon to attack the enormous problem of munici- pal reform. People will fear that a man who can find such far-fetched and hair- splitting reasons for not saying in ad- vance that he will do a certain thing, may discover some recondite excuse for not doing it afterwards. And his shrinking from the mention of publicly recognized scoundrels by name is very much to his prejudice at this juncture. People think of personalities, not ab- stractions. They do not care about cor- ruption in the abstract, but want to get rid of individual corruptionists. To the voters of New York, inefficiency and in- decency in the Police Department are only another way of spelling the names of Murphy and Devery. Why should Mr. Shepard be so timid about names that are in everybody's mouth but his? His excessive caution, his arguing away like an Irrefragable Doctor instead of a fearless fighter, cannot but chill and alarm his oldest friends. Certainly, the situation in this city requires great plainness of speech and a pamphlet-like singling out of offenders by name. In place of his remote speculation about abstract principles of law, Mr. Shepard would appear to vastly better advan- tage if he would be as precise and per- sonal as Mr. Low. The Tammany can- didate seemed to think his pose was heroic in refusing to say the word "Dev- ery." But heroic, or melodramatic, or however it may be called, it was not the posture of an unflinching reformer or of a prophet unafraid. When the city of Jerusalem was in a bad way, the word of the Lord came to his messenger with entire disregard of the feelings of a corrupt official. "Go, get thee unto this treasurer, even unto Shebna [He- brew for Devery] and say, What doest thou here? ... I will thrust thee from thy office." But they "didn't know everything down in Judee," neither did they live under the mysterious inhibi- tions of the Constitution of the State of New York! SWISS MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS AND# PASSES. Villa Serbelloni, Bellaggio, September 16, 1901. When Adolf Guyer-Zeller, the enterpris- ing Swiss railway president, died two years and a half ago, it was commonly assumed that the railway up to the summit of the Jungfrau (13,670 feet above sea level), which he had projected and commenced building would never be completed. The last edition of Baedeker's 'Switzerland' (a book which is always surprisingly up to date and omniscient) declares that his death "has made the complete realization of this bold undertaking somewhat prob- lematical." When I arrived in the Bernese Oberland, a few weeks ago, I was there- fore eager to ascertain the state of affairs at headquarters. Before going to the Little Scheidegg, where the Jungfrau Railway begins, we spent a couple of weeks on the opposite slope, at Miirren — a proceeding which I commend to all tourists who have plenty of time, because, in my opinion, no other easily accessible place in Switzerland ex- cept Zermatt commands, from the emi- nences surrounding it, such glorious views of giant peaks, vast snowflelds, and stu- pendous glaciers. The amphitheatric group- ing, too, of the snowy mountains makes Miirren perhaps the best of all Swiss re- sorts for admiring the Alpine glow after sunset, which always causes a stampede for the door among the guests of the Hdtel dea Alpes in the middle of dinner. The finest viewpoint in the neighborhood is the Schilt- horn, which even women who are not ex- perts can climb. Its summit is 9,753 feet high, and just as we reached it, an ava- lanche tumbled down from the snowflelds of the Tschingelhorn, directly opposite, which several guides, who happened to be present, said was the grandest they had ever seen. A mass of snow and ice bigger than a cathedral fell straight down the precipitous rock, at least two thousand feet. Half way down, a ledge divided it Into two falls, while a fresh supply of snow from above made the white, thundering mass continuous from top to bottom. It was while coming down from the Schllt- horn to Miirren one day in August, 1893, that Guyer-Zeller conceived the plan for the Jungfrau Railroad that is at present being carried out. Before him lay the giant group consisting of the Eiger, Monch, and Jungfrau, and far below them, looking like a child's toy, was the Wengernalp Rail- way, taking tourists up to the Scheidegg. "Why not begin the Jungfrau Railway at the Scheidegg instead of in the Lauter- brunnen or Grindelwald valley?" he said to himself. "That would give us a start and a saving of 3,500 to 4,000 feet." The arrangements were made in accordance with this plan, and in September, 1898, the first section of the road was ready for use. To- day the Swiss time-tables have a section headed "Jungfrau-Bahn"— nine trains a day from Scheidegg to Eiger Glacier in sixteen minutes, and thence, in eight minutes more, to the second station, Rothstock, at an al- titude of 8,270 feet. This, to be sure, leaves 5,400 feet still to be ascended; but the tech- nical difficulties have all been triumphantly overcome, and the sole question now to be solved is of a financial nature. Will this railway, if sufficient money for its comple- tion can be raised, ever pay? This question was, of course, considered at the outset. It was estimated that the total cost would be about $2,000,000, and the gross annual receipts nearly $150,000, which would leave a fair margin for a profit. It was natural to suppose that Guyer-Zeller's sanguine nature had led him to overesti- mate the future receipts; but present indi- cations seem to point the other way. We did not ourselves patronize the new railway, but walked from the Scheidegg to the Eiger Glacier and back; the trains that passed us were crowded. The cost of the round trip from Scheidegg to the present terminus is just a dollar. I see in a Berne newspaper that the number of passengers carried by the Wengernalp Railway, which feeds the Jungfrau Railway from the Lauterbrunnen Valley, was 43,835 during the single month of August — a gain of 3,395 over August, 1900. The cost of a second-class round-trip ticket to the Scheidegg (including ascent or descent on the Grindelwald side) is nearly $5; and it stands to reason that a large pro- portion of those who go as far as the Schei- degg would be glad to pay the additional $7, which would take them to the top of the Jungfrau — commanding a view of unspeak- able grandeur — and back again. At pres- ent the cost of the ascent of this mountain, with guides and a porter, is $20 to $40 for each person, not to speak of the toil — to

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298 T h. e N" a t i o n [Vol. 73, No. 1894 which few are equal — and the danger to life or limb. Fredrich Wrubel, the inspector of the Jungfrau Railway, has written a ninety-two page brochure, 'Ein Winter in der Gletscher- welt,' which, I am not surprised to find, is already in its third edition. As its title in- timates, it describes some of the novel ex- periences of the builders of the Jungfrau Railway during a winter spent at the en- trance to the tunnel, by the side of the huge and magnificent Eiger glacier. Up to that time this famous glacier had been merely ornamental; it was now made useful, too, for the time being. As all communication with Lauterbrunnen and Interlaken was cut off during the winter storms, it was neces- sary to put the perishable parts of the sup- ply of food needed for eighty men into cold storage, and for this the crevasses of the glacier seemed just the place. It was found, however, that the meat thus stored spoiled too soon after being thawed out, so it was decided to bring up live cattle, swine, and sheep, for the next winter. As to water, the glacier remained the only source, besides the fresh snow, which was melted by elec- tricity, of which there was enough and to spare for all purposes. Electricity lighted and heated the buildings and cooked the food, besides boring the tunnel and moving the construction-cars — all at an elevation of a mile and a half above sea! The laborers were well taken care of. They received from 86 to 94 cents a day, be- sides good food and lodging, each man hav- ing six blankets to keep hiva\ warm at night. Moreover, the company took care of those who fell ill, and gave each one a free life or disability insurance for $1,200. But, as Herr Wrubel remarks, "the better some laborers are treated, the more they de- mand." There was a strike; the men ask- ing, among other things, for their full wages on Sundays and holidays because they were not allowed to work! This was too much for the directors, and they paid off twenty of the most obstreperous men. These realized their folly at once, and en- deavored repeatedly to get back; but the directors decided to make an example of them, and their places were at once filled. A pathetic account is also given of t ho only serious accident that occurred, six in. 11. owing to non-observance of the rules regarding the use of dynamite, being blown to fragments in the tunnel. The funeral procession, amid these wintry Alpine sur- roundings, must have been as impressive a scene, even without music, as Siegfried's death in Wagner's opera. Herr Wrubel also di crlbes the aesthetic aspects of the scen- ci-v. and what in' says on this head is tan- talizing and somewhat exasperating to US summer tourists; for he tells us that in winter the mountains are clearer and look higher and more shapely than in summer, the sunsets and the Alpine glow are more thrilling, the moon and starlight effects in- comparable, and the storms tremendously exciting and delightful to those who love Nature in her wildest moods. Of scientific interest aro the remarks on pp. 26, 27, where the author describes the changing colors of the glacier, which were found to be more re- liable weather prophets than the costliest barometers. The Jungfrau tunnel has now reached an altitude of about 9,100 feet above sea-level, will, therefore, soon attain the level of the Oornergrat Railroad at Zermatt (10,29(1), which is at present the highest ' railway in Europe. The chief engineer, M. Oobat, declares that the highest and most difficult section of the Jungfrau Railway will, if completed, hardly pay for itself; but in any case, he says, the tunnel will have to bo carried up to the Jungfraujoch, 11,090 feet above sea. Here the passen- gers will step from the cars right on to the seemingly illimitable dazzling snow- fields, whence it is a climb of only 2,580 feet to the summit. The superb view from the Jungfraujoch will in itself repay the trip; but the projectors of the road have planned a bold scheme, which will fascin- ate tourists by its striking novelty as well as its intrinsic attractiveness. As soon as the trains run up to this station it will be possible to cross over from the Bernese Oberland to the Valais region, not by means of a mountain railway on the other side, but on sleighs speeding across the moderate and smooth slopes of the huge Aletsch gla- cier, which is only ten kilometres from Brig, where the Simplon tunnel begins, and whence also Zermatt and the Matterhorn can be reached in a few hours more by rail. Switzerland has long felt the need of a short and direct road connecting, as will the one just described, the Oberland and the Valais, especially for the benefit of tour- ists (and the republic lives on tourists) whose time is limited. When one looks at the map, the detours one has to make at present seem comic. As the bee flies, it is only about twenty miles from Miirren to Brig, in the Rhone valley, but on account of the intervening mountain giants one needs two days or more, by carriage or on foot, to go from one of those points to the other by way of the Grimsel or Gemmi pass, or a very long day by rail via Berne and Lausanne — which is like going from New York to Tarrytown by way of Boston and Albany. About ten years ago a railway was planned to run from Spiez, near Inter- laken, to the Rhone Valley in the Valais, and a small section of road, commanding splendid views of the Bliimlisalp and other snow-peaks was opened this summer as far as Frutigen; but the remainder calls for so long and expensive a tunnel that it will probably not be completed for another de- cade if ever. Personally, I do not care if this railway — or any railway that depends for its exist- ence on a long tunnel — is ever built. I prefer to walk over the tunnels, as high as possible, for mountain passes seem to me the most interesting of all points of view. As seen from the valleys, the peaks are of course higher; but, being less near, they are not so imposing. From the peaks one can look down only, but from the passes one looks up, too, at the snowy summits. which are the crowning glory of all. The desolate and forbidding aspect of the pass- es in their highest stretches affects a true mountain-lover like a grand tragedy; and when he has enjoyed this to the full, a de- light of a different sort awaits him in the descent, on the other side, into the smil- ing green valleys. We specially planned our trip this year so as to take in as many passes as possible, and to enjoy twice the sudden passage from the Swiss snowflelds to the luxuriant chestnuts, figs, and vine- yards of Italy. From Munich we went to Thusis. via Lindau and Ohur; then up the Spliigen pass and down on the San Ber- nardino side — where the quaint Italian vil- lages clinging to the steep mountain slopes add much to the interest of the scene — as far as Bellinzona. Thence back to Switzer- land and — by way of exception, to gain time — ignominiously through the St. Go- thard tunnel, which, by the way, is not so well ventilated as it used to be. At Goeschenen we left the train and walk- ed to the top of the Furka pass, where, after a day of rain, we enjoyed the sunrise on the snowflelds of the well-named Finster- aarhorn and the Schreckhorn — two of the Ber- nese peaks which it is difficult to see else- where to such advantage. From the Furka down to the Rhone Glacier, and up again across the Grimsel pass, was a day's tramp, fatiguing but glorious, as we had never before been favored with such perfect weather in this region. On leaving the Oberland, we took the Gemmi pass on the way to the Matterhorn, and, after spend- ing ten days at the Riffelalp and the Schwarzsee, we went to Brig and across the Simplon pass down again into Italy and to the Villa Serbelloni, the finest point on the Italian lakes. I give this itinerary because, after spending half-a-dozen summers in Switzerland, it is the one I should special- ly commend to friends intending to visit that country. It does not include the En- gadine, Lucerne, and the Mont Blanc re- gion; but these can be readily embraced in the plan I have given without changing it essentially. I must once more express my surprise and indignation at the American tourists, the vast majority of whom waste their time at such fashionable resorts as St. Moritz, Lucerne, Interlaken, and Geneva, and then fancy they have seen Switzerland. The English know much better where to go, and the Germans and French have grad- ually learned from them the best places to stay at. Unfortunately, the English have also inconsistently attempted to introduce at the high Alpine resorts the vulgar ab- surdity of full dress at dinner; but luckily, in that respect, the Continental tourists do not follow their example. I wonder if Englishmen take their evening dress along when they go on hunting trips or to explore Central Africa? The Simplon is rather too long a pass to walk, so we took the diligence. I can- not agree with Baedeker that the Simplon is preeminent among Alpine passes in point of scenery. I prefer the Furka and the Splugen-Bernardino. But the Simplon is magnificent, no doubt, and it is sad to think that it will! become practically a thing of the past, so far as tourists are concerned, when the Simplon Railway is completed, which will be in 1904, or, at the latest, 1905. It was interesting to see the men — miles of them — at work on the Italian side. At Iselle, the southern entrance to the tunnel (which will be 12% miles long, or 3% miles longer than the St. Gothard), a mushroom town has sprung up, with hun- dreds of wooden houses, mostly hotels, restaurants, beer and wine taverns, cloth- ing, fruit, and provision stores, looking a good deal like a Western American mining town, though with plenty of Italian local color roughly splashed on. The Simplon, to be sure, is not a real mountain railway, as it dodges all difficul- ties by creeping through a tunnel. Of genuine mountain railroads — the kind that climb steep slopes — there are now in Switzerland no fewer than twenty-three, and several others are projected. The

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Oct. 17, 1901] The Nation. 299 names ot" those now in operation arc Vitz- nau-Rigi, Arth-Rigi (there is a demand for a third one up the Rigi!), Uetliberg, Ror- schach-Heiden, Lausanne-Ouchy, Biirgen- stock, Pilatus, Beatenberg, Salvatore, Ber- ner-Oberland, Lauterbrunnen-Miirren (the lower part of which will also be changed to electricity next year), Schynige Platte, Visp-Zermatt, Gornergrat, Brienz-Rothorn, Rheineck - Walzenhausen, Wengernalp, Stanserhorn, Dolder, Jungfraubahn, Stan- stad-Engelberg, Reichenbach, Lausanne- Signal. I see that the Polygraphic Insti- tute at Zurich has just issued a book on these twenty-three railways, with technical information as well as scenic descriptions, and 329 illustrations. They must be doing a brisk business, these mountain railways, or there would not be so many of them. In their rapid mul- tiplication, I see one of the most char- acteristic distinctions between Switzerland and Norway. We visited Norway in July under the impression that it was a moun- tainous country. So it is, no doubt; there are thousands of mountains, but there are no arrangements for stopping on them, the hotels being, with very few exceptions, built at sea level, along the fjords. I met other tourists, who, lake ourselves, hunted eagerly for mountain hotels, but could not find any. The Swiss are wiser. They build their hotels where they are wanted, up the mountains, at elevations of from 2,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea, where the air is most bracing and the scenery most impos- ing; and they build mountain railways to make them comfortably accessible. There are, to be sure, individuals who growl that these railways and hotels spoil the Alps; but that is arrant nonsense. They make them accessible to thousands, where formerly only a few dozen robust persons could enjoy them; and as for solitude, there is not a Swiss mountain hotel whence one cannot, by ten minutes' walk, get to spots where all sound and sight of man vanishes, and one can be alone with Nature in her sublimest moods. Henry T. Finck. PRINCESS LIEVEN.— I. Paris, October 3, 1901. It is interesting to note that, since the democratic element is becoming more pre- dominant, the part played in politics by women is becoming less and less apparent. It is partly because, in a state of society which is more or less aristocratic, the influ- ence of what the French call the salons is perforce important. Among the ladies who played a notable part in politics in the first half of the nineteenth century there is one who, in many respects, has re- mained somewhat enigmatic, namely, the Princess Lieven, so well known for many years in England as well as in France. M. Ernest Daudet, brother of the famous novel- ist Alphonse Daudet, well known himself by some valuable historical works, has had the good fortune to be allowed to see the volumi- nous correspondence of Princess Lieven and M. Guizot, so long Prime Minister under Louis-Philippe. M. Daudet has lately writ- ten an essay on Princess Lieven which is extremely remarkable, not only in an his- torical but also, I may say, in a psycho- logical sense, as it throws a great light on the relations of M. Guizot, who was an austere Protestant, with Princess Lieven— relations which have not always been quite intelligible, and in which personal affection and sentimentality were curiously mixed with the treatment of the great affairs of the world. Dorothea of Benkendorff was born in Rus- sia in the year 1784. At the age of sixteen she became demoiselle d'honneur to Maria Fedorovna, wife of Tsar Paul I. The Em- press married her to Gen. Count Lieven, Minister of War, who became afterwards Prince Lieven. Though Lieven was Minister at the age of twenty-four, he seems to have been a very ordinary man; there was a dif- ference of seven years between husband and wife. In 1809 Lieven was appointed Ambas- sador to Berlin, where his wife followed him. It was at Berlin that Madame de Lieven be- came acquainted with the diplomats and statesmen of the time, at a period when Na- poleon was still in the ascendant and kept all Europe in a state of fermentation and anxiety. In 1812 Lieven was appointed Ambassa- dor to London at a very critical period: Napoleon's campaign in Russia was begin- ning. The Tsar Alexander had renewed with England the diplomatic relations which had been interrupted by the Peace of Tilsit. Madame de Lieven became all- important in English society. The Prince Regent invited her constantly, and she had to meet familiarly his mistresses. It was said at the time her relations with the Prince Regent were not exactly correct, and those rumors lasted even from 1818 to 1820, at a time when she notoriously felt a great passion for Metternich, whose ac- quaintance she had made at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. M. Daudet has not suf- ficiently used the Greville Memoirs, which are one of the most valuable historical documents of our time. Greville says: "The Regent, afterwards George IV., de- lighted in her company, and she was a fre- quent guest at the Pavilion, and on very intimate terms with Lady Conyngham, for although Madame de Lieven was not very tolerant of mediocrity, and social and col- loquial superiority was necessary to her existence, she always made great allow- ances for Royalty and those immediately connected with it." I find in Greville a portrait of Madame de Lieven at the time when she came to England: "She was at least in the prime of life, and, though without any pretensions to beauty, and, indeed, with some personal defects, she had so fine an air and manner, and a countenance so pretty and so full of intelligence, as to be, on the whole, a very striking and attractive person — quite enough so to have lovers, several of whom she engaged in succession without serious- ly attaching herself to any." Greville does not name Metternich among those lovers; he says: "Those who were most notoriously her slaves at different times were the present Lord Willoughby, the Duke of Sutherland (then Lord Gow- er), the Duke of Canizzaro (then Count San Antonio), and the Duke de Palmella." But Daudet cites letters which prove that Met- ternich had a right to figure in this list. In February, 1819, she could not be con- soled on being separated from Metternich; on September 3 of the same year she writes to him from Middleton, where she was the guest of Lady Jersey: . "Nothing so good as a journey. I am well to-night because I have made seventy miles. If I did as much every day, I should soon be near you. But, my friend, notwith- standing my efforts, I must, remain here. Tell me, what will become of us? Can you bear the idea of a still longer separation? If we are resigned for the year 1819, do you think that we can be so for the year 1820? Tell me, Clement, what will become of us? Do you think of that?" I must add that, in this letter, Madame Lieven uses all the time the in instead of rous, which is a mark of much greater in- timacy. Metternich was probably not so ardent, though he wrote to her: "I love you (je Vainic) as much as I did at the foot of Vesuvius, or among the ruins of Pses- tum, or in the Champs-Elysees." M. Daudet gives' other passages from Madame de Lie- ven's letters to Metternich which prove that her affection for him was very strong. Louis XVIII. used to call Metternich "le cher z'amant," in allusion to this liaison, and probably to some vice of pronuncia- tion either in Metternich or in Madame de Lieven. The Princess again met Met- ternich in 1823 at the Congress of Verona, but she was now forty years old, and the intimacy came to an end. She returned to London, where she re- mained till 1834. She became almost a member of the British aristocracy. "It was her duty," says Greville, "as well as her inclination, to cultivate the mem- bers of all the successive Cabinets which passed before her, and she became the friend of Lord Castlereagh, of Canning, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Grey, Lord Palmerston, John Russell, Aberdeen, and many others of inferior note, and she was likewise one of the habitues of Holland House, which was always more or less neu- tral ground, even when Lord Holland was himself a member of the Government." After the Revolution of 1830," there was great tension between France and Russia. The Tsar Nicolas would for a long time not recognize Louis-Philippe. Talleyrand was sent to London as a member of the Con- ference which had to decide the fate of Belgium. "When Talleyrand," says Greville, "came over as Ambassador, there was for some time a sort of antagonism between the two embassies, and particularly between the ladies of each; but Madame de Dino (now Duchesse de Sagan),the niece of Talleyrand, was so clever, and old Talleyrand himself so remarkable and so agreeable, that Madame de Lieven was irresistibly drawn towards them." The beginning of their acquaintance, how- ever was rather trying. Madame de Lieven had the impudence to say to Talleyrand that she felt much surprised at seeing him. "In 1814 you placed Louis XVIII. on the throne; is it not strange that you should now represent the Duke d'Orleans as King of France?" Talleyrand said in answer: "Yes, madam, it is strange, and in 1814 I ought perhaps to have followed the advice of your Emperor Alexander, who was hos- tile to Louis XVIII. and to the Bourbons, and who advised me to induce the Senate to give the crown to the Duke d'Orleans. I have always remembered it, and, you see, I have now been able to follow his advice." Madame de Lieven was answered, and from that moment she felt that she had better not thwart Talleyrand; in fact, she became very intimate with him, and showed every kind of attention to his niece, Madame de Dino. "Her greatest friend in England," says Greville, "was Lady Cowper, after- wards Lady Palmerston, and through her she was also the friend of Palmerston." In 1834 the Lievens were recalled and had to return lo Saint Petersburg. She found

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300 The ISTa tion. [Vol. 73, No. 1894 the stay there odious; her two children fell 111 and died almost at the same time. She left Russia, fearing its climate for herself, and went to Italy, where her husband died in 1836. She never returned to Russia. She obtained from the Emperor permission to travel, and he, says M. Daudet, "special- ly charged her to write to him regularly, as she did when she was Ambassadress, so as to transmit to him the result of her ob- servations on men and things in Conti- nental politics." Madame de Lieven settled In France in 1836, and was soon at home there, familiarizing herself by degrees with a state of things which she called "equali- tarian," so different at that time from the aristocratic society of England. Being a foreigner, she could see the Legitimists as well as the Orleanists; she was received at the Tuileries as well as in the Faubourg St. -Germain. She was acquainted with all the diplomatic world. After she had been some little time in Paris, Metternich wrote to the Austrian Ambassador in France: "I am surprised that you never mention in your dispatches to me Prince Talleyrand, nor Count Pozzo di Borgo, nor the Princess Lieven. She must be agitating in some di- rection, for it is not in her nature ever to remain quiet." "Her salon," says Greville, "became the rendezvous of the best so- ciety, and particularly the neutral ground on which eminent men and politicians of all colors could meet, and where her tact and adroitness made them congregate in a sort of social truce." She soon became acquainted with the most important men of the period, with Count Mole, who was a sort of connecting link between the old and the new regime; with M. Thiers, who represented eminently the ideas of the Revolution; with Guizot; with Berryer, the most eloquent of the Legitimists. Her ac- quaintance with Guizot assumed by degrees a character of intimacy which contributed to fix her completely in France, and it is concerning this closing period of her life and the history of her relations with the man who was for many years, up to the Revolution of 1848, Prime Minister of France, that M. Daudet gives us very abun- dant and interesting details. Notes. D. Appleton & Co. are about to publish 'Some Women I Have Known," by Maarten Maartens; 'Student Life and Customs,' by Prof. Henry D. Sheldon of the University of Oregon; 'Lincoln in Story,' compiled by Silas G. Pratt; 'The French People,' by Ar- thur Hassall; 'Modern Scandinavian Litera- ture,' by Dr. Georg Brandes; 'The Living Races of Mankind,' by H. N. Hutchinson; 'Bookbinding and the Care of Books,' by Douglas Cockerell; 'Britain and the North Atlantic,' by H. J. Mackinder; 'The Nearer Eiast,' by D. G. Hogarth; and 'Financial Crises and Periods of Industrial and Com- mercial Depression," by Theodore E. Burton. Macmillan's latest announcements are 'A Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Reli- gious,' by Prof. George A. Barton of Bryn Mawr; 'Select Documents of English His- tory," by Profs. George B. Adams of Yale and H. Morse Stephens of Cornell; 'Mediae- val London,' by Canon W. Benham and Charles Welch; and 'Mexico as I Saw It,' by Mrs. Alec Tweedie. 'The Ruling Passion,' by Henry van Dyke; a second series of 'Views and Reviews,' by W. E. Henley; 'Lives of the Hunted," by Ernest Seton-Thompson; a sketch of the life of John Trumbull, with a catalogue of his works, by John F. Weir; 'Orloff and his Wife," translated by Miss Hapgood from the Russian of Maxim Gorky; and 'The Book of the Courtier," translated by L. E. Opdycke from the Italian of Baldassare Cas- tiglione, are forthcoming from Charles Scribner's Sons. McClure, Phillips & Co. are about to issue a second volume of Edwin Markham's Po- ems; and they will have the American im- print of Dent's new edition of Boswell's Johnson in three large volumes, with a topo- graphical introduction by Austin Dobson. The general editor is Arnold Glover. The portrait illustrations will be numerous. 'Fame and Fiction,' a discussion of mod- ern literary celebrities, is in the press of E. P. Dutton & Co. 'The A B C of Banking," by George M. Cof- fin, Vice-President of the Phoenix National Bank, will form the fourth volume in the Wall Street Library Series of S. A. Nelson. Directly to appear with Lippincott's im- print is 'Old Dutch Towns,' by Van W. J. Tuin, with illustrations by W. O. J. Nieu- wenkamp. Among forthcoming works from the Clar- endon Press are the Oxford India paper Dickens; Skeat's complete edition of Chau- cer, and a miniature volume of Browning's 'Dramatic Lyrics and Romances and Other Poems,' by way of addition to the Oxford Poets series; a complete edition (the first) of Thomas Kyd's extant works, edited by F. S. Boas; 'Nova Legenda Anglie,' first print- ed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1516, now edited by Dr. Carl Horstmann; and the Peshitto version of the Gospels, edited by G. H.Gwil- 11am. Mr. C. H. St. J. Hornby is issuing from his private press ("The Ashendene Press," Shel- ley House, Chelsea, London) a small edition of Tyndale's translation of 'The Revelacion of Sanct Jhon the Devine.' The printing is from an old fount of black letter, in double column, in black and red; size, a small quarto. Only ten of the fifty-four copies will be for sale. Subscriptions at two guineas may be sent to the above address. Mi. Hornby also contemplates printing Dante's 'Inferno' in the Italian text, from a new fount modelled after an old fifteenth-century fount. The initial letter of each canto may be illumined by hand, and there will be sev- eral wood-cut illustrations in the old man- ner. This, too, will be a limited edition, but not so restricted in numbers. One of the most beautiful volumes that the past week has brought to our table is 'The New Life of Dante Alighieri; Transla- tion and Pictures by Dante Gabriel Ros- si tti' (R. H. Russell). The form chosen for this revived work of Rossetti's youth is quarto, and the get-up is in all respects ele- gant, and worthy of the second half-century of vogue now enjoyed by the translation. The plates are sixteen in number, with Giotto's portrait of Dante In color as frontispiece. There is no list of them, strange to say. Rossetti's fourteen de- signs include, besides portraits of Miss Siddall, his well-known drawings of "The Salutation of Beatrice in Flor- ence," "Beatrice Denying her Salutation to Dante at a Wedding Feast" (least success- fully reproduced), "Dante's Dream," "My lndy looks so gentle and so pure," "Beata Beatrix," "I perceived that some were standing beside me," "Dante and Beatrice in Paradise," and (ranking with the last-mentioned as among the finest compo- sitions), "Her ladies with a veil were cov- ering her." Mr. Fitzroy Carrington and W. M. Rossetti supply introductions con- taining the most needful information about the version and the illustrations. Meritorious as are both these, they are still but an introduction to Dante. There is a veil between him and his gifted translator. The vague title 'Poems' is again employed for the concluding volume of the little Sid- dal edition of D. G. Rossetti's verse, which has been "introduced" by his brother Wil- liam. A good deal of the contents is frag- mentary, but "The Bride's Prelude" fills more than half the book. Poems in Italian, French, and Latin, with or without English equivalents, bring up the rear. They are perhaps the most interesting and character- istic of all these pieces. The late Grant Allen was a guide-book maker, not infallible, but stimulating, be- cause of his independence. His 'Florence' has just been brought out anew in two dainty volumes by L. C. Page & Co., Boston, with numerous photographic illustrations, and is to be commended if only as inspiring that love for the city in which the author said he yielded to no other. The riddle of Botticelli's "Spring" Mr. Allen solved in his own fashion, though it is now hardly a matter of dispute, and the solution does not lie his way. But in this, as in other in- stances, he does not seek to impose his own judgment. We note a popular edition of Mr. Fred- eric Lawrence Knowles's 'Golden Treasury of American Lyrics' (Boston: L. C. Page & Co.), a very pretty book, and unhackneyed in the more recent portion. The illustrations are the excuse for the form and dress now given to J. A. Mitchell's clever story, 'Amos Judd,' by Messrs. Scrib- ner, and to Anthony Hope's 'Dolly Dia- logues,' by R. H. Russell. Mr. A. I. Keller's designs in color for the former are as un- conventional as the fiction of Life's editor, and possess not a little merit. Even where they fall short, they do not cheapen the typographic effect. Mr. H. C. Christy serves Mr. Hope in black and white, in Gibson's manner, but with a title of his own to dis- tinction, especially in his groupings. The book is showy and truly handsome. We do not feel sure that Mark Twain's first doubt about the propriety of publishing 'English as She Is Taught," just reissued by the Century Co., was not justi- fied. In humorous examples of the sort here collected from the mouths or pens of schoolchildren by Caroline B. Le Row, a very little goes a great way, since a pro- tracted broad grin is tiresome. Moreover, we lack here the witty thread which gives at once structure and diversity to Max O'Rell's 'John Bull, Jr.' And still the dis- criminating can derive much amusement as well as some profit from the world In which a weeping-birch is "the kind of stick that makes you weep," and Longfellow's "Psalm of Life" becomes "Do not tell me that life is a dream, because when I sleep things will not be like I think they are." The fourth volume of 'Lamb's Biographi- cal Dictionary of the United States' (Bos- ton: James H. Lamb Co.) pursues its con-

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Oct. 17, 1901] The USTation* 301 scientious but undistinguished way from Hench to Learning. This does not look as if the rest of the alphabet could be cov- ered in two more volumes, according to the original plan. The subjects are brought pretty well down to date, and (as before) the treatment of stars of the minor magni- tudes shows a democratic tendency towards "levelling up" or equalization. There seems to be even less attempt at criticism or char- acterization than in the earlier volumes: the uninstructed reader may infer, from the length of the notices bestowed on them, that Thomas A. Hendricks was a prominent statesman, and that Mr. Howells is an im- portant author, but as to the quality of statesmanship or authorship he is left in the dark. Are not the facts — parentage, dates, places held, titles of publications, etc. — sufficient, and safe? Mr. E. T. Cook's recent volume in the Country-Life Library (Charles Scribner's Sons), dealing with 'Gardening for Begin- ners,' contains much valuable information (witness its five hundred fairly closely printed pages), but in such an ill-arranged order as to bury much of it. Many be- ginners, too, will be discouraged by the as- sumption that they have glass houses and the full paraphernalia of the professional gardener at their command. The long array of horticultural varieties discussed may also give a real beginner pause. The chap- ter dealing with the vegetable garden is perhaps the best part of the book, because most concise. Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews has prepared an edition of his 'Familiar Trees ana their Leaves' (Appletons), with a number of colored plates Illustrating about a dozen of the most familiar kinds. The book does not differ essentially from the first edition in other respects. As regards the success of the reproductions of water- colors by the artist and author, it Is be- yond doubt unqualified, as far as the beau- ty of the resulting plates is concerned. Some, however, present the trees, as one usually sees them, better than others. Those of the balsam, spruce, and juniper are especially good. It is the fashion among amateurs to write "Nature Books," and it is perhaps equally the fashion among scientific men to decry them. 'Flowers and Ferns in their Haunts,' by Mabel Osgood Wright (Macmillan), Is a fairly representative book of its class. Mrs. Wright Is well known, and her nature books are already in the hands of many. Her new volume has its inaccuracies, but It Invites us out of doors, and that is saying much for it. A contri- bution to the sanity of the world is perhaps as great a boon as a contribution to its science. The fifth volume of Mr. C. P. Lucas's 'Historical Geography of the British Col- onies' (H. Frowde) is devoted to Canada, and will contain two parts. The first of these, which is already published, covers the period of the French regime. It Is a book of 364 pages, well furnished with maps and lucidly arranged. One particularly re- marks that the presence of a geographical motive has not led to baldness, as In the case of Freeman's 'Historical Geography of Europe.' An easy flow of narrative and a fondness for general statement conceal the technical character of the study; anecdotes are frequent, and citations from Horace Walpole show that it is not im- possible to illustrate the progress of ge- ography by the letters of a gossip. Mr. Lucas has sought his information in good sources, and where, as is usually the case, he has followed modern writers, his guides are the best. The chief merits of the work are an admirable selection of subjects, a broad-minded regard for the essential points, and directness of statement. When it comes to detail, some small fault-find- ing might arise from mistakes of fact and the misspelling of proper names; but these will detract hardly any from the useful- ness of a symmetrical and well-written work. It is not probable that the present Sultan of the Ottoman Turks is exactly a person of high ethical ideals; appearances, at least, are against that. But that the book of "Georges Dorys," of which so much has late- ly been heard, and which has now been Englished ('Private Life of the Sultan of Turkey,' D. Appleton & Co.), Is anything else than a very miscellaneous up-gathering of Constantinople gossip, is still less prob- able. It may all be true, and none of It need be true. What goes on within the Yildiz palace can be known to few, and still fewer can have had opportunity to read the character of the Sultan himself. Of Europeans, Professor Vftmbfiry could, if he chose, tell the most. To the series of volumes prepared by va- rious professors of Yale University to ex- emplify the character of the studies in which the University teachers are engaged, UDder the title of Yale Bicentennial Publica- tions, Prof. C. E. Beecher has added one designated 'Studies in Evolution,' com- posed mainly of reprints of occasional pa- pers, selected from the publications of the Laboratory of Invertebrate Palaeontology at the Peabody Museum. Most of these papers appeared in the American Journal of Science, the American Naturalist, the Trans- actions of the Connecticut Academy, and the Memoirs of the New York State Mu- seum, between 1889 and 1899; and are re- printed with only such minor changes as were necessary to bring the nomenclature ui- to date. Several of them, notably those on the development of Trilobites and Brach- iopods, were regarded by specialists as of prime interest and Importance at the time of their appearance. It was worth while to gather them together in a form convenient for ready reference, as they constitute a by no means unimportant chapter in the Evolutionary literature produced by Amer- ican students. The volume comprises 638 pages and 34 plates, and is Issued by the Scribners in a good, legible typography, with a full index and tasteful binding. Genealogists and students of family his- tories will find their profit in Mrs. Jane Bald- win's 'Maryland Calendar of Wills,' Vol. I. (Baltimore: W. J. C. Dulany Co.), which consists of careful abstracts of all the wills recorded during the first fifty years of the province, including all names of per- sons and places mentioned. As descendants of old Maryland families are scattered through all the States, this book has more than merely local Interest. It Is well ar- ranged and fully indexed. Bennett's 'Odes and Epodes of Horace,' recently noticed by us, is followed by an edition of the 'Satires and Epistles,' pre- pared by Prof. John C. Rolfe of the Uni- versity of Michigan (Boston: Allyn & Ba- con). The work Is generally well done. but one finds a point here and there in which "hutnana parum cavit natura," such as the quotation of "peream male si non optimus erat" as an example of "the indicative used for vividness in the apodo- sis of conditions contrary to fact." Under pressure of space limitations, the notes grow very brief towards the end, quite unfor- tunately for the literary epistles of tbe second book, the full elucidation of which Is of greater importance to the average undergraduate than that of the Satires. Mr. R. Van Bergen's story of 'A Boy of Old Japan' comes to us from Lee & Shepard, Boston, in holiday dress of (Chinese) yel- low, with very fine colored heliotype pic- tures. It tells, with ample knowledge and fluency, of the rejuvenation of a country which a generation or two ago was con- sidered a rather old hermit. The book, we imagine, will interest the elders more than the young folks, for it is stiff, with very little play of imagination, formally his- torical, and the vocabulary is that of an adult. It Is unnecessarily full of Japan- ese names and of descriptions of things in the style of the encyclopaedia, rather than of a story-teller who sees things from the inside. Nevertheless, in tracing the life of a boy born since 1858, it is a clear and cor- rect account of the contact of natives and foreigners, and of the fall and decay of feudalism before the onset of Occidental- ism. It is pleasant to greet once more Bayard Taylor's 'Boys of Other Countries,' which is still much above the ordinary child's book in interest and in style. A chapter on "Studies in Animal Nature" has been appended, and enhances the value of the little book. Mr. Taylor tells here of a friend of his who, in the great. Chicago fire, had decided on giving preference to the old family Bible over the parrot (being able to save but one), when the bird's "Good Lord, deliver us" tipped the scale in his favor. Messrs. Putnam are the publishers. 'Kids of Many Colors,' by Grace Duffie Boylan and Ike Morgan (Chicago: Jamieson Higgins Co.), is unusually good jingle for young folks, and much of the illustra- tion can be praised. With quite enough of fantasy and eccentricity in decoration, the pictures convey correct and humorous ideas of the small folk of many countries. Dr. A. B. Meyer, the Director of the Zoo- logical and Anthropological-Ethnographi- cal Museum at Dresden, was, in 1899, sent by the Saxon Government to this country to inspect museums and other scientific in- stitutions, with a special view to the most recent fireproof constructions. He conse- quently spent the greater part of the months from August to October (inclusive) of that year in visiting the most important institutions of New York (Brooklyn), Al- bany, Buffalo, Chicago, Washington, Phila- delphia, and Boston (Cambridge). The first two parts of his illustrated official re- port: 'Die Museen des Ostens der Vereinig- ten Staaten von Nord Amerika' (Berlin: R. Friedlander & Sohn), covering the cities in the State of New York and Chicago, now lie before us. In the nature of the case, the American expert or specialist will find in the Report but little that is new or of especial value to him, but no reader can fail to share the writer's un- stinted admiration for the great things that have been accomplished in this coun-

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302 The 3ST a t i o n . [Vol. 73, No. 1894 try in the way of buildings and equipments for scientific purposes. Occasional criti- cisms seem fair and to the point. To most German readers the greater part of Dr. Meyer's account of what he saw and learn- ed— including a description of the buildings and outfit, as well as a brief history, of Columbia University and of the University of Chicago — will be a revelation; and many technical details will no doubt prove of practical value to German architects. The unbiassed and generous spirit in which Dr. Meyer writes about persons and things American deserves recognition. "There are no more obliging and amiable people," he concludes his preface, "than the American scholars (die gelehrten Burger der Union), and I hope they will see in my Report only a tribute of admiration and gratitude." In a recent study of the Coast Redwood (Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences), Prof. George J. Peirce of Le- land Stanford Jr. University disagrees with the view of Mr. Gannett, who attrib- utes to climatic conditions the failure of this valuable tree to reoccupy territory cleared by the lumbermen. Dr. Peirce finds that the tree tends to reproduction by means of suckers from the underground parts, and he states that if the stumps are properly treated by the lumbermen, they will send up young stems after the trees have been felled. It appears that, before felling a tree, it is customary to clear away from its base all rubbish and undergrowth by setting fire to the brush. Thus the bark of the tree is killed, and the ground about the stump heated to such a degree as to kill those tissues of the subterranean parts which produce the suckers. Dr. Peirce points out that the remedy lies in not thus destroying the parts from which the new growth is to spring. He believes that, with this change in the method of the lum- bermen, the redwood forests may renew themselves. The Bishop Museum of Honolulu has is- sued as part iii. of its first volume of Me- moirs a 'Key to the Birds of the Hawaiian Group,' by Mr. William Alanson Bryan, the curator of ornithology. This occupies sev- enty-six pages of text, with fifteen quarto half-tone plates taken from specimens in the Museum. Some of these are rather disreputable-looking, and the person igno- rant of ornithology will be apt to wonder at their selection, until he discovers that most of them are priceless relics of spe- cies no longer known in the living state, of which this museum is the fortunate pos- sessor. The paper is purely technical, but seems well adapted to its purpose, and will be welcomed by students of ornithology. A peculiar difficulty to which the English are always liable in ruling India arises from the misunderstanding of Government intentions by the people. The recent order directing an ethnographical survey of the peninsula has already aroused strong oppo- sition, on the ground that classification of castes is likely to be looked on as a judi- cial or official decision of precedence in rank. One Indian paper has warned Mr. Risley, the officer in charge of the sur- vey, that he is "treading on forbidden ground." Another says that he is "playing with fire." In "Set No. 3" of Mr. Louis Rhead's trout etchings, the different plates show three scenes in the capture of one of these fish. The first represents the trout rising to an apparently natural may-fly. In the sec- ond he is hooked and turning downward in a whirlpool of his own making, and in the third is being dragged ashore near the surface of the water. Whether or not they are supposed to indicate different stages of trouble for one individual is uncertain, but they in some way fail to give the idea of live and active trout. Trout rising to a fly or after being hooked may look as these do, but it is questionable, because they always appear full of strength and energy. Apropos of our recent article on "A Ger- man Dreyfus Case," a correspondent in- forms us that the Kohvische Volks-Zeitung was no exception to the rule that the Ger- man press condemned the sentence of Mar- ten. The contrary sentiment quoted by us, torn from its connection, was ironical in its original setting. We never saw the article at first hand, and were misled with the English press. — By a very acceptable innovation the American Historical Review for October opens with a charming excursus on "The Age of Homer," by Goldwin Smith. "There are, no doubt," he says, "nisi prius objec- tions to the common authorship [of Iliad and Odyssey]. But poetry is not judiciable in the court of nisi prius. It is passing strange, no doubt, that, after a ten-years' siege, Priam should be asking Helen to point out to him the chiefs of the besieging army. But it is not Priam, it is the reader or hearer of the bard, who wants the in- formation. It is passing strange that, in Sophocles, Oedipus should have sat so long on his throne without seeking to know what had become of his predecessor. It is passing strange that, in 'Paradise Lost,' Omnipo- tence, having shut up Satan in hell, should fail to keep him there, and that Omniscience should be ignorant of his flight." Deserv- ing of mention and of reading, also, are Prof. C. W. Colby's summary view of the Jesuit Relations, apropos of Mr. Thwaites's all but finished monumental edition, and Prof. A. B. Hart's lucid exposition of the transformation of the so-called Monroe Doc- trine (scilicet J. Q. Adams Doctrine), its neglect by Seward as a means of thrusting the French out of Mexico, and its coup de grace at the hands of the late Administra- tion. Mr. Hart insists on the other side of the original Doctrine, "our policy . . . not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its [Europe's] Powers" — a sufficient answer to Kossuth's appeal, by the way; but fallaciously supposes this to have been overridden by events." For good or evil, the United States has taken upon itself a share in tin world's affairs, and cannot abdicate its responsibilities"; "the eventual par- ticipation of America in the world's affairs was as inevitable as the flow of lava down the slope of a volcano." But it is one thing to be able to refrain from republican propa- gandist! in the Old World, and quite another to escape friction and occasional collision from sheer contact with other Powers. Mr. Hart rightly says that there really was no complete separation of Eastern and Western hemispheres in 1823; the points of contact have since simply multiplied. But there is no reason whatever why the American at- titude of non-interference should have changed a particle. Mr. Hart still sees a "strategic point" won in Hawaii, but he is going to draw the line at "any further an- nexation of Latin-American territory." Whatever may be true of the Philippines, "neither the Monroe Doctrine nor any other common-sense doctrine delivers our neigh- bors over to us for spoliation." — Ornithologists will be interested in the issue of the first number of the "Bulletin of the Bird Club of Princeton University." It contains a list of the officers and mem- bers of the club, and an article entitled "The Birds of Princeton, New Jersey, and Vicinity," by the President, Mr. William Arthur Babson. The club is fortunate in having for its editor the well-known orni- thologist, Mr. W. E. D. Scott. The opening paper is, as might be expected, a local list of the birds about Princeton. It has been compiled from records made by the writer and other members of the club, and by Dr. C. C. Abbott. After lists of breeding birds, winter visitors, permanent residents, and others, there follows an annotated list of 230 species, which is, on the whole, highly creditable. Several minor details, how- ever, may be open to question. The horned lark referred to is perhaps a subspecies, the prairie horned lark; and the loggerhead shrike should probably be listed as the migrant shrike. Some ornithologists will be skeptical about the record of the Mis- sissippi kite, and few will approve of the entry of the red-naped sapsucker, while none can sanction the scientific name given for the ring-necked pheasant. The list is large, and will be appreciated by local or- nithologists and by students of bird mi- gration and distribution. It would have been more valuable, however, if what we may call the biogeography of the region had been treated as comprehensively as the importance of the subject demands. — Miss M. Ethel Jameson (Detroit, Mich., No. 117 Selden Avenue) has printed private- ly, at the Riverside Press, Cambridge, 'A Bibliographical Contribution to the Study of John Ruskin,' being a thesis lately presented to the department of Library Science at the University of Chicago. It is pleasant to deal genially with the writers of academic theses; furthermore, the labors of bibliography are so arduous and its extrinsic rewards so in- considerable that judgment upon it is justly biassed toward approbation; still, it is a duty to future laborers in this field to say that the present volume is scarcely a model of what such work should be. There is a prelude of forty pages of "Significant Facts in the Life of John Ruskin." These facts, which are collected from the usual sources, are interesting enough, but im- perfectly arranged and only occasionally "significant." There are a hundred pages of bibliography, comprising lists of the British and foreign editions of Ruskin's pub- lications, together with bibliographies of books and magazine articles about him, and even of works containing quotations from his writings. This part of the work is marred by various slight inaccuracies of citation, some redundancies, not a few omis- sions (as in the writings of W. J. Still- man), and occasional misprints. There is an index, reasonably complete, but rather whimsical in grouping. Notwithstanding these defects, the work is, as a whole, painstaking and conscientious. It is likely to prove very serviceable to the more thorough- going students of the "crotcheteer with a tongue of gold." Only, it seems to us to indicate that in "literary science," as in the somewhat analogous study of pedagogy, there may be danger in unduly exalting

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Oct. 17, 1901] The ISTation 303 "method," and in disassociating the form of knowledge and its substantial body. —Large type and thick paper have made A. H. Beavan's 'Imperial London* (London: Dent & Co.; New York: Dutton & Co.) too bulky to be a tourist's manual, but the pur- poses it will serve are mainly those of a guide-book. To American readers it will probably be of chief value for its excur- suses. For example, the description of the Law Courts is supplemented by an account of the work and status of English solicitors. In this way the reader obtains not only par- ticulars of London buildings, but a clearer insight than the average guide-book will give him into London life. Mr. Beavan's volume deals in turn with all its phases — social, official, ecclesiastical, legal, com- mercial, literary, theatrical, and even gas- tronomic. Here and there one comes across curious facts which are not generally known, as that of recent years the demand for copper coins has largely increased, owing to the introduction of penny-in-the-slot ma- chines, and that every night the heads and hands of Mme. Tussaud's wax-works are un- screwed from their bodies. On the whole, the book may be commended as accurate, though the author is guilty of a few strang-w omissions and mistakes. It is surprising, for instance, that his account of Westminster Abbey, though running to eleven pages, con- tains no mention of the Jerusalem Chamber. His scholastic section is especially weak. If King's College School deserves a para- graph, certainly University College School should not have been overlooked; and it is odd to find that St. Paul's School, which, un- der Mr. Walker, has obtained a foremost place for scholarship, is known to Mr. Beavan for its athletic successes only. "Sir George Mivart" (p. 381) should be "St. George Mivart"; "W. R. Chambers" (p. 399) should be "W. & R. Chambers"; and "W. & H. Smith" (p. 425) should be "W. H. Smith & Son." Apparently the death of Queen Victoria occurred when part of the book was already in type, for her successor appears sometimes as King Edward VII. and sometimes as the Prince of Wales. In the account of the War Office occurs the odd statement that, "with the Boer war fresh in our memory, it is pathetic to recall" the lobby where lists of casualties were pub- lished. A memory of this kind should at- tract the attention of psychologists. — In all parts of Germany the protests of prominent publicists, boards of trade, and political and commercial associations against the tariff bill framed by the Prus- sian Agrarians are growing more frequent and more vigorous every day. At a general convention of the Verein fur Sozialpolitik recently held in Munich this subject was thoroughly discussed by many eminent po- litical economists, of whom the great ma- jority condemned any increase of duties on agricultural products. The question of reci- procity treaties with other nations was also debated, and the absolute necessity of such commercial arrangements unanimously maintained. To what extremes of selfish- ness the Agrarian policy logically leads is evident from the argument used in favor of it by one of its most zealous advocates, Adolf Wagner, who admits that it will in- crease the cost and diminish the quality of food, but declares this result to be desir- able in order to check the impending evil of over-population. Prof. Dr. Lotz of Mu- nich treated, among other topics, the burn- ing question of the American balance of trade. He admits that the present enor- mous excess of American exports over im- ports is a somewhat startling phenomenon, worthy of careful attention, but not neces- sarily a source of peril to the mercantile and industrial interests of Europe. In es- timating this balance, he thinks some im- portant factors have been omitted. Thus, the money expended by Americans travelling or residing in Europe is far greater than that expended by Europeans in America, and amounts to an average of nearly $100,000,000 annually. This sum should be added to the European trade balance, since the products consumed by foreigners are virtually ex- ported in their stomachs, which is the cheapest and most convenient form, inas- much as it saves the exporter the cost of freight and other expenses. The same prin- ciple applies to articles of clothing and per- sonal adornment. Prof. Lotz regards the present surplus of exports over imports in the United States as a temporary phenom- enon, and thinks a complete change will take place when North America ceases to be a debtor country and becomes a creditor country, a process of transformation which has already begun. He Is strongly opposed to tariff wars, and firmly convinced that a European customs union against America is out of the question. The only rational policy for Germany under the circum- stances is that of "friendly reciprocity." The adoption of this principle by the Mu- nich convention without a dissenting voice was a bitter disappointment to the Agra- rians. THE HARRIMAN EXPEDITION. Alaska: Narrative, Glaciers, Natives (in vol. i.). By John Burroughs, John Muir, and George Bird Grinnell. History, Ge- ography, Resources (in vol. ii., continu- ously paged). By William H. Dall, Charles Keeler, Henry Gannett, B. E. Fernow, W. H. Brewer, C. Hart Merriam, G. B. Grinnell, and M. L. Washburn. Doubleday, Page & Co. 1901. Imp. 8vo, with 39 colored plates, 85 photogravures, 5 maps, and 240 illustrations in the text. Early in 1899, Mr. E. H. Harriman plan- ned a summer cruise which should take him out of reach of the demands of busi- ness, and afford rest, recreation, and va- riety for his family and a few friends. The large steamer George W. Elder was chartered and fitted out. Her tonnage and the facilities necessary for the safety and comfort of the party were disproportion- ately large, and it was decided to include, if practicable, some guests who, while add- ing to the interest and pleasure of the expedition, would gather useful informa- tion and distribute it for the benefit ol others. The aid and advice of Dr. C. Hart Merriam were secured, and the result of several conferences of those interested was that plans were matured by which some twenty-five men of science, representing al- most every section of the country and de- partment of natural history, were invited to participate. The cruise, which originally contemplat- ed a voyage to Kadiak. in the hope of se- curing specimens of the enormous brown bear of that island, was extended so as to include Unalashka, the fur-seal islands, and even the continent on each side of Bering Strait. Every practicable aid to scientific research was furnished, including canoes, camping outfits, two large naphtha launches, and a convenient library of works on the natural history and exploration of the region. The expenses of every sort were defrayed by Mr. Harriman. Besides the scientists and their assistants, tho guests included several well-known ar- tists, two physicians, one of whom. Dr. Lewis R. Morris, rendered important ser- vices in the organization of the expedition', and a chaplain, the Rev. Dr. Nelson of New York. The Eastern members left New York by a special train on the 23d of May, the others joining en route or at Portland, Ore., or Seattle, a week later. In cross- ing the continent, side trips were made to Shoshone Falls, Boise City, and Lewis- ton, Idaho, where the party was met by a special steamer and taken by way of the Snake River canon to its junction with the Columbia. Here the train was in wait- ing. The Ehkr sailed from Seattle on May 30, and was absent just two months. The route taken was that known as the In- land Passage from Puget Sound to Juneau. Skaguay (where a complimentary excursion on the Yukon and White Pass Railway took the party to the summit of the Coast Range at the Canadian boundary); Glacier Bay, and Sitka. From Sitka the vesset skirted the continental coast to Yakutat Bay, Prince William Sound, Cook's Inlet. Kadiak, and Unalashka. Thence the ex- pedition proceeded northward through Ber- ing Sea to the Pribiloff Islands, the coast of Siberia at Plover Bay, Port Clarence, Alaska; St. Lawrence and St. Matthew Isl- ands; and, returning, took much the same general course with minor deviations. Fre- quent landings were made, which the ge- ologists and biologists utilized to the full- est extent. Small boat parties made spe- cial trips of several days' duration, be- ing picked up later by the ship. Exten- sive and important collections were made in all branches, including the largest col- lections of plants and insects ever brought from the region. In working up this ma- terial, the services of more than fifty spe- cialists have been enlisted, and the knowl- edge of the fauna and flora of Alaska great- ly increased. Mr. Harriman, in his preface, says: "It is pleasant to recall the spirit of harmony and good-fellowship which prevail- ed throughout the voyage, and to remem- ber that, whether in the field of research or in the line of service, all showed a willingness to cheerfully carry out the du- ties which fell to their lot. Through this spirit, manifested from the very beginning, every member of the party contributed to the success of the expedition." Dr. Merriam, in the editorial introduc- tion, observes: "In a voyage of this character, where many and diverse interests are involved, where numerous stops at widely separated local- ities must be made, and where great dis- tances must be covered in the shortest prac- ticable time, success or failure depends on the capacity of the leader, the efficiency of the organization, the perfection of the equipment, and the enthusiasm, training, and cooperative spirit of the individual mem- bers. That so much was accomplished is sufficient evidence as to the way these con- ditions were fulfilled. . . . The ship had no business other than to convey the party whithersoever it desired to go. Her route was intrusted to a committee comprising the heads of the various departments of re- search; so that from day to day and hour

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304= The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1894 to hour her movements were made to sub- serve the interests of the scientific work." Many of the members of the expedition are also members of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and in the publication of the scientific results this society has energetically cooperated, having already pub- lished twenty-two special papers based on collections made by the expedition, while others are in preparation. The present pub- lication, in two volumes, comprises the nar- rative of the expedition and a few papers on subjects believed to be of general in- terest. We have dwelt at some length on the organization and methods of the expedition for the reason that it may be fairly regard- ed as unique in many features, and worthy of emulation by those whose time and means may be available, and who may be desirous of combining recreation with the attainment of results of permanent value to the world. The narrative of the voyage is from the facile pen of John Burroughs, which is a sufficient guarantee of literary merit. It records the impressions made by the varied scenes surveyed, rather than unimportant details of the work engaged in. Happy is the recorder who knows what to leave out. John Muir rhapsodizes over the glaciers in a manner which recalls Emerson's descrip- tion of the Yosemite, as being the only thing in California "which came up to the brag." Those who have seen these glaciers will be inclined to believe that Muir's en- thusiasm is none too great. Mr. Grinnell, no stranger to "natives," discourses in a pleasant and popular vein of those en- countered by the party; and we are happy to testify that the hideous nickname "Amer- ind" does not appear once in the book. In the second volume, Dall gives a synopsis of the history of discovery and exploration in Alaska, from 1711 to the date of the Amer- ican purchase* This is illustrated by por- traits of Baranoff, Veniaminoff, Wrangell, and Kennicott, prominent in Alaskan his- tory, and reproduced from extremely rare originals. Charles Keeler discourses charm- ingly of days among Alaskan birds, and Professor Fernow provides a valuable ac- count and estimation of the forests and tim- ber resources of Alaska. Mr. Gannett sum- marizes the geographical features of the Ter- ritory, to a knowledge of which the expe- dition notably contributed, especially in the discovery of the magnificent glacial fiord named after Mr. Harriman, which the Elder was the first vessel to enter, and in the elaborate investigation of the features of Russell Fiord beyond Disenchantment Hay. Professor Brewer contributes a chap- ter on the atmosphere of Alaska, swept al- most free of dust and germs by the prevalent rains, resulting in notable peculiarities of transparency and cloud colors. A very In- teresting chapter follows, by the editor, on the history of the growth and decay of the Bogosloff volcanic islands off the coast of Unalashka. These are among the most modern and variant of the few volcanic islets which have risen from the sea in his- toric times, and their phases are here pro- fusely illustrated. A much-needed warning anent the conditions of the salmon industry of Alaska is sounded by Mr. Grinnell. The farcical non-enforcement of law in regard to the barricading of streams and the destruc- tion of the fish every day In the week and every hour in the day can have only one re- sult, and lhat will not be long deferred. But "Heaven is high and the Czar is distant," as the suffering Aleuts learned a century ago. The volume Is concluded by a very full index. The maps, prepared under Mr. Gan- nett's supervision, are excellent, and there will hardly be more than one opinion as to the merits of the illustrations. The colored plates reproduce sketches byGifford.Fuertes, and Dellenbaugh; and the photographs from which nearly all the photogravures are de- rived were taken by the photographers on the expedition- Nothing approaching them in range, variety, and beauty has ever been obtained in the region before. It is hardly too much to say that these volumes form the most beautifully illustrated work of travel which has ever been issued on this side of the Atlantic. Dr. Merriam, the editor, has given his whole time, outside of official duties, for two years to the task; and its perfection is very largely due to his indefatigable energy and the unstinted gen- erosity of Mr. Harriman. All in all, it is a work of which America may justly be proud, and the production of which, from its initiation to its conclusion, is due to factors which are almost peculiar to this country and time. MORE ASTRONOMICAL WORKS. The Eclipse Cyclone and the Diurnal Cyclones. Investigations of the Blue Hill Meteor- ological Observatory, under the direction of A. Lawrence Rotch. By H. Helm Clay- ton. Cambridge. 1901. Annals of tlw Lowell Observatory. Percival Lowell, Director. Vol. II. 1900. Publications of the Astronomical Laboratory at Oroninpcn. By Prof. J. C. Kapteyn, Director. Nos. 2 and 3, by Dr. W. De Sitter. Groningen, 1900. The Princeton University Bulletin : Eclipse Expedition Number. By Prof. C. A. Young, Princeton, 1900. Annuaire pour l'an 1901, publi6 par le Bu- reau des Longitudes. Paris: Gauthier- Villars. Observations of total eclipses of the sun have many points of contact for both astronomer and meteorologist. The former unhesitatingly crosses oceans and continents to observe them, because he hopes ultimate- ly to find, in a complete knowledge of the solar corona, a stepping-stone, at least, to that final theory of the sun's radiant energy which is basic in meteorology. But the latter has usually found little of useful im- port to observe in a solar eclipse; the well- marked changes in temperature and humid- ity of the atmosphere had long been watch- ed during so many eclipses, and with results practically always the same, that there had seemed nothing further to learn. Meteor- ologists, too, had settled down comfortably to the certainty that the barometer was no longer worth carrying into the lunar shadow, as repeated attempts had shown that the variations of air-pressure were so feeble as to be masked by other conditions whose effect could only in part be excerpted. Mr. Clayton, in the able discussion above cited, has conclusively shown the fallacy of this position by collating a mass of barometric observations in regions of the globe traversed by the last eclipse's path, both total and penumbral. A well-marked cyclonic effect is obvious, and has given rise to the new term "eclipse cyclone," con- firming admirably Ferrel's theory of the cold-air cyclone, and indicating that mar- vellous sensitiveness of our atmosphere which allows it to respond almost at once to cosmic influences. The cause is unique: by the interposition of the moon the sun's direct heat is for a few hours withdrawn from a region of the earth several thousand miles in extent. This is progressive, the moon's shadow sweeping athwart our planet at an hourly velocity ex- ceeding two thousand miles. Its speed relatively to the surface is, of course, much reduced by the earth's axial turning — by about one-half, in fact, if the eclipse track chances to lie alongside the equator. Mr. Clayton's research exhibits the remarkable rapidity of development and dissipation of cyclonic phenomena in the at- mosphere, and the further important fact that cyclones do not necessarily drift with the atmosphere, but travel along with their originating cause — in this case the swiftly moving lunar shadow, from the region with- in which the sun's heat is temporarily screened. "The eclipse may be compared," he says. "to an experiment by Nature, in which all the causes that complicate the origin of the ordinary cyclone are eliminated, except that of a direct and rapid change of temperature. The results derived from the observations, by eliminating the influence of other known phenomena, show quantitatively the effects of a given fall of temperature near the earth's surface in a given time. They show that a fall of temperature is capable of developing a cold-air cyclone in an astonish- ingly short time, with all the peculiar cir- culation of winds and distribution of pres- sure that constitute such a cyclone." This discovery has suggested to Mr. Clay- ton the further theory that the diurnal fall of temperature, due to the occurrence of night, must also produce, or tend to pro- duce, a cold-air cyclone. It is this con- ception which he develops into a new ex- planation of the cause of the long-recog- nized daily period in atmospheric pressure. Buchan, Angot, Schmidt, Hann, and others have accumulated a large mass of informa- tion concerning diurnal changes in pres- sure, and this is critically compared with Mr. Clayton's new theory that the double diurnal period in pressure is due to two diurnal cyclones, the one developed by the cold of night, and the other by the heat of day. It is a theory based on well-known physical laws, and explains also why the warm-air cyclone is strongly marked over continents and on clear days, causing the afternoon fall in the barometer; likewise why the early-morning period of least pres- sure over continents does not develop as ful- ly as over oceans, where there is but slight retardation of the air movements on which the fall of the barometer in the cold-air cyclone depends. The investigation is fur- ther elucidated by four plates, very clearly engraved and printed. In a fine volume of 523 pages, illuminated with 41 heliograph plates, Mr. Lowell, with the cooperation of his coadjutors, Professor Pickering and Mr. Douglass, has given to astronomers a very careful series of ob- servations of Jupiter and his satellites made in the years 1894 and 1895, and of Mars in 1896 and 1897, in part at his ob- servatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and in part at Tacubaya, Mexico. Any one who will take the trouble to go through this mass of detail and compare the notes with the drawings to which they refer, cannot but be struck with the high value of the sub- stantial contribution to practical astronomy

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Oct. /i IQOl] The Nation 305 that Mr. Lowell has effected, in prose- cuting so zealously a search for regions of exceptional atmospheric steadiness from which to conduct his researches on the sur- face and physical condition of the planets. And until astronomers who now remain in doubt as to the existence of the things here recorded, have themselves had the op- portunity of once observing for themselves under conditions essentially identical, so long will they continue skeptical. That this ever mobile atmosphere of ours has much to do with the situation, no one can doubt who has ever experienced the im- mensely ameliorated conditions of vision that attend an almost quiescent state of the air. Then, if onlv for an instant, he obtains perhaps just a fleeting glimpse, but still enough to satisfy him that, with hours of such vision, there is simply no end to the detail that can be visualized on the planetary disks. But the one first good sight is always necessary — preceded, of course, by a willingness to see, which not all astronomers seem to be gifted with. The bearing of Mr. Lowell's search for fine skies is far-reaching, if the astronomy of the future is to be a progressive science. The Clarks and Brashear in our own coun- try, Steinheil, Cooke, and the Henrys in Europe, have pushed the perfection of telescopes far in advance of the optical quality of the atmosphere through which they have to be used ordinarily; and the ablest of astronomers have employed these splendid instruments in making measures of a high degree of precision anciently un- known. A fair proposition it is, that if sites of the utmost and continuous steadi- ness of asmosphere could be found and oc- cupied by a multitude of astronomers work- ing under these ideal conditions, nowhere as yet attained, further and most signifi- cant advances could not fail to result. And this is true, not only of investigations clearly within the province of exact as- tronomy, but also in astrophysics, where precise measurement is more and more a necessity, particularly in spectroscopy. But it is in quite a different direction that Mr. Lowell has been seeking. Still, he has found more than was expected at the out- set. The work set forth in his first vol- ume was done in the main with an 18-inch telescope, the largest of Mr. Brashear' s construction, and now the property of the Flower Observatory of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1896 he acquired a 24-inch telescope, the last one actually made by Mr. Alvan G. Clark, a lens of exceptionally fine quality and performance. During the winter of 1896-97 this great instrument, with its unusually heavy mounting, was transferred to Tacubaya, a suburb of the City of Mexico; but as the atmospheric conditions were found to be disappointing, it was returned to Arizona, where it has remained in pretty constant use since May, 1897. Astronomers have already become In large part acquainted with the results of the investigations undertaken, through their earlier publication in Popular As- tronomy, the Astro-Physical Journal, and elsewhere. Definite indications were reach- ed of an atmosphere engulfing Jupiter be- tween 2,000 and 3,000 miles in depth. The first, third, and fourth satellites of the planet are found to turn round once on their axes while circling once round the planet. The second half of the volume dis- cusses the observations of Mars during the partly unfavorable opposition of 1896-97 — unfavorable if the greater distance of the planet is considered, but favorable if re- search upon the planet's northern polar re- gions is regarded. The polar caps and their varying configurations are discussed, diam- eters and markings of the planets also, with lists of the canals and oases scrutinized at this opposition when most astronomers failed to perceive any markings. The dis- cussion concludes with several chapters bearing upon the meteorological condition of the planet, and a double-plate map of the planet is annexed embodying all the detail made out at the opposition in question. As- tronomers will be gratified to know that these investigations have been continued during the later oppositions of 1899 and 1901, when the planet's north pole has been tilted at nearly its extreme angle towards the earth; and, as the writers conclude, "Nothing could demonstrate better the wis- dom of going far to secure a good atmos- phere." The advent of photography as the hand- maid of astronomy has led to the founda- tion of astronomical observatories without telescopes — or with microscopes, rather — astronomical laboratories, as Prof. Kap- teyn calls his. Here the photographic plates taken by astronomers at observatories in other parts of the world, notably by Sir David Gill at the Cape, have been carefully subjected to micrometric measurement, in which Professor Kapteyn may be said to have led the astronomical world in deriv- ing those substantial and accurate numeri- cal results which alone make the finished film of value. He has now added to his previously published catalogues of stellar positions a paper on the parallax of 248 stars which appear on a valuable series of plates taken in 1891-92 by Professor Don- ner of Helsingfors, whose work has been done with the utmost care and thorough- ness. Not less critical is Professor Kap- teyn's measurement of the plates and sub- sequent discussion. In accuracy the results compare very favorably with those secured by the more usual optical method, and Pro- fessor Kapteyn concludes his paper with an enthusiastic plan for a systematic deter- mination of the parallaxes of all the stars down to the magnitude 8.5 or 9, which num- ber about 200,000. For the actual photography, he suggests telescopes of very great focal length, but few of which are as yet available for this work. The photographic labor is not in it- self prohibitive. Professor Kapteyn esti- mates that it would not greatly exceed that requisite for the carte du del now approach- ing completion. The subsequent measures and reduction of the plates will demand an amount of labor not far from that expend- ed upon the carte du ciel also. Clearly, then, it is not too sanguine an estimate that the distances of perhaps even a half million stars may be ascertained within the next quarter century, if reasonable Government cooperation can be counted on. Certainly the feasibility of Professor Kapteyn's plan, outlined in this important paper, is suffi- ciently set forth; and of the desirability of such a general "Durchrmisterung for paral- lax" there can be no doubt, as progress in our knowledge of the distribution of the bodies throughout the stellar universe is already greatly handicapped by es- sential ignorance of the distances of all but a few. Their motions athwart the line of sight, or proper motions, have long been regarded as fit sub- jects for research at the Government ob- servatories, and Greenwich has within re- cent years added spectroscopic observations of their motion towards or from the earth. Obviously the stellar labyrinth is not to be threaded until the cooperation of the na- tional observatories of the world includes the wholesale determination of stellar dis- tances as well. By the liberality of Mr. M. Taylor Pyne and of the executors of the estate of Mr. Charles E. Green, Professor Young was able to organize on a large scale an ex- pedition, under the auspices of Princeton University, for observing the total eclipse of the sun in May, 1900. During the past two- thirds of a century Princeton has often sent out eclipse observers, four times in charge of the late Prof. Stephen Alexander — in 1834 to Georgia; in 1854 to Ogdensburg, N. Y., when a celestial happening was for the first time recorded by photography; in 1860 to Labrador, and in 1869 to Iowa. Professor Young, who went to Princeton from Dart- mouth in 1877, followed up this work by observing the total eclipses of 1878 in Col- orado and in 1887 in Russia. The increasing attention given by astronomers to these phenomena is well illustrated by the in- creasing elaborateness of preparation and the greater achievements of the more re- cent expeditions. The total eclipse of May 28, 1900, was the first visible in the Atlantic States since 1869, one which marked an epoch in American astronomical science, and Professor Young might almost be called the hero of that occasion, when he discov- ered the characteristic line of the coronal spectrum, and fixed its position with an ac- curacy which stood unassailed for nearly thirty years. English observers, however, and Professor Campbell of the Lick Obser- vatory, during the Indian^eclipse of 1898, took a series of spectrum photographs which showed conclusively that the accept- ed position of this important line must be in error, and it was to the correction of this that Professor Young in the main turned his attention. Most unfortunately it proved that the line in question was ex- ceptionally faint, so that it failed of de- tection by all members of the party. The undoubted variability in brightness of this line, whatever its significance may be, is a fact of much importance, and must serve to place spectroscopists on their guard at fu- ture eclipses. Professor Young had the efficient assis- tance of his colleagues, Professors Brackett. Libbey, Magie, and Reed. Their report is excellently illustrated by a series of plates showing the station at Wadesboro, North Carolina, the observers, their instruments, and the fine photographic results secured by them. The photographs of the corona were taken with Carbutt plates, and rank well beside the best secured in recent years. Professor Young had an interesting experience with positive photography at the last contact, and this leads him to make a novel and practical suggestion as to its utility in recording certain stars for paral- lax, of which photographic astronomers will do well to take note. The useful Annualre came promptly to hand early in the year, published under the superintendence of MM. Janssen, Cornu, and Loewy, the committee of the Bureau des Longitudes charged with its prepaia-

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306 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1894 tion. The amount of up-to-date astronomi- cal information within so narrow a com- pass is simply surprising, and places the Anniiiiirc far in the lead of other annuals. M. Cornu has written a brief section ex- planatory of the spectra of the stars and nebula?, and the lists of comets and small planets have been thoroughly revised. Aside from the Annuaire's primary value to the astronomer, it is of almost equal utility to the physicist and the man of affairs. There are compact tables of the currency, weights, and measures of France and other nations, together with a wise selection of geographical and statistical tables. Also there are population and mortality tables from which one may derive no very happy forecast for France's future. The chemical and physical tables are carefully collated. The number and excellence and interest of the supplementary Notices Scicntifiijii'S are rather unusual, and add greatly to the value of the Annnaire for 1901. M. Cornu contributes the first of these, on the elec- tric transfer of energy, followed by M. Poincare on the projected revision of the equatorial arc of meridian near Quito. It is to be expected that this work will now be undertaken under the general direction of the French Academy, and that the arc will be extended from 4.5 degrees to 6 de- grees in length. M. Bassot adds a brief historical note on the metric system, and M. Janssen relates the work accomplished the past year at his observatory on the summit of Mont Blanc. M. Hansky of St. Petersburg ascended the mountain once in July and again in September, remaining on its summit nearly a week each time. His work was chiefly in determination of the constant of the sun's heat, but he observed also an occultation of Saturn by the moon under exceptional circumstances. Other notices deal chiefly with the subjects of the international conventions of the Exposi- tion— M. Lcwy "on the Astronomical Con- ference, M. Bouquet de la Grye on the Geodetic Conference, and M. Janssen on the progress of aerial navigation. The Innuaire is copiously indexed and cross- referenced. Beleaguered in Peking. By Robert Colt- man, jr., M.l). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. Ten years after his first experiences in China as a missionary physician, and the publication of a book on 'The Chinese,' in which he diagnosed the diseases of the Mid- dle Kingdom and prophesied alien owner- ship and rule unless China's rulers awoke Id the ir duty. Dr. Coltman issues his jour- nal of the siege, and utters his opinions somewhat modified at points, hut more vig- orously, even, than before. His handsome- ly bound and printed work has many excel- lent illustrations, the especial value of the latter being that several are reproductions of the Imperial and Boxer military com- manders and civil mandarins, including those who were liehc aded for their pro-for- eign opinions, or for favoring moderation. It is not all fancy that sees in these strong- ly differing faces a powerful contrast be- tween Chinese civilization and Tartar sav- ry. it is a positive relief to see a book on China bound In green instead of gold or butter-color, though, along with the Chi- nese characters on the side, are the words 111 lame letters "The Yellow Crime." and the sub-title is "The Boxer's War against the Foreigner." Nevertheless, after reading this, as well as a score of other recent books on China by tihose supposed to know best about what they are writing, there seems to us a fail- ure to make clear just what the recent dis- turbances in China were. We read their real significance not in "China against the World," nor "The Boxers' War against the Foreigner." Certainly such titles are far from exhausting the meaning of so much smoke and blood. From either a native and inner, or a distant and alien view, neither the Boxers nor the foreigners were so really important as the two parties in China, the progressive and the reactionary. Nat- urally, foreigners, having been attacked and their lives put in peril, are apt to magnify their view of the situation, and we who never felt a wound have no wish to jest at scars. None the less, several things must be recalled to mind. One is, that the great- er and the better part of China, the populous central and southern regions and peoples, have approved neither of the Boxer fanatics nor of the Tartar reactionaries in the Gov- ernment. Furthermore, it is more than probable that a majority of alien officers and soldiers, hastening to the rescue of the legations, never took in the real situation, nor did they see clearly what had happened even when they had arrived at Pekin, when they learned (that is, the few who took the care to learn) that about 30,000 progressive Chinese and followers of the Western re- ligion had been slaughtered. Every book that comes out on China from the pens of eye-witnesses like Dr. Coltman does but serve to make two or three things, that ought never to be for- gotten, as clearly visible as the electric tower at Buffalo. One is the utter blind- ness of almost all the foreign representa- tives in Pekin, including especially the American and British representatives, as to the real situation. Dr. Coltman, in- deed, makes it repeatedly so very plain that one almost feels that he has a per- sonal feeling as well as judicial opinion on the subject, though possibly this sus- picion is not well founded. Certainly he does "rub it in," as if the ointment of criticism were of no avail unless stalwart- ly applied. His book also makes it mani- fest that, until the bombardment and cap- ture of thf Taku forts, the nature of the uprising was that of a mob instigated and greatly aided, no doubt, by some of th*. Empress's trusted adherents in high of- ti' se. In all probability, these might have bet n restrained by the moderate and pro- foreign men in high office, who lost their last chance Of restraint while the alien- hat ing Tartar advisers of the Empress got what they hoped and waited for, as well as their fullest justification, when the forts were attacked and the foreign nations, ex- cept the United States, had thus declared war by overt hostilities. We repeat that all this is clear, notwithstanding the au- thor's interpolated and rather vigorous comments on the Empress's edicts; as, for example (p. 227): "June 27. — Edict— From the foundation of this dynasty, foreigners in China have always been kindly treat- ed. (A tremendous lie.)" Yet some one at Washington blundered, for, notwithstand- ing that the American naval commander. Admiral Kempff, refused to join in hos- tilities, or, in other words, preserved our unbroken traditions of formal peace with China, and gave the United States what has since been its sure basis for subse- quent successful diplomacy, he was virtu- ally censured by our Government by being ordered away from the scene of operations. Dr. Coltman has learned wisdom in ten years, for this once missionary physician, vigorous in defence of the polity of his colleagues, declares (p. 37) his conclusion "that it has been a mistake of the Powers to insert in their treaties provisions mak- ing the preaching of Christianity a treaty right in spite of Chinese objection. Nearly all of the riots in China have come from attempts to force the Chinese officials to stamp deeds conveying property to mis- sionaries, for residences or chapels." Stand- ing thus, Dr. Coltman's statement is a gross exaggeration, if he includes other than Ro- man Catholic missionaries, who are direct- ly backed by French diplomatics and mili- tary power. His opinions, however, are worthy of being pondered. In his view, as in our own, "the policy which has been pursued in forcing Christianity upon the Chinese . . . practically at the point of the sword, has given to such men as the instigators of the Boxers a powerful argument for the extermination alike of the foreigner and his converts." Making no pretence to "literary effort," Dr. Coltman has given us one of the clear- est, most forcible, direct, and unimpassion- ed accounts of the siege, with details and comments that are suggestive and valuable. Taken as a whole, it is, in so far, of great- er value to the judicially minded historian than even Mr. Landor's bulky volumes. It is almost pitiful, then, to find on almost the closing page, after a reference to Yu Hsien, Governor of Shansi, who had the foreigners in his province murdered, the following sentence: "Is he to live? No, never! If there exists in America to-day one individual who counsels the return of the troops until the atoning blood of all the leaders and instigators of this awful crime has been poured out, may he be cursed for ever." In the next paragraph he demands that the Empress Dowager, two princes, and nine high officers "must each and all be brought to the block with as many of their followers as possible, be- fore the blood of innocent American wo- men will cease to cry from the ground for vengeance." Frankly, we must protest that this desire for so much blood-letting is scarcely consistent with what the Doctor declared (pp. 37, 38) to be the cause of the trouble. He outlines on the penultimate page thirteen things which ought not to be done or allowed, in one of which he calls for the abolition of Mantchu sovereignty. The preface was written September 10, 1900, when "all of the leaders of the movement an' at large." Perhaps the Doctor has cooled somewhat since, but, naturally, we ask with him, concerning the future, "What?" .1 History and Description, of Roman Po- litical Institutions. By Frank Frost Ab- bott. Boston: Ginn & Co. 1901. Soman Publte Life. By \. H. .). Greenidge. Macmillan. 1901. In their treatment of the Republic, these two works follow a similar plan. Both be- gin with an account of the early political development, after which they describe in

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Oct. 17, 1901] T li N'niioti 307 some detail the later Constitution. In the part devoted to the Imperial period, Abbott Includes a narrative of the Caesars, where- as Greenidge limits himself to a discussion of the Government. Abbott's simple, con- cise language adapts his book to the aver- age capacity of the college student; Green- Idge's fuller and more technical treatment is designed for the mature mind. It would be a mistake to assume, as Ab- bott comes near doing, that the kind of matter contained in these books is all that is needed for an adequate appreciation of the genius of Rome. Roads and buildings, private and social life and morals also express her character; and if her art and literature are "hybrid products," a half of these products Is nevertheless Roman. But though the special consideration of a particular aspect of Roman life cannot be profitably substituted .for a liberal view of the whole, the separate treatment of politi- cal Institutions has an undeniable value of its own. It is regrettable that, in their presenta- tion of the original kingship and of the early Republic, these writers have not tak- en a more scientific attitude toward the sources. To them the early books of Livy and Dlonysius are "tradition" pure and simple, whereas, in fact, the greater part of these narratives is the deliberate in- vention of later ages. Such material can- not be accurately termed tradition. A slight acquaintance with Pais, whom both Abbott and Greenidge mention, ought to improve their critical faculty. It is a serious ques- tion, too, whether these authors have not committed a grave error in adopting the conventional theory of an original patrician state. This theory is a product of histori- cal method in its crude beginnings, repre- sented by Niebuhr, who, in attempting to substitute reason for authority, gave free rein to his constructive genius in the crea- tion of artificial political systems and sit- uations. Although most of the mistakes of this great man have been eliminated from historical science by the sharper critical methods of his successors, his favorite the- ory of a patrician populus still lingers be- tween life and death. Originally it was supported by a few plausible citations from the sources, reinforced by a vast amount of a priori argument; but one by one the props have fallen, till it now stands with- out a single cupport. Mommsen admits not only that the theory of an original patri- cian populus was wholly unknown to the ancient writers, but also that this assumed patrician state has left no trace of itself either In the language or in the later in- stitutions of Rome. In other words, this myth of the nineteenth century, elaborat- ed at so great a cost of time and thought, explains absolutely nothing which we find in historical Rome. The view we take of this subject will control our conception of the whole con- stitutional development to the passing of the Hortensian Law (287 b. a). Those who ac- Lcept the conventional theory imagine the plebeians struggling first for citizenship and then for "full" citizenship. Those, on the other hand, who hold the simple view presented by the sources and reinforced by analogies from every other state known to history, that, from the beginning, the patricians of Rome were merely the nobles find the early political history a struggle of the plebeian masses chiefly for better eco- nomic conditions, and of their leaders for the right to hold offices. Another fault which both authors share with the school of conventional Roman his- tory to which they belong, is scarcely less important. The reader especially of Green- idge will receive the impression that early Roman life was a complex legal system plan- ned by learned jurists on a preconceived theory of the state, and administered in de- tail with scientific precision. The origin of this artificial view is well known. The early Rome of conventional history is largely the invention of late Roman jurists, along whose lines of reconstruction modern schol- ars from Niebuhr to Mommsen, with some exceptions, have continued to build. The plain statement of their method is enough to prove its unscientific character. The stu- dent of early Rome who wishes to keep him- self free from juristic misconceptions should study the primitive life of the Greeks, Ger- mans, Celts, and other Indo-Europeans. Be- fore coming to Rome, he should dwell for a time among the Samnites, Umbrians, Latins, and other Italians. Beginning his work with this preparatory discipline, he may as- sume for early Rome those common Aryan and Italian institutions, customs, and beliefs which, according to his judgment, have left an impression upon the later history of the state. Written from this point of view, a history of early Rome will become intelli- gible. In view of these fundamental defects in the method and conception of history adopt- ed by the two authors, minor faults may pass unnoticed. It would be more agreeable to speak of merits; but this Is difficult, for neither writer offers anything essentially original, or shows marked character in any direction. Doubtless their chief excellence lies in the fact that they have given a fair amount of space to Imperial times. Till re- cently, the English reader lacked the oppor- tunity to make himself acquainted with the modern conception of this period. The only historians whom he knew assumed that the emperors were all unlimited despots from first to last, and that consequently there was no development of the Imperial Constitution, if indeed such a thing as an Imperial Con- stitution existed. Bury, in his 'Student's Roman Empire,' was the first to present in English the views of recent German scholars on the subject; and now both Abbott and Greenidge have adopted these fresh ideas. In the new light which comes from a more careful study of the sources, the Augustan Government was not an absolute monarchy, but a dyarchy— the joint rule of Princeps and Senate — in which each of the two gov- erning powers limited the other both terri- torially and functionally. The development of the Constitution was a gradual drift to- wards absolute monarchy, a natural process occasionally interrupted by the tyranny of a Caligula or a Domitian. When, by the time of Diocletian, the influence of the Sen- ate had become insignificant, the dyarchy ceased, the Prince had developed into a des- pot of the Oriental type. The only serious objection to this view of the Imperial Con- stitution Is effectually met by Greenidge in a passage on page 398, which ends with these telling words: "To maintain the theory that a constitution which demands obedi- ence from the wise is a palpable fiction be- cause It cannot enforce obedience on the headstrong, is to wring a strange admission from political science." An English Comment on Dante's Divina Commedia. By the Rev. H. F. Tozer. M.A., Honorary Fellow of Exeter College, Ox- ford, etc. Oxford: Clarendon Press: New York: H. Frowde. 1901. 8vo, pp. 628. The number of contributions made by English scholars during recent years to the study of Dante and his writings is not only a proof of interest In the life and work of the poet, but also a striking Indi- cation of the rapid change in our educa- tional systems by the large substitution of the discipline of the modern languages for that of the ancient — a change likely to have effects which will mark a wide difference between the intellectual culture of the nine- teenth and the twentieth centuries. Per- haps even more remarkable than the num- ber of these contributions is the excellence of many of them, and their value as aids to a better understanding of the poet. The most interesting and important of all the early comments on the 'Divine Comedy,' that of Benvenuto da Imola, was edited by Sir James Lacaita, and published in five noble volumes at the expense of the fam- ily of Lord Vernon, in 1887. Since then the Rev. Dr. Edward Moore, the acknowl- edged chief of living scholars of Dante, has published, in rapid succession, one master- ly treatise after another, ranging over the fields of textual criticism, of historical illus- tration, of exegetical interpretation, and of the investigation of the sources by which Dante's mind was quickened, and from which he drew his extraordinary learning. Of less originality and importance than Dr. Moore's work, but still of great value, are the six volumes of the Hon. William Warren Vernon's recently completed 'Read- ings on the Divine Comedy,' which com- prise a complete translation and an ample exposition of the poem. The character of the author as it appears in his pages adds a grace to his abundant scholarship. An- other work of the highest merit in its kind is Mr. Paget Toynbee's thorough and learn- ed 'Dante Dictionary,' a work so service- able as to be practically indispensable to the English student of Dante. Of a different order is Mr. Edmund Gardner's volume on 'Dante's Ten Heavens,' containing an In- terpretation of the "Paradiso" remarkable for its intelligence and insight; and this was followed last year by an interesting translation by the Rev. Mr. Wickstead of the same division of the poem, with ad- mirable explanatory arguments to the can- tos, and useful notes by the translator and Mr. H. Oelsner. It were easy to extend this list, but we will add to it only a ref- erence to the important contributions to a better knowledge of Dante made in Amer- ica during the same period, of which Dr. Fay's invaluable Concordance, Mr. Latham's translation of Dante's Letters, and Mr. T. W. Koch's extraordinary Catalogue of the Dante Collection at Cornell University (practically an almost complete Dante Bibliography), may be cited as examples. Different in intent from any of these books, but in its kind not undeserving to rank with them, is Mr. Tozer's recently pub- lished 'English Comment on the Divin* Commedia.' The excellent essay on the metre of the 'Divina Commedia' which Mr.

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308 The ISTfttio.n. [Vol. 73, No. 1894 Tozer contributed to Dr. Moore's 'Textual Criticism' more than ten years ago, showed him to be a thorough and minute student of the poem, and his 'Comment' is that of an accurate and intelligent scholar. It 13 practically a school commentary, like those on the ancient classics, intended for begin- ners, but not without use for advanced stu- dents, as giving the interpretation adopted by a competent scholar of disputed and dif- ficult passages. It is intelligent, concise, and, with few exceptions, sufficient. Of course, in a poem which presents so many difficulties as the 'Divina Commedia' there are many passages concerning which there is likely to be difference of opinion among students of it, and Mr. Tozer cannot expect that his critics will always accept his inter- pretations; but if they are good scholars they will generally differ from him with hesi- tancy, always with respect. The comment has no charm of literary al- lusion or citation, or in its own literary form. It will not quicken the student's po- etic imagination, or inspire him with a sense of the beauty of the poem. It does not call his attention to its felicities of diction and versification, or to the intimate relation of Its substance and its form. It gives no full exposition of Dante's scheme of the moral and material universe, or of his religious doctrine, or of his object in the writing of his poem, or of his conception of his own mission. It comes short of an ideal com- ment in many ways; but as a literal, ex- planatory comment it will be most useful to every beginner of the study of the poet; and the young student may supplement it with the delightful commentary with which Long- fellow furnished his translation. Still, the two combined do not supply all that is want- ed. There is no perfect comment even in Italian. Asia and Europe: Studies presenting the conclusions formed by the author in a long life devoted to the subject of the relations between Asia and Europe. By Meredith Townsend. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1901. Pp. xii, 388. This is a book of the most unhappy edit- ing. The matter which it contains is indi- cated in the title with tolerable, but not perfect exactitude. Some of the studies could be brought under that rubric only by an exceeding wideness of interpretation. They all deal with Asia, it is true; and when we think of Asia, we cannot but relate it to Europe. But the fact is, that we have here simply a collection of the fugitive pa- pers contributed through many years to the Contemporary Review, the old National Revino, and the Spectator by an Indianist with a taste for anthropology and historical speculation. They range from a life of Mu- hammad to a few paragraphs on the minds of savages, and are always brightly and clearly written, readable to an eminent de- gree, and with no half-heartedness in the dashing off of theories of the past and hy- potheses for the future. But the pity is that Mr. Townsend has not given more at- tention to the attiring for regular life of these wandering children of his brain. Only in one case, where we are told that the paper was published in 1874, are we given definite information as to the conditions under which he wrote or printed. In some other cases we can make large conjectures from referenceo and tone, but generally we are left absolutely in the dark. How un- fortunate this is for the estimating of such essays need hardly be said. Mr. Townsend has made careful study of the Hindu mind, and, undoubtedly, in his years of experience, has reached far down into its mysteries. Its mental seclusion, which made Burton speak of the East In- dian as the most unsympathetic of all races to the European, Is admirably described and even explained. The Asiatic notion of jus- tice, and acceptance of the whims, however bloody, of an absolute ruler as legally right and proper; the influence of religion upon moral conceptions, making it perfectly fit- ting for one caste to do a thing that is a sin in another; the ability in the Hindu mind to assent intellectually to the truth of different religious systems, and yet not to embrace any of them; to believe, also, at the same time, the most flatly opposed things; patriotism as it exists in the Hindu and pity as it does not exist; the sense in which India is civilized, and the sense in which it is barbaric; what makes life worth living, for the Oriental — the excite- ment of unlimited possibility in life beside life that is always afternoon — on all these things flashes of absolute Insight are cast. In dealing with other races, we have rather anthropology slinging theories than experi- ence recording facts. Thus, Mr. Townsend's estimate of the negro is probably too low, and that of the Arab too high. There are only two ways of learning to know the Arab race. One is to night and day with them in the desert, not as a tourist, but as a solitary wanderer. The other is to work steadily through Doughty's great book- weighty in every sense — of travels in Arabia Deserta. Mr. Townsend seems to have fol- lowed neither. And to no one man, it may be safely said, is it given to know both the Hindu and the Arab. Burton himself could not pick the lock of the East Indian mind. With the Chinese and the Japanese, Mr. Townsend has evidently even less acquain- tance; especially he does not seem to have realized how completely Japan has assimi- lated Europe and ceased to be Oriental. The thesis which Mr. Townsend seeks to support by the republishing of the papers in this volume is simple and direct. East is East and West is West, and they can never fuse into one. There may be trade between Europe and Asia or struggle; the thought of Asia may be the religion of Europe; but the Oriental and the Occidental must al- ways stand apart. Each disdains the other; neither understands the other; neither, and that is the point, can conquer and assimi- late the other. England's rule of India— the greatest social experiment since the Pax Romana—\B, for any permanent result, a failure. The races are farther apart than ever, and there is no sign that Western law, religion, or education is producing any effect on the Indian mind. The law courts may be rigorously just, but the Indian pre- fers a rougher and readier justice than they render— one more personal even If corrupt. Missionary work has been educational and not creative. No native church has been founded that can take care of Itself and send out bands of itinerant preachers to reach their own kin; the education has been of the English type on the system founded by Macaulay, who, of all men, could least understand an Oriental— he did not understand even Plato— and it has pro- duced the Babu, who learns his textbook by heart, and not the learned Pandit. England will infallibly lose India, and India will be Indian and Oriental again. The same holds true of Russia and its conquests. Asia may within a century be completely par- celled out among the European Powers, but they will not, cannot hold it. As Alexander failed, as the Romans failed, as the Cru- saders failed, so will this movement of conquest which is evidently coming. Of America's part in this, Mr. Townsend says little, except in his pre/ace. There he recognizes that what America wants is trade, and trade only. The attitude of America to Asia will not be one of conquest, but "one of rather contemptuous guardian- ship." The phrase is excellent, and is an example of many more throughout the book. The book as a whole could have been made equally excellent; that is the pity of it. La Formation du Style par V Assimilation dts Auteurs. Par Antoine Albalat. Paris: Armand Colin. 1901. Somewhat more than two years ago, we spoke with commendation of this author's 'L'Art d'Ecrire,' which has meantime had a sale approaching ten thousand copies — proof that it went to the mark with the French public. The present work contains much that will be found familiar by readers of the former, and it is for other reasons not so captivating. Its movement is necessarily slower, as will appear when we say that more than a quarter of the treatise is devoted to Antithesis, an artifice of which a very few illustrations will satisfy, and many satiate. However, one cannot avoid considering mi- nutely and at length this antithesis, which is, in M. Albalat's words, "the key, the explana- tion, the generative reason for half of French literature, or, if you please, of the French style employed by our best authors, from Montaigne to Victor Hugo." For the study of it he for once does not send his readers to the Greeks, but, beginning with Tacitus, passes to Montaigne and other French writers of the earlier date, for he prefers them to Hugo, Mignet, and Taine, antithetical as are these also in a marked degree — Hugo "antithesis incarnate." While Rousseau stands in the front of this series, Voltaire has no place in it, and is seldom cited anywhere in the book for his own sake. His style is pronounced destitute of rheto- ric, and therefore unassimilable. Rousseau, the father of romantic literature, was class- ed by the Comte de Segur with Corneille, Bossuet, and Tacitus as having the power to fecundate his soul, while Voltaire, though ravishing his intellect, left him unproduc- tive; and Victor Cousin, again linking Rous- seau with Tacitus, declared that no other French writer except Pascal had left such an impress on the language. Homer, in the garb of Leconte de Lisle, plays a great role here as in 'L'Art d'Ecrire,' especially In the chapters on de- scription; and after him Chateaubriand, the study of whom will supersede that of all the writers of our time, "for he contains them all." FGnelon, the good writer, has no graphic powers, and his "Telemaque' has done incalculable barm by being imposed as a text-book. It should be proscribed, says our author. For the formation of taste, read no book devoid of talent; and not many books but good ones, a test of which is their re-readability. M. Albalat shows with much

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Oct. 17, 1 901] The Nation 309 detail the modes of assimilating authors by Imitation, but bids no one attempt this who has not the Inner promptings to write; and his final word is: "The art of writing Is a gift first innately possessed, then developed by the study of those who have been and will remain the masters of French litera- ture." The exceptional value of this discussion lies in the choice Illustrative extracts and in the constant reinforcement of the argument by citations from critical authorities, whose works are indicated by title for further Btudy. Thus. Talne Is adduced. In the chap- ter on description on the model of Homer's realism: "With this [French classic] style it Is Impossible to translate the Bible, Homer, Dante, or Shakspere. Read Ham- let's soliloquy In Voltaire, and see what be- comes of It — abstract declamation . . . Look Into Homer and then into Fene- lon for the Isle of Calypso. . . ." M. Al- balat adds from Voltaire's notes on Cor- neille a striking list of words and phrases, the use of which the annotator Interdicts in the noble style— humeur, gens, bourse, langue being the last four out of twenty-eight. We may also call attention to the Interesting Incidental consideration of the place of the adjective In French, on pages 281-283. Chapters on Greek Metric. By Thomas Dwight Goodell. (Yale University Bicen- tenary.) Charles Scrlbner's Sons. 1901. Professor Goodell here attempts a reex- amination of certain crucial passages in the ancient writers on Metric, and endeavors to interpret them by comparison with one an- other, and also by the light of modern scientific study of the nature of the rhyth- mical impulse and its modes of operation. The sense of rhythm among the Greeks can hardly have differed greatly from ours, though we know that It differed in some details. The Greek poet composed without any theory of rhythm, and was guided by ear alone and bv his artistic sense; the Greek school-boy undoubtedly required no more training to read aloud his Sophocles or Euripides correctly than the English boy to read his Milton. We may go farther and assume that Greek song in general did no violence to the ordinary pronuncia- tion as regards time: for conductor and singer alike, the natural pronunciation of the words constituted the basis. Such be- ing the case, then, in verse as well as in speech the spoken syllables must have been more or less flexible, the syllabic quantities must have remained somewhat elastic. This fact we might expect; it is recognized by Aristoxenos, our surest guide, and it is involved in his description of irrational feet. Nor was there any sharp distinction be- tween the rhythm of song and that of spoken words. In maintaining this against West- phal, Professor Goodell follows Weil's expo- sition of Aristoxenos. There was, of course, in music Increased precision in the observ- ance of rhythm. But, Just as in the mod- ern languages, Greek poetry was read in a style which Aristides Quintilianus calls "intermediate" between that of conversa- tion and that of singing. From all this It follows that the hard- and-fast definition of the metrists (metrici) must be taken with reserve. That the long syllable is invariably twice the length of the short, Aristoxenos did not accept; since he treated metre as a branch of rhythm, he was aware In practice of the fact, proved by modern experiment, that "consonants and vowels alike are very elastic as re- gards the time of pronunciation." Toward the metrists, however, the attitude of Pro- fessor Goodell Is conservative — they are to be treated with caution, but not to be neg- lected; they may often be corrected or in- terpreted by the aid of Aristoxenos. Pro- fessor Goodell does not accept the "cyclic" or three-timed dactyls. He sees no ground for this assumption In the ancient sources. He does not accept Blass's theory of the so-called dactylo-epitritlc line with its het- erogeneous groups of feet, founded on the Pindaric scholia; he does not agree with Rossbach that dactyls and anapaests, when combined with trochees, can become three- timed; on the contrary, he believes that the trochees were adapted to the dactyls, and rhythmized or prolonged under their Influence, rather than vice-versa. This does not prevent, however, our supposing an oc- casional shift to the three-timed rhythm when a complete colon of trochees is in- serted. Such a shift might enhance the beauty of a strophe in Aeschylus or Pin- dar, and produce what may be called a bit of rhythmic harmony. Finally, Professor Goodell attempts to cut the Gordian knot of certain logacedic metres, apropos of which be does not blush to quote sympathetically T. Reinach's "le glyconien que M. Masque- ray ni moi ne savons scander." His solution we have no space to con- dense; but it may be said, In general, that these chapters are a valuable contribution to the study of Metric, based on sound prin- ciples and sound interpretation. The au- thor's discussions offer incidentally some ex- cellent and acute observations on English verse and rhythm, too good to be wasted in the dry desert of a technical disquisi- tion. They should be incorporated in a separate treatise for the edification of Eng- lish readers. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams. Mary M. Sonnets and Songs. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $1.50. AJi-eu, Dr., Barbauld, Mrs., Marcet, Mrs., and Taylor, Jane. Eyes and No Eyes, and Other Stories, boston: D. C. Heath & Co. Alger. Horatio, jr. Nelson the Newsboy. The Mershon Co. $1.25. Alger. R. A. The Spanish-American War. Har- pers. $2.50. Allen, Grant. Florence. 2 vols. Boston: L C Page & Co. $3. An Episode on a Desert Island. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25. Arnold, Sarah L. The Arnold Primer. Silver linrdett & Co. Bagehot. Walter. 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310 The Nation. [Vol.: 73, No. 1894 Shakespeare. The Comedy of the Tempest. Bos- ton: D. C. Heath & Co. Sharp, D. L. Wild Lite Near Home. Oentury Shirley, Penn. Boy Donald and his Cham. Bos- ton:' Lee & Shepard. 75 eeuts. Sibley, Louise L. A Lighthouse Village. Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. Slade A K. Annie Deane. Brentano. Smith, B. E. Odes of Horace. Century Co. Suedden, Genevra S. Docas, the Indian Boy of Santa Clara. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. Taylor, B. R. Into the Light. San Francisco: D. P Eider and Morgan Snepard. 75 cents. The Benefactors. Macmillan. $1.50. The Living Age, Vol. 230. The Living Age Co. Trimmer Sarah. The History of the Robins. Bos- ton: D. C. Heath & Co. Turner G. T. Select Pleas of the Forest. (Selden Society.) London: Bernard Quariteh. Tolstoy. Leo. Anna Karemn. 2 vols. McLlure, Phillips & Co. „ „ _ . _, _,. Van Dyke Henry. The RullDg Passion. Scrib- ners. $1.50. Van Vorst, Bessie and Maggie. Bagsby's Daugh- ter. Harpers. Watanna, Onote. A Japanese Nightingale. Har- pers. $2. Watson, John. The Life of the Master. McClure Phillips & Co. $3.60. Wells, H. G. The First Men In the Moon. The Bowen-Merrlll Co. Wyckoff, W. A. A Day with a Tramp, and Other Days. Scribners. $1. "Zack." Tales of Dunstable Weir. Scribners. $1.50. JUST PUBLISHED. Manual of the Flora of the United Statss and Canada. By Natuaniei, Lokd Britton, Ph.D. x + 1080 pp. 12mo,$2.25. Presents descriptions of the wild fern plants and seed plants of northeastern North America in the light of present understanding of them and of their in- terrelationships, accompanied by cita- tions of their- known natural aistribu- tion, their habitats and their periods of flowering. HENRY HOLT & CO.. Nrw Vork, i» w. 23d Bt ; Chioaho, 878 Wabash Ave. Renaissance Types. By William Samdel Lilly, Honorary Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. 8vo, pp. xxiv + 400, $3.50. "... This lively and of t»n eloquent volume . . . lias the qualities which his audience iieslres in anything from Mr Lilly's pen— wide and BCholarly reading, decided views, and easy style, and the touch of polemic awa- kened by questions that can ne»er gro* obsolete." —Bookman, London. LONGMHNS. GREEN. St CO. 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. TO BE PUBUS1EO SHORTLY: The Oxford India Paper DICKENS. COMPLETE, WITH ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS. SEVI) FOR PROSPECTUS. Oxford University Press, American Branch, oi & 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. HAVE yO\J MET Monsieur Beaucaire? $1.25- A Great Book. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 421) 5th Ave, bet. SNth and tfHth Sts , New York. Importer" of Foreign Hooks Agents for the leading Paris publisher. ; Tauchnltz'e lirltl.h authors, Tenh- ner'fl ureek and Latin * lassies. Catalogues of stock malted on demand New hooks received from Paris and Leipzig ae soon as issued. RARE PRINTS, XVI. & XVII. 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These sketches are taken almost at random from old notebooks and summer Jour als About them gather a host of associations, ot the winter woods, of apple- bo soma aid ne«*-l>ulldtng. of sew E gland uplands a d wilderness rivers ol camp and canoe, of enow-shoes and trout rods, of sunrise on the hills when one climbed for the eagle's nest and twilight n the yellow, wind- Bwepl beaches, where the su f sobbed far away, all t ironeing about one eager to be remembered If not re- corded. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers Boston New York San Francisco Dallas Columbus Chicago Atlanta London BOOKS When calling please ask for AT MR. OKA^T. LIRFRAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. address Mr. urant. Before buying books wrlie for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues ami spec! •] slips of books at re- duced prices sent for tO-cent stamp. P. E. ORANT, Books. 29 W. 4tfD St., ----- NEW YORK. (.Mention t/ii* advertisement and receive a discount.) MANUSCRIPTS. 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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 S95. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. To GIRLS The ROAD to RIDGEBY'S Aphrodite In the SHADOW of the BLACK PINE THEOLOGY at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century Church Building B EACON IOGRAPHJES A fascinating series of plain-spoken letters to girls about their Education, their Social Relations, and their Personal Conduct. By 11ELOISE E. HERSEY, head of the famous school for girls in Boston. Of the keenest interest to every girl and to every mother of girls. Attractively bound. $1.00 net. Send for free circular. SMALL. MAYNAR.D <& COMPANY. Publishers. Boston. By FRANK BURLINGAME HARRIS. " Here is a good story," says The Bookman, " and one that should not be lost sight of in the avalanche of autumn publications. There is something about it so real, so spontaneous, so simple that one is glad to pass it on with commendation." " A romance full of action, truth, pathos, and genuine humor " writes Elia W. Peattie in the Chicago Tribune SMALL. MAYNAR.D (SL COMPANY. Publishers. Boston. The ROMANCE of a SCULPTOR'S MASTERPIECE. By FRANKLIN KENT GIFFORD. With a frontispiece portrait of the heroine by Edwin H. Blashfield. 12mo, cloth, decorative, 11.50. The story of the progress of an American artist from the humblest beginnings to the achievement of recognition and success is interwoven with a love-story of rare delicacy and beauty. The story centres itself in an exquisite Aphrodite and in the artist's inspiration to the creation of his masterpiece. The pictures of studio life in Rome are peculiarly vivid and fasci- nating, and the realization of the artist's life dream and of his love furnish a denouement of great power and originality. SMALL. MAYNARD f& COMPANY. Publishers. Boston. A ROMANCE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. By A. G. PLYMPTON. $1.50. Few more charming heroines have ever been portrayed in American literature than Bar- bara Ryche. The story is full of romantic charm and incident, and is a book to delight the lover of colonial literature and to create an interest in this picturesque period, even in those who have never before cared for it. SMALL. MAYNARD (EL COMPANY. Publishers. Boston. ESSAYS on the PRESENT STATUS of CHRISTIANITY and its DOCTRINES. Edited by J. VYRNWY MORGAN, D.D. 12mo, cloth, paper label, 590 pp. $3.50. A symposium of important original essays by eminent theologians of England and the United States on the great questions in religion, showing the present status of theology and how far religion and theology have been influenced by the progress of scientific research. SMALL. MAYNAR.D ©. COMPANY. Publishers. Boston. A STUDY of the PRINCIPLES of ARCHITECTURE in their RELATION to the CHURCH- By RALPH ADAMS CRAM. lsJmo, cloth, decorative, gilt top. Net, $2.50. In these papers Mr. Cram shows the application of the principles of art to every phase of ecclesiastical architecture, from the country chapel to the cathedral. Copiously illustrated by plans and reproductions, in half-tone and in line, of examples of good and of bad church building. SMALL. MAYNAR.D 6. COMPANY, Publishers. Boston. NEW VOLUMES: LONGFELLOW, EMERSON, AGASSIZ, WHITTIER, EDWIN BOOTH. Send for Special Circular. " A monumental collection," says R. H. Stoddard. " Contain exactly what every intelligent American ought to know about the lives of our great men," says the Boston Herald. 75 cents, net, each. Blue Lambskin, $1.00, net. SMALL. MAYNARD ®. COMPANY. Publishers. Boston.

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1895 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 811 Editorial Articles: Secretary Gage at Milwaukee 314 Unity iu Banking 314 Mr. Shepard in Tammany Hall 315 Tammany and the Courts 1 316 Van Buren and Shepard 317 The Presidency of Columbia University .... 317 The Yale Bicentenary 318 Special Correspondence: Princess Lieven.— II 319 Correspondence : Reciprocity 320 The New French Doctorate 320 Notes 321 Book Reviews: Michie's McClellan 323 The Oldest Type-Printed Book in Existence 324 Ethics: Descriptive and Explanatory, .... 325 A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages 326 Irish Pastorals 327 Books of trk Week 327 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any pari of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $i.00. The date when the subscription expires is on the address label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent dale becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the risk of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by check, express order, or Postal Order, payable to " Publisher of the NaHon." When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box 79i, New York. Publication Office, 208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insertion; U lines to the inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page, or lop of column. A column, $!0 each insertion; with choice of page, $2U. A page, $60 each insertion ; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Copu received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 per cent. 10 " 26 - :.:;: {** :: »» :: :::::::::::::::::::::: 20 •■ 52 25 A UOUNT — SUM) within a year lOpcrcent. bo ir» .. 1,000 •• •• i\ .. 1,500 " " oX 8.000 •• •• .:::::::::::::::::::::::: 33^ •• The Principles of Knowledge With Remarks on the Nature of Reality. By Rev. J. E. Walter, author of the " Perception of Space and Matter." Vol. I. 8vo, pp. 30.' S2 00 postpaid. The principles of knowledge treated inductively from the poiut of view of Dualistic Realism. JOHNSTON AND PENNEY West Newton, Psv, Educational. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. ^THE MISSES HEBB'S J. Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W.Franklin St. TJ'DGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA Y JZL School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26,1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre, \ Prin„lnal(, Miss E. D. Huntley, J principals. Massachusetts, Boston. DOS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. £j Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. DARIS, France. Jr Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Study Home for young ladies. Resident French teacher. Only French spoken. For particulars and circular address 97 Boulevard Arago (XlVe). A/flSS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1VJ. School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St.. Phila., Pa. ft/ffSS RE YNOLDS School, 66 W. 45 th 1 VJ. St., New York.— Special students admitted to reg- ular classes. A few young girls received Into the family. SCHOOL OF DRAWING and PAINTING Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. INSTRUCTORS. | SCHOLARSHIPS. E. C. Tarbell, ) DrawingPaige Foreign Scholar- F. W. Benson, Philip Hale, \ B. L. Pratt, Modeling Mrs. Wm. Stone, Decorative Design. E. W. Emerson, Anatomy. A. K. Cross, Perspective. 26thYear. and ship for Men and Wo- Painting men; Helen Hamblen Scholarship; Ten Free Scholarships; Six Cash Prizes. For circulars and terms address Emily Danforth Norcross, Man ager. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. 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Oct. 24, 1 901] The 3STation. 111 The Most Important Biography of the Season NOW READY The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson By GRAHAM BALFOUR With valuable autobiographical material found after Stevenson's portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Stevenson. The Authentic Biography pREPARED with the assistance of Mr. Stevenson's family, and containing unpublished manuscripts and letters, diaries of travel and reminiscences of friends and relatives. death; also unpublished The New York Times Saturday Review says: "It seems clear that Mr. Bal- four's work could scarcely have been done better. The volumes, moreover, contain much entirely new matter, and where familiar ground has necessarily been gone over, the work has been done in sympathetic and unhackneyed manner. Indeed the memoir, perhaps, will have an even warmer welcome than that accorded to the letters. " Mr. Balfour's entire sympa- thy with his subject, never de- generating into mere hero worship, makes his concluding chapter of some thirty pages — * R. L. S. ' one of the most fascinating por- tions of an altogether fascinating book." Its Special Purposes r\ESIGNED as a record of Stevenson's career and a study of the development of his character. It aims to re- cord the successive expressions of his most varied and fascinating personality. Also specially in- tended as a study in portraiture, a supplement to the Letters as they are a supplement to the published works of the author. Treats essentially of Stevenson the man. CONTENTS. VOLUME I. I. His Ancestors. 2. His Parents. 3- Infancy and Childhood 1850-59. 4- Boyhood — 1 859-67. 5- Student Days — •867-73. 6. Life at Five-and- Twenty — 1873-76. 7- Transition — 1876-79. 8. California — 1879-80. 9- Davos and the High- lands— 1880-82. 10. The Riviera— 1882-84. VOLUME II. II. Bournemouth — 1884-87. 12. The United States — 1887-88. •3- The Eastern Pacific — 1888-89. 14. The Central Pacific — 1889-91. 15- Vailima — 1891-94. 16. The End— 1894. 17. M\» L. 0. In two volumes, uniform with the Letters ', 500 pages, $4.00 net CHARLES SCRIBNEKS SONS

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IV Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1895 New Books Just Issued from the Press by The MaxmillsLii Company Fiction. By the author of ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN The Benefactress Just Ready. Cloth, !2mo, $1.50. "Capital reading, bright, humorous, full of life and action, and with many a shrewd observation on life and man scattered through its pages."— Mali and E.cprvss. The New Americans By Alfred Hodder, author of " The Adversaries of the Scep- tic," etc. Cloth, $1.50. '•A subtle character story."— Cumm'l Advertiser. Calumet "K" A New Novel by Merwin=Webster By Merwin-Webster, authors of " The Short-Line War," "The Banker and the Bear." Cloth, $1.50. New Canterbury Tales By Maurice Hewlett, author of "The Forest Lovers," " Richard Yea and Nay," etc. Cloth, $ 1 .50. A Friend with the Countersign By B. K. Benson, author of "Who Goes There?" Cloth, $1.50. IN SETS. The Temple Pocket Balzac Balzac's works complete in forty handy pocket volumes, handsomely printed and bound in cloth and limp leather, with etched frontispieces. Sits only, cloth, $30; leather, $40. The Temple Pocket Bronte The works of Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bronte, in twelve volumes, each with a photogravure frontispiece, bound in cloth or limp lather. l6mo, cloth, $6.00; leather, $9.00. Jane Eyre, 2 ■vols.; Shirley, 2 vols.; Villetts, 2 vols.; Wuth- ering Heights and Mnes Grey, 2 vols.; The Tenant of Wild- fell Hall, 2 vols.; The Professor, I vol.; Poems, 1 vol. Each volume, cloth, 50 cents; limp leather, 75 cents ; two-volume sets are not broken. The Works of Thackeray Edited with an introduction by Walter Jerrold. The set will be complete in thirty volumes. Each volume to contain eight illustrations by C. E. BROCK, together with portraits and views in photogravure. Each vol. 1 21110. $1.00. VANITY FAIR. 3 volumes. Readv. PENDENNIS. 3 volumes. In press. READY THIS WEEK. The Old Knowledge By Stephen Gwynn, author of "Highways and Byways in Donegal," "The Repentance of a Private' Secretary," etc Cloth, $1.50. Art, Literature, etc. The Life and Letters of John Richard Green By Leslie Stephen, author of " A History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century," " Life of Henry Fawcett," etc., sometime editor of " The Dictionary of National Biogra- phy." Cloth, 8vo. Just Ready. George Washington and Other American Addresses By Frederic Harrison, M.A., Hon. Fellow of Wadham Col- lege, Oxford; President of the English Historical Society, etc. Cloth, crown 8vo, $1.75 net. Just Ready. William Shakespeare : Poet, Dramatist and Man By Hamilton Wright Mabie, author of "My Study Fire," " Under the Trees," etc. Fully illustrated with 8 full-page and 100 text illustrations. New and cheaper edition. Cloth, 1 2mo, $2.00 net. The Beginnings of Poetry By Francis B. Gummere, Professor of English in Haverford College. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net. Filippo Di Ser Brunellesco By Leader Scott. Illustrated, cloth, 121110, $1.75. The latest of the series tireat Masters in Painting and Sculpture. English Pre=Raphaelite Painters Their Associates and Successors By Percy Bate. Illustrated, l2mo, cloth, $3.00. Uniform in size and general style with Bell's "Burne-Jones," Baldry's "Millais," etc. Glories of Spain By Charles W. Wood, F.R.G.S., author of " Letters from Majorca," " In the Valley of the Rhone," etc. Illustrated, cloth, 8vo, $3.50. The Isle of the Shamrock By Clifton Johnson, author of " Among English Hedgerows," etc. Illustrated, crown 8vo, $2.00 net. Inductive Sociology A Syllabus of Methods, Analyses, and Classifications, and Provisionally Formulated Laws By Franklin H.Giddings, Professor of Sociology in Columbia University, author of "The Principles of Sociology," "The Elements of Sociology," " Democracy and Empire," etc., etc. Cloth, 8vo. $2.00 net. For complete lists of neiv books, address the publishers, THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 1901. The Week. One of the most prominent men in the country, a leader in the cause of education, known and honored abroad, visited Washington the other day. He is a personal friend of Mr. Roosevelt, and the President consults him freely about matters in the section where he lives, attaching great value to his ad- vice. Mr. Roosevelt likes to have a friend at dinner in an informal way, and so he naturally invited this gentle- man to his table. Yet leading politicians throughout the South have been greatly excited over this incident, which some newspapers in that part of the country treat as of national importance. The Memphis Commercial-Appeal, for exam- ple, says that "President Roosevelt has committed a blunder that is worse than a crime"; the New Orleans States de- clares that his action "was little less than a studied insult to the South"; while the Memphis Scimitar pronounces it "the most damnable outrage which has ever been perpetrated by any citizen of the United States." The explanation of this extraordinary outbreak is the fact that the distinguished citizen whom the President of the United States invited to dinner was President Booker T. Wash- ington of Tuskegee (Ala.) Institute— "a nigger," as the Commercial-Appeal calls him. Mr. Roosevelt has committed the crime of trying to establish "social equality," and this Memphis newspaper lays down the rule, which can be vio- lated by any white man only at peril. of his political life, that "race supremacy precludes social equality." The negro, according to this authority, is entitled to his rights under the law, "and the men who stand for white supremacy are the strongest advocates of granting him these rights; but beyond that they will not go." The reason is, that beyond lies the chasm which must never be crossed by any bridge of "social equality." If the President were seeking votes at the South, we should be obliged to join this critic in pronouncing his act of private hospitality a blunder. But as he was a man before he was a President, he has achieved the most honorable success of his life — and that not by way of demon- stration or advertisement; nor, we will add, by way of carrying out the policy of his predecessor. Secretary Long's navy estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, should make plain to every one what an enormous price the country is to pay in its race to outstrip European nations in the number of ships. He asks for $98,910,984 for the maintenance and in- crease of the fleet during the next year — a sum but eleven millions less than that estimated as the cost of running the city government of New York city under Tammany rule throughout the next fiscal year. In other words, Congress is asked to vote for the navy more money than it would cost to supply another New York, economically and honestly administered, with all the municipal necessaries of the life of a large city— parks, water supply, clean streets, lighting, baths, schools, police, fire protection, etc. The fact that the new estimates are thirty-one millions higher than those for last year only dem- onstrates once more how the naval appe- tite always grows with feeding upon the public treasury. No Navy Department the world over has embarked on this pol- icy and ever proclaimed itself satisfied. There are always more ships or more men required, unless the legislature, or the people, or national bankruptcy puts on the brakes. The time for the Ameri- can people to say Enough has come. In striking and pleasing contrast to these navy estimates are those of the War Department. Despite the increas- ed regular army, the cost of reorgani- zation, and the unceasing necessity for keeping 40,000 men on a war footing in the Philippines, Secretary Root asks for considerably less money than last year. Sixteen millions is the sum which he finds he can lop off from the amount he received last year, and still carry twen- ty millions for river and harbor improve- ments not properly chargeable to the mil- itary account. That this moderation is largely due to economies in administra- tion, rigidly insisted upon by the Secre- tary, is another feather in that able offi- cial's cap. What makes the contrast be- tween the $79,000,000 asked by the War Department for military purposes and the $98,910,000 called for by Secretary Long all the more striking is, that the army is still at war, while the navy, even with its blockading duty, cannot be said to be upon that footing. When one con- siders the enormous sum required for pensions, the total tribute which ..he United States will probably pay to the spirit of war during the next year must seem appalling, even to those familiar with the burdens of European militarism. The pig-headed and obstinate refusal of certain "properly subject" peoples to know when they are conquered, continues to cause our Imperialistic friends in Eng- land and this country no little concern. There are those stupid Boers. Nearly two years ago it was officially declared by the English Government that all pos- sibility of their reaching the sea in Cape Colony was at an end. On Thursday, after twenty-six months of hostilities, a bold band of raiders was able to cry "Thalatta, Thalatta" from hills within fifty miles of Cape Town! Among our own involuntary subjects in the Philip- pines there continues to be the same stubborn refusal to recognize the desira- bility of the benefits of Anglo-Saxon civ- ilization when supplied by force. In Sa- mar on Thursday another detachment of the Ninth Infantry narrowly escaped such a massacre as was the fate of Com- pany C of that regiment two weeks ago, getting off with a loss of ten killed and six wounded out of forty-six men. It is not surprising that it is announced that there will be no further withdrawals of troops. Gen. Corbin was sure that we should need only 24,000 men in the isl- ands. Gen. Chaffee, however, insists by cable that he must have more than 40,000 men, and that a reduction in this force might mean a widespread recrudescence of the war. Bad news multiplies from Samar. A conspiracy has been discovered to slaughter another body of troops. The leader of the conspiracy was the Pres- idente appointed by the Taft Commis- sion— a fresh illustration of the hollow- ness of the peace that Senator Foraker tells us has at last descended upon the archipelago. So far is this from the truth, that every soldier within reach has been sent to Samar, and, after all other available forces have been ex- hausted, 356 marines have been sent in hot haste to the island. The Army and Navy Journal of October 5 publishes a detailed statement of the forces dis- patched to Samar from time to time. The original detail for this service consisted of the entire First Infantry, the Second Battalion of the Ninth, and two squadrons of cavalry. There are now at least four full regiments in the island, and the trouble is increasing all the time. Not only is the local trouble increasing, but the news of disaster to the Americans in Samar "spreads like wildfire among the natives, who scarcely attempt to conceal their delight." In other words, the pacification which the Taft Commission has reported is not even skin deep. Consequently we are in for fresh slaughter in behalf of our bill of sale from Spain and of our in- sufferable cant about a benevolent war of civilization. In our profit and loss account, since the treaty of peace with Spain, will anybody write down what we have to show for the American blood and the American money poured out in those Asiatic isl- ands? Will Senator Foraker or any- body else undertake to say how much more of both we shall expend before we convince the Filipinos that we are trying

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312 Tlie ISTation [Vol. 73, No. 1895 to give them as much liberty as they are capable of enjoying and rightfully using? And is this kind of a war the world mission of America at the beginning of the twentieth century? The movement, initiated some time ago, for a national convention of manu- facturers to discuss the subject of reci- procity, has now taken concrete form. It will be held in Washington, on November 19, and will probably last three days. The plan originated in a suggestion of- fered last June at the annual meeting of the National Association of Manufactur- ers, and has been elaborated by the Ex- ecutive Committee of that body. The Committee, in the call it has recently is- sued, outlines the work of the proposed meeting as being "to discuss the expedi- ency and practicability of the broader ap- plications of the principles of commercial reciprocity, as a means of expanding for- eign markets for American products without sacrificing the interests of any of our industries." The call has been freely distributed to business organizations, but none except men actually engaged in manufacturing enterprise will be recog- nized as delegates to the convention. With a body really representative of pro- ducers from all parts of the country, it may fairly be hoped that some clearer notion of the best lines to be pursued in tariff reform may be obtained. The ad- vantages gained by protected industries in one part of the country are offset by the corresponding disadvantages entailed upon those situated elsewhere. It would probably be too much to expect the con- vention to be absolutely harmonious, or perhaps to adopt recommendations of much importance. But it cannot fail to give much needed insight into the real feeling of our manufacturers on the sub- ject of reciprocity. The Chicago Tribune has interrogated a large number of editors personally on the question of ship subsidies, and has received eighteen answers in writing, which it publishes. Twelve of them are opposed to subsidies altogether, four are in favor of some kind of subsidy, and two are neutral. The most marked fea- ture of the replies is the vigorous ex- pression of opinion against any form of subsidy. The editor of tne Elgin (111.) A ( us maintains that no measure should be passed by Congress taxing the many for the benefit of the few. The editor of the Madison (Wis.) Journal says that "to grant millions to great steamship lines or as free gifts to individuals will only add to the flame of social and po- litical unrest." The Janesville (Wis.) Gazette points to Mr. J. P. Morgan's ac- quisition of the Leyland Line and says that that is the way to build up a mer- chant marine. "If there is any money in a merchant marine, there is enough idle capital in this country to build and equip a fleet that would be unrivalled. If there is no profit in the enterprise there is no reason why the people's money should be so invested." The editor of the Portland Oregonian says that all the shipyards on the Pacific Coast are crowded with work, and that they are more than a year behind with their or- ders. No bounty or subsidy could get any more work out of them than they are now doing. The Centralia (111.) Senti- nel holds that the Ship Subsidy Bill in- volves not only many millions of dol- lars, but a principle which is "hardly compatible with a republican form of government." The Toledo Blade says: "Kill all subsidy bills." All the forego- ing newspapers are Republican in poli- tics. The Milwaukee Wisconsin, the Muscatine (la.) Journal, and the Gales- burg Republican favor a subsidy in some form. The Chicago Tribune itself is op- posed to any subsidy. Its investigation proves that the Hanna-Payne bill is more unpopular in the West now than it was during the last Congress. The Tribune has a telegram from Washington purporting to give the points of the new Isthmian Canal treaty. According to this version, the features in which it differs from the treaty of last year are that the United States guarantees the neutrality of the canal, and is the sole guarantor, and that the United States reserves the right to for- tify the canal. The latter clause was not in the Hay-Pauncefote treaty as amended by the Senate. If it has been inserted in the new treaty, it is rather incongruous with the principle of neu- trality; but of course we are not oblig- ed to spend our money in fortifying a neutral canal, and, of course, our for- tification of it will not give us any advantages over other nations in the use of it, either in peace or in war. If we were at war, we might prevent any other Power from passing through it, but any other Power that was stronger than ourselves on the water could pre- vent us from entering it. The main thing to know, however, is that the treaty will be ratified by the Senate with little, if any, opposition. It does not follow that the Nicaragua route will be adopted. The Panama Canal is still very much alive, and its President is in Washington now for the purpose, it is presumed, of offering it to our Govern- ment. The offer, if made, will reach the public through the report of the Isthmian Canal Commission, of which Admiral Walker is the President. The text of Judge Morris's opinion, in which he sustains the decision of the Board of General Appraisers in the Rus- sian sugar-bounty case, will increase the interest already felt in this important suit. Judge Morris's decision, it now turns out, was purely formal. He re- views the Russian system, by which the amount of sugar produced for home consumption is practically limited, and shows that, although the amount involv- ed in this particular case is very small, the result will be of far-reaching impor- tance. In view of the certainty of ap- peal, the decision of the lower court is of only momentary weight, and the Judge, therefore, believes that in ren- dering his opinion he should cause as lit- tle delay as may be. Recognizing that the question is a close one, Judge Morris prefers not to take the time necessary for such a technical study of the facts as alone would warrant him in reversing the carefully considered ruling of the majority of the Board of Appraisers, not- withstanding that he inclines to agree with the minority report of that body. An appeal to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals has been filed, and the case is likely to be heard at the No- vember term in Richmond, Va. There has been considerable fear lest the changed conditions in Washing- ton should lead to the retirement from public life of one of our greatest patri- ots and statesmen, the Hon. Mark Han- na. The loss of this high-minded poli- tician and leader would, we all know, cause consternation in more quarters than one — in none more so than in those shipping circles which have organized to obtain Government money for an in- dustry that cannot fill the orders al- ready booked. All apprehensions were set at rest, however, when Senator Han- na made the following statement in the course of his speech at Delaware, O., on Saturday: "Let no yellow journalism or blatant demagogues shake your faith in the conditions of this country to-day, as affecting those who have the respon- sibility. / am not going to retire from politics or public duty. I have no in- tention of resigning my chairmanship of the National Committee. / am going to stay there and see Nash and Foraker and others through, if it takes ten years." Nothing has so reassured and quieted the country as will this touch- ing announcement of Mr. Hanna's self- sacrificing devotion to duty. Anxious patriots may now rest in peace. Bourke Cockran is one of the men who have found it hard to make up their minds what to do. He now announces that Mr. Shepard's speech at Tammany Hall, the other evening, settled the mat- ter in favor of the Tammany candidate. Mr. Cockran argues that Mr. Shepard'a courage in reasserting his condemna- tion of Tammany rule in the very pres- ence of the boss foreshadows "an ad- ministrative atmosphere where no boss could survive for a month," while Mr. Low's failure to reaffirm in 1901 his de- nunciation of the Republican organiza- tion and its boss in 1897 "shows that he

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Oct. 24, 1901] The Nation 313 has abased himself to become the instru- ment of the Republican machine." This is ingenious, but it is not ingenuous. Mr. Low is not called upon to denounce the Republican organization when it has re- versed its position and come upon his non-partisan platform; while the idea that any man in the Mayor's office could free this city from Tammany rule while Tammany should control the District At- torneyship, the Comptrollership, the Presidents of the Board of Aldermen and of the boroughs, as well as the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, is sim- ply absurd. There has been no more refreshing development since the beginning of the campaign than the action of Mr. Grout and of Judge Jerome in naming names in their Saturday night speeches against Tammany. If there is one thing that is needed to wiu this fight, it is the point- ing out of the rascals responsible for New York's degradation with an un- mistakable "Thou art the man." It is all the more necessary because the Van Wycks, Sullivans, Carrolls, and Crokers are hiding behind Shepard's respecta- bility in the hope that the discussion as to his actions may veil their own misdeeds. It will not suffice to say, as Mr. Jerome did, that the single issue in this fight is "Thou shalt not steal," unless the responsibility for the wrong-doing is fixed in the public eye. It should be made clear, too, by the most unmistakable language, just who is to be adjudged guilty for the shocking conditions which permit of an organ- ized system for the ruining of young girls upon the East and West Sides. These are the subjects to which the hearts of the people will respond. Cour- age and fearlessness in attacking them will find a prompt echo in every tene- ment in the city in which there are hon- orable men and women. Justice Jerome and Mr. Grout are to be congratulated on having begun the work of branding the Tammany leaders who profit by gambling. "I say," declared Mr. Jerome, "that Mr. Croker is over the whole thing, but I name those five men together — Carroll, Sexton, Devery, Frank Farrell, the head of the gambling combine, and Van Wyck." One of the "Ripper" bills passed by the "gang" in Pennsylvania has been de- clared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The word ripper is applied to any measure passed by the Legislature for the purpose of ousting local officers elected by the people for a definite time, when the gang cannot wait for the legal expiration of their terms. In such cases they "rip" the law and the institutions of the State as a butcher sticks a pig. They ripped the cities of Pittsburgh and Scranton in this way successfully in the persons of their chief magistrates, and they attempted to rip Philadelphia in the persons of its principal tax offi- cers. The object which the gang had in view was not only to get possession of the patronage of the Board of Tax Re- vision, consisting of fifty-four assessors and a large clerical force, but also (as the Ledger thinks) "to increase taxation to meet the vast increase of the city's current obligations growing out of bad government, not by frankly raising the tax rate, but by the indirect and less no- ticeable method of increasing valuations, with shrewd discriminations in favor of machine followers." In other words, they intended to "make it hot" for the reformers by increasing their taxes. At all events, they would have the power to do so, and they could hold this power over the heads of their opponents in ter- rorem. The Supreme Court pronounces this in conflict with the clause of the State Constitution which prohibits special legislation regarding the affairs of counties. The rippers thought to cir- cumvent this clause by making their law applicable to all counties which are now coextensive with cities of the first class. There is only one such county now. There may be others hereafter, but the ripper law will not apply to them, because they are not now in that class. Hence, it is special legislation, both actually and technically. This looks like a very narrow escape, but it gives the people of Philadelphia one more chance to redeem themselves from the rippers. To a distant observer, the Triennial Convention of the Episcopal Church In San Francisco would seem to have sim- ply failed to enact the chief measures of legislation laid before it. The new canons on marriage and divorce passed the House of Bishops, but were defeat- ed, on the vote by dioceses, in the House of Deputies. Dr. Huntington's proposal to introduce a certain amount of liberty and flexibility in the use of the Prayer Book was likewise rejected, though by only the narrowest majority. As for the other burning question, the change of the official title of the Church, by dropping the words "Protestant Episco- pal," that was merely referred to a committee to report three years hence. But we know, of course, that there were many important matters before the Con- vention relating to the internal life and to the general usefulness of the Church, which did not bulk largely in the news- paper accounts, but which were of deep interest to the delegates and their con- stituent churches. Great reforms or innovations are as hard to effect in an ecclesiastical convention as in Congress; but the routine work of either is as indispensable as it is humdrum. the deficit amounting to only $10,000,000. In view of the late decline in the reve- nues and the general unproductiveness of taxes during the past year, an even greater deficiency might well have been looked for. Of the probable shortage of $10,000,000, at least $4,000,000 represents the amounts paid as sugar bounties. Even under the most favorable showing, the financial estimates for the coming year must prove disheartening to those who have been promoting the plan for old-age pensions and the numerous other schemes for extending the functions of the state. Besides this, much disappoint- ment will be caused by the economies al- ready made in order to bring the esti- mates to their present figure. The out- lays for new battle-ships have been cut off, and the estimates have been curtail- ed in every respect possible, yet it is quite to be expected that the supplemen- tary budget, when introduced as usual, will very much enlarge the deficit. The adoption of a plan for giving the state control of the petroleum industry may furnish some relief, if experience with the tobacco monopoly may be taken as a guide. The French budget for 1902 makes a better showing than had been expected, The Austrian budget, submitted on Thursday to the lower house of the Reichsrath, makes a very favorable showing in its estimates for the coming year, receipts and expenditures being substantially identical. Notwithstanding the bad commercial conditions, the Finance Minister anticipated that the budget of the year would turn out even better than was foreshadowed by the es- timates. The debate on the German tar- iff question was extremely significant, for it was pointed out that, should a tariff war be necessitated, Austria is now in better condition than Germany to bear the consequences. Moreover, the preser- vation of harmony with Hungary was regarded as being of primary importance. Inasmuch as the high duties levied by the new German bill on food prod- ucts will effectually cut off a large mar- ket for Hungarian cereals, which have hitherto been extensively imported into Germany, this utterance has great sig- nificance. It indicates that the threats of tariff retaliation by Austria are based upon fact, and point to the conclusion that the Austro-German political alliance might be endangered by an economic war. The really important feature of the situation is revealed by the dispatches from Berlin, which point out what the German press has avoided speaking of — the inability of that country in its pres- ent weak condition to face any such con- test. True, the Government is now fully committed to the new bill, but its future course may yet be influenced by a deter- mined attitude like that which Austria seems to have adopted. This gives good ground for hope that the bill may finally be retired, or so altered as to render it harmless.

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314 The N" a t i o n [Vol. 73, No. 1895 SECRETARY GAGE AT MILWAUKEE. The Secretary of the Treasury seized the opportunity afforded by his address to the American Bankers' Association at Milwaukee to propose some radical re- forms in Government finance. These are not altogether new suggestions, but they derive great importance from Mr. Gage's official and personal standing. The first in the series, as they were presented by the speaker, proposes that the legal-ten- der notes of the Government be put in the way of retirement and cancellation. All, or nearly all, writers who can be classed as economists and who have dealt with this question since these notes were first issued, have concurred in the opinion that they are a source of dan- ger, and should be got rid of as soon as possible. The reason why they should be retired is that they are "fiat money": that they derive their value from the promise of the Government to redeem them in gold on demand; that it de- pends upon votes in Congress and in popular elections, from time to time, to decide whether they shall be redeemed or not, and whether the amount in ex- istence shall be greater or less at any particular time. Few persons can now recall the shift- ing moods of the public temper, or re- member the intense anxiety which has prevailed at certain crises in our his- tory, in reference to this subject. The legal-tender notes were Issued, with great reluctance, for war purposes near- ly forty years ago. and with the de- clared purpose on the part of the issu- ers of redeeming and retiring them as soon as the war should be ended. In order to insure their retirement, they were made convertible into 6 per cent, bonds, which was indeed a wise pro- vision. The shifting policy of the Gov- ernment was first exhibited by a repeal of this safeguard against redundancy. As soon as the war was ended, however, Congress voted (in December, 1865) to resume specie payments at an early day. On this the vote was nearly unanimous. To carry out this intention a law was passed in April, 1866, for retiring and cancelling the legal-tender notes at the rate of $4,000,000 per month. In Febru- ary, 1868, Congress repealed the act, $44,000,000 of the notes having been re- tired meanwhile. In 1873 the Treasury Department reissued $26,000,000 of the retired notes, without authority of law. In 1874 Congress passed a bill to re- issue the entire $44,000,000, but Presi- dent Grant vetoed it, and it was not passed over the veto. In 1875 Congress passed an act to pro- vide for the resumption of specie pay- ment on the 1st of January, 1879. In 1877 the House passed a bill to repeal the Specie-Resumption Act, and this was defeated in the Senate by one vote only. Both houses passed a bill providing that the legal-tender notes should not be re- tired when redeemed, but should be paid out and kept in circulation. The amount of notes then outstanding was about $346,000,000. Specie resumption took place January 1, 1879. In 1890 Congress passed the so-called Sherman Act, pro- viding for a new emission of legal-tender notes of indefinite amount, to pay for sil- ver bullion to be stored in the Treasury. The new issues of notes were followed by the exportation of gold to nearly the same amount and by the panic of 1893. During the next three years the Govern- ment was obliged to issue interest-bear- ing bonds to the amount of $262,315,400, in order to redeem its legal-tender notes. The foregoing recital of facts compara- tively recent indicates that there will always be uncertainty in respect of the redemption of Government paper and of the amount issued. Such uncertainty at- taches to the notes now outstanding, since it depends upon the political ma- jority to decide what amount shall be issued and whether redemption shall continue or not. For this reason the notes should be redeemed with the sur- plus revenue of the Government and can- celled as soon as possible. Secretary Gage says truly that the present is the most propitious hour in all our history, and as favorable as any we may hope for in the future, to carry out this and other desirable reforms in our financial system. All that is needed is for Congress to re- enact the law of 1866, which authorized the Secretary to retire and cancel the notes at the rate of $4,000,000 per month, or at some rate corresponding to the surplus revenue. The time has long passed when anybody could call a mea- sure of this kind "contraction of the cur- rency." The other recommendations of the Secretary look to the detachment of the Treasury from all connection with bank- ing and currency, except as to the su- pervision of national banks, which the present law provides for. He would have the surplus revenue of the Government deposited in national banks, under a def- inite legalized plan, not the haphazard system now prevailing. He would have the banknote system so modified as to make it elastic and responsive to the needs of the business community, with- out any increase of risk to the note- holder, and he would have the Govern- ment's responsibility for the redemption of banknotes withdrawn. The details of these changes were not indicated, but it is probable that they will be outlined in his coming annual report. The Bankers' Convention at Milwau- kee has undoubtedly had a most whole- some influence. This is the first time since the civil war when a recommenda- tion from a Secretary of the Treasury for a retirement of the Government's legal- tender notes finds public opinion suffi- ciently calm to give it the unprejudiced attention that it deserves. UNITY IN BANKING. The address of Mr. A. B. Stickney be- fore the American Bankers' Association was a plea for the centralization of banking control, and for economy in bank administration. The speaker spe- cifically mentioned a number of reforms to be instituted, but the measure upon which he laid most stress, and which formed the core of his recommendations, was the abolition of the sub-treasury system, and the substitution for it of a strong central institution, which should hold the money of the Government and the reserves of the banks of the coun- try. Mr. Stickney's address is notable not merely for the force with which its recommendations are presented, but also because its main suggestion is now be- ing urged from many quarters. The idea of a central bank, buried for so long under the opprobrium it incurred be- fore the creation of the National system, is in process of rehabilitation, and is making a strong appeal to practical men, as well as to theorists. It has lately been advocated by Mr. Muhleman and many others. In considering a proposal so radical as that of Mr. Stickney, it is fair to inquire carefully into both its theoretical merits and its practical feasibility. It is not to be denied that, from a purely ab- stract standpoint, the notion of a cen- tral bank is alluring, and the justice of most of Mr. Stickney's arguments in its behalf may at once be admitted. It is easy to conceive of a large and well- managed institution which should exer- cise general oversight and control over other banks, economizing the gold need- ed for legitimate reserve requirements, issuing or supervising a sound note- currency, and wholly overcoming the recurrent difficulty of a Treasury sur- plus, by making Government balances available in business. How great a strength to the Government such a bank might be in time of emergency, may be seen from the history of our two early United States banks, and may be equal- ly well inferred from the painful lack of such a support during the civil war. Moreover, the abstract neatness of such an inclusive plan is not the only thing to recommend it. There is much sound argument to be adduced in its favor from analogy and from the experience of foreign countries. The United States Is the only country which has a dis- tinct Treasury, with all its attendant evils. The finances of practically all others are handled with efficiency and honesty by one central bank in each. While the concept of a central Federal bank possesses this attractive element of completeness, there is a good deal that is not so obvious to be said against it. Our experience with the earlier United States Bank has shown some of the dangers likely to be encountered by such institutions. It is true that too much should not be made of the events

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Oct. 24, 1 901] The ISTation 315 of a cruder period of our development. The defects displayed by a National bank in 1835 are no earnest that these troubles would reappear in an institu- tion of the same sort seventy years later, any more than the unsoundness of the early bank currency secured by State bonds casts a doubt upon the notes of the National banking system to-day. Yet the experience of our Gov- ernment in conducting other lines of work would indicate the hazard of in- trusting it with the conduct of a bank of issue. And merely to make it a sleep- ing partner in an institution managed by private individuals does not seem to be a course warranted by the methods employed in some of the large banks of the present. Apart from problems of management and technique, there are also more serious objections to Mr. Stickney's gen- eral argument. He comes before a con- vention of bankers with a plan intended to remedy the Treasury difficulties, and at the same time to solve the problem of inelastic currency and high interest rates in remote places. Nothing can be gained, however, by confusing these two different phases of the currency and banking question. The Treasury sur- plus involves a range of problems that are entirely its own. The argument for a strong central bank must rest largely upon considerations of Government finance and Treasury management. It is hard to see why such an institution should be better able to furnish a credit currency and equalize interest rates than would the present National banks, pro- vided they were freed from the prohibi- tions upon branch banking and free note issue. Mr. Stickney, moreover, seems to claim too much for his plan. In main- taining that the establishment of a cen- tral Federal bank would largely over- come the danger of commercial crises, he disregards the plain teaching of his- tory. The argument that the action of National banks in pooling reserves and issuing Clearing-house certificates in times of stringency shows what could be done constantly by a system of central- ization of reserves, disregards an im- portant principle. The late Professor Dunbar pointed this out with his usual incisiveness when he said that "what is effective by way of relief is not neces- sarily salutary as a regular system. The relief in this case comes from the fact that, under the arrangement for com- bined" reserves, every bank is completely discharged from any real sense of re- sponsibility for cautious action . . . Under ordinary circumstances it is not by any diminished sense of responsibili- ty that the way to sound banking and to the ultimate good of the community is to be found." When all has been said and done, the difficulty remains that a central Federal bank is practically and politically im- possible. The adoption of such a plan, even though ideally perfect in theory, could hardly be expected by any but a thorough Utopian. Its introduction in Congress would be the signal for an un- paralleled outburst of Populistic wrath. It would be hailed as the organization of a "Money Trust," and no amount of so- ber argument could demonstrate its ad- vantages. Nor would the opposition be wholly of this frenzied character. It hardly needs to be said that the plan would meet with bitter opposition from both National and State banks, and its defeat would be assured. For support it could count only on a certain number of theorists and students. Currency re- formers must for a long time to come make up their minds to be content with half a loaf. They must keep Trea- sury and banking problems separate, so far as possible. The crying need of the country at this moment is a credit cur- rency, and this can be obtained in the near future if its advocates will unite in demanding the repeal of the bond de- posit security for national banknotes and of the prohibition of branch bank- ing. The larger matters of banking or- ganization and care of Government funds will then be in much better condition for treatment than now. MR. SHEPARD IN TAMMANY HALL. Mr. Shepard's speech in Tammany Hall on Thursday evening was one of extraordinary quality. No candid read- er can fail to perceive its revelation of a powerful intellect. Nor was it lacking in manly courage. Mr. Shepard stood up in Tammany Hall and told its lead- ers to their teeth that he was not there "to excuse or recede from anything" he had said against them; that he does not "approve all that has been done in the city administration," but believes that "specific reforms" are necessary "not only in the Police Department, but in other departments"; and that "if the power of the Mayor shall come to me, it will be used to effect these reforms." At the same time, we believe that Mr. Shepard is wholly wrong in placing his splendid abilities at the service of Rich- ard Croker, and that the task which he has proposed to himself to accomplish is one which he never should have un- dertaken, one which, when he did un- dertake it, he set about in the wrong way, and one which, under the circum- stances, must prove too formidable for even his great powers and honest pur- pose. For what is that task, as he him- self defines it? It is to "bring to the Democratic party a useful and fruitful prestige, consistent in every way with the highest public service." In other words, Mr. Shepard aims at purifying and restoring the Democratic party. For that he seeks the mayoralty. On that score he appeals to wavering indepen- dent Democrats, upon whom the spell of the old party name and the old party leaders is so strong. He plainly cher- ishes the hope of re-embodying, to the masses of the party throughout the land, the spirit of inflexible reform which was so long associated with the name of Tilden, and afterwards with that of Cleveland. Mention of the latter recalls the way in which his attitude towards the mayor- alty of Buffalo in 1881 contrasts sharply with that of Mr. Shepard to- wards the mayoralty of New York in 1901. When Mr. Cleveland was asked by the Democrats to stand as Mayor, he made his consent depend upon the per- sonnel of his associates on the ticket. In fact, not until the remainder of the city ticket was actually put in nomina- tion, not until an objectionable candi- date for Comptroller had been pushed aside, did Grover Cleveland allow him- self to be nominated. He would not stand at the head of a reform ticket if rogues were to be scattered all the way down it. This is the position that Mr. Shepard should have taken when asked to accept the Tammany nomination. He should have insisted upon knowing who his associates were to be. He should have demanded borough and county nominees who would uphold his hands, instead of tying them. If this had not been conceded, he could have scornfully left Tammany to wallow in its own mire, and made its defeat certain. In that way he could have spared himself the mortification of standing upon a platform which consists of one long and defiant glorification of those very Tam- many vices which he declares that he means to cut away with unsparing hand. We are certain that by his lack of Mr. Cleveland's resolute courage and fore- sight, he has in advance fatally crippled himself in the work which we do not doubt he has honestly at heart. The Democrats of Philadelphia are at this moment giving Mr. Shepard a val- uable object-lesson in purifying and restoring the party. They are doing it by cutting off the heads of their thiev- ing committeemen. No less than six of the Donnelly-Ryan ringsters were com- pelled to walk the plank by the reform- ers under the lead of ex-Gov. Pattison. In Philadelphia they have learned that reform is not safe in the hands of its enemies. But suppose Mr. Shepard had insisted upon such a simple earnest of reform in Tammany. Why, the Tam- many General Committee would have looked as if dynamite had exploded un- der it! Croker would have had to flee to Wantage before the election, instead of after it. The Engels and Sullivans and Gradys would have had to take refuge permanently in their favorite boozing-kens. The thieves and black- mailers of the Hall would have hastened to arrange their bail-bonds. That Mr. Shepard did nothing of the kind was his fatal mistake. He should have seen that no reform of official

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316 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1895 crime is possible without refusing to have anything to do with the criminals Moral purity comes before party purity. Mr. Shepard's natural place, his place of greatest dignity and greatest usefulness, was with the decent people of the city who have banded themselves together to oppose Tammany Hall, not as a political party, but as a den of thieves. First get rid of the bandits, and then talk about reforming your party as much as you please. The case is one for heroic sur- gery, for a resolute application of the cautery to the gangrene. It is not the way of physicians to purify and restore an infected limb by exposing themselves to contamination by its poison; they cut the festering member clean off. And, with all the respect we entertain for Mr. Shepard, we can but tell him that he is in more danger from Tammany Hall than Tammany Hall is from him. He pointed, in his speech, to the fact that Tammany came back stronger than ever, worse than ever, after its temporary re- verses at the hands of Mayor Havemeyer and Mayor Strong. But he forgot to say what happened after Mr Hewitt took the Tammany nomination in 1886, in the same spirit, Mr. Shepard says, that ani- mates him in taking it now. Mr. Hewitt tried to reform Tammany from the in- side, but he has told us how the thing worked. He was thwarted and counter- worked from the first and was thrown aside angrily at the end of his term, and Tammany came back then to run that career of riotous crime which was ex- posed in 1894. What guarantee can Mr. Shepard give the independent Democrats that he will not surfer the same fate in the maw of the same tiger? It is at this critical point of refusing even the appearance of an alliance with scoundrels that Mr. Shepard is most in peril. He denied again on Thursday that it would be right for him to use the powers of the Mayor to "disintegrate Tammany Hall." Yet he himself has told us that Tammany is the "disintegrating and corrupting" power that is under- mining civilization in this city. How, then, can an honest Mayor help aiming at the disintegration of such a power? Every good appointment he makes, every rascal he sends to jail (as Henry George said he would send Croker to jail if he were elected Mayor), is nec- essarily a disintegrating blow at Tam- many Hall. But Mr. Shepard alleges that it would be "gross treason to the cause of government" to use the mayor- alty against Tammany. This, we must say, leaves us gasping. If this be trea- son, then we can only say with Drake, in the verses which he published in the Evening Post in 1819, under the uncon- sciously prophetic nom de plume of "Croaker": "And reason is treason in Tammany Hall." It is not treason, but reason, to assert that the Mayor of New York is bound to use all the power of his office to fighi intrenched official corruption. To do that, as Mr. Shepard knows, as every man knows, is to fight and endeavor to disintegrate Tammany Hall. He will find, therefore, if elected Mayor, that the first things he will have to set him- self to do, in order to restore to the Democratic party its "fruitful prestige," is to cut away the cancer of Crokerism. And the pity of it is that, when the best men in New York are getting to- gether to do the job thoroughly, Mr. Shepard should have refused them his help. TAMMANY AND THE COURTS. "As a citizen and a lawyer trained amid better standards," wrote Samuel J. Tilden, about thirty years ago, in his pamphlet on the rise and fall of the Tweed ring, "I had seen the descent of the bench and the bar with inexpressi- ble concern." He added that in conver- sations with Charles O'Conor he "had often questioned whether those of us at the bar who had ceased to be de- pendent for a livelihood upon profes- sional earnings, ought not to feel our- selves under a providential call, on the first opportunity, to open to the younger members of the profession a better fu- ture than that which was closing in upon them." So strong were Mr. Tilden's feelings in this matter that he "had advised a son of Francis Kernan, who came here to begin a career, to return to Utica rather than confront the de- grading competition to which a young man would be exposed." Nearly twenty years later, James Rus- sell Lowell, in an address on indepen- dence in politics, spoke in more general terms of the obstacles interposed to the honorable aspiration of young men for public life. "What to me is the sad- dest feature of our present methods," said this acute student of democratic in- stitutions, "is the pitfalls which they dig in the path of ambitious and able men who feel thai they are fitted for a political career, that by character and training they could be of service to their country, yet who find every avenue clos- ed to them, unless at the sacrifice of the very independence which gives them a claim to what they seek. As, in semi- barbarous times, the sincerity of a con- verted Jew was tested by forcing him to swallow pork, so these are required to gulp without a wry face what is as nauseous to them. I would do all in my power to render such loathsome compli- ances unnecessary." The "degrading competition" which the great New Yorker so earnestly dep- recated, a generation ago, and the "loath- some compliances" which still later stir- red the indignation of the New England philosopher, yet characterize our politics, and they are illustrated in the Tammany ticket which is headed by Edward M. Shepard. The administration of justice is the most important feature of govern- ment in this city. The voters of Man- hattan, a fortnight hence, are to decide in no small measure how the laws shall be enforced for some time to come. They are also to show what they consider proper standards for high offices con- nected with the courts; what sort of men they think should be placed in re- sponsible and honorable positions as public prosecutor and as judges. The District Attorney of New York County represents the public in the prosecution of offenders among a popu- lation of considerably more than two millions — almost as many people as there are in the whole thickly settled State of Massachusetts. He deals with criminals of all degrees; he can largely compel or prevent the indictment of criminals who have powerful interests behind them; he can to a great extent decide whether the indicted criminal shall be promptly convicted by a relentless use of the State's power, or whether the case shall be allowed to drag along until escape can be secured by some cunning device or other. The office demands the high- est legal talents, the loftiest character, the most unqualified public confidence in the incumbent's purpose and ability to do absolute justice. In Henry W. Unger, Tammany presents for District Attorney a candidate whose strength as a lawyer is chiefly his skill in pettifog- ging, whose record as an assistant under Col. Gardiner was most discreditable, whose nomination is openly charged to have been dictated by "the gambling combine," and whose reputation renders entirely credible this distinct accusation against him by Justice Jerome. A justice of the Supreme Court in this State is elected for a term of fourteen years, and his salary in New York Coun- ty is $17,500. It is fast becoming the rule to reelect by common consent any judge whose conduct has been unexcep- tionable, so that a good lawyer who leaches the bench of this court at forty- five or thereabouts may expect to retain his seat until he must be retired by the age limitation at seventy. Under these circumstances, a place as Justice of the Supreme Court should be one of the great prizes for the legal profession in the metropolis — the reward of a proved judicial temperament, an established character, and a conceded ability. For one of the positions on this bench soon falling vacant, Tammany presents Rob- ert A. Van Wyck, a man who has for four years past as Mayor given repeat- ed displays of an ungovernable temper and an unconcealed prejudice, who has been almost unanimously pronounced "conspicuously unfit for judicial posi- tion" by the Bar Association of the city, who has shown his moral bluntness by his readiness to speculate in the stock of a company which was largely depen- dent upon the favor of the city authori- ties. For another justiceship, Tammany

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Oct. 24, 1901] The Nation. 317 presents Charles W. Dayton, a lawyer of respectable ability, who had, as the price of his nomination by Croker, to swallow his own words and to break his own pledges, as thus uttered only four years ago: "I am in this fight to inflict upon Richard Croker and the brutal despotism which he has established in Tammany Hall the most serious possible injury. My friends in Tam- many Hall had builded for me a splendid fu- ture. They had pointed out in their mind's eye a career that I was to occupy, if only I would bow down and worship at the shrine of Crokerism. That, my friends, I never did, and, as I value my citizenship and my rever- ence to the Almighty, I never will." The Tammany ticket as it affects the courts thus represents servility to an odious boss, who requires a lawyer to gulp the most nauseous dose which could be forced down his throat; it represents a defiance of well-established standards for the bench so gross that the bar rises in indignant protest against the out- rage; it represents a surrender to the worst possible influences of the office in which as public prosecutor a man can render immense service or work terrible harm to the interests of the community. Such nominations as those of Dayton, Van Wyck, and Unger, if rat- ified at the polls, mean a "descent of the bench and the bar" now such as Samuel J. Tilden deplored thirty years ago. If we still had "the same Edward M. Shepard as of old," we should have now a most effective foe of such abuses, as we had a generation ago in the great Democrat whom he so much admires. It is perhaps the worst injury which the Edward M. Shepard of to-day is do- ing this city that he is lending an hon- ored name to a later Tweed, who, like the earlier one, seeks to bend the courts to his purposes. VAN BUREN AND SHEPARD. Mr. Edward M. Shepard's 'Life of Martin Van Buren,' in the "American Statesmen" series, is an excellent and valuable book. Its main historical im- portance lies in its rectification of preju- diced and unfounded views of Van Bu- ren's character. But it also yields, in- cidentally, an interesting and instructive glimpse of Mr. Shepard's own political doctrines, judgments, standards. What he now means by calling himself "a Democrat through and through" may be best understood by his sympathetic ac- count of the rise and solidification of the Democratic creed of 1828-1840 — the leading articles of which were gov- ernment reduced to the minimum, free trade, and a sound currency. But Mr. Shepard's deliberately recorded dicta on politicians and their methods are what lends most timeliness and piquancy to a re-reading of his biography of Van Buren. We propose to make a few ex- tracts, in order to allow the past to light up the present, the historian to com- ment upon the candidate. In the mixture of strength and weak- ness, good and evil, which was in Van Buren as in every other man, Mr. Shep- ard singles out matter for praise and for blame with singular skill and im- partiality. His admiration for courage and frankness in the politician, when exhibited, is expressed in no measured terms. Thus, he says of Van Buren, while the election of 1840 was pending, that he "submitted to frequent interro- gation." " In a fashion that would seem fatal to a modern candidate, lie wrote to political friends and enemies alike, letter after letter, restating his political opinions." Previously he had said of the intrepid and masterly way in which Van Buren, as President, met the panic of 1837: "There vvas no effort to evade the questions put to him, or to divert public attention from the true issues. ' The sharpest test of the stuff that was in Van Buren came in 1844. He was anxious for another nomination, and might have had it, with the practical cer- tainty of election, if he had been willing to give "no offence to the South" in the matter of the annexation of Texas. But his record was adverse to annexation, and "his opinion was still adverse." So, says Mr. Shepard, "he did not flinch. He resorted to no safe generalizations." He wrote the explicit letter which cost him the Presidency. Thereupon his biographer moralizes as follows: ''To a Presidential candidate the eve of a national convention is dim with the self-de- ceiving twilight of sophistry; and the twilight deepens when a question is put upon which tin re is a division among those who are or who may be his supporters. He can keep silence, . . . tie can ignore the question, . . . he can affect an enigmatical dignity. Van Buren did neither." But on some occasions the biographer has to condemn shiftiness or truckling. For example, Van Buren really disliked the introduction of the spoils system under Jackson. Yet he did not think ii politic to "oppose the ruinous and de- moralizing" practice. For this, writes Mr. Shepard, "for his acquiescence, or even for his silence," he must receive "a part of the condemnation which the American people, as time goes on, will more and more visit upon one of the great political offences committed against their political integrity and wel- fare." Similar is the sentence which Mr. Shepard feels compelled t6 pronounce upon Van Buren's attitude towards the bill for excluding anti-slavery publica- tions from the mails. On this subject the candidate seems to have thought, with Sir Walter Scott, that "there were ques- tions which did not entitle the question- er to be told the truth." The only ex- cuse which Mr. Shepard finds himself able to offer is: "This persuasive casu- istry usually overcomes a candidate for great office in the stress of conflict." But Mr. Shepard does not confine himself to the specific instances in which Van Buren met with "clear and decided answers" those "living issues dangerous- ly dividing men ready to vote for him if he would but remain quiet." He en- deavors to work out a general political philosophy from the details of Van Buren's long career. In him he traces that "exalted art of the politician" which "gathers and binds to one another and to a creed the elements of a politi- cal party, the art which disciplines and guides the party, when formed, to clear and definite purposes, without wavering and without weakness or demagogy." That is the ideal; but what are the nec- essary means to attain it? Why, "the golden rule of successful politics," writes Mr. Shepard, is to "foresee future bene- fits rather than remember past injuries." This is precisely what the nomination of Shepard by Croker is said by indig- nant Tammanyites to prove to be the boss's principle. Their version, how- ever, is not thrown into such elegant literary form. What they say is: "Soak it to Croker hard enough and he'll give you an office." We have not been at pains to point the de te fabula in these extracts from Mr. Shepard's writings. They speak for themselves. But a moral for the Tam- many candidate may be drawn from the life of a friend of Van Buren's as well. In 1838 Washington Irving was asked, as Mr. Shepard was in 1901, to lend an honored name for the base uses of Tam- many Hall. What would not Mr. Shep- ard's best friends give if he had acted as Irving did? In a letter to his sister the author of 'Knickerbocker' wrote: "Yesterday I had a full deputation from Tammany Hall at the cottage, informing me that I had been unanimously and vocif- erously nominated as Mayor, and hoping that I would consent to be a candidate. Of course, I declined." THE PRESIDENCY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. One of the numerous genuine achieve- ments of President Low during his in- cumbency at Columbia University has been an awakening of civic pride in the institution. Its importance to the com- munity, as well as the duty of public- spirited citizens to contribute to its growth and prosperity, was but little understood while the University was in the cramped and inadequate quarters which covered but a single block at Mad- ison Avenue and Forty-ninth Street. Fol- lowing Mr. Low's own generous example, men of means were not slow to realize the responsibility which rested upon them, and they have contributed liberal- ly to the expenses of moving and of building the new home, as well as to the guarantee fund which has helped to tide the University over a serious crisis in its financial history. In his last an- nual report, Mr. Low was able to call attention to recent bequests from two men, Dorman B. Eaton and Henry Vil- lard, both specially interested in Har- vard University, as proof that even citi- zens of other university affiliations are

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318 The ISTation [Vol. 73, No. 1895 recognizing their obligations to the city and to the city's chief educational in- stitution. Reciprocally, the time has come when the intelligent public realizes that it is deeply concerned in the actions of the University authorities, and that the in- stitution is pledged to repay the commu- nity's invaluable interest by unwaver- ing devotion to its ideals, and by a steady improvement in the amount and quality of the instruction offered. Even the heat and excitement of the present political campaign have not distracted the attention of many people not direct- ly interested in the University, from the serious problem which now con- fronts its trustees in finding a succes- sor for Mr. Low. With the growth of the modern college and university, the difficulty of securing a man with the nu- merous qualities essential for the prop- er administration of a great institution and for the leadership of its teaching staff naturally increases year by year. The University of Wisconsin and Wil- liams College are now also in search of heads, and it is an open secret that still other institutions would like to be free to choose again. In each case the sense of what depends upon the wis- dom of the choice, as respects the in- tellectual development of the rising gen- eration, makes the selection extremely difficult. In the case of Columbia the first con- sideration will naturally be the type of man to be selected, since the division of the duties of the office between two men, often suggested, is not yet possible. Some of the names already mentioned are those of men similar to Mr. Low by virtue of their wealth, social standing, and public and business activity. It is of primary importance that the trustees shall carefully consider whether Colum- bia has not grown beyond the need of such a kind of leader. It is understood that Mr. Low had contemplated resign- ing for some time before receiving the urgent call of the honest and decent ele- ments to lead the fight against Croker's "cohorts of corruption." His reason for this is reported to have been his realization of the fact that the urgent need for a skilled business man has now disappeared. The college year just closed was the most favorable one finan- cially for some time past. It is gener- ally believed that the financial prob- lems arising out of the extremely costly moving of the University and the plac- ing it upon a broader and better basis have either been solved, or are in a fair way to be solved without difficulty. It is also true that, because of the char- acter of certain investments, the ap- proaching expiration of various impor- tant leases, and for other reasons, the prosperity of the University will grow steadily and almost automatically. Fur- thermore, the hold it has obtained upon the affections of this wealthy commu- nity makes its financial outlook extreme- ly hopeful. Under these circumstances Mr. Low may well have felt, as do many graduate and non-graduate friends of the Univer- sity, that Columbia's need now is for a President who has had sufficient train- ing and experience in modern methods of university instruction to fit him to strengthen the teaching force. That there are some extremely able professors of international reputation at Columbia is known to every one familiar with American educational conditions. Some departments are exceptionally strong, but there are others which are unusual- ly weak. Such development as there has been in the teaching force seems to many to have been very uneven, and in the direction of a mere numerical increase rather than in the securing of men of remarkable knowledge and power. As a result, Columbia has not yet attained that position in the world of learning to which its opportunities, its means, and its duties entitle it, and which it is in- fallibly destined to take, sooner or later. One of the quickest ways to win that position would be through the appoint- ment of a strong and fearless educator, who would not hesitate to remove the present useless timber. He should also insist most rigidly upon the en- forcement of the high entrance require- ments, without favor to any one, and upon keeping the standards for de- grees inviolable. A few years under the leadership of such a man would make a wonderful difference in the value of Columbia's teaching force, and in its service to the community, both inside and outside of the classroom. When President Gilman of Johns Hop- kins found it necessary to resign his office, he preceded the action by writ- ing a letter to each member of the facul- ty, asking his views as to the man best fitted to succeed to the presidency. This formal action is, we believe, unique in American college history, and we com- mend it, or a similar step, to the trus- tees of Columbia as the first move to- wards the solution of their problem. To expect professors to volunteer their views is to expect the impossible, par- ticularly if some of their own number are mentioned for the position. More- over, the practice of informal conferences between trustees and professors frequent- ly leads to misunderstandings, or to a failure to obtain the complete view of the situation desired. With the opinions of the faculty secured, the search for the proper man should be not a little simpli- fied. It is inconceivable that, having the interests of the University at heart, a very large majority should do else than point out the necessity of securing a broad-minded and well-trained teacher, who would command the respect and support not only of the faculty, but also of those citizens who have the right to Insist that from now on the University shall grow rapidly in matters intellec- tual. THE YALE BICENTENARY, The bicentennial celebration of the founding of Yale College falls at a time in the history of the institution itself, and in the development of our educa- tional system as well, which makes it really mark the practical beginning of a new era. We speak now, and we shall hereafter speak more and more, of Yale University, but it is the College whose origin is recalled by the exercises at New Haven this week, as it was Har- vard College whose two hundred and fiftieth birthday was observed in 1886. So-called "universities" we have had, by the dozen, for scores of years, espe- cially in the newer and rawer sections of the country, but we had to wait prac- tically until about the end of the nine- teenth century before Harvard, or Yale, or Columbia, or Princeton had any just warrant for assuming the broader title. Yale College, like Harvard and others of long life, was established primarily to train young men for the ministry. The President was always a clergyman; the course of instruction was largely theological; it was expected that the graduates would generally become preachers. Nothing could so emphasize the contrast between the college of 1701 and the university of 1901 as the fact that the President is now a man who is not a minister, but who has become a recognized authority in studies so far removed from ancient theology as mod- ern economics. This layman came to his place at a time when the number of students intending to become clergy- men had sunk to a very small percen- tage, and the last requirement in the pre- scribed curriculum of an education orig- inally designed to prepare young men for the ministry has now disappeared. Meanwhile, other departments, for the study of science, theology, medicine, law, music, and the fine arts, have been established, and of late have grown into steadily larger importance, a graduate school has developed rapidly within recent years, and a school of forestry has been started under promis- ing auspices. Yale thus enters upon a new century of time and a new century of its own existence well entitled to the name of university. Conservatism has characterized the at- titude of Yale towards the new theories of the higher education which have been advanced during the past quarter of a century. It has not sullenly opposed mod- ern methods, but it has insisted upon testing the New before accepting it as necessarily wiser than the Old. In his ad- dress at the two hundred and fiftieth an- niversary of the foundation of Harvard, James Russell Lowell defined the general purpose of college education as being "to set free, to supple, and to train the fac-

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Oct. 24, 1901] The ]STation. 319 ulties in such wise as shall make them most effective for whatever task life may afterwards set them, for the duties of life rather than for its business, and to open windows on every side of the mind where thickness of wall does not prevent it." He added: "Let our aim be, as hitherto, to give a good all-round education fitted to cope with as many exigencies of the day as possible. I had rather the college should turn out one of Aristotle's four-square men, capable of holding his own in whatever field he may be cast, than a score of lop-sided ones developed abnormally in one direction. Our scheme should be adapted to the wants of the majority of undergraduates, to the objects that draw them hither, and to such training as will make the most of them after they come. Special aptitudes are sure to take care of themselves, but the latent possibilities of the average mind can only be discovered by experiment in many directions." The great university of the twentieth century, under President Hadley, is a very different thing from the little col- lege under President Pierson, two hun- dred years ago. But the animating pur- pose of the institution has remained un- changed through all the long period which intervenes, and it was never so strongly emphasized as it is to-day. The Puritan colonists established colleges in order to train men to become leaders in the community at a time when such leadership in New England was almost monopolized by the clergy, who were au- thorities almost as much outside the sphere of theology as in the church. An educated ministry, half a dozen genera- tions ago, practically met the demand for an intelligent class among a people who accepted the minister as their guide in matters temporal as well as in matters spiritual. Mr. Lowell affirmed that "to the teaching and example of those rev- erend men whom Harvard bred and then planted in every hamlet as pioneers and outposts of her doctrine, Massachusetts owes the better part of her moral and intellectual inheritance." Connecticut owes a similar debt to graduates of Yale in the days when most graduates became clergymen, and the obligation extends far beyond the boundaries of that State. Yale, like Harvard, has few graduates in these days who enter the ministry, and no clergyman in this century can be the commanding influence in any community that the New England parson was universally a hundred years ago, and continued to be in some retired towns even fifty years ago. But the law- yer, the banker, the merchant, the busi- ness man of any type can be leaders in all that makes for good citizenship, and that institution does most for the nation which best trains young men for this highest service of the educated class. The well-equipped university must furnish adequate opportunities for the specialist in every branch of learning, it must en- courage men to become experts in one and another line of study, It must de- velop scholars and investigators, or it will fail in one of its missions. But it may do all this, and yet not succeed in what should be the chief aim of the high- er education in a democracy — the train- ing of young men to exemplify and to en- force good citizenship. We had good gov- ernment, sound standards, and high ideals without having eminent special- ists, and we can have eminent specialists without being sure of those virtues which are essential to the well-being of the state. We need, most of all, the "four-square men," who can grapple with the grave problems of the new century, bringing to their solution the training in fundamentals which is the most impor- tant function of education. It is the chief honor of Yale College that under many famous teachers it has impressed this lesson upon generations of Ameri- cans in the past. It is the most hopeful augury for the future of Yale University that, under President Hadley, it seems certain to do this most important work more successfully than it was ever done before. PRINCESS LIEVEN.— II. Paris, October 11, 1901. Madame de Lieven's relations with Guizot began in 1836, at a dinner at the Duke de Broglie's, where they sat by each other and conversed together; but Grevllle is right when he says that "their intimacy no doubt was established after he had be- gun to play a great political part, for hit. literary and philosophical celebrity would not alone have had much charm for her." M. Daudet will have it that a letter of Madame de Lieven to Guizot, dated June 24, 1839, fixes the exact time when their friendship became a close alliance. "It is just two years to-day since we dined together at Chatenay, and that we came back together. Do you remember it?" Chatenay was the country house of Madame de Boigne. They had taken a walk there in the park. Guizot had lost his second wife; Madame de Lieven had lost her two sons, and her husband had for a long time lived apart from her. Guizot was fifty years old; she was fifty-three. She con- fided her sorrows to him, and he reminded her afterwards in a letter of what pass- ed at Chatenay. "Remember that the first word which really united us was this: 'From this day, you will no longer be alone.' " From that day, when they both seemed to have pronounced the words which are a tie for eternity, Madame de Lieven re- nounced all idea of living in England; she established herself in Paris, in Talleyrand's old hotel at the corner of the Rue St. Flo- rentin, which is now inhabited by Alphonse de Rothschild. She took only the first floor. "Her room," says M. Daudet, "was the one once occupied by the Prince. In this apart- ment, where Talleyrand himself, in 1814, had received the Emperor Alexan- der, she was, for nearly twenty years, to receive every day, in the afternoon and in the evening, everybody who counted for anything in politics and diplomacy, happy to do the honors of the salon, which had so much charm for her solely because he [Guizot] reigned In it like a sovereign. People came for him as much as for her. But the habitues knew that there were hours when they must not present themselves. They knew that Mme. Lieven and Gui- zot, when he was in Paris, saw each other regularly twice a day, and that everything was arranged so that they should not be disturbed in their tete-a-tete." When Guizot was away from Paris, Madame de Lieven was inconsolable; and he used to go every year to his country place at Val-Richer. He was extremely de- voted to his family, to his old mother, to his children. Madame de Lieven admired his family virtues, but she could not help seeing rivals in those who had such a large share of Guizot's affections. After a separation, she writes to him (July 28, 1838): "Ah! how heavy and insupportable time will now be. I am already overwhelmed by the thought of it. I want to cry twenty times a day. I am so desolate that it seems to me I have not seen you for a year. Where shall I find courage? Adieu. I am going to read your letter again, but to read it is to cry. Give me strength." He answers her: "You ask me to give you strength. I have had much of it in my lifetime, never with the feeling that I had enough of it. On the contrary, I often felt that I was on the point of losing it. I can only give you much affection. Change it into strength if you can. I should like you to do so. When I am near you I hope that you can. But so far! Still, there is something there, even at a distance." We see, in a letter, that she was accus- tomed to receive a line from Guizot every day when they were separated. Once, when she was obliged, on business matters, to go to Baden while he was at Val-Richer, she writes: "What! no letter from you to-day! For heaven's sake, don't cause me such in- quietude. I cannot bear it. It seems to me now that the greatest misfor- tune for me is not to receive a letter from you for two days. I cannot think of any- thing else since yesterday's five o'clock, the hour of the post. I have been far in the mountains, in the forests. It was so fine, it would be so fine with you! I should need nothing more, nobody; what goes on in the world would be indifferent to me. You cannot imagine how much this thought pleases me; but then, I was so sad! so sad! so sad! You are so far away." One cannot but wonder at such expres- sions of passion, which savor more of youth than of mature age; and one cannot wonder if Guizot could not remain insensi- ble to them. At the same time, such ex- cessive appeals make one suspect that there was something a little artificial in them; the cold reader can feel it, if M. Guizot could not. There is too much study in her expansiveness and outbursts of affection, tbough at times it seems as if- nature alone spoke — for instance, when she writes sim- ply: "I love you; I love you; I am waiting for you. . . ." She is not so simple when she writes: "If I spoke the language of Petrarch, I would tell you that as soon as there rises in my mind a sweet impres- sion, it leaves me, and goes looking for you. If it finds you, it returns to me. If it does not, I lose it altogether." Or when she says: "I walked alone for two hours, as young as the air, the woods, the fields. I mention it only to you; you will mention it to nobody. ... I should like to have you, like my valley, fresh and smiling. I look at it with envy while thinking of you. I see you thin, sad, despondent, in tears. I remain in you; I will always remain in you."

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320 Tlie ]STation [Vol. 73, No. 1895 This Is certainly very curious language coming from a lady of ripe years, whose whole life has been given to the world, to the great political interests of her time, who lives only with statesmen and politi- cians. It seems as if her life were divided into two parts, one given exclusively to the world, the other to her passion; and, sin- gularly enough, the numerous extracts from her correspondence made by M. Daudet do not show any fusion of these different interests. It seems almost impossible that she did not sometimes introduce in her correspondence political views and con- siderations. If the whole correspondence is ever published, the public will be more interested by those considerations than by purely emotional effusions. M. Guizot's letters written in answer to hers are very fine; they are more grave, sometimes they become very eloquent. You feel in reading them that Guizot was a Huguenot, that he had received a very reli- gious education. In answer to a letter in which Madame de Lieven was complaining louder than usual of the loss of her chil- dren, Guizot writes: "When cruel images besiege you, when you are surrounded only by the dead, make an effort, go out of these tombs — they are out of them already, they are elsewhere. We shall go where they are. I have long tried to know where they are. I have found In my efforts only darkness and anxiety. It is because it is not given to us, it is not allowed us, to see clearly from one shore to the other. If we saw clearly that they were there, before our eyes, calling for us, expectingus, could we bear to remain where we are as long as God orders it? Could we proceed to the end of our task? We should refuse all work, we should aban- don everything; we should throw away our burden, and we should fling ourselves to- ward the shore where we saw them clearly. God will not have it, my friend; God wishes us to remain where he has placed us, as long as he plants us there. This is why he refuses us this certain and vivid light which would draw us invincibly elsewhere. This is why he covers with darkness this unknown place where those who are dear to us would take our whole soul. "But obscurity does not destroy what it hides; this other shore to which they have preceded us exists, though a cloud covers the river which separates us from it. We must renounce seeing, we must renounce understanding. We must believe in God. Since I have wrapt myself in this faith in God, since I have cast at his feet all the pretensions of my intellect and even the premature ambitions of my soul, I walk in peace even in the night, and I have at- tained certainty by accepting my ignorance. How I wish I could give you the same se- curity, the same peace. I do not renounce, I will not renounce hoping for it." We cannot much wonder if Madame de Lieven was anxious to keep up a correspon- dence which procured her such letters. The one I have cited, which sounds like an elo- quent sermon and which might be read from the pulpit, is quite in harmony with all we know of M. Guizot. His figure remains in our mind with a sort of majesty such as we behold in the admirable portrait by Paul Delaroche. The correspondence becomes very inter- esting at the time when Guizot was sent as Ambassador to London. Mme. de Lieven was so familiar with English society and English ways that she was very useful to him. On his return from London, the ques- tion of their marriage was agitated between them. They both desired this union, "but," says M. Daudet, "she could not resign her- self to giving up the title and the name which she had so long borne; and, on his side, Guizot would not hear of a morganatic marriage. The project was abandoned al- most as soon as formed, but their mutual affection did not suffer by it." During the long period of his ministry, Guizot went regularly to her "three times a day," says Greville, "on his way to and his way from the Chamber, when it was sitting, and in the evening. But while he was by far her first object, she cultivated the society of all the conspicuous and remarkable people whom she could collect about her." The Revolution of 1848 dispersed all the members of her salon; she was so fright- ened by it that she thought it necessary to escape for a time to England. She return- ed to Paris after a while, and so did Guizot, who constantly refused to take any part again in political life and lived in dignified retirement. His friend Mme. de Lieven, though she remained always on the same terms with him, soon became reconciled to the imperial regime, and her salon was soon replenished with the adherents of the Em- pire, and she had herself presented in due form to Napoleon. This was going a step too far, and furnished an argument to those who had never quite looked upon her with sympathy, and who supposed she was continuing to keep her Government an courant of many things. When the war with Russia began, she was ordered to leave Paris and went to Brussels, where she spent nearly two years. She died in Paris, after a short illness, on January 26, 1872, at the age of seventy-two. Guizot was with her in her last moments. She left him in her will an income of 8,000 francs and a carriage. She could not bear the idea of his not having a carriage. Correspondence. RECIPROCITY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the discussion of free trade, pro- tection, and reciprocity, which has an ever- broadening and deepening interest, I have frequently referred to the words of Confu- cius, which I do not recall seeing in the Nation or in any periodica!. When a pupil asked, "Is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life?" the Master said, "Is not reciprocity such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others." It is a fatal mistake to put this question outside the domain of morals and religion, and class it political. As the Hebrews called the rest of the world "Gentile." and the Creek "Barbarian." the old morals, the old religion, and the old politics were the high protective idea which drew a line or built a \\;ill around its own borders, and let the rest of the world shift for itself; the new morals, the new religion, and the new poli- tics mean, as fast as you can come to it, the free-trade idea, founded on the recipro- city of nations and the brotherhood of man. Is not this the essence of Christianity? James De Normandie. 45 Lambbut \'.km k, Boston, October m, iuoi. THE NEW FRENCH DOCTORATE. To the Editor ok Tin.; Nation: Sir: In your issue of September 2, 1897, you published a letter from Professor Breal, outlining the requirements for the new doc- toral unirt rsitairc, which the University of Paris was then on the point of establishing, especially for the benefit of foreigners, who might wish to bring home with them a vis- ible evidence of the work which they had ac- complished. It had been noted with regret that Americans, particularly, preferred to spend their years of foreign study in Ger- many, not so much because of the superior advantages which they could find there, as because of the diploma which they could bring home, and which was found to be of great service in the search for college and university positions. The new degree was thus intended to have a certain commercial value, and to be a serious competitor of the German doctorate. It did away with all the time-honored traditions of the French high- er degrees. The antecedents of the candi- dates were as much as possible disregarded. In the Faculty of Letters the term of study was fixed at two years, entire freedom was allowed in the selection of subjects and in the number of courses to be followed, and the sole stress was laid upon the these and the examen oral. Those familiar with the French system of academic degrees could see at once that the doctorat universitairc resembled the French doctorate in its ex- ternal features, but that it was easier to ob- tain. Three years have now passed since the ministerial decree authorizing the new de- gree (April 1, 1898) was published; the ma- chinery has been moving, and grooves are beginning to wear. It seems not out of place, therefore, to consider whether, from the American point of view, the new degree meets the purpose for which it was establish- ed. An opportunity to observe the practical workings of the system, on a recent visit to Paris, has convinced me that this new degree cannot take the place for which it was intended until the period of study is lengthened to the minimum required in our best universities, and until the conditions of examination are made as severe as they are at home. At present it is far easier to obtain this French degree than the similar American degree. Considerations of a practical nature in- crease the distrust of its value. A large portion of the first year must perforce be lost to the American student before he is able to follow the lectures to the best ad- vantage. In the next place, he is obliged to study in large libraries, where he can ob- tain only to a limited degree that close and intimate acquaintance with the literature of his subject which is made so easy for him through our own liberal system of sem- inary libraries. Finally, in the place of that close supervision of his work which ho finds at home, he is thrown back upon his own initiative. Many of those who have studied in Paris have reason to recall with pleasure the interest manifested in their work by the masters whom they come to fol- low. But they must also remember the number of other Americans, less fortunate than themselves, who stumbled seemingly without aim from one lecture-room to the ether, and who would have derived far more benefit from a year or two of advanced study at home. There can be no question that study abroad is of untold value to the student; in the case of a teacher of French, resi- dence in France is even an absolute neces- sity. But there is a question when this

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Oct. 24, 1901] The ]STation. 321 foreign study should be undertaken. A single year abroad when the subject is well in hand and the bibliography is mastered, will serve a far better purpose than two years at the period when the elements of the science must yet be learned. It has for some time been a matter of regret that certain German universities would confer the doctor's degree under con- ditions easier than those of this country. The new French degree is open to the same criticism. There was a time when the am- bitious young scholar could not find in this country either the teachers or the libraries which he needed. At that time American degrees were regarded doubtfully in Europe. Has th-^ time now come when the similar European degrees must be criticised in America? John E. Matzke. Leland Stanford Jr.. University. October lo, 1901. Notes. Yale's bicentenary is to be still further illustrated by 'Two Centuries of Christian Activity at Yale, 1701-1901,' edited by three graduates, and published by G. P. Putnam's Sons. From Messrs. Scribner we are to have 'The Pianoforte and its Music,' by Henry E. Krehbiel; 'More Animals," by Oliver Herford; and 'The Apostles' Creed,' by Dr. McGiffert. 'The Crow's Nest,' by Mrs. Everard Cotes, to be published next spring by Dodd, Mead & Co., will tell of a summer spent in Sim- la, India. Fleming H. Revell Co. have nearly ready "The Lore of Cathay,' by W. A. P. Martin, D.D. A translation of Vallary-Rodot's 'Life of Pasteur,' by H. H. Devonshire, is in the press of McClure, Phillips & Co., as are the 'Reminiscences of George S. Boutwell, ex- Governor of Massachusetts.' Macmillan Company have in preparation 'Time-Table of Modern History, a. d. 400- 1870,' compiled and arranged by M. Mor- ison; 'A Source-Book in the History of Education for the Greek and Roman Period,' by Paul Monroe; and 'The World and the Individual: Nature, Man, and the Moral Order,' by Prof. Josiah Royce of Harvard. Ed. Frossard, No. Ill East Four- teenth Street, New York, will issue direct- ly 'The Copper Coins of the United States,' a guide to collectors and others. The letterpress of Britton and Brown's 'Illustrated Flora' has been both amended and abridged so as to make a single porta- ble volume, with omission of the illustra- tions. It will be thus brought out by Henry Holt & Co. L. C. Page & Co., Boston, announce for immediate publication 'A History of Ameri- can Art,' in two volumes, by S. Hartmann, and 'Little Pilgrimages among the Men who have written Famous Books,' by E. F. Harkins. B. & J. F. Meehan, No. 32 Gay Street, Bath, England, solicit subscriptions to a limited edition of 'The Famous Houses of Bath and District,' by J. F. Meehan, with an Introduction by the Marquess of Duffer- in and Ava. There will be fifty full-page Illustrations, and numerous smaller ones, Including portraits, in the text. The Germanic Museum Association at Cambridge, Mass., has issued a circular setting forth its aims, which are to parallel the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg, the Swiss Museum at Zurich, the HOtel de Cluny, and the like national collections. What is typical and characteristic will be sought in preference to what is striking, and contributions to a collection illustrat- ing, through objects of art and industry, the history of civilization among the Ger- manic peoples (including England of the Anglo-Saxon period), are requested from "all those who care for the ideals of Ger- man culture." Membership is open to every one on payment of the prescribed fee (annual, two dollars; life, twenty-five). The President is Carl Schurz, and the Trea- surer, Frederic S. Goodwin, No. 183 Essex Street, Boston. Three years ago we reviewed in these col- umns the scholarly translation of Marcus Aurelius by Mr. G. H. Rendall of Charter- house. His version, which has practically superseded all others, has now been added to the Golden Treasury Series (Macmillan Co.). Serious students of the philosophic Emperor will not be diverted from the larger work with its learned introduction, but the present edition should attract the general reader, to whom the excellent get- up and the convenient size of the Golden Treasury Series have long been familiar. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. bring out anew seven volumes in their uniform set of the elder Dumas's Works, and add three more for the translation of the 'Vicomte de Bragelonne,' and so complete their selec- tion for a "Popular Edition." The price justifies this title, and the print, if un- adorned, is readable. The binding is equal- ly unpretentious. Each volume has its frontispiece and each story its introduc- tion. Of quite a different order of manufacture is the continuation of the "Century Clas- sics" (The Century Co.), with Ruskin's 'Sesame and Lilies, and Crown of Wild Olives'; Franklin's Autobiography; Kings- ley's 'Hypatia,' in two volumes; and Poe's Tales. These are both elegantly printed and bound, and to each is prefixed a good portrait of the author. The introductions are, as heretofore, brief and not labored. Under the caption of "Home Library" D. C. Heath & Co. group a number of good books for the young, some previously pub- lished, like Starr's 'American Indians,' Snedden's 'Docas, the Indian Boy,' Aiken and Barbauld's 'Eyes and No Eyes,' Hiestand's abridgment of 'The Tempest'; some just issued, as, Mrs. Trimmer's 'His- tory of the Robins,' Miss Edgeworth's 'Waste Not, Want Not,' and Miss Craik's 'So Fat and Mew Mew.' The elder works, it is needless to say, have a useful discipline in good English. The design of 'Object-Lessons for Rural Schools,' Book I., II. (Macmillan), by V. T. Murche, is to awaken and foster in chil- dren a genuine love for the country an-1 country pursuits. The subjects treated range from the simple natural phenomena of air and sky to the work of the (arm, the structure and habits of birds and animals. The instruction is given in such a clear, entertaining, and suggestive manner that it is impossible to doubt that this series will be eminently successful in arousing in many children the spirit and habir of observation. An accompanying book is a 'Rural Reader,' in which the same author makes three bright farmer's boys tell of what they have learned at school on these same subjects. Though intended for '.he village schools of Great Britain, there is comparatively little in these volumes which would be unfamiliar to our children. The illustrations are numerous, admirably chosen, and in some instances of great beauty. 'Yorke the Adventurer,' by Louis Beeke (Lippincott), consists of sketches of sea and island life in the South Pacific. An English critic brackets the author and Mr. Kipling as possessing the same quality of "unhackneyed vitality of phrase that most people call realism." It appears to us that in this particular the two writers are as far apart as are the Desert of Gobi and Chicago. In the opening sketch of the series — that from which the book derives its title — the author parallels (with ac- knowledgment of the source of inspira- tion) an incident in Capt. Slocum's 'Sailing Alone Around the World' — we mean his pro- tecting himself from night attacks by Pata- gonian savages by profusely sprinkling his sloop's deck with sharp tacks. Capt. Yorke, instead of tacks, used broken glass furnish- ed by several casks of empty bottles which opportunely formed a portion of his cargo. 'Yorke the Adventurer' will not appeal to mature minds; but to lads from ten to fifteen years of age perusal will give, pos- sibly, absorbing pleasure. The last chapter of the volume, on the poisonous fishes of the Pacific, may, or may not, offer opportunity to ichthyologists to meditate on the apho- rism that "everything comes to him who waits." 'On Board a Whaler,' by T. W. Hammond (Putnam's), like 'Yorke the Adventurer,' will afford agreeable entertainment to lads of adventurous impulse, to whom the sea appeals as a boundless field of daring ex- ploit. The author is so well equipped in the technique of whaling and of a seafaring life that he avoids those solecisms which mar the greater proportion of marine literature. He follows the usual conventional routine, depicting an ocean-smitten lad who ships on a whaler, and who proceeds, consecutively, to encounter all the stock experiences, from which no deviation appears possible in tales of the sea. The one exception in the volume is found in its closing chapter, where the author, with iconoclastic frankness, demol- ishes the theory, so dear to laymen and so tenaciously held in fiction, that the whale is an animal of undoubted courage, ever ready to assume the offensive against its foes. To use the author's own words: "He has hardly the grit to slap a fly." The whale, he says, is dangerous only on account of its weight, strength, and agility, which demand prudence and caution on the part of its as- sailants, to avoid its panic-stricken, pur- poseless rushes when it feels the sting of the harpoon. 'From Squire to Prince,' by Walter Phelps Dodge (Unwin), is a "History of the Rise of the House of Cirksena." This family, which produced eight counts and five princes of the Holy Roman Empire, became promi- nent in East Frisia towards the close of the Middle Ages, and established itself as the reigning dynasty in 1430. Its last represen- tative was Prince Charles Edzard, who died in 1744. The reversion of East Frisia belong- ed to the House of Brandenburg, and Fred-

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322 Tli e Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1895 erick the Great succeeded to the Inheritance of the Cirksena. We can hardly ascribe to this volume more consequence than is the due of a fairly good local chronicle. The interests of the study are genealogical rather than historical, and the composition shows signs of little skill. The most important chapter is that which deals with the reign of Count Edzard I., at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The career of the re- former Aportanus is not without some strik- ing features, though Mr. Dodge suggests two singular comparisons when likening him to Savonarola, and the Counts of East Frisia to the Medici. The portraits, which are re- produced from originals in the town-hall at Aurich. are of some note, and make the book considerably more attractive than it would otherwise be. As an example of Mr. Dodge's philosophical observations, we quote the concluding sentence of the ninth chap- ter: "Its next change of country is still In abeyance, but if, as sometimes happens, the history of the past is repeated in the future, the end of East Frisia is not yet." 'The Century Book for Mothers,' by Dr. L. M. Yale and Gustav Pollak (The Century Co.), on very careful examination discloses no flaw. It is a collection of extraordi- narily sensible essays upon the general care of young children, supplemented by a large number of anxious questions and intelligent answers received and given by the con- ductors of a magazine (Babyhood) devoted to that subject. The discussion is judi- cious and the conclusions are clearly ex- pressed. A good table of contents and a complete index render any part of this well-made book available at once. Weismann's theory that the effects of use or habit are impossible of transmission in animal life, is the subject of attack by Dr. Walter Kidd, F.Z.S., in a paper upon 'Use-Inheritance, Illustrated by the Di- rection of Hair on the Bodies of Animals' (London: A. & C. Black; New York: Mac- millan). The author freely admits that "Weismann's great rule undoubtedly holds good very largely," but he maintains that there are exceptions, and illustrates his contention by the whorls, featherings, and crests upon hirsute mammals, and by the direction of the hair growth on the exterior surface of the forearm of certain carnivora and of man, and by the upward capillary tendency upon the muzzle of the lion, for example, as opposed to the downward growth upon the horse's face. He admits that these variations of direction are in- trinsically trifling, but holds that they can be interpreted only according to Lamarck. He maintains that the eddies in the hair- stream are caused, like dimples in the human form, by the action of antagonistic muscles; and that posture, especially dur- ing sleep, and use (as the cleansing action of the paws over a lion's face) are respon- sible for other counter-currents. He de- duces that selection is incompetent to pro- duce these peculiarities, which, if not orig- inally created with the forms of life, must have been produced in ancestors by use or habit. Dr. Kidd's style is not particularly clear, but his statement of facts must re- ceive some other explanation than his be- fore Weismann's doctrine can be accepted as having no possible exception. Nothing could be more attractive than Mr. Max Hirsch's preface to his 'Democ- racy versus Socialism' (Macmillan). So- cialism draws its vitality from the convic- tion of the poor that the institutions of society are unjust, and it cannot be sup- pressed by demonstrations that its reme- dies are impracticable. Such demonstra- tions must be accompanied with some posi- tive suggestions for the removal of inequal- ity, in order to affect the mind of the So- cialist. Mr. Hirsch, accordingly, supplements his able and exhaustive exposure of the futility of socialistic schemes with an elabo- rate scheme of social reorganization. But, alas! when we come to examine this plan, it turns out to be nothing more than Hen- ry George's system of confiscating the rent of land. Mr. Hirsch expounds this sys- tem with more care, although with less eloquence and strength of style, than his master; but we fail to see that he removes the fundamental objections to all schemes for attaining justice by the confiscation of property. The present owners of land have acquired it without consciousness of sin, and they are too numerous to be punished for doing what law and public sentiment have sanctioned, without causing a revo- lution in which the poor would lose more than they could gain. The series of publications by the Library of Congress is notably advanced by the quarto volume 'A List of Maps of America' belonging to the Library down to Novem- ber, 1897, preceded by a list of works re- lating to cartography, by J. Lee Phillips, chief of the division of maps and charts. This bibliography alone fills 86 pages. The MS. maps of the Revolutionary war con- tained in the Fader, Force, and Rocham- beau collections are here revealed. The arrangement is geographically alphabetical, without subdivisions, but with cross ref- erences to the counties under each State, and the order is chronological. The rubric World requires 45 pages, and the last of all, Zisputa Bay (for the list embraces both Americas), is on page 1137. It is needless to praise this labor or to descant on Its utility. A supplemental volume is in prep- aration. In the National Geographic Magazine for October there is an account of the work of the Weather Bureau, by its chief, Dr. W. L. Moore, containing many interesting facts. A part of the daily work is the dis- tribution of 80,000 telegrams, maps, and bulletins; and when a storm is threatened, "it is not uncommon for the Bureau to distribute 100,000 telegrams and messages inside of the space of a few hours." In five predictions there is an average of one fail- ure, and there Is not much prospect of an increase of accuracy in our time, though the receipt of reports from Europe and the Azores, recently arranged for, will extend the wind's forecast for a period of three days out from each continent. Dr. Moore gives it as the opinion of many Insurance experts that the service, costing a little over a million dollars, is worth more than twenty millions to the agriculture, the com- merce, and the Industry of the country. Other articles are upon the work of the Bureau of American Ethnology, a sum- mary of Peary's work, and the conclu- sions reached at a "conference upon the boundaries of the successive acquisitions of territory by the United States." An an- nouncement is made that the next Inter- national Geographical Congress will be held In Washington In 1904, under the auspices of the society of which this publication is the organ. That President McKinley should have been omitted from the "imperial panel" portrait gallery of Mr. F. Gutekunst, Phila- delphia, was most unlikely. We have, in fact, just received his profile counterfeit presentment in the above series. To us, however, it appears one of the least suc- cessful of all, or is it that the best point of view was not seized? It is the fate of public characters to be treated by the camera to such a range of effigies that pos- terity is puzzled to select the true likeness. But then, enemies and admirers can often each find their vindicating aspect in the medley. — Most welcome to the sight are two of the three supplementary volumes of the 'Dictionary of National Biography' (A-Chi, Chi-Hos) (London: Smith, Elder & Co.; New York: Macmillan). As is well known, this addition was designed to repair omis- sions, and to include notable persons who died "after the letter" in the progress of the main work, down to the date of Queen Victoria's death, January 22, 1901. By a singular fatality, Mr. George Smith, the courageous head of the publishing firm who ventured at certain loss to undertake the Dictionary, died after the Queen, on April 6. He was therefore ruled out of his own enterprise, but it was wisely determined, while denying him a place in the alpha- betical succession, to give him a liberal biography at the forefront of the Supple- ment. This sketch is really a history of the house, and will be found interesting in a high degree. Mr. Smith's career was all the more to his credit because his animal spirits were too much for his educators, and he was but twenty-two when he had to succeed his father in the control of a large business of a multifarious kind. The con- nections of the house with India made them agents for the purchase and consignment even of munitions of war; and Mr. Smith himself in time became the owner of the profitable Apollinaris spring. He was the founder of the Cornhill Magazine, the Pall Mall Gazette, and the Dictionary. Darwin, Ruskin, G. P. R. James, Miss Bronte, Miss Martineau, Mrs. Gaskell, Thackeray, Wilkie Collins, Trollope, and Browning were some of the lights of literature and thought associated with the firm. Besides this tri- bute to a man of extraordinary energy, liberality, and success, he is, alone of Britain's worthies in this Dictionary, honored with a portrait. This was entirely fitting; but we wish the firm had resolved that the other two volumes should bear the frontispiece portraits of Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Stephen has no article in these two volumes at least. — Of the thousand new names, two hun- dred represent accidental omissions, and among these is the American Horatio Gates, rebellious British subject. Horatio Hale, ethnologist of the Wilkes Antarctic expe- dition, who ended his days in Canada, on the other side of his native New Hampshire border, is among the "post-obits," if we may abuse that term. The greatest of these is Gladstone, who needs 48 pages; John Bright receives 19, and it is odd to find Lord Randolph Churchill allowed 14, though he is not fulsomely praised. Browning gets 13, and Freeman and Froude Lie down to-

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Oct. 24, 1901] The Nation. 323 gether with four and eight pages respec- tively, as becomes the more readable if not the more trustworthy historian. Matthew Arnold is extremely well estimated by Dr. Richard Garnett in six pages. The Duke of Argyll has the same portion. Sir W. G. Armstrong, Bessemer, and Archbishop Ben- son are also treated at length. Here are Black and Blackmore, Wilkie Collins and Du Maurier, Sir G. W. Dasent and C. L. Dodgson ("Lewis Carroll"), Ford Madox Brown and Burne-Jones and Birket Foster, Eliza Cook and Mary Cowden Clarke and Mme. Bodichon (remembered pleasantly of some Americans, and credited here with the idea of Girton College), Samuel Birch and Samuel Beal and Sheldon Amos, Burton and Sir Samuel W. Baker, and Baker's dis- graced brother Valentine, who is not spared by reticence, H. W. Bates, the "Naturalist on the Amazon," and Henry Drummond, Airy and John Couch Adams of "Neptune" fame, Sir R. Alcock, the poet Allingham, Bradlaugh, C. C. Boycott (who minted a word against his will) and Le Caron the spy, Mrs. Catherine Booth, and many an- other celebrity high and low. —The supplementary sixth volume of Mr. Larned's "History for Ready Reference" (Springfield, Mass.: C. A. Nichols Co.), with all its 720 large and closely printed pages, is devoted to the history of the six years (1894-5 to 1901) which have elapsed since the publication of the original five. This Involves an enlargement of the scale of the articles which goes far to transform the character of the work. At the same time, it removes some of the objections which have been felt to the earlier tomes. It is one thing to put into the hands of young students a series of snippets from Grote and Mommsen and Green; it is another to present the general reader with the most significant and least wordy passages from the state papers and the journals of half a dozen years crowded with notable events. Certainly this volume is an exceedingly in- teresting one, and it will be found of the utmost value for purposes of reference. Great judgment has been displayed in the selection and arrangement of material; a wide range of recent literature has been put under contribution; and although the matter is often highly contentious (the mere names of Cuba and the Transvaal are sufficient to show this), Mr. Larned's pref- erence for moderate statements and unemo- tional language will go far to conciliate all shades of opinion. And even if the con- clusions should seem doubtful in many cases — and this is inevitable where so much in the way of motive can only be guessed at — the book would be worth possessing if merely for the sake of the state documents which it so conveniently brings together. — Mr. Bradford Torrey's 'Footing it in Franconia' (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) describes hills of vision and valleys of "leisurely delights and sauntering thoughts," and is reminiscent of scientific friends — hobbyists, Mr. Torrey calls him- self and them — who have shared with him the happiness of annual fortnights in New Hampshire. The book records successive visits, and, to use the author's phrase, paints in "the high lights of enthusiasm" the changing aspects of Franconia and the changing hosts of birds and plants from May until October. Mr. Torrey likes roads and foot-paths better than untracked wil- derness, so he walks In travelled ways; an explorer, nevertheless, who finds them full of such rare sights as are visible to the best naturalists, and of quickening thoughts and fancies that "put a girdle round about the earth" — though in point of fact their span is generally much more slender. In an earlier book Mr. Torrey has said that he possesses two selves, the naturalist, and the reflective, imaginative lover of na- ture, who by turns look out upon the world. They have both been at the window here in Franconia, sometimes singly, but often together, with the naturalist in the back- ground looking over the other's shoulder. Amid much more that might be mentioned with appreciation of its excellence, one may speak of the descriptions of the horned lark's song and flight, the music of the wood thrush, the spring flowers of the Notch road, and the felicities of berry time. The style, with its clear and plea- sant course and occasional quaintness of Biblical phrasing, has long been known so favorably that it needs no comment. — Every lover of Stevenson will care to possess 'Stevenson's Attitude to Life,' an address lately delivered by Prof. John Franklin Genung, and now reproduced in a slim volume, finely printed, and engagingly made up (Crowell & Co.). Stevenson has been fortunate in being but rarely the chosen divinity of the merely faddish per- son; those who have cared for him have felt towards the man and his work an ac- tual affection which but few men of letters of recent years have had the fortune to en- list. Still, there has been of late a deal of vaporizing concerning his ethical teaching. On this account Professor Genung's clear- headed, carefully considered, yet sympathet- ic exposition is valuable and timely. "Ste- venson," he says, "may be regarded as pio- neer in the new mood or spiritual current now well under way — a mood much heartier and wholesomer than what it succeeds; nor is it on the whole less reverent, albeit far less observant of devotional or philosophical forms. We may, in a word, call it a spirit- ual return to nature." At a first view this statement seems somewhat startling, but by explanation and qualification Professor Genung makes it good. Of course any one caring to designate the pioneer of a move- ment so atmospheric as this, might success- fully hold a brief for Goethe, or, coming to a later generation, might make out a spe- cious case for persons so diverse as Robert Browning and Walter Pater. But there can be little doubt that there is a certain re- enforcement of this current at the present time; and Stevenson, by virtue of his tem- perament, the content of his work, and all the conditions of his life, is its best pro- tagonist. A human personality less Olym- pian than Goethe, the author of work more virile than the early paganism of Pater, and finer, in a way, and less blatant than much of Browning's, he has more conclusively es- tablished the thesis of "the livableness of life." It is idle to hold, as Professor Genung just escapes doing, that Stevenson's work is the logical refutation of such pessi- mism as Leopardi's, or the utter world- weariness of Amiel. But, though never sys- tematic in the technical sense, Stevenson's optimism was, nevertheless, more than temperamental. It was the conscious prod- uct of a mind so sweet and wise as to hold Itself inaccessible to the forebodings and despair of the most protracted ill-health. His bed-ridden page, like some music, or, as he himself says whimsically, like a good meal with a bottle of wine, makes one re- alize freshly the fulness, color, and eternal desirability of life, and compels the belief (so says Professor Genung) that all this can contain no treachery as to the future. — The fourth volume of Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart's "American History Told by Contemporaries" (Macmillan) brings to a close a work of whose usefulness to stu- dents and teachers there can be no ques- tion, and which has been on the whole re- markably well done. The abundant material has been judiciously drawn upon, and bal- ance and proportion have been well ob- served. The result is a mosaic which, while exhibiting the greatest variety of de- tail, nevertheless gives a net impression of harmony and unity. The volume just issued, with its sub-title, 'Welding of the Nation,' covers the stirring period from 1845 to 1900, and few of the salient points fail to receive something of illustration. As was to have been expected, extracts from Presidential messages, speeches in Congress, and the like are rather more numerous than in the earlier volumes, but so-called "documents" are still, in the main, consistently excluded. The range of selection continues wide, the pieces illus- trative of social and economic conditions being least familiar. Perhaps part vii., on reconstruction, is least varied, the pre- dominance of political discussion overshad- owing the extracts descriptive of the ac- tual condition of the South at the time. The subsequent period is still too new for much coordination, and Professor Hart has wisely touched upon a few of its main features only. The final chapters on the Spanish war, questions of colonization and foreign policy, and current social and gov- ernmental problems, bring the exhibit down to date. There is but one jarring note, and that is the trivial sentence with which the editor introduces a selection of his own on the Monroe Doctrine. The series as a whole is to be commended as one of the most valuable of recent aids to the study and teaching of American history. MICHIE'S M'CLELLAN. General McClellan. By Gen. Peter S. Mlchle. With illustrations and maps. (Great Com- manders Series.) D. Appleton & Co. 1901. 12mo, pp. 488. Gen. Michie's estimate of the character and military services of McClellan, which was completed just before the death of its distinguished author, comes very near meeting, if, indeed, it does not fully meet, the requirements of posterity for judging the soldier who, whatever his limitations, undoubtedly possessed many of the qualities of a great commander. The biography is thoroughly just and kind to McClellan, yet impartial and searching in its treatment of military questions; and, being written outside of that atmosphere of personal friendship or hostility which for a long time colored all attempts to appraise Mc- Clellan's work, and, moreover, with com- mand of the host of documents, public and private, which have made clear many a once obscure and disputed fact, the book

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324 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1895 is a true enlightenment of our knowledge of the men and times of the civil war. The essential conclusions which the read- er will draw from the story is that Mc- Clellan fashioned, with utmost skill and success, a weapon in the shape of the Army of the Potomac, which he was quite un- equal to wielding in the field, not for the reason which disabled some of his suc- cessors— of loss of head in the critical hour of battle— but because he was constantly preoccupied with concern for the possible defeat which he apprehended on account of the real or imaginary (often entirely imaginary) superiority of his adversary, and so refused many an opening of attack, and, when assailed, left the battle to be fought by his subordinates while he looked after the lines of retreat. Of this state of mind, the campaign of 1862 in the Virginia peninsula is full of examples. Gen. Michie bestows high praise upon that ability, which stood in great service to the na- tion in its early critical days after Bull Run, to organize and win the hearty en- thusiasm of the rank and file of an army. The Army of the Potomac was made by Mc- Clellan, and to the end of its career it re- tained much of the character which his genius had stamped upon it. But the ques- tion will arise whether the sort of army which he insisted upon building up was suited to the need of the time, or to the mood of the country, which a wise com- mander would have taken into considera- tion. The armies of the West accomplish- ed their ends, or at least kept the nation in a hopeful spirit (which is an important part of good generalship), with a much shorter delay in camp drill, not because, as has sometimes been alleged, of the in- feriority of their adversaries as compared with the Confederate Army of Virginia, but because they were promptly thrust into action, and acquired that confidence and audacity which come only from experience under fire, and which no camp manoeuvring can impart. During the long, anxious fall of 1861, when, as we now know, Johnston was lamenting the crippled and demoral- ized state of his Confederate troops, and was ready to beat a retreat towards Rich- mond upon the first signal of McClellan's advance, the latter hardly permitted his men to make a simple reconnoissance; dress parades there were in abundance, but no- thing which gave the soldier the smell of powder; and thus precious opportunity for at least small successes was wasted, and the foundation was laid of that opposition to him at Washington and throughout the North which would have made his con- tinuance in command impossible even if he could have won some moderate successes in the field, as it can hardly be said that he did. The late Gen. Jacob D. Cox, in his 'Mili- tary Reminiscences,' was, we believe, the first historian of the war to detect the essen- lial weakness of all McClellan's undertak- ings in his constant exaggeration, under the false reports of his spies, of the strength of his opponent; and Michie re- turns again and again to this consideration as accounting for his masterly inactivity and inordinate alarm for his army's safety upon many an occasion when victory could easily have been won. The chief of the spy ser- vice habitually doubled and trebled the num- bers of the enemy, so that McClellan, in the latter days of October, 1861, in a formal communication to President Lincoln, who plaintively asked for some promise of ac- tion, declared that "the enemy have a force on the Potomac not less than one hundred and fifty thousand strong"; while Johnston's reports of the same date estimate his strength at "forty-seven thousand of all arms ready for battle." At Yorktown, un- der the same delusion, McClellan refrained from a prompt attack upon Mas;ruder'3 small force, and entered upon a protracted siege, while the figures show that he had a hundred and nine thousand men present for duty, while Johnston, when his men were all up, had but fifty-three thousand. So it was to the end. The secret-service offi- cers were utterly untrustworthy, feeding the ever-present fears of McClellan that he was upon the point of being overwhelmed, and giving partial justification for the accusa- tions and complaints with which his corre- spondence with the Washington authorities Is full, that he was being refused accessions or stripped, by detachments toother depart- ments, of troops whose reinforcement was indispensable to any reasonable hope of success. The wonder is, not alone that an intelligent soldier should not have used other available means than bare reliance on his spies for finding what forces were in his front, but that he should have attributed to the Confederacy such extraordinary re- cruiting energy when at that time it was entirely dependent upon volunteering. The rigorous conscription of a later time which robbed the cradle and the grave dated from the assumption of the Confederate command by Lee, in the midsummer of 1862, and was not especially productive until after Mc- Clellan's day. This conviction that his enemy was al- ways his superior in numbers helps to ex- plain another grave deficiency in his con- duct as a commander, viz., that throughout the Peninsula campaign, from Yorktown to Malvern Hill, "his headquarters were un- duly distant from the several fields of battle, and so much so, indeed, that, so far as his personal or professional influence was con- cerned, it may be almost completely ignored in all tactical combinations." Gaines's Mill was fought by Fitz John Porter against the combined divisions of Longstreet, Jack- son, and the two Hills, with three times his number of men, while McClellan was -di- verted by a few brigades in his front under Magruder, and stayed there with the bulk of the army. Glendale, the vital cross- roads of the army's retreat to the James, where the enemy pressed hard, was a battle without a head; the several corps com- manders fighting as they saw an enemy, in- dependently of one another, and for the most part unaware of one another's presence. When the position became untenable, "with- out orders from the commanding general, it was most fortunately abandoned." Con- cerning his absence from Malvern Hill, whose management was confided to Porter while McClellan went on board the gun- boat Qalma, to select, with Commodore Rodgers, the final establishment for the army, our biographer declares, with entire justice, that "the continued presence of Gen. McClellan with his troops, seeing to their best tactical disposition, and giving them the inspiration of his undoubted per- sonal magnetism, was a duty of the first im- portance, in comparison with which every- thing else was of no military value what- ever; and every explanation of this absence must be in the nature of an unsatisfactory apology." When, in view of the miscarriage of this campaign and his bitter altercations with the War Department, it is asked why Mc- Clellan was continued in command to make another disappointing trial at Antietam, the evident answer is, that there was no- body else who could be pointed out as hav- ing the confidence of the countrv or the army; and nobody else appeared when Lin- coln's patience came to an end after Antie- tam. Burnside and Hooker failed disas- trously, and Meade was feeling his way un- til 1864. By his superabundant caution Mc- Clellan had preserved the army from any such disaster as befell it at Fredericksburg in December, 1862, and therefore was a safe commander. But this negative virtue does not win battles, and the season of experi- ment with other leaders had to come. Fur- thermore, McClellan came to attach exces- sive importance to his indispensableness to the army and the country, and to feel a con- siderable degree of contempt towards the Administration, whose head, as later gen- erations have discovered, possessed a far from contemptible sagacity in military af- fairs, as he showed himself to be the mas- ter spirit in civil administration. A little more humility on McClellan's part, such as should have been born of his failures, and a little more readiness to share wis- dom with the President and his advisers; a little more tact to bind to himself the men of civil affairs who began with being his stanch friends and ended by thorough dis- trust of all his aims, and the story of the reception of a mighty trust might have had an end commensurate with the fine promise of its beginning. That McClellan was, in any act or thought, other than utterly loyal and patri- otic, or that he or any of 'those near to him connived at defeat of the Union arms under Pope or any other officer, Gen. Michie believes, as do most impartial witnesses, to be devoid of any reasonable foundation. One of the most notable of the charges of his sulking in his tent while the country was imperilled, under cover of the trial of Fitz John Porter for alleged treasonable failure of duty, was completely refuted, when, after the heat and blindness of the war passion had abated, Porter was fully exonerated from all fault and declared to have borne a highly honorable part in the last of Pope's battles, by a competent mil- itary tribunal, whose conclusions received the hearty approval of Gen. Grant. Not on account of lack of high moral qualities did McClellan step out of the combat, but be- cause "his generalship was not up to the standard which the situation demanded." The Oldest Type-Printed Boole in Existence: A Disquisition on the Relative Antiquity of the Pfister and Mazarin Bibles and the "65-line A" Catholicon. Prefaced by a Brief History of the Invention of Print- ing. By George Washington Moon. Lon- don: Privately printed. MCMI. Will the controversy about the invention of printing never end? Fifty years ago students of typography were divided in opinion: one-half believed that printing was invented by Laurens Janszoon Koster of Haarlem, in 1423, and the other half ac- credited it to John Gutenberg of Mainz in 1450. In 1869-70, Dr. A. Van der Linde pub-

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Oct. 24, 1901J The ISTation. 325 lished a series of articles in Dutch journals (afterward expanded in two large volumes) in which he showed that the pretensions made on behalf of Koster had no sound basis in history. He did what no one be- fore had done so thoroughly, for he sifted evidence and examined records with un- common critical discernment. Although he wrote with needless asperity, his reasoning was accepted as conclusive by many parti- sans of Koster, who were led by him to believe that the real inventor of printing was John Gutenberg of Mainz. Moved no doubt by emulation, Dr. Hes- sels of Oxford, England, undertook a sim- ilar sifting of the evidence that had been published in favor of Gutenberg. He showed that fables and forgeries had been devised to cover supposed weak spots in the histories written about Gutenberg, and that his records also needed further inves- tigation. He does not deny that Gutenberg printed before 1455, but he does lead the reader to doubt that he was sole inventor, or even the master spirit in the invention of printing. It is certain that Gutenberg had forerunners. A French investigator in the archives of Avignon reports that one Christopher Vald- foghel had there introduced, before the period of Gutenberg in Mainz, a new "art of writing with metal letters." No speci- men of Valdfoghel's workmanship was dis- covered, nor is it known what methods he used; but it is possible that he was at- tempting to invent printing with metal types. We have also some new evidence that Mentilin of Strassburg was a success- ful and an industrious printer in that city at or before the publication of the two great Bibles attributed (and denied) to Gutenberg. One of these Bibles is known as the Bible of Forty-two Lines, or the Mazarin Bible, so called from its discovery in the library of Cardinal Mazarin. This Bible, now in the National Library at Paris, con- tains in its two volumes two colophons, professedly written by the illuminator of the books, certifying that his work was done at Mainz in the year 1455. These colo- phons, with other evidences, have led to the conclusion that this Bible must have been printed in Mainz before 1455. Mr. Moon challenges the credibility of these colophons, and names bibliographers of au- thority who believe that they were not written by the illuminator. The other Bible is known as the Bible of Thirty-six Lines, or the Pfister Bible, or the Bamberg Bible, so called because Albert Pfister of Bamberg is known to have used its types in several of his little books. It has no printed date, nor has any copy been found with an early written date. The types of the two Bibles are different as to size, but they resemble one another in form,' and should have been made by the same print- er; but there are historic difficulties in the way of this hypothesis. The Bible of For- ty-two Lines always has been regarded as the first, because it had a written date; but there are bibliographers of authority who maintain that the Bible of Thirty-six Lines was the first product of the new art. f the authenticity of the written date of 455 is proved a forgery, then the relative priority of the two Bibles is still an open question. Now comes George Washington Moon (well known as the rasping critic of Dean Alford's 'Queen's English'), with a thin qHarto of 47 pages, in which he challenges the priority of these Bibles. He asserts that they were printed in too workmanlike a manner, and that neither one could have been the first product of the new art. He begins with a recital of the oldest printed testimonies in favor of Gutenberg, and ad- judges their merits as history with credita- ble impartiality; but he shows, as Dr. Van der Linde had done before him, that the rep- etition of an early statement by an uncriti- cal writer adds nothing to the credibility of that statement. Nevertheless, he insists that the testimony of the earliest writers on the subject should not be put aside entirely. He quotes one old writer who said that the 'Catholicon' was the first printed book. He prefers the internal evidences in early print- ed books to the assertions of contempora- neous writers, for many of them had no ex- act knowledge of the mechanics of printing, and, without intending to mislead, did mis- lead seriously. He compares the appearance of print in early books not by the types of letters only, but by marks of punctuation and other trifles of typographical practice that have been overlooked. He says that the acknowledged characteristics of ear- liest printing are: "No title-page, preface, table of contents, or of rubrics. "No colophon, pagination, catch-words. "Nosignature or letteringfor marking sep- arately printed sheets. "No marginal notes or footnotes. "No headings to pages or to chapters, and no space between chapters. "No large printed capitals (as ini- tial letters) and no small letters as guides to the maker of the initials. "No diphthongs or quotation marks. "No marks of punctuation, except the dot, and this dot was always above the lower lining of the letters. "No register of lettered signatures and no errata. "No printer's name or place of printing and no date. "Only Gothic or semi-Gothic type. "Only one long s and one short s. "Only one straight and one curved r. "Only one size of each smail letter. "Only one size and one form of each capi- tal. "Only one form of each double letter. "Only one form of each single letter or abbreviation. "The i never dotted; it was either with an acute or circumflex accent. "The first and last leaf always blank. "An irregular or uneven number of lines in mated columns." The two Bibles previously mentioned do not conform to all these characteristics of early printing. As they have different forms of the same letter, and as one of them shows four kinds of marks of punc- tuation, and has other peculiarities, Mr. Moon decides that they cannot be rated as the first or even as very early products of the new art. They show improvements upon a still earlier and a cruder practice of print- ing. The only book that approximates the characteristics specified by Mr. Moon is this rare and undated edition of the 'Catholicon' in his possession, and described by him as the "65-line A Catholicon" from its pecu- liar form of the capital A. This Catholi- con, a folio of 800 pages, the combina- tion of a Latin grammar and dictionary, had been a book of high authority for nearly two centuries, and it was un- doubtedly a book to be selected by an early printer as certain of ready sale. It seems to have been printed from new and sharp types in a creditable manner, but it be- trays on the part of the printer remark- able ignorance of, or indifference to, the niceties of typography which have been listed by Mr. Moon. He gives a facsimile of a paragraph of this Catholicon. It con- forms to his standard of the character- istics of early printing in all features but one: its capital letters are neither Gothic nor semi-Gothic, but a fair form of Roman letter, fully as correct as the Roman cap- itals shown by Sweynheim and Pannartz at Subiaco in 1465. Even the small or minuscule letters of this Catholicon in- cline more to the Roman than the semi- Gothic style. Who printed this edition of the Catholi- con? Mr. Moon does not hazard a direct answer, but he points to the significant cir- cumstance that it is one of a series of four volumes (the earlier ones undated, and without name or place) printed by Mentilin of Strassburg, and that the sec- ond volume of the series, 'Speculum Doc- trinale,' is printed in the types of this "65-line A Catholicon," but its types show wear and have new capital letters. The reader is led to form his own conclusion that it should have been printed about 1445, and probably by Mentilin of Strassburg. It is already established that Gutenberg was experimenting in or practising print- ing in Strassburg as early as 1440, and that he had associates with whom he was at variance. Mentilin's name was not men- tioned in their law-suit against Guten- berg, but Mentilin did practise printing in that city for many years after the al- leged departure of Gutenberg to Mainz. There is no record of any work done by Gutenberg between 1442 and 1448, but it is not at all probable that he was idle. It is possible that this Catholicon might have been printed in Strassburg at or about 1445, but whether with or without the aid of Gutenberg, is uncertain. Ethics: Descriptive and Explanatory. By Sidney Edward Mezes. The Macmillan Co. 1901. 8vo, pp. 435. Professor Mezes of the University of Texas has been known to the general public as a scholar of Howison, and as one of the four authors of the sympotic book, 'The Conception of God.' He there produced upon us a mixed impression, for his intel- lect seemed not to have quite so keen an edge as is called for in philosophy; and yet here and there conceptions appeared so simple and obvious, and yet so novel, that one ransacked one's memory in the endeavor to recall any anticipation of the remark* Much the same impression is re- newed by the present book. Hard work and solid has been put into it; and, of course, the harvest must have proportionate value. Parts of the treatise are admirably worked out, and are, at any rate, instructive, even if their conclusions are rejected. But hard work is not all that is required in dealing with such a subject. In aim and method the present work Is fully as original as it ought to be. The author belongs to that school of ethics which is probably nearest right — that is to say, to the school which makes tribal tradi- tion a main factor of morality, and which is thus enabled to frame an evolutionary theory of it. But although the author is thus in the van of ethical exploration, a

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326 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1895 certain old-fashioned and conservative color — attributable, perhaps, to tempera- ment and Texan environment — strongly tinges his theory. Now. conservatism In morals is most needful in practice, and, of course, is theoretically defensible. But that defence itself is not conservative: on the contrary, it is rationalistic; and in pure theory, especially in a theory of aims, conservatism is irrational and out of place. The writer effects a reconciliation of his conservatism (which is very likely uncon- scious) with his advanced views by exag- gerating more than usual a prevalent ten- dency which we venture to think that the majority of philosophers of our day carry too far — we mean the tendency to base everything in philosophy upon the psychical sciences. The immense success of scientific psychology during the last forty years has very naturally given it a weight in men's minds that ought not in philosophy to be accorded to any merely special science, which is precisely what psychology has all along been striving and struggling to be. On the contrary, it is now generally ad- mitted that psychology, like general phy- sics, necessarily takes for granted a Weltanschauung or outline system of metaphysics. Now, metaphysics can have no satisfactory grounding except upon a scientific logic; and logic rests on ethics to a degree that few are aware of. So if there be no other basis for ethics than psychology, which is a third story above it, the whole erection floats on air. Ethics as a positive science must rest on ob- served facts. But it is quite a different thing to make it rest on special scientific observation, and still more so to base It upon scientific conclusions. The only solid foundation for ethics lies in those facts of every-day life which no skeptical philoso- pher ever yet really called in question. Now, Mr. Mezes is so far from taking this view that he maintains that the whole busi- ness of the moralist consists in saying what men mean by morality, In describing what they hold to be moral, and in explaining how they come to do so. This is a most interest- ing and valuable study, but it is ethical an- thropology, not pure ethics; and to limit ethics in this way is to be faithless to the first duty of a moralist, as such. "Ethical writers do not in any proper sense," he says, meaning that they overstep the bounds of their province when they do, "judge con- duct or Issue pronouncements as to what is right or wrong. Their more modest task is to discover and record men's genuine judg- ments as to what is right or wrong." Let us see how this view of ethics works. A judge, let us suppose, has brought before him a case in which a man has suffered in- jury for which he claims damages of an- other. Whether damages ought to be paid in such a case is often, we know, a delicate and puzzling question. We will follow Pro- fessor Mezes in using a much too simple illustration, which ought to puzzle nobody. "Take," he says, "the case where A's cattle break out of their enclosure, in spite of A's having used all the care he reasonably could have used, or could learn to use, and destroy B's valuable crop in an adjoining field." This case (or rather another far more difficult) puzzles the judge, and he takes it under advisement He naturally looks into works on ethics, and, finding nothing pertinent in modern books, is driven to the scholastic treatises. Now, there is nothing In the whole scholastic logic more Justly an object of de- rision for any modern thinker than its weak confusion of thought in its doctrine of causes; nor in that whole doctrine is there any more manifest absurdity than the dis- tinction between a proximate and a remote cause. When we meet with an application of it in the scholastic commentary on the Sentences, it stands out as so much more nonsensical than the rest as to be comical; but that anybody should be made to suffer because of any consequence of such meta- physical jargon is outrageous flippancy. Yet it is just this outrage that the judge is driven to commit, or to pretend to commit, because the ethical writers have not ex- pounded right and wrong in a sufficiently luminous and reasonable form. Professor Mezes follows them. He main- tains that A, the owner of the cattle, ought to reimburse B for the injury done by them to his crop, because A is the proximate cause of B's suffering. If he wTould not follow the decisions of Texas courts as the ultimate evidence concerning right and wrong, he could not fail to see that the real reason why the judge awards damages to B is that to allow a private person to undertake a business humanly sure in the long run to injure his neighbors (and all the more so if he "cannot learn to use" suitable preventive measures), and then to allow him to pocket all the profits, and make his neighbors pay for incidental losses, would be to bring him- self and his court into public oontempt and into no little danger. That was the judge's real reason. But in days gone by (perhaps not yet in Texas) if a judge could decide a case justly, and yet by a process of meta- physical reasoning the less intelligible the better, he was regarded with awe by the vulgar; and that was one motive for his seizing upon that argument when he could get no modern light. One of the distinctive features of Professor Mezes's book is a seventy-page chapter on Justine, in which legal decisions are follow- ed, often in a way which will be repugnant to right-minded readers, and yet not so ex- clusively that the chapter can be said to constitute an exposition of the traditional legal conception of justice. Professor Mezes defines ultimate good as "the welfare of all sentient beings," but he is doubtful whether it is worth while to have any regard for the welfare either of bacilli (are these sentient beings in Texas?) or of criminals of all classes. The last exclusion is characteris- tic, we are sorry to say. But when we ask what he means by "welfare," in place of a definition, nothing is vouchsafed but a division of "welfare," in which there are two or three dozen items, such as "easy ac- tivity," "sense of personal attractiveness," "sense of solvency," "satisfaction from social standing," "sense of divine favor," "na- tional pride," "self-control," "a body of well-poised spontaneous activities," "sys- tematic ideas of rights and duties," "sa- gacity." There are those who will think that all this is on a pretty low plane, and we do not see much in the list about the welfare of earth-worms, etc., notwithstanding the insistence upon "all sentient beings." The best thing in the book is the psycho- logical analysis of conscience, which is de- cidedly noticeable. We could hardly have expected the terminology to be reformed. The scholastic writers mark two things which they distinguish by the terms syn- dereaiu and conscience (the latter nearly in the sense in which It Is a household word). The Interest of progress in ethical dis- cussion calls upon us to come to agreement about the use of technical terms. But each of us is attached to his own habit, and will not surrender it unless it can be shown clearly to violate a law to which he has given in his allegiance. A code of rules is needed, in framing which we cannot do bet- ter than to be guided by the taxonomists, who have had, of all men, most experience in dealing with similar difficulties. If we do that, our first rule, subject, perhaps, to a few general but well-defined classes of ex- ceptions (the fewer the better), will cer- tainly be that every technical term of phil- osophy ought to be used in that sense in which it first became a technical term of philosophy. This will, generally speaking, result in the greatest accord between the language of philosophy and the vernacular, of which the word conscience will be an ex- ample. As for that other thing which a good many moralists call conscience, some other name ought to be given to it, prefer- ably a new word. At any rate, not syn- deresis, of which the original meaning, we are convinced, is not that which Siebeck assigns to it. Professor Mezes, whose definitions are mostly of doubtful accuracy, distinguishes between conscience about others' acts and conscience about one's own. But a stay-at-home conscience does the most to render earth habitable. As we rise from the reading of the whole book, we find ourselves saying, If this is what morality is, we are disposed to sym- pathize with Henry James, the elder, in his very limited respect for morality. A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages. By Stanley Lane-Poole. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. Pp. xvi, 382. Map and 101 illustrations. This is the sixth volume in the great his- tory of Egypt now publishing, and covers, in spite of its title, the period from the Arab conquest in 640 to the conquest by the Otto- man Turks in 1517. The seventh volume will treat the Ottoman period from 1517 to the present day. There can be no question of the learning and skill which Professor Lane-Poole has brought to bear on a complicated and ab- struse subject. Hereditarily and personally interested in Egypt and in the glories of its history and civilization, he has added to the merely picturesque that definite exactitude in dates which marks the modern historian- Few men have at their command such a skeleton for the history of any part of the Muslim world as he has drawn from his long labors among the coins of the British Mu- seum. He has also had access to the unique collection of materials which M. van Ber- chem has made for his 'Corpus Inscriptio- num Arabicarum.' The Ethiopic and By- zantine sources, too, have been open to him. It will thus be seen that he has been able to use much wider and more exact informa- tion on his subject than was the case with Weil, his only serious competitor. As foj; Sir William Muir's volume on the Mamluks, the remark on it, page 317, is unfortunately true, but would also be better away. At the best, that book covers only a small part of the present field. It was probably exigencies of space alone which led to the few weaknesses here open to criticism. Thus, it must be said that

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Oct. 24, 1901] The ISTation 327 Egypt is treated too much in isolation and too little as an element in the Muslim world. Little attention is paid to the Shi'ite movement outside of Egypt, although the romance of the Fatimids is only a part of it, and unintelligible when treated alone. Even the Qarmatians, that element in Shi'- ism which was most directly connected with the Fatimids, are hardly mentioned except when they enter Egypt, and their position generally is left in great obscurity. The same holds of the history of Northern Af- rica and Spain. There is no mention of Ibn Tumart and the Muwahhids, though their sweep of conquest reacted upon Egypt. As for Egypt itself, the account of al-Hakim Bi'amrillah, though detailed, cannot be called illuminating. The problem presented by that strange character, fantastic life, and mysterious end is hardly even suggested. It may even be said that the problem of the Fatimids as a whole is treated in too ex- ternal a fashion. The secret philosophical teaching which must have lain behind their Shi'ite orthodoxy is passed over. There is also very little about the Assassins; proba- bly because their operations lay mostly out- side of Egypt, though their origin was Fati- mid. The events of history bear much more stress than the ideas which gave rise to them; it is true that in this case the ideas are obscure enough. Further, and in ac- cordance with this, we find here little about the religious movements of the time, how- ever illuminating they might have been to the course of the history. In an-Nasir'a reign, some account of the trials of Ibn Taymiya and of his conflict with popular superstition and with mysticism in high places would have thrown much light on the period and on the character of an-Nasir himself. Still less attention is paid to lit- erature. But all this is probably due to want of space. There can be no question that Pro- fessor Lane-Poole is fully aware of all the points that we have now raised. The pity is that his space should have fallen thus short. The map, too, is very inadequate. That the dating on the margin and in the text is a. d. is exceedingly awkward. It is not always possible to consult Wiistenfeld's Tabellen, and for the student the date a. h. is the more important. It would have been well, too, if a transliteration and transla- tion of the numerous inscriptions and coins reproduced had been added. Comparatively few Arabists can read the involved script used in such cases. To balance this, we have numerous tables, dynastic and of governors, lists of authorities, of monuments, inscrip- tions and coins, and an excellent index of twenty-four pages. If Professor Lane-Poole cannot rival the detail of Weil and Qua- tremere, he has given us a history, as a whole, more solid and trustworthy, and has well earned our gratitude. Irish Pastorals. By Shan F. Bullock. Mc- Clure, Phillips & Co. Pp. 309. These pastorals are nine sketches of Irish peasant life mainly as passed in the open. We are led through the circle of the year, from the planting of the potatoes to the cutting of the hedges in late autumn. The scenes appear to be laid about Louth and Cavan. "My lord the mountain," so often referred to, is probably Slieve Gullion in Armagh. Some if not all the Pastorals have appeared in magazine form. From the context we should infer they are a selection from a large number published or unpub- lished. There have been so many poor attempts on the like theme that we opened the book somewhat with misgiving. We did not final- ly lay it down until we had read it from cover to cover. It is of singular merit, dis- playing insight into character and close ob- servation of manners and ways of speech. We can hardly say it is better than any- thing that has been written upon the same subject; it is certainly as good, and fit to take its place beside Carleton and Miss Barlow. "The Brothers" is a shocking story of love and murder. It is out of keeping with the rest of the collection. Had Mr. Bul- lock been content to omit this and sub- sidiary stories in two other of the sketches, bringing the book down to some 250 pages, it would have been a more consistent and creditable piece of work. As a specimen of the author's style we cannot do better than give the following. A party of turf- cutters are resting at mid- day. They are joined by a poor old man Robin, who, like some of the others, nods off asleep over a fire they have kindled. Lizzie Dolan, a bouncing girl, shortly to be married — her courting forms the main theme of "The Planters"— is one of the party: "Lizzie's eyes fell upon the sleeping figure of ould Robin. He looked woful; and at sight of him— at sight of his time-beaten face, his ugliness and squalor, his open mouth and dribbling chin— the girl shivered in the sunshine. 'Lord, the ugly old man he is,' said she; 'the ugly ould sinner.' " Then, in a spirit of mischief, she reaches over and decorates his hat with heather and potato peelings. " 'Lord, the sight he is, the comical ould sight,' cried she. 'Whisht, Anne, whisht; don't laugh or you'll wake him.' But al- ready Anne had laughed, and Robin wao awake." Further to bring him into ridicule, she asks his age, seventy-five, and — " 'I say, Robin, isn't it near time ye thought o' marry in' again?' The old man turned slowly and looked full at Lizzie. . . . 'Is it o' marryin' you're axin' me?' asked Robin; and before the solemnity of his face Lizzie dropped her eyes. . . . 'I was married only once,' said he, very deliberately; 'only once; an' I wish to God I was married yet, for its meself is the lonesome man this day. . . . Ay, but it's wonderful the grip a woman has on a man when he's wi' her for fifty years. It's astonishin'. An' ye never know how aston- ishin' it is till ye lose her. Naw, ye never know till then. Losin' anythin' else in the world's nothin' to it; nothin' at all. Ye get used to that in a week, or a month, or so; but niver, niver do ye get used to th' other. Niver, niver! Ah, well I know it. . . . Twelve months ago an' a day more I buried Mary. That's a longish time, you'd think, long enough anyway to get used to missin' her. But, somehow, I can't get used to it. [He then rambles on into thoughts of his loneliness.] So you'll see that mebbe, when all's con- sidered, I've had enough o' marryin' to do my time.' .... Lizzie, her face all wet with tears, ran to Robin . . . and deft- ly began plucking away the sprigs of heather from his hat. . . . 'An' now come away wi' me,' said she, 'till I help ye catch the ass, an' get the scraws for the fire. Come away.' " The singular merit of these 'Irish Pas- torals' has led us into making these some- what long extracts, which in but a small de- gree give a true impression of the beauty and pathos of the full narrative. There is no politics, no religion, no intention in the work. It brings to our imagination as neither pen nor pencil has brought be- fore phases in the daily life of the Irish peasantry on the borders of Ulster. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbott, F. F. A History and Description of Ro- man Political Institutions. Boston: Ginn & Co. $l.(io. Addyman, V. T. Practical X-Ray Work. London: Scott, Greenwood A: Co.; New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. $4. Bate, Percy. The English Pre-Raphaelite Painters. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmil- lan. New ed. $3. Begbie, Harold. The Fall of the Curtain. In- dianapolis: The Bowen-Mcrrlll Co. Blanchard, Amy E. Because of Conscience. Phil- adelphia: J. B. Llpplncott Co. Bonehill, K.ilph. The Three Young Ranchmen. The Saalnsld Pub. Co. $1. Ohampney, Elizabeth W. A Daughter of the Huguenots. Dodd. Mead & Co. $1.35. Chesnutt, O. W. The Marrow of Tradition. Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50. Cook, E. T. Rights and Wrongs of the Transvaal War. London: Edward Arnold; New York: Long- mans, Green & Co. $5. Curtis, W. E. The True Thomas Jefferson. Phila- delphia: J. B. Lipplncott Co. $2. Davies, Acton. Maude Adams. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.10. Doubleday, Russell. A Year in a Yawl. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25. Douglas, Amanda M. A Little Girl In Old New Orleans. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.20. Douglas, Amanda M. A Sherburne Inheritance. Dodd, Mead & Co. 90 cents. Errera, Carlo. L'Epoca delle Grandi Scoperte Geo- grafiche. Milan: Ulrlco Hoepli. Flaubert, Gustave. Saiammbo. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50. Gager, O. S. Errors In Science Teaching. Syra- cuse: O. W. Bardeen. 60 cents. Grinnell, Morton. Neighbours of Field, Wood, and Stream. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.30. Hargltt, O. W. Outlines of General Biology. Sy- racuse: O. W. Bardeen. $1. Hodder, Alfred. The New Americans. Macmillan. $1.50. Jacobs, W. W. Light Freights. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Keigbtley, S. R. A Man of Millions. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Levett-Yeats, S. The Traitor's Way. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.50. Lied, Nigra. La Protezione degli Animali. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. Ludlow, J. M. Deborah. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. Mabie, H. W. Norse Stories. Dodd, Mead & Co. New ed. $1.80. Mabie, H. W. William Shakespeare, Poet, Dra- matist, and Man. New ed. Macmillan. $2. Mathews, F. A. My Lady Peggy Goes to Town. Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill Co. Mohr, Charles. Plant Life in Alabama. Montgom- ery (Ala.): Geological Survey. Newman, J. H. The Lives of the English Saints. New ed. 6 vols. Philadelphia: J. B. Lipplncott Co. Oman, O. W. O. A History of Greece. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50. Paton, James. Beautiful Oharacters, or Types of Victory. American Tract Society. 50 cents. Price, G. M. Handbook on Sanitation. John Wiley & Sons. $1.60. Scott, Leader. Fllippo dl Ser Brunellesco. Lon- don: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. $1.75. Silver Series of Classics. (1) Burns. Selected Poems; (2) Selected Essays of Charles Lamb; (3) The Holy Grail; (4) Lays of Ancient Rome; (5) Silas Marner. Silver, Burdett & Co. Singleton, Esther. Romantic Castles and Palaces, as Seen and Described by Famous Writers. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.60. Southworth, May E. One Hundred and One Sandwiches. San Francisco: D. P. Elder and Morgan Shepard. 50 cents. Starr, Frederick. American Indians. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. Stephenson, H. T. The Fickle Wheel. Indianapo- lis: The Bowen-Merrill Co. Swan, Annie S. An American Woman. E. P. Dut- ton & Co. $1.50. Swoope, O. W. Lessons in Practical Electricity. D. Van Nostrand Co. $2. Taylor, Bayard. Boys of Other Countries. New ed. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.26. The Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise. London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Macmillan. 50 cents. The Nine to Twelve Series: (1) Pratt, Ella F. The Little Cave-Dwellers; (2) Wells, Kate G. Little Dick's Son; (3) Diaz, Abby M. The Flatiron and the Red Cloak; (4) Butterworth, Hezeklah, Lit- tle Sky-Hicu: (5) Clark, Kate Dpson. How Dex- ter Paid his Way; (6) Harbour, 3. L. Marcia and the Major; (7) Spofford, Harriet P. The Chil- dren of the Vallev; (8) Douglas, Marlon. In the Poverty Year. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. 35 cents each. Vcitch, John. The Meditations, and Selections from the Principles, of Rene Descartes. Chi- cago: Open Court Pub. Co. 35 cents. Watson W. F. Elementary Experimental Chem- istrv.' A. S. Barnes & Co. $1.25. Williams, W. H. Sounetical Notes on Philosophy. Published by the Author. _ Winfleld, A. M. A Young Inventor's Pluck. The Saalfleld Pub. Co. $1. Wood, O. W. The Glories of Spain. Macmillan. Wright', Carrie D. Lincoln's Firtt Love. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. Yechton, Barbara. Young Mrs. Teddy. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.

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328 Tlie Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1895 JUST PUBLISHED Kellogg's Elements of Zoology By Prof. Vernon L. Kellogg, of Stanford University. xv + 492pp. 12mo. $1.20 net. This text-book provides for work (a) in the Labora- tory, including the study of structure by dissection, and of physiolosy by observation; (6) in the Field, through observation of the habits and behavior of ani- mals, and their relations to each other and to their sur- roundings; and (c) in the Classroom, through discus- sion of the significance, relations and general applica- tion of the observed facts. Selections from Walter Pater Edited by Prof. E. E. Hale, Jr., of Union Col- li [lege, lxxvi. + 268 pp. English Readings. 16mo, 75c. net. Contents : Introduction— Chronology— Bibliography —Preface to "The Renaissance"— Sandro Botticelli- Conclusion of "The Renaissance"— Wordsworth— The Child in the House— Euphuism— Divine Service— Denys l'Auxerrois— Style— The Genius of Plato— The Age of Athletic Prizemen— Notre Dame d' Amiens— Notes. Henry Holt & Co., 29 W. 23d St., New York; 378 Wabash Ave. Chicago, JUST PUBLISHED. Edna Lyall's New Novel IN SPITE OF ALL Author of " Donovan," " Doreen," " Hope the Hermit," etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50. The principal action of the story takes place be- tween ll>40 and li;4(i, while England was the scene of Civil War. These were stormy days, and they afford the author much opportunity for thrilling situation and suspense. Some of the scenes and some of the characters are historical. There is a strong love element. LONGMHNS. GREEN. & CO. 91-93 Fifth Avenue, New York. ANY ONE who r\a.s spent weary hours looking for a habitation tha.t will make an Ido&l home, will ap- preciate the delightful absurdities of VAN DWELLERS A. Strenuouj Qtiejtfor a Little Home in a Great City. ALBER.T BIGELOW PAINE. Illustrated, cloth. 75 cents. Very cheap considering what the experience cost. I J. F. TAYLOR *•" Geo. F. Atkinson, Cornell Univ. Large octavo, Wii page*. v.hi photographs, 80 plates, im in text. Over 90 described, Modern cultiva- tion of mushrooms In caves and booses, wlib dash-light photos. Recipes by America's leading authority. The Standard Work on American mushrooms. See<nn<t edition. Price S4.00, postpaid. Bend orders to 0EO.F.ATKINSON,orAndnis&Church,Publlshers,lthaca,N.Y. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN &C0/S NEW BOOKS. THE FIRESIDE SPHINX By Agnes Repplier. With four full-page Illustrations and seventeen Illustrations in the text by Miss E. Bonsall. In decora- tive binding. Crown 8vo, $2.00, net ; postpaid, $2.14. This is a book of extraordinary interest and charm. Miss Repplier writes of cats eon amore, and all who love cats and all who enjoy bril- liant writing will find her book very fascinating. The illustrations befit the subject, and the book in typography and binding is worthy of special attention at the Holiday season. THE MARROW OF TRADITION By Charles W. Chesnutt, author of "The House Behind the Cedars," " The Conjure Woman," etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50. Upon a background of contemporary Southern life Mr. Chesnutt has written a strong, virile, and exciting novel. The scene is laid in a Southern city, and the time is that of the exciting movement for negro disfranchisement. The story narrates great wrongs, terrible injustices, yet it is relieved by successful love. Mr. Chesnutt has in The Marrow of Tradition far outstripped his earlier successes; he has written a story that will recall at many points Uncle Tom's Cabin, so great is its dramatic intensity, and so strong its appeal to popular sympathies. OF POLITICS By R. R. Bowker. l6mo, 50 cents. This monograph on the sphere of politics, and the spirit and method which should prevail in it, is altogether timely. Its high tone and practical character ought to secure for it a general reading. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY, BOSTON AND NEW YORK. TO BE PUBLISHED SHORTLY: The Oxford India Paper DICKENS. COMPLETE, WITH ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS. SE.VD FOR PROSPECTUS. Oxford University Press, American Branch, Oi & Q3 Fifth Avenue, New York. Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thiickeray'N Worksand Dickens' and Scott's Novels, Thin paper Law type, easy to read, size 4'4 by 0)4 inched and only W Inch thick. Hound In cloth, ai 00 each. Sent prepaid on receiptor price. 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CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., bet. 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books- Agents for the leading Paris publishers ; Tauchnltz's British authors, Teub- ner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues or stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as Issued. OLD BOOKS AND MAGAZINES | &fArd£S. A. J. CRAWFORD, 10th & line Streets, St. Louis, Mo.

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Oct. 24, 1 901] The Nation. " An immediate and sweeping success. " — Max Pemberton. Sir Richard Calmady By LUCAS MALET yitithor of " The Wages of Sin/* Second Large Edition. I2mo, 680 pages, $1.50. Lucas Malet in this book has developed positive genius. In England it is already conceded to be the best book of the season. A Fetiv Opinions : AMERICAN. ENGLISH. The Outlook: "Her subtle analysis of character and motive, and powerful presentation of moral crises, make the book strange- ly fascinating and continuously absorbing. The noble and devoted mother is one of the finest and truest characters of recent fiction." The Bookman: "It is my devout belief that 'Sir Richard Calmady ' is destined to make its author one of the very flovoers of the aristocracy of English letters. N. Y. Commercial Advertiser: "The virile strength of this story is remarkable." New York Times : " It is not only interesting from first to last, but it is thor- oughly ivell "written. I do not knovj of any English novel of the last tvjelve months vjhich so thoroughly deserves re- spectful treatment as does ' Richard Calmady. ' It is strong and tender and it vjill place the author very high up on the roll of living English novelists." — W. L. Alden. Baltimore Sun: "Mrs. Harrison has given us a strong, intense, absorbing novel — a novel vjhich for intrinsic virility in a vuay could be equaled by very fevj of the male novelists of the day. . . . The portrayal of the vjomen is a piece of voork of vjhich voe had not believed any vjriter of the present day to be ca- pable. It is one of the finest things that voe have seen in late fiction. . . . A great book, and one vjhich voe can recommend to every man and vooman of matured thought." New York Mail and Express: " The history of ' Sir Richard Calmady ' voill be voidely read— of that there can be no doubt. It adds a nevo name to the rapidly dwindling list of great English novelists of the day: gives a nevo promise of great voork to come. It is human, strong and true; it is, finally, of the art that hides art." New York Tribune : "cAn absorbing narrative, very voell voritten." The Daily Chronicle : "A voork of great vigor and vitality; a manly and masterful story voith heart and feeling." The Horning Leader : '' Richard Calmady' has a largeness of conception, a voealth of character, and emotional and sometimes dramatic intensity that place it not voith the average novel, but voith the great novels of recent times. The book is full of sear- ing truth and assuaging tenderness." The Speaker: "It is impossible to voithhold admiration for the high quality of this striking story. It cannot but enhance her reputation as one of the very fevo masters of fiction still left to us." The Post: "For daring in conception, for finish in detail, for artis- tic completeness in every particular it has no recent rival. " The Spectator : " The ripest fruit of Lucas Malet' s genius. A picture by turns tender and terrible." The Pilot: "A remarkably fine book voith a noble motive." Contemporary Review: "It is by far the most original, subtle and impressive novel that has been published this season? In popularity as in povoer it ought to be the novel of the season. " The Pall Mall Gazette : "A performance of conspicuous merit. It shovos talent amounting to genius." The Morning Post: "We proclaim an almost unqualified admiration. A book of remarkable interest and povoer." Literature : " A picture finely and amply conceived. In the strength and insight voith vohich the story has been conceived, in the voealth of fancy and reflection bestovoed upon its execution, and in the moving sincerity of its pathos throughout ' Sir Richard Calmady ' must rank as the great novel of a great voriter. " DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, 5SS-"y?5:

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 896. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 31, iyoi. PRICE TEN CENTS. Books Published by the Columbia University Press and Sold by the Macmillaiv Company. SCIENCE OF STATISTICS. By Richmond Mayo-Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Political Eco- nomy and Social Science in Columbia University. Cloth, iJvo, gilt tops. Part I. Statistics and Sociology, pp. xvi + 399. $3.00 net. Part II. Statistics and Economics, pp. xiii +467. $3.00 net. Postage, 1 8 cents each. ESSAYS ON TAXATION. By Edwin R. A. Seligman, Professor of Political Economy and Finance, Columbia University. Third Edition. 8vo, cloth, pp. x + 434. $3.00 net. Postage, 19 cents. THE SHIFTING AND INCIDENCE OF TAXATION. By the same author as, and uniform with, the above. Second Edition, pp. xii + 337. $3.00 net. Postage, 18 cents. THE GOVERNMENT OF MUNICIPALITIES. 8vo, cloth, pp. x + 526. $4.00 net.. Postage, 20 cents. A Study in Adminis- By the late Dokman B. Eaton. MUNICIPAL HOME RULE, tration. By Frank J. Goodnow, A.M., LL.D., Professor of Administra- tive Law in Columbia University, author of "Comparative Admin- istrative Law," etc. 12mo, cloth, pp. xxiv + 283. $1.50 net. Postage, 10 cents. MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS. By the same author as, and uniform with, the preceding. $1.50 net. Postage, 10 cents. THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. An Analysis of the Phenomena of Association and of Social Organization. By Franklin Henry Giddings, M.A., Professor of Sociology in Columbia University, in the city of New York. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, pp. xxvi + 476. Price, $3.00 net. Postage, 20 cents. ANCIENT IDEALS. A Study of Intellectual aud Spiritual Growth from Early Times to the Establishment of Christianity. By Henry Osborn Taylor. In two volumes. 8vo, cloth, gilt tops! Price, $5.00 net. Vol 1, pp. xi + 461. Vol. II, pp. vii + 430. Postage, 18 cents each. FRANCIS LIEBER. His Life and Political Philosophy. By Lewis R. Harley, Ph.D. 8vo, cloth, pp. x + 213. Portrait. Price, $1.75 net. Postage, 10 cents. BISMARCK AND GERMAN UNITY. A Historical Outline. By Munroe Smith, Doctor of Laws of Gottingen University ; Pro essor of Roman Law and Comparative •Jurisprudence in Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, gilt top, pp. ix + 99. Portrait. Price $1.00 net. Postage 6 cents. LI LIVRES DU GOUVERNEMENT DES ROIS. A XUIth Century French Version of Egidio Colonna's Treatise De Regimine Pnncipum. Now first published from the Kerr MS. Together with introduction and notes and full-page facsimile. By Samdel Paul Molenaer, A.M., Ph.D., Instructor in the University of Pennsylvania; sometime Fellow of Columbia University. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, pp. xlii + 461. Price, $3.00 net. Postage, 19 cents. FREDERIC MISTRAL, POET AND LEADER IN PROVENCE. By Charles Alfred Downer, Assistant Professor in the French Language and Literature in the College of the City of New York. 10 + 267 pp., 12mo (Columbia University Studies in Romance Philology and Literature), cloth, net, $1.50. Postage, 12 cents. ZOROASTER, THE PROPHET OF ANCIENT IRAN. By A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Lan- guages in Columbia University. With 3 illustrations. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, pp. xxiii + 314. Price, $3.00 net. Postage, 18 cents. JOSEPH GLANVILL. A Critical Biography by Ferris Greenslet, Ph.D., Fellow in English at Columbia University. $1.50 net. Postage, 9 cents. SPANISH LITERATURE IN THE ENGLAND OF THE TUDORS. By John Garrett Underhill. Price, $2.00 net. ROMANCES OF ROGUERY. 12mo, cloth, pp. x + 438. Postage 11 cents. An Episode in the History of the Novel. By Frank Wad- leigh Chandler. In two parts. Part I. The Picaresque Novel in Spain. 12mo, cloth, pp. ix + 483. Price, $2.00 net. Postage 11 cents. CRITICISM IN THE A HISTORY OF LITERARY RENAISSANCE, with Special Reference to the Influence of Italy in the Formation and Development of Modern Classicism. By Joel Elias Spin- garn. 12mo, cloth, pp. xi + 330. Price, $1.50 net. Postage 10 cents. MEMOIRS OF FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD, D.D., LL.D., L.H.D., D.C.L. Tenth President of Columbia College in the City of New York. By John Fulton. With portraits. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, pp 485. Price, $4.00 net. X11 + Postage 17 cents. CLASSICAL STUDIES DR1SLER. 8vo, cloth, $4.00 net. pp. ix + 310. IN HONOUR OF HENRY Portrait and other illustrations. Price, Postage 15 cents. THE BATTLE OF HARLEM HEIGHTS, SEPTEM- BER 16, 1776. With a Review of the Events of the Campaign. By Henry P. Johnston, A. M., Professor of History, College of the City of New York. 8 vo, cloth, pp. xii + 234. Illustrated. Price, $2.00 net. Postage 1 1 cents. ''Books published at net prices are sold by booksellers everywhere at the advertised net prices. When delivered from the publishers, carriage, either postage or expressage, is an extra charge." THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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11 Tlie Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1896 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Postroffice as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 329 Editorial Articles : The Pan-American Congress 332 lesson of the Czolgosz Trial 332 Growth o£_ the Negro Population 333 "Disintegrating" Tammany 334 Blood-Money 335 Special Correspondence : Recent Excavation of the Temple of Aegina 335 International Art in London 337 Notes 338 Book Reviews: The Jewish Encyclopaedia 341 The French Revolution 342 Portraits et Souvenirs 343 Wall and Water Gardens, 344 Le Marche Financier en 1900-1901 345 1 (eafness and Cheerfulness 345 The Teachings of Dante 346 Books of the Week 316 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. T/irec Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U-00. 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Oct. 31, 1901] The ISTation. 111 DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Holiday and Gift Hoofo Cajidle Lightin' Time By Paul Laurence Dunbar. 8vo, cloth, fully illustrated, net $1.50. A book of poetry much in the line of " Poems of Cabin and Field." Illustrated from characteristic photographs by the Hampton Institute Camera Club. Wanderings ii\ Three Continents By the late Captain Sir Richard F. Burton. 8vo, cloth, net (probably) $3.50. [Nearly ready."] This volume covers the most fruitful years of Burton's career, and gives in the explorer's own words a survey of his most important expeditions. Norse Stories By Hamilton W. Mabie. Revised edition, with 10 illustrations in color. 12010, cloth, net $1.80. Mr. Mabie has here retold the old stories of lhe gods and the giants which have been repeated for years by the Norse firesides. J* Ink Flings. By Flora Carleton Fagnani. i 2mo, cloth, ntt $1.00. A most amusing collection of pictures, accom- panied by verses. The pictures are made by "flinging" a penful of ink upon one side of a sheet of paper and folding. Essays of an Ex-Librarian By Richard Garnett, C.B., author of "A History of Italian Literature." 8vo, net $1.75. Includes "On Translating Homer," "The Poetry of Coleridge," "Shelley and Lord Bea- consfield," "Thomas Moore," "Matthew Ar- nold," " Ralph Waldo Emerson," etc. Three Handsome Gift Books. A Child of Nature. By Hamilton W, Mabie. Small 8vo, cloth, photogravure illustra- tions, net $1.80. A descriptive story of a man of poetic na- ture with the gift of imagination, who ripens into a beautiful and rare character. Hand- somely illustrated. Romantic Castles And Palaces. Edited by Esther Singleton. 8vo, cloth, fully illus- trated, net, $1.60. From the great writers have been selected descriptions of famous castles and palaces. Il- lustrated from photographs. J* Love in Literature and Art Edited by Esther Singleton. 8vo, cloth, fully illustrated, net $1.60. A collection, from the great dramatists and novelists, of scenes, avowals and moods of love, and the varieties of expression. Hypolympia. ; or, the Gods in the Island (An Ironic Fantasy.) By Edmund Gosse, LL»D.f author of "Gossip in a Library," etc. nmo, cloth, net #1.00. J* The Queen's Comrade The Life and Times of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. By Fitzgerald Molloy. 2 vols., 8vo, illustrated, net $6.50. The first Duchess of Marlborough became the most intimate friend of the Princess Anne. In this record of her life pictures are given of the courts in which she figured and the characters that played important parts. IP George Eliot's Works THE WARWICK EDITION--12 VOLUMES The Volumes consist of from 600 to 900 pages, and bulk only about one- half inch each. The page measures 4x6^ inches. Cloth, limp, gilt top, $1.00 per volume. Leather, limp, gilt top, $1.25 per volume. (Nearly ready.) Miscellanies Second Series. By Austin Dobson, author of '' Eight- eenth Century Vignettes, " etc. izmo, cloth, vet $1.00. A new volume by Mr. Dobson supplementary to the volume of ' ' Mis- cellanies" issued some time ago. Sir Henry R_aeburn, R..A. By Sir Walter Armstrong, Director of the National Gallery, Ireland. With 70 photogravures. Limited edition. Special net (probably) $25.00. (Nearly ready.) Postage extra on "net" books. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, Publishers, New York.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 With "Bobs" and Kruger By FREDERIC W. UNGER, War Correspondent of the London Daily Express. Illustrated with more than 150 Halftones from the Author's own Photographs in the Field. Crown 8vo, $2.00 Experiences and observations of au American War Correspondent in the field with both armies. Mr. linger was present at Lord Roberts's early operations, and was then sent secretly by Mr. C. Arthur Pearson to correspond with his paper from the Boer side. " For stirring narrative, keen interest, and truthful detail it is the most distinctive book that has as yet been published concerning the war in South Africa."— N. Y. Commercial Advertiser. "An entertaining adventure story."— Brooklyn Eagle. "It is of more than ordinary value."— Chicago Journal. "While he does not pretend to write a history of the war, he gives what to the general reader is perhaps more interesting, a concise and vivid statement of his personal experiences with both Britons and Boers."— The Outlook, N. Y. " It is absolutely unbiassed. As a means of getting information as to the real character of the struggle and the participants therein, we recommend Mr. Unger's book above all others."— Public Opinion, N. Y. "The feeling of weariness with which the usual narrative of a South African war corre- spondent is taken up dissipates itself quickly in the case of Mr. Unger's entertaining and in- structive book."— The Dial, Chicago. "A book which should be consulted by those who wish to know all about the war. . . . He is a shrewd observer, and to be studied in all disagreeable hints from which it is possible for us to learn."— London Athenaeum. New "Library Edition" of Mrs. Stoddard's Novels. TWO MEN TEMPLE HOUSE THE MORGESONS By ELIZABETH STODDARD 12mo, cloth extra., in a box, or sold sepa- rately, each $1.50. "Two Men," "Temple House,"and "The Morgesons," as Edmund Clarence Stedman says, are "essentially modern and in keep- ing with the choicest types of recent fiction." James Russell Lowell once said of Eliz- abeth Stoddard that she was the one woman in America who had revealed the profound- est depths of genius. And Nathaniel Haw- thorne wrote of her first book, shortly be- fore his death, "It seemed to me as genuine and lifelike as anything that pen and ink can do. There are very few books of which I take the trouble to have any opinion at all, or of which I could retain any memory so long after reading them as I do of ' The Morgesons.'" HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA History of Intellectual Development On the Lines of Modern Evolution. By JOHN BEATTIE CROZIER, Author of "Civilization and Modern Progress," &"c. Vol. I. — Greek and Hindoo Thought ; Gk.kco-Roman Paganism; Judaism; and Christianity down to the Closing of the Schools of Athens hy Justinian, 529 a.d. 8vo, *4.5(). Vol. II. — In preparation. Vol. III.— Political; Educational; Social; including an attempted Reconstruction of the Politics of England, France, and America for the Twentieth Century. 870,18.50. [Just published. press moticee of IDoU 3. OUTLOOK. — "An original and most suggestive work." BOOKMAN.— "Mr. Crozier's masterly insight and handling of his subject is every whit as keen as in Vol. I." ABERDEEN DAILY JOURNAL.— "The book is a most valuable addition to the philosophical and sociological literature of the day." TIMES. — " The whole book deserves to be read with care, if only because the work of one who is not only enlightened but singularly open-minded and impartial." SHEFFIELD INDEPENDENT.—" A brilliant piece of work, crowded with suggestion, fine in tone and temper, and carrying rare reasoning and scholarship with an easy grace." SCOTSMAN.— "Thoughtful and suggestive always, the volume substantially enriches a book already recognized as an important contribution to the philosophy of history, and it will be read with interest and advantage by all classes of intellectual readers." CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.— ' The book is at once profound and lucid. . . . Government and Society, and the many intricate problems and questions arising out of them, are discussed with a penetration and power that make the 'History of Intellectual Development' one of the great works, the abiding landmarks of the age." SPECTATOR— "In the desert of unilluminating political treatises Mr Crozier's work stands out as something clever, fresh and positive; per- haps the most important contribution to tin- philosophy of the subject since Mr. Bagehot's ' Physics and Politics' . . . He lays down incidentally certain rules of practical statesmanship deduced from his survey of history which seem to us worthy of the most serious consideration. . . . Few writers can rival Mr. Crozier in the aptness and picturesqueness of his Illustrations. . . . His faults are so few and his merits so great that we have little hesitation in recommending his book as the wisest and freshest of recent guides to political philosophy." LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 81, 1901. The Week. It is reported from Washington that Senator Aldrich has had a long inter- view with the President, in which he (Aldrich) has urged that there shall be no legislation on the currency ques- tion this winter, and none on the tariff question, and that none of the pending reciprocity treaties shall be ratified. The writer says also that, judging by what the influential Senators and Represen- tatives who have been in consultation with the President during the present month have said to him, it is probable that his first message to Congress will not recommend the reciprocity treaties or any currency legislation, but that he will have something to say about the growing power of industrial combina- tions or Trusts. It is very probable that Senator Aldrich is opposed to the reciprocity treaties — all of them. The French treaty makes a reduction of the duties on pinchbeck jewelry. Aldrich is strongly opposed to that, and of course he could not consistently vote in favor of the Argentine treaty or any other, while opposing the French treaty. It does not follow, however, that Presi- dent Roosevelt has been moved from his declared purpose to carry out, so far as it lies in his power, the policy of Presi- dent McKinley in this regard. We shall be much surprised if he changes front on this question, but, of course, nothing commits him to an aggressive campaign for reciprocity. Nothing commits him to the kind of fight for it that he made at Albany for the Franchise-Tax Law. The battle must be fought by the West- ern manufacturers who held the Detroit convention last spring, and they must not be discouraged if they do not win the first round. The President, we feel sure, will not go back on them. Col. James Kilbourne, the Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio, made a speech at Bucyrus on Wednesday of last week, in which he gave some attention to the situation in the Philippines. The tone of his remarks was serious, but not in any manner offensive to the support- ers of the prevailing policy of the Gov- ernment. Mr. Kilbourne is a manufac- turer, and he says that it is idle to sup- pose that we shall ever get back from these islands what they are now costing us. Whether we call it conquering the islands or putting down the rebellion, we are paying out for this purpose $100,- 000,000 per year, not to mention the pre- cious blood we are pouring out there. And how are we to get anything back? Some people say, by trade with the peo- ple. But there is no trade worth men- tioning so long as the war continues. There can be very little trade, even after the islands are subjugated, with a people who hate us, and have been impoverish- ed by us. On the other hand, we had a very considerable trade with the Philip- pines before the war. "My own com- pany," said Mr. Kilbourne, "shipped goods by the carload to the Philippines twenty years ago." Who would have believed it possible after reading the American denuncia- tions of Spain's Cuban concentration pol- icy in 1897 and 1898, that within three years American generals would be apply- ing it in the Philippines? Yet the un- expected has come to pass. In Samar the strictest orders have been given for the entire population of the island to con- centrate in towns, accompanied by the threat that any one found outside them will be shot or hung as an enemy of the American people. Any man who would have dared to prophesy in 1898 such a state of affairs, would have been de- nounced far and wide as a slanderer of the United States. Now, however, we have changed all that, and it is almost impossible to get newspapers which were most outspoken in their denunciations of Spanish misrule to discuss the situation in the Philippines. When they are forc- ed to comment upon it by such mishaps as the recent disasters in Samar, it is only to assure their readers, as did the New York Times recently, that the state of things in Luzon is satisfactory. Just how satisfactory it is in that island, appears from Gen. Chaffee's re- marks apropos of a court-martial sen- tence, in the course of which he de- clared that the "whole Philippine peo- ple" were now engaged in making war in a manner not in accordance with the recognized laws of war. Officers who have returned lately from the Phil- ippines have recorded their belief not only that all the troops now there will be needed to keep them in sub- jection, but that the number may need to be increased to 60,000. It is under- stood, too, that several of the staff gen- erals who spent the summer in the isl- ands have brought back far more dis- couraging reports than have been allow- ed to leak out. The constant treachery of the Filipino civil officials lends color to the oft-repeated assertions that even those who have taken office in Manila are at heart against the Americans. It was but natural, therefore, for Judge Taft to frown upon the recent formation of a third Filipino political party, whose avowed object is "the Philippines for the Filipinos." Upon the 7th of February next the war in the archipelago will be in its fourth year. How much longer will the American people consent to such a waste of treasure and blood? How much longer will they care to have their ac- tions in the East cited by Mr. Chamber- lain and his fellow-wrongdoers in South Africa as their excuse for concentration camps, for banishments, and for stamp- ing out nationality? A certain indecision marks the open- ing ceremonies of the Pan-American con- ference now in session in the City of Mexico. Misunderstanding between the delegates from the United States and those from the Latin countries, and dis- trust of our preponderancy, are of course the chief dangers to be guarded against. The fervent eulogy of Spain delivered by General Reyes, delegate from Colom- bia, shows the existence of a solidarity of Latin sentiment which, if we are to achieve results with the South Amer- icans, we must learn to understand, or at least to respect. It is gratifying to learn that the delegates from the United States, differing from certain ill-advised critics at Washington, appear to have appreciated the spirit of General Reyes's meridional eloquence, and congratulated him heartily on his oration. This was well done, and calculated to allay the suspicion that we intend to impose our modes of thought and government upon people trained in another tradition. It is only by maintaining such an atti- tude of disinterestedness and sympathy that the very modest ends set before the conference can be attained. That the city of Worcester should choose Senator Hoar to be the formal eulogist of the late President was per- haps natural. That Senator Hoar should decline this office was even more inevi- table, for how could the orator who, if he supported Mr. McKinley last fall, had never agreed with him on the most Im- portant issue, praise the policy which he had consistently denounced? According- ly he writes: "I think the eulogy on the President should be delivered by some person who was in full accord with him upon the prin- cipal political measure of his Administra- tion. T never questioned his absolute sin- cerity, his devotion to the public welfare, hir love of liberty, and his desire to do his duty as God gave him to see it. I was fully in accord with him on the great fiscal measures with which he was Identified. But, as you know, I differed with him and his Administration — and my opinion on that subiect has been strengthened and not weakened in the lapse of time — in regard to his policy in dealing with the Philippine Islands." The personal import of these words Is less significant than the fact that Sena- tor Hoar believes increasingly that Pres- ident McKinley's solution of the problem of the Philippines was radically wrong. This leads to the hope that Senator Hoar

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330 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 will show his old ardor in urging every measure which looks towards the ulti- mate independence of these unfortunate islands. The time for recrimination has passed, and the time for repairing a sit- uation rashly incurred has come. All moderate men recognize this fact, and the talk of never hauling down the flag is no longer heard. Towards this constructive work for the Philippines none may more justly contribute than those who have opposed the Govern- ment's policy in the past. The figures just published by the Comptroller of the Currency concern- ing the organization of national banks under the act of March 14, 1900, will probably be read by certain "currency reformers" with some surprise. Those who spoke of the law as "a very wise measure politically" may not be disap- pointed, since their object seems to have been merely the passage of some legisla- tion that would stop the mouths of those who were clamoring for action. But there are others who were too overjoyed with the real gain in Treasury methods made by the act to look .very narrowly into its sections on banking. They con- tented themselves with vaguely expect- ing great results from the provisions re- garding small banks and the increase of circulation to the par value of deposited bonds; and they waved aside all pro- tests as the words of those who were seeking better bread than could be made of wheat. To those who thus mildly hoped for the best, the new figures will be something of a shock. True, they are produced with a triumphant air, but no flourish of trumpets can conceal the fact that the law has been a great dis- appointment in its operation. Since the passage of the act, more than eighteen months have elapsed — a time quite long enough to show what its permanent re- sults are likely to be. And the number of small banks organized has been so great as at first blush to give some color to the claims of success made for the measure. Of 715 new institutions, 486, or more than two-thirda, have capitals of less than $50,000, and among these the 68 that were formerly State institutions of low capitalization. These figures would seem to show not merely that the needs of small towns were being met, but also that the national system had become more attractive to bankers. Plausible as these inferences appear to be, their inaccuracy is apparent when we turn to consider the figures for circula- tion and distribution of the banks. It is true that the total circulation of the national banks of the country has been largely added to, increasing by fully 40 per cent, since March 14, 1900. Instead of $254,402,730, it is now $358,830,547. But no conclusions based upon the mere gross increase of circulation can be ac- cepted, though it is their acceptance that is blinding the eyes of bankers and others to the failure of the act and to the need for further legislation. The important fact is that the 715 new in- stitutions have issued only 29 per cent, of the maximum notes to which they may become entitled by the terms of the new law. This is little more than would have been taken out in any event under the bond-deposit requirement. It shows absolutely no increase in the elasticity of the circulation, nor are there other facts in the situation to modify this conclusion. In short, so far as the act of 1900 aimed at flexibility in the currency, it has been a total failure. In one of his speeches on Saturday last, Justice Jerome alluded to the let- ter of William C. Whitney in support of Mr. Shepard, and called attention at the same time to the remarkable kindness of Tammany Hall to the Metropolitan street railway. In connection with Mr. Jerome's remarks, attention should be directed to the strange coincidence be- tween Mr. Whitney's letter and the granting of the Elm Street franchise to the Metropolitan Railway Company by the Municipal Assembly. It should be remarked that Elm Street is the only north and south thoroughfare not al- ready controlled by the Metropolitan Company. Its value as a means of shut- ting out future competition is greater to the latter company than its value as a thoroughfare, since it is the only unoccupied street which could be so used. The franchise ordinance had been "hung up" in the Municipal Assembly for several months, evidently because the Metropolitan Company and Tam- many were, for the time being, at odds about something. On Monday week the ordinance was "put through" the As- sembly, and on the next day Mr. Whit- ney wrote a letter in which he said: "Yes, I am for Mr. Shepard. I have been pretty independent lately, like a great many others. As I retired from politics years ago, my opinions uow are only of individual interest. No one, in my opinion, can read Mr. Shepard's Tammany Hall speech and avoid the conviction that a man of rare capacity and breadth of view has arisen to claim public attention. It will be hail- ed all over the country, in my opinion, by the Democrats as marking the advent of a man capable of the highest order of po- litical leadership." It could not be considered an un- usual thing for a well-known Democrat like Mr. Whitney to "come out" for Mr. Shepard. Many others have done so who have no dealings with franchises for street railways. Yet it is queer that the coming out for Shepard and the coming out of the Elm Street ordinance should have been simultaneous. The co- incidence may be explained, if we assume that there has been a movement on foot to reorganize the Democratic party in the State in opposition to Crokerism— something like the Sheehan movement, for example. It is supposable that the Metropolitan Railway was tired of pay- ing blackmail to Tammany, or was in- clined to "kick" at the amount levied, and that Mr. Whitney, an influential Democratic leader, was quietly pushing the Sheehan movement without commit- ting himself to it irrevocably, so that it was worth while for Croker to do some- thing for his company — at the expense of the city of New York, of course. If the Elm Street franchise were the con- sideration for such a trade, the recon- ciliation might be explained, or half ex- plained. If any further explanation were wanted, it might be found in some re- marks made by Mr. Vreeland, the Presi- dent of the Metropolitan Company, to a convention of railway accountants in this city, a couple of weeks ago, which were published in the New York Times, thus: "There are certain items in your ac- counts, gentlemen, which, when carried on your books, look very well from the stand- point of a street-railway accountant. But they might be better left out, as they would be hard for the President of the road to get around if called upon before certain public bodies to explain what they meant." Examination of the text of the tax de- cision rendered by the Illinois Supreme Court last Thursday does not in all re- spects warrant the extreme inferences drawn from that ruling at the start. The gist of the matter appears to be as fol- lows: Under existing law, the State Board of Equalization is required "to value and assess against every corpora- tion the fair cash value of the capital stock, including the franchises, over and above the assessed value of the tangible property" of such corporations. How to estimate this "fair cash value" has been a question of some perplexity in Illinois, as it has been in New York State since the Ford Law of 1899, for purposes of taxation, classed corporate franchises as real estate. During many years it would appear that stock-market valuations have been used in Illinois as the general basis of valuation, and that both stock and bonds have been included in levying the tax on capital. A year ago the Board adopted a new set of rules for assess- ment, by virtue of which they omitted corporation indebtedness from the tax assessment, following this move by fixing a low ratio of assessment on the stock. The matter was carried into the lower courts by citizens, who obtained last May a mandamus requiring adequate assess- ment of the franchises. This judgment the highest court, before whom the case came on appeal, has now affirmed. The most interesting part of its de- cision is that in which the judgment of the lower court is thus confirmed: "In arriving at such valuation and as- sessments of the capital stock, Including the franchises, of said companies herein- before named, said Board, and each mem- ber thereof, shall, from the beat lnforma-

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Oct. 31, 1901] The ]STation. 381 tion obtainable by it and them, ascertain and take into consideration, among other things, as to each corporation as the same was on the first day of April, 1900, the market value, or if no market value, then the fair cash value, of its shares of stock, and the total amount of all its indebted- ness except the indebtedness for current expenses, excluding from such expenses the amount paid for the purchase or the improvement of property of said corpora- tions." The inference rather generally drawn is that this decision will require assess- ment of corporation franchises by the total stock-market valuation of their stocks and bonds on the day of assess- ment. Such a procedure would involve so much 01 injustice that whereas real estate is commonly assessed at a frac- tional part — usually about two-thirds — of its market valuation, corporate en- terprises would be assessed at the full 100 per cent. We are unable to see, how- ever, that the court makes any such ar- bitrary stipulation. The accountants' estimates of the probable financial outcome of the Pan- American Exposition may be somewhat discouraging to promoters of similar un- dertakings in the future. The total loss, it is calculated, will exceed $4,000^000. Not only will the $2,500,000 contributed by stockholders be a total loss, but the contractors will suffer to the extent of $1,000,000, and 20 per cent, of the first- mortgage bonds, as well as the whole of the second-mortgage, will be defaulted. The determination of the contractors to push their claims before the courts, not- withstanding that the provisions of the act incorporating the stockholders spe- cifically exempt them from liability, gives promise that the closing of the Exposition may be succeeded by a long period of litigation. Almost from the very outset the Buffalo Exposition has had to struggle against circumstance. Not only was the railway situation such as practically to prevent the giving of low excursion rates through the summer, but the Fair has had to suffer from va- rious causes which could never have been foreseen. The failure of several Buffalo banks disturbed business, and indirectly injured the prospect of a large attendance, while the methods employed by some institutions in pushing the Ex- position securities before the public had an exceedingly injurious effect upon their standing. Worst of all, the assassination of Mr. McKinley not only destroyed the chance of increased profit from the Pres- ident's visit, but necessitated closing the gates for some days, and, besides, un- doubtedly deterred many from visiting Buffalo in the latter part of September and during October. Gen. Buller's dismissal from the com- mand of the First British Army Corps, after his characteristically stubborn re- fusal to resign, is the first evidence that the War Office is beginning to take no- tice of the popular outcry against its mismanagement of the South African campaign. That this action required no small courage in view of Gen. Buller's enormous social influence, is undoubt- edly true. It remains to be seen whether it means that a determined effort will now be made to free the War Office from all social entanglements. In its issue of October 12, the Broad Arrow cites a case of rank favoritism such as might have been attributable to Alger himself. Two men, one a civilian, "lately a pri- vate in the Imperial Yeomanry," the oth- er a militia lieutenant, have been made captains in two of the best dragoon reg- iments in the army — over the heads, of course, of all the subalterns now in ser- vice. As long as this method of doing things prevails, whether in the selec- tion of captains or of army corps com- manders, it is idle to expect that the British Army will be an efficient military machine. The selection of Gen. French as Gen. Buller's successor will undoubt- edly prove extremely popular, since his conduct has been second to none in South Africa for gallantry and gocd judgment. In his appointment, at least, the War Of- fice has redeemed its promise to appoint only capable men to the command of the army corps. This it violated when it appointed Gen. Buller. The latest news from Paris gives ground for hope that the mining trou- bles in the Montceau-les-Mines district of France may be averted, thanks to the firm measures employed to repress them. It will be remembered that at the Sens Labor Congress, held some months ago, it was agreed to initiate two general strikes in case the demands of the min- ers were not granted. The first of these strikes, which was to have been under- taken May 1, was given up because of the unfavorable outcome of the miners' ref- erendum vote, which declared against it. This failure rendered the second, which was to occur on November 1, still more threatening; and the fact that the de- mands of the miners coincided with cer- tain bills introduced by the Socialists in the Chamber, gave a political cast to the proposed strike. The main demands were the eight-hour day and the insti- tution of a system of old-age pensions, to be provided for by the use of the property of the religious houses. These bills were voted down by the Chamber the other day, and the repulse for the moment added new danger to the out- look. The action of the Government on October 23, in warning each member of the Miners' Committee that he would be liable to death for inciting civil war in case the strike should occur, is as cour- ageous as it is unprecedented. After having acceded to the Emperor's wishes in regard to the tramway across Unter den T,inden, the Berlin Municipal Council has again shown its courage by declining to hold a fresh election for Second Burgomaster. It stubbornly holds to its view that the President of the Province of Brandenburg is legally bound to submit the reelection of Herr Kauf- mann to the Emperor. Its refusal to put him aside, since there is no just reason for doing so, will still further embitter the relations between the head of the state and his capital. A more tactful ruler than the Emperor would see the ad- vantages to be gained by letting the citi- zens have their own way once in a while, and by not exercising all the powers which he claims. How great these pow- ers are, may be seen fro mthe fact that not a paving-stoue may be removed with- out his sanction. No school-house, en- gine-house, or public hall can be erected without his permission. He once stopped the work on a cemetery gate because the plan had not been submitted to him in person, while the construction of a mon- ument to firemen was recently delayed for the same reason. Moreover, the chief magistrate of Berlin has not the right to audiences with the Emperor, all urban matters being submitted to the latter by the Chief of Police. This official is ac- countable, not to the citizens, but to the Ministry, and can be removed at the pleasure of the Emperor. He is natural- ly less fitted to present the needs of the city than is its actual head. The meeting held on Thursday in Vi- enna under the auspices of the Associa- tion of Austrian Manufacturers revived the discussion of the "American peril" in good earnest. The threatening diffi- culties between Austria and Germany, due to the pending German tariff bill, were lost sight of in the general dread of American competition, and in the fear that what has already happened in the contest between American and European agriculturists will be repeated in the case of coal and other crude products, and later in that of manufactured goods. Most of the speakers conceded that the outcry for protection to Continental agriculturists had been ineffectual, and that the campaign against American cereals was practically lost. On this ground the grain duties of the new Ger- man tariff were condemned as reaction- ary. It was curious, therefore, that the remedy which had proved ineffectual with cereals should have been unani- mously urged with increased force as a bulwark against American manufactur- ed goods, viz., that each European coun- try should endeavor to preserve its home market for its own producers, and that reciprocity arrangements should take the place of the "most -favored-na- tion" provisions in the commercial sys- tems of the different countries. The scheme for tariff barriers was to be completed by agreement for mutual pro- tection against America.

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332 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 THE PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS. One way of regarding the Pan-Ameri- can Congress, now formally opened in the City of Mexico, is as a terrible bogey. It was, in fact, dangled before the bulging eyes of manufacturers in Vienna on Thursday as an imminent part of the awful "American Peril." If American competition is already so se- vere, what will it be when a Pan-Ameri- can customs union is arranged? If that is all the Europeans are afraid of, they may rest in peace. Even a cautious lit- tle approach to a tariff agreement with Argentina has not been able to run the gauntlet of the Senate, and now, it is announced, that very moderate mea- sure of reciprocity is to be "dropped" in order to placate the wool-growers. We may be sure that the sugar-growers and the tobacco-growers and the hide-pro- ducers will be equally in need of con- ciliation when it comes to allowing South American exports to poach upon their tariff preserves. It is certain that there will not be in Mexico even as much talk about a customs union as there was in Washington ten years ago. The other way of thinking of the Con- gress is as a great bore. Nothing prac- tical has ever come out of such gather- ings, from the unlucky Congress of Panama down; so why go on holding them merely for the sake of letting loose new floods of unmeaning gush? For this cynical view there is, it must be confessed, some justification. The Pan- American Congress of 1890-91 opened and closed in a great wash of senti- ment. Platonic effusiveness almost ran into tears. But when the waters subsid- ed, nothing tangible was discovered standing. The projects for an interna- tional bank and an intercontinental rail- way, for assimilated tariffs and assimi- lated coinage, were all swept away, and nothing remained but a halting treaty of arbitration, which our own Senate promptly proceeded to send to the tomb of the Capulets. How expert the South Americans are in the art of elaborate compliment and protestation, really meaning nothing thereby, is shown again by the inaugural speeches at Mexico. Once more we are asked to behold Washington as "the Sax- on father," and Bolivar as "the Latin father." extending hands of benediction over the heads of the two blushing and happy continents. Try as they will, our delegates cannot beat the representa- tives of the southern republics at that sort of thing. But if we ask. in a spirit of political realism, what is the actual attitude — the actual hopes and fears — of South America towards the United States, and what the real wishes and ex- pectations of this country, as It stands facing the nations to the south, we shall have to recognize a few plain if not wholly pleasant facts. The South Americans are moved only by self-interest. That is natural and right. So are we. Nor are they under any illusions about the United States. The big-brother theory does not impose upon them for an instant. In matters of high politics they have been and are perfectly willing to appeal to and profit by the good offices of this county. Ven- ezuela did it in 1895; the young Brazilian republic did it in 1890-91. But they know perfectly well that our protecting atti- tude towards them, as against Europe, is simply that of a "contemptuous guar- dianship," to use the happy phrase of an English writer. They do not suspect us of any immediate ulterior designs, but they know that we have little in common with them, and that we do not consider them our equals in culture or religion or government. And it cannot be doubted by any one who has kept track of the recent trend of South Amer- ican opinion, that the old lack of con- fidence in the unselfishness of the United States has been deepened by the events of the past three years. It was inevitable that our war with Spain should have given the Monroe Doctrine a sinister in- terpretation in the eyes of the South Americans, and led them to entertain a new suspicion of the purity of our mo- tives when we assert again, as we did so devoutly before the Spanish war, that we seek no territory, and disclaim all thought of aggrandizement, at the ex- pense of our neighbors. The net result cannot but be to make the South Americans exceedingly watch- ful, while perfectly friendly and polite, in the Congress at Mexico. It will doubtless be some weeks before any im- portant measure is brought up in the general body for debate; all such mat- ters will first be carefully considered in committee. But in all the discussions, private as well as public, it is safe to say that the delegates from below the Rio Grande will steadily and sturdily maintain the interests of their respec- tive republics, and will never dream of yielding, in an expansive moment, any advantage to the United States. Ameri- can capital they will undoubtedly wel- come in the development of their nat- ural resources, but it must run its own risks. American trade they will not oppose, provided Americans do not op- pose their trade. But any surrender of control over their own tariffs, their own laws and customs, or any abate- ment of that national sovereignty which they so jealously assert, it is perfectly clear that they will never contemplate. All this is not to say that we consid- er the calling of the Congress a mis- take, or that we think it foredoomed to failure. No grandiose programme, such as Mr. Blaine sketched in 1890, can be carried out; but very useful, if more modest, purposes can easily be subserv- ed by the Congress. It should promote real friendliness between North and South America. Our delegates will have I won a sufficient triumph if, under the sagacious promptings of Secretary Hay, they so bear themselves as to reassure the suspicious South Americans, and convince them that we are now so con- scious of undigested empire in our stomachs that we have no desire to swal- low more for long years to come. Then there may be some practical achieve- ments in the way of revising the treaty of arbitration; of strengthening the ex- isting treaties of extradition, and doing something in a concerted way to check the passage to and fro of anarchists; as of assimilating postal systems, extend- ing sanitation, and facilitating the inter- change of ideas. By not undertaking too much, the Congress may accomplish a great deal, in the ways mentioned, and in others of the non-Jingo sort, so as fully to justify its convening. We should neither be afraid of it nor be disgusted at it, but should look at it as one of the rather cumbrous instruments necessary for political man in order to do a little good. LESSON OB' THE CZOLGOSZ TRIAL. Before the memory of the wretched Czolgosz rots with his body, it behooves the American people, and especially citi- zens of New York, to lay to heart the true lesson of his trial and punishment. The vindication of justice in his per- son has been in every way creditable to the bench and bar of this State. He was swiftly brought to trial. His prosecu- tion was pushed without clamor or malice; the solemn duty of seeing that he enjoyed all his legal rights was un- dertaken by two members of the Buffalo bar of the highest standing; there was no unseemly wrangling in court; the condemned man was held in close con- finement and executed without any sen- sational display. The whole affair shows what justice is when it is most impres- sive. It is as if the law, embodied in its sworn ministers in New York, had lifted the sword without passion, and let it fall with the sure and undelayed stroke necessary to make the process of the courts appear dignified, impartial, and as just and unescapable as the finger of God. From that admirable instance of the march of justice in New York, turn to the chaotic exhibition of courts at cross purposes, and the tricky employment of technicalities to stay the punishment of public criminals, which we have seen going on in this State almost at the same time. Czolgosz died within six weeks of his victim; but Bissert was convicted only to have his sentence indefinitely stayed; Diamond was indicted only to have his trial delayed and transferred; Scannell gets off for the present on a technicality ; Glennon's case is held up on some preliminary plea which a judge is supposed to have been passing upon for many weeks. Why the difference? Do the lawyers in Buffalo know nothing about

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Oct. 31, 1901] The Nation. 333 the artifices of criminal defence? Could they not travel the State over to get a stay, as Bissert's lawyers did; take an appeal simply for the purpose of delay, or contrive to throw Czolgosz's case in- to the Federal courts? A New Jersey murderer was kept from the gallows for two years after conviction by successive appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States. One from the State of Washington waited for punishment eight years after his crime. A St. Louis murderer was convicted in 1875; his conviction was upheld in repeated de- cisions by the Supreme Court of Mis- souri, but in 1882 was declared invalid by the Supreme Court of the United States. Such miscarriages of justice are, un- happily, getting to be the rule in the United States. The Czolgosz trial was an exception. Our general looseness and slackness in criminal procedure are un- doubtedly on the increase, as Mr. J. H. Webb asserts in his review of the changes of two centuries in American criminal law, and tend, as he confesses, to "encourage a contempt for the law." And the American Law Review, speak- ing of the lamentable practice of in- definitely postponing the punishment of notorious criminals, by an abuse of the right of appeal, said that some of the processes of our courts would "provoke laughter and derision" if they were re- counted to an English lawyer, trained in the common law. It is obvious that it was not the state of the law, but the state of public opin- ion, which prevented, in the case of Czolgosz, any of the grievous delays and thwartings of justice which we see on every hand. His lawyers could, but would not, dared not, apply for stays and certificates and changes of venue. Judges could, but would not, dared not, stay the execution of sentence upon the President's assassin. His case, too, might have been taken, as Bissert's was, by transparent jugglery, into the Fed- eral courts. Why was none of these things done? Because an alert, a vig- ilant, a jealous public opinion was be- hind the trial and behind the court. The people wanted only justice on a mis- creant, but they wanted it, wanted it speedily and surely. They got it; and it is safe to say that if an equally aroused and watchful public opinion pressed upon all our courts at all times, we should not see justice baffled so often as we do. The Buffalo bar, with a fine sense of its own responsibility, secured the appointment of two ex-judges as counsel for Czolgosz. If the New York bar were as sensitive concerning its own reputation, it would in similar ways bring its influence to bear to make the process of our courts in this city more orderly and less scandalous. By suit- able action the bar could make it im- possible for a lawyer to undertake such legal chicanery as was practised in the Bissert case, and still retain an hon- orable standing among his brethren. We are not arguing for a restriction of the right of appeal. That subject was debated before the American Bar Association a few years ago, and al- though a Justice of the Supreme Court urged a limitation of appeals in crim- inal cases, the prevailing sentiment was that they should not be substantially abridged. There is, however, reason in the demand that the laws of this State should be so amended as to put an end to abuses like those we have had to wit- ness this year in the Bissert case. If a judge 400 miles from New York is not restrained by propriety, he ought to be by statute, from interfering with the orderly processes of the courts in the county of New York. If the law per- mits such an anomaly as the transfer of the trial of an indicted captain of the New York police to Albany, then the law ought to be changed, unless it wishes to be regarded as "a ass." This whole subject is one which might worthily engage the attention of so prac- tical a Governor as Mr. Odell. We hope that he will recommend to the Legisla- ture such amendments of the code of procedure as may be needful to pre- vent New York justice from being brought into contempt. Who can deny that both the punitive and the deterrent effects of the execution of Czolgosz il- lustrate the real intent of the law, just as the delays, the impediments, the legal sparring for time, resorted to by the Tammany lawyers in behalf of their imperilled scoundrels, represent a per- version and defeat of the will of the people as expressed in the criminal code? We must amend our laws when necessary, and so far as feasible; but we must amend our manners, too, and create about bench and bar alike such an atmosphere of public opinion, itself charged with the true spirit of justice, as shall make a trial like that of Czol- gosz the normal thing, instead of, as row, only a shining exception. GROWTH OF THE NEGRO POPULA- TION. It has long been known that the negro population of the country was imper- fectly enumerated in 1870. It now ap- pears that the census of 1890 was defec- tive in the same respect, although to a less degree. According to the official re- ports, the number of persons of African descent in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, Hawaii, the Indian Territory, and the Indian reservations, at each of the last four censuses, with the increase during each decade, and the percentage of that increase, was as follows: Percent- Negro Increase dur- age of Census. population I860 4,441,830 1870 4.880.009 1880 6,580,793 1890 7,470,040 1900 8,803,535 ing decade. Increase. 803,022 22.07 438,179 9.86 1.700,784 34.85 889.247 13.51 1,333,495 17.85 It is obvious that some of the above figures cannot represent the actual facts. If between 1880 and 1890 the negro population increased at the rate of only 13 ^ per cent., it is hard to be- lieve that between 1890 and 1900 the gain was at the rate of more than 11%. per cent. Because of their heavy death-rate, the natural increase among the negroes liv- ing in cities must be small. In the decade from 1890 to 1900 a somewhat larger proportion of the entire negro popula- tion of the country dwelt in cities than was the case between 1880 and 1890. Luring most of the period between the taking of the eleventh and twelfth cen- suses times were hard in the South, as elsewhere. Unfavorable economic con- ditions have their effect upon the in- crease of even so improvident a race as the negro. It may, therefore, be assum- ed as reasonably certain that the per- centage of negro increase was greater between 1880 and 1890 than it was be- tween 1890 and 1900, instead of smaller, as the census represents it to have been. There can be little question that the er- ror is to be found in the census of 1890. The omissions in it were by no means so great as those which impaired the accuracy of the enumeration of 1870, but they were sufficiently serious. The Census Act of 1890, and the sched- ules framed in accordance with it, re- quired the enumerators to ask a great many more questions than had ever been put before. To some of these ques- tions, such as whether a person wholly or partially of African descent was a negro, mulatto, quadroon, or octoroon, it was difficult or impossible to ob- tain a correct answer, or indeed to ob- tain any answer at all. The persons in- quired of simply did not know what the proportion of white blood in their veins was, and therefore could not tell. There were other questions, such as those which inquired whether any mem- ber of the family had suffered during the census year from any chronic or acute disease, which few people liked to answer, and which many people made up their minds they would not answer. The knowledge that such questions were to be asked made the census enumera- tors' visits very unwelcome ones to many families. At the time the census was taken, partisan feeling, especially in the South, ran high, for the Force Bill was then pending in Congress. All of these circumstances combined to make the work of the enumerators hard. Where they did it conscientiously, they were very imperfectly paid for it. The rates of compensation were based upon the experience of the census of 1880; but in 1880 the enumerators could do at least 50 per cent, more work in the same time. An enumerator who was not of high character was strongly tempted to omit the enumeration of outlying fam- ilies in his district, or of families the

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334, The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 information concerning which he could not obtain on his first visit. The omis- sions were the most serious where the character of the enumerators was the lowest. That is to say, under the con- ditions which then prevailed, the most imperfect census was likely to be taken in the Black Belts of the South. It is for this reason that while there were omissions in the count of both races, relatively more negroes escaped enu- meration than whites. The following table shows the white population at each census beginning with that of 1860, and also the gross increase of the white population during the decade as given in the census re- turns. It shows further the total im- migration during the decade, and the difference between the total increase and the total immigration, which differ- ence is assumed to be the natural in- crease. The last column shows the per- centage of natural increase for each de- cade as thus determined: Percentage Imml- Natural of Natural White. Increase, gration. Increase. Increase. I860.. 26,922,537 1870.. 33.589.377 6,666,840 2.314.824 4.352,016 16.16 1880.43.402,970 9,813.593 2.812,191 7.001,402 20.84 1890.-54,983,890 11,580,920 5,246,613 6.334.307 14.59 1900. 66,590,725 11.606,835 3,687,564 7,919.271 14.44 The figures for immigration are not always complete, and there are no sta- tistics which show with any approach to accuracy the emigration from the country. Nevertheless, in a rough way the conclusions deducible from the above table may be accepted as at least approximately correct. The table indi- cates that the rate of natural increase was substantially the same between 1890 and 1900 as it was between 1880 and 1890. It is not probable that this was true. The great business depres- sion extending from 1893 to 1897, the continued concentration of the popula- tion in cities, and the lowering of the birth-rate among the native population, must have more than offset whatever diminution in the death-rate resulted from improved sanitation. The rate of increase between 1880 and 1890 was therefore probably somewhat greater, and that between 1890 and 1900 was somewhat smaller than the census figures would indicate. There seems no reason to doubt that the census of 1880 and the census of 1900 were well taken. Assuming their accuracy, it appears that, during these twenty years, the negro population of the country increas- ed at the rate of 33.77 per cent. Sub- stantially all of this was due to natural increase. During the same period the rate of natural increase among the white population was 32.84 per cent. That is to say, taking the country as a whole, during the last twenty years the net excess of the birth-rate over the death-rate has been substantially the same for the two races. Whatever dif- ference there has been has been in favor of the negroes. "DISINTEGRATING" TAMMANY. Mr. Shepard showed in his speech on Wednesday week that Mr. Schurz had touched him on the raw by challenging bis contention that it would not be his duty as an honest Mayor to attack Tam- many Hall. He attempted to make a shadowy distinction or two between the "unfit" Tammany Commissioners and those of the angel breed, but in general reasserted his former position. This is, that it is not for the Mayor of New York to "disintegrate and destroy the ancient institution known as Tammany Hall." But we maintain that Mr. Shep- ard, in taking that ground, is palpably confusing both facts and morals. The first reason he gives for refusing to promise his official antagonism to Tammany is that his sole business as Mayor would be to attend to the welfare of the city. He must keep his eye upon bridges and tunnels and paving; must busy himself about rapid transit and municipal finance; must take long looks ahead, and think of the beautiful and powerful city that is to be. How absurd to suppose that he must divert his atten- tion from these great concerns in order to make war upon "a certain political organization"! We are but quoting Mr. Shepard's language — almost his precise words. But an open fallacy lies in his argument. The general welfare of the city? No Mayor who labors for that can avoid making war upon its deadliest foe — Tammany Hall. Mr. Shepard is fond of legal citations, and we ask him to note what is said in the charter about the duty of the Mayor to "keep himself informed of the doings of the several de- partments," and to be "vigilant and ac- tive in causing the ordinances of the city and laws of the State to be executed and enforced." What we assert is, that no Mayor can obey the law without being hostile to Tammany Hall. It is not necessary to argue the case — least of all with Mr. Shepard, for he has put into words as biting as those uttered by any speaker or newspaper his own arraignment of Tammany Hall and its insolent boss as defiers of the law and corrupters of morals. It is, there- fore, preposterous for him to contend that he will have to be so solicitous of the city's highest good that he cannot fight the power that is sapping the city's very life. Such an attitude is really no different from that of a shep- herd who should think he could proper- ly care for his sheep without beating off the wolves. Wolf Croker has his fangs in the city's throat, yet Mr. Shep- ard is able blandly to argue that his earnest devotion to the city forbids him to pay any attention to the wolf! His second line of defence is that, even if he wanted to, he could not destroy Tammany Hall. It is so "ancient," so "anchored in the hearts of the people"; and, after every defeat, it "has come back into power stronger than ever." This excuse, however, would be good as against any form of vice or crime, or "the eternal devil" himself. There always has been brigandage, so why try to res- cue Miss Stone and punish her kidnap- pers? They will only be more powerful than ever. Burglars, garroters, embez- zlers, card sharpers, procurers are of lineage fully as ancient and as honorable as Tammany Hall, and the silly reform- ers and officers of the law who try to put them down should learn from Mr. Shepard that their efforts will surely be in vain. Has vice, then, vested rights? If an evil has but flourished long enough to become inveterate, does it thereby become immune? Why did not Mr. Shepard put this strange new phil- osophy of his into practice when he was fighting John Y. McKane? He might have said then, with as good a face as he urges his apologies for Tammapy now, "Ballot-box stuffing is a very an- cient practice. Fraudulent elections are at least a hundred years old. Political bosses have been rapacious and defiant since the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. So what is the use of try- ing to attack crime made venerable with age?" Mr. Shepard did not say that, and what he did was to fling himself into the fight against McKane, nor did he rest until that convicted felon went to his cell in Sing Sing. Mr. Shepard was able then to take his eye off the "city" long enough to catch a rogue. What he is really confounding now is the existence of a political party with that of a corrupt organization claiming shelter within the party. It is the party that is the "ancient" institution; the Tammany fungus has had to be cut from it again and again. The triumph of Tam- many may coincide with the victory of the Democratic party, or it may syn- chronize with and hasten its defeat. In 1884 Tammany was beaten in the Na- tional Convention, beaten in the State, beaten in the city; yet when did the Dem- ocratic party ever more gloriously suc- ceed? Tammany has steadily won vic- tories in the very years when the Demo- cratic party in State and nation was sinking into its lowest estate. Yet it is the fluctuating succession of corrupt Tammany bosses, from Isaiah Rynders to Richard Croker, that Mr. Shepard is now willing to identify with the life and principles of the Democratic party. There is such a thing as disintegrating Tammany Hall, and also such a thing as "integrating" it. We have before ex- pressed, and we do not mean now to re- tract, our confidence in Mr. Shepard's personal sincerity; but we have frankly to tell him that his greatest peril is that of adding his honored name to the list of respectable men whom Tammany has turned to in a desperate emergency, and whom, after using, it has contemptuous- ly thrown aside as a "squeezed lemon," in Mr. Schurz's phrase. Mr. Shepard does not think he can destroy Tammany;

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Oct. 31, 1901] The 3STation. 335 but is he willing to strengthen it, and make it a more baleful power than ever? Does he wish to have it satd of him that, when Tammany's corrupt and licentious regime was in a way to be overthrown by peaceful and legal measures, he set himself to prolong it to a pass which elsewhere has evoked a Vigilance Com- mittee? BLOOD-MONEY. "It does not smell" is what extortion- ers and murderers have traditionally and defiantly said of the money which came to them through oppression and crime. But the money with which Rich- ard Croker is now attempting to de- bauch New York, and keep a proud city under his heel, does smell. It smells of blood. Croker is in ample funds for his desperate campaign. On every side he is pouring out money as if from an inexhaustible store. No campaign ex- pense is too large for him; none is too small for him to overlook. He has frank- ly set out to buy the election. But the money that he pays out has blood upon it. "Where did you get it?" is an inquiry which Croker regards (when directed to the sources of his personal wealth) as an intrusion upon his "private busi- ness." But it is public business in which he is now engaged — the outlay of hun- dreds of thousands of dollars to corrupt the franchise and to fasten his chains upon our necks. Even the Roman satir- ist who comforted the monster of avarice by telling him that no man would ask him whence his ill-gotten gains came, did not go so far as to imag- gine a Croker flinging his bribes about lavishly to degrade a great city, and claiming immunity when asked who put the money in his purse. With Tam- many acting as if it were Prince Fortu- natus, New York has a~ right to know where the vast sums come from that are being used for its shame and subjuga- tion; and the more reckless Croker is in announcing his ability to purchase vot- ers as he does dogs and horses, the more pressing is the duty of looking to the mint in which he coins his gold. Let us put aside the levies which he wrings from his office-holders. They yield to him as they would to a highway- man, loathing him, as many of them do, even while they fear him. These forced contributions from men whose salaries should be wholly their own, though earned in the public service, are an old crying scandal of our politics; and we shall not affirm that Croker is a greater sinner in this respect (except as his op- portunity has been greater) than his brother-boss of the Republican party. But what of the bills that come to Cro- ker's hands stained with the life-blood of women and damp with the death-dews of young men? That is the fearful thing about Croker's swollen campaign fund. Much of it represents the price of blood. It is money paid to him for the past priv- ilege of making barter of womanhood, and in the hope of being granted immu- nity in the future for luring thousands of the city's youth to ruin. It is to Richard Croker that every keeper of a brothel, every pander, every trafficker in woman's honor, every ruffianly be- trayer or kidnapper of ignorant and helpless girls, every gambler and sharp- er and crook and cheat who can beg or steal a dollar is turning it over in order to help prolong his and their reign of infamy in this city. From such tainted sources no single penny is given to promote the campaign of Mr. Low. The money used to further the Fusion ticket is clean. It does not, as so much of Croker's fund does, reek of the pit. In another way is the Tammany trea- sury a second Aceldama — a field of blood. It is being drawn upon to perpetuate the conditions in this city which make against the safety of human life. The money paid out to elect the Tammany ticket is as if invested for the direct pur- pose of taking thousands of lives. "Mur- der" is what Mr. Jacob Riis bluntly calls the Tammany policy of so administering the city as to let children stifle in foul and illegal tenements, and to put the Health Department in possession of a district leader, with the result of allowing an epidemic of smallpox to overrun the community. Here is something for those great corporations to think of that are so busily engaged these days in making "checks payable to Richard Croker." They may think that they are but sub- mitting to blackmail; or, at the worst, that they are cynically giving a bribe. But they are doing other and far worse than that. They are paying money to strangle children, to destroy women, to entrap the feet of young men in the ways of death, to make life more wretched and base for thousands in this city. There- fore, their money, too, smells of blood; and they are doing their best, these heads of great businesses, these directors of large affairs, who finance Richard Croker as they would a mine or railway — they are doing their best to have New York " taught what conquered cities feel By sediles chosen that they might safely steal." And what of the indirect responsibility of men who, with no matter what higli professions and honorable intentions, al- low themselves to profit politically by the blood-money at Croker's disposal? We shall only say that it is a fearful re- sponsibility; and that one further respect in which Mr. Shepard failed at the very beginning of his plan to work through Tammany, was in not seeing to it that the money contributed for his election should be unstained by innocent blood. As it is, he has to sit silent while clergy- men tell him, as so many did on Sunday, that he has made himself the candidate of the vilest elements in New York, who are trying to elect him by the vilest means. The Scriptures have terrible things to say of deliberate and open wickedness, but their hottest scorn is reserved for the man who consents with a thief and is "a partaker with adulter- ers." RECENT EXCAVATION OF THE TEMPLE OF AEGINA. Athens, October 12, 1901. Incontestably one of the most Important events of the current year In the world of art and archaeology is the excavation of the well-known temple of Aegina by Pro- fessor Furtwangler during the spring and summer. It had long been felt that the excavations made in and around this temple in 1811, which brought to light the famous gable groups long known and much dis- cussed under the name of the Aeglnetan marbles, could not be regarded as defini- tive. After some slight work done by the Greek Archaeological Society in 1893, It was much mooted who should undertake the final excavation. Two considerations made it most fitting that this privilege finally fell to Professor Furtwangler — the general consideration that it would be difficult to find another man who possesses such a com- prehensive and minute knowledge of all the remains of ancient Greece, and the partic- ular consideration that he is the Director of the museum in Munich where the stat- ues found in 1811 are lodged, and has re- cently made from the lumber-room of the museum certain important additions to the two groups. Of course it was his especial desire and hope to find more statues or fragments which should bring the two groups nearer to completion; but no one understood bet- ter than he that there was only one way to secure this result, and this was the thor- ough clearing of the temple and the area adjacent to it. This is the modern method of excavation. The method of Cockerell and his associates was like fishing in turbid water, while Furtwangler's process was an application of the drag-net which nothing could escape. A striking example of the thoroughness of his process is the fact that six heads, five of which may belong to the gable groups (although this, with becoming prudence, is left undecided in the pro- visional report which has just appeared), were found at the bottom of a deep cistern near the east front of the temple, into which the rain water from the roof was conducted through an aperture in the pave- ment of the esplanade in front of the tem- ple. Before reaching the cistern, the water had to fall through a rather spacious cave, in the rock floor of which the cistern was cut. It is an interesting fact that the ex- cavators of 1811 had their quarters in this very cave, which at that time had an open- ing to the north, subsequently closed by accumulation of debris. Cockerell did not think to let down his line under his own bed, where Furtwangler's drag-net secured the prize. Whatever may be the final ad- justment of the five heads just mentioned, it is practically certain that two other heads found in the propylon of the temple precinct belonged, one to the east gable and the other to the west. No one can doubt that Professor Furtwangler would like

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336 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 to be able to take off some of the heads of the figures in the Munich Museum that were put upon them by the skilful hand of Thorwaldsen, and put in their place the heads just discovered. Athenian gossip has it that an expression of this most natural desire was met by the Greek authorities by a request for the return of the groups now in Munich. Whether request and counter- request have ever been expressed is more than doubtful, and at any rate there is no likelihood that any of these recently dis- covered heads will ever leave the Athenian Museum, where they now lie. Greece will henceforth remain the jealous custodian of the treasures which she knows how to ap- preciate. But to return to the excavations them- selves, which I visited two days ago. They have one great charm, viz., that they per- formed a limited task which it was possible after a few months to present to the world as a finished piece of work. Besides the completely cleared floor of the temple, which makes the interior arrangement plainer than before, the foundation has been cleared down to bed rock. The propy- lon, the great altar, and several adjacent buildings have been excavated with a care which not only brings its own reward, but has yielded a considerable quantity of small finds from Mycenaean times down well into the fifth century. Into the details of any of these matters I will not go; but there is one most interesting result of the work which cannot be passed by. The temple has, to the surprise of the world, changed its name. The world has for more than half a century regarded nothing as more certain than that this was the Temple of Athena, and has sometimes smiled at the reappearance now and again o£ the name, "Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius," in certain books which thereby took on an antiquated appearance. It leaked out long ago that this name went out into all the world in consequence of a very shallow fraud practised by some of the younger and more frisky members of the excavation party of 1811 upon some ot the more vener- able members, which consisted in cutting the words Au navew-qviw on a block of the cornice to the cella — an impossible place for the name of a temple to be actually cut, to say nothing of the fact that the cut- ting was done in a ridiculously superficial manner and with no expectation of deceiv- ing. When, however, the fraud had de- ceived the venerable authorities and had passed along through Europe, the perpetra- tors of it had not the courage to expose it; but, for the last fifty years, it has been generally understood. The story has been told by Ross in his 'Archaeologische Auf- satze, I., p. 241 ff., and elsewhere. All books published in late years have called the temple the Temple of Athena. Not only is Athena the central figure in both gable groups, but in the church of St. Athanasius, not so very far from the tem- ple, was seen a lintel block bearing the ancient inscription Spo? re/ueVovs 'A&ivaia?. Then another stone was found with the same inscription, "a little farther off,'' Ross says. It is true that voices were from time to time, raised against the validi- ty of these grounds for the name. Prof. Paul Wolters, in the Mittheilungen des Dcutschen Archaeologischcn Instituts in Athen, 1889 (p. 177 ft.), pointed out the fact that Ross had been over-zealous in saying that the first of these inscriptions was found only a quarter of an hour from the temple. It is, in fact, over an hour away; and the second one, being quite near the city, is over an hour and a half distant from the temple. Quite recently another such boundary-stone has been found in the sea near the city. It ought to have been recognized as practically impossible that so many rather heavy stones should be carried so far, and their provenance ought to have been sought elsewhere than at the temple under discussion. In the American Journal of Archwology, 1893, Prof. F. B. Tarbell and Mr. W. N. Bates collected all the evidence available as to the connec- tion of the subjects of the sculptures on various temples with the divinity worship- ped in the temples. They appear to have had in mind some question in regard to the Aeginetan sculptures, as appears in a note on p. 19. Professor Furtwangler himself, in his 'Beschreibung der Glyptothek Kbnig Ludwig I. zu Munchen,' 1900 (pp.86 and 157), had already declared that the presence of Athena in both gables was no proof that the temple was hers. He then thought it a temple of Herakles. But no serious and strenuous objection had been made to the current name; doubts only had been ex- pressed, when all at once, with the recent excavations, the certainty came with a blaze of proof that the temple belonged to another divinity almost purely local and much inferior to the great goddess Athena. First came three fragments of inscriptions, all of which seemed to contain parts of the name Aphaaa, and then came a large block nearly six feet long and a foot high, with an inscription of three lines, saying: "When Cleoetas was priest, the house was built to Apha?a. The altar and the ivory [t. e., pre- sumably, the wooden cultus statue adorned with ivory], were made in addition, and a wall built around." This inscription is in archaic Doric, and must be put well back in- to the sixth century. It cannot refer to the present temple, because three of the four fragments of the block containing it were found in the debris used for filling, at a con- siderable depth below the surface of the platform east of the temple, and down near the bed-rock. The present temple, then, re- placed at some time an older one of the same divinity on the same spot. Pausanias (ii., 30, 3) says that the Temple of Aphaea had inscribed on it a song of Pindar. Furt- wangler naturally supposed that there was some special occasion for this, and what more fitting occasion could be found than the dedication of the temple itself, which replaced with pomp an older one antiquated or destroyed? The time of dedication would then probably be when Pindar was at the height of his popularity. The new name of the temple, based as it is not only upon the complete inscrip- tion, but on the fragments of three others, will probably stand secure. One of the blocks is too large to have been transported very far. The only rift in the otherwise secure foundation is the fact that Pausanias, in mentioning the Temple of Aphaea, says: "It is on the way as you go up to the moun- tain of Zeus Panhellenios." It is true that this mountain of Zeus Panhellenios was once supposed to be the height on which stands the temple under discussion; but there is lit- tle room for doubt that it is the peak now known as the opos, near the south point of the island, which dominates the whole I island and affords a view not easily forgot- ten. It is, in fact, perfectly clear that Theo- phrastus means this mountain when, in discussing the signs of storms, he says that clouds settling upon Zeus Hellenios are a sign of rain. This very peak is used to-day in the same way as a weather gauge. Tak- ing the opo? as something fixed, one has gen- erally believed, on the authority of Pausanias, that the ruined chapel of the Archangel Michael, which stands on an imposing and finely constructed terrace, near the bot- tom of the northern slope of the opos, oc- cupies the site of the Temple of Aphaea. Several ancient inscriptions have been found there; none, however, giving the name of a divinity. It might be well to rummage a little more among the blocks which cover the ground here. Some decisive inscription might be the reward. But, as the case now stands, it is easier to believe that Pausanias was a "betrogener Betrdger" than that Furtwangler is in error in his identification of the Temple of Aphaea. In the interest, however, of a complete statement of facts, I may say that Profes- sor Furtwangler is a little unjust as to the fitness of this place to be the location of the Temple of Aphasa. In citing the passage in the narrative of Antoninus Lib- eralis which describes the flight of Aphasa — who is a sort of double of Dictynna — from Crete, her touching at Aegina, and her taking refuge in a grove in which her tem- ple was afterwards set up, he denies the possibility of this region near the foot of the Spos ever having been a grove, call- ing it an "ode Felswiiste." Two visits to the spot have left me with the opposite conviction. Several fig trees flourish on and about the terrace; and there is even now considerable humus there, in spite of a long process of denudation and washing- down of the soil to a slightly lower level since classical times. There is, moreover, a large cistern, or well rather, near the upper edge of the terrace, which seems fed by a perennial source at the bottom. I have, at any rate, in two different years — 1894 and 1901 — seen crowds of women wash- ing there in September, before the fall rains. I set this down as something to be taken into consideration in case there should be a change of the kaleidoscope, and new possibilities at present not in sight should present themselves. The new discovery will hardly contribute anything toward fixing more exactly the date of the famous temple. Furtwangler, to be sure, suggests a very plausible and extremely interesting connection of the building of the temple with an episode in the battle of Salamis. Herodotus, after giving the Athenian account of the begin- ning of the battle, adds: "The Aeginetans tell another story, and say that the ship which had gone over to Aegina to fetch the Aeacidaa brought on the battle, and that, furthermore, the phantom of a woman ap- peared to them, and, when she had ap- peared, she reviled them, saying, 'Wretches, how long are you going to keep backing water?' and urged them on, so that the whole Greek line heard her voice." Furt- wangler accepts a suggestion of Salomon Reinach that this phantom woman was, ac- cording to the belief of the Aeginetans, none other than the goddess Aphaea, who looked down from the height on which her temple stood, and, beholding her island devotees in the throes of a dangerous crisis.

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Oct. 31, 1901] The Nation. 337 inspired them to the deeds of valor which made their name resound throughout Hellas. Herodotus, even with his Athenian leanings, has to record the fact that the Aeginetans outstripped the Athenians in this battle, according to the general judg- ment. What an occasion this afforded them to devote their treasure to the erection of a fine temple to the goddess who had led them on that day to immortal glory! Well might they call in Pindar to add lustre to the offering — Pindar, who, in his fourth Isthmian ode, also showed his predilection to praise the island whose "strong tower was high valor." This most attractive weaving of history and myth to form a setting for the date of the temple will not, however, remove en- tirely a doubt created in the minds of many by the solid presence of the gable groups themselves, which make such an impression of antiquity. It is difficult to believe that, long after the group of Athena battling with the giants in the gable of the Old Athena temple on the Athenian Acropolis had been produced, with its tre- mendous life and energy, sculptors could have gone on making such stiff, expres- sionless figures at a place so hard by. The newly discovered sculptures at Delphi seem rather to increase this difficulty. Sculpture was beginning to throb with life everywhere in Greece. Could Aegina have been in an eddy? But it must be said that Furtwangler, who is a master in the field of sculpture, has long held to about this date, and is not being carried away by any fancy generated by his new discovery. Af- ter years of discussion, while there is no perfect agreement as to the date of the Aegina sculptures, the limits have been drawn more closely. It is, after all, a ques- tion of a decade or so. The time when Leake and Cockerell dated the temple at 600 b. c. is long past. Rufus B. Richardson. INTERNATIONAL ART IN LONDON. London, October, 1901. The autumn season in London probably never began in such gloom for artists. The war in South Africa has entered upon its third year — the war that was to have been carried to a triumphant end in a month's time; every one knows that the income tax, already enormous, will be very much bigger before the next payment is called for — the more pessimistic, indeed, insisting that it will go up to half a crown in the pound before it can begin to go down again; the papers are full of the gradual decline of British trade and commerce; Lord Rose- bery has just been calling upon the Brit- ish people to awake and borrow a little energy from Americans, or there is no telling whither their apathy may lead. Al- together, the financial, outlook is anything but brilliant, and, in moments of national economy, it is the artist who suffers first. Bread and meat must be paid for before pictures can be bought. While from Ven- ice, from Dresden, from Vevey reports come of the wonderful success of the sum- mer's big exhibitions — success, that is, from the point of view of sales — in the London galleries that pleasant little mark "Sold" on a picture has long been the exception. The Academy itself, the stronghold of popu- lar art, is said to have suffered, and when the sales at the Academy diminish, the other galleries might as well lock their doors and put up their shutters. It is all the more encouraging, therefore, to find that a society of artists upon whom the future of the art of Great Britain may be said in a large measure to depend, should have bravely faced the period of depres- sion and chosen the present moment to open its third exhibition, after an interval of a little more than two years. It is unusual in London for any group of artists to allow such a long time to pass without giving signs of life — the risk would be too great; and, I think, in the conservative or Academic camp there was every hope that the last had been heard of the Interna- tional Society of Sculptors, Painters, and Gravers. Its first two shows had proved it a force to be reckoned with, a formidable rival to Academies and Institutes and Brit- ish Artists, and its disappearance would not have been regretted. But now it is once more to the fore, its activity and ex- cellence unimpaired, its standard as high as ever, its example as subversive of all the old, long-established superstitions and traditions of British art. I have spoken at length of the aims and constitution of the Society because it is in this way I can best explain its importance and the reason why so much is expected of its influence. As for the exhibition that has recently opened, it has the very virtues that in most London exhibitions are con- spicuous by their absence. The pictures are intelligently hung. In the two pre- vious shows there was the further advan- tage of unusually fine rooms. Prince's Skating Rink at Knightsbridge had been transformed for the summer into a picture gallery, large and spacious, and decorated for the purpose by the Society itself. Now, for various reasons, Knightsbridge has been abandoned for much more convenient Pic- cadilly, and temporary quarters have been found in the Institute, where the galleries are pleasant, but limited in space, and dec- orated according to unfortunate Institute ideals. But the arrangement of the walls is harmonious; there is no crowding, each picture has its necessary margin of space, while the low velarium concentrates the light just where it is wanted. Mr. Whistler so seldom exhibits that a row of small pictures by him is an event. They are marines; a little street scene, all "gold and orange"; a most beautiful study of the nude, "Phryne the Superb"; notes of color, suave, rhythmical, exquisite. Here you have proof positive that the success of a pic- ture in an exhibition is not in proportion to the size of the canvas or paper and the sensation of the subject. These little mas- terpieces hold you when you would pass with indifference the huge machine at the Salon or the rapid "picture of the year" at the Academy. Exhibitions without end open and close in London, and call for no special mention. But not only for what the International shows, but for what it means, does it de- serve careful consideration; and American artists have a particular reason to be in- terested in its welfare. In England or Great Britain, there has never been any definite well-organized movement of "Se- cession," as in Paris or Munich or Vienna. I have heard abroad the International called the "London Secession," but this word really does not describe it. Its mem- bers do not "secede" from anything; it represents no one group, it is no associa- tion merely of the younger men still in the hot rebellion of youth; it gives expres- sion to no revolutionary tendencies or brand-new doctrines and theories; it is not Mystic, or Symbolist, or Pointillist, or Im- pressionist, or Divisionist; it has not even invented a name by which to electrify or puzzle a world on the lookout for sensa- tions. It is merely a society of artists drawn together by their love of art and their desire to show the best work that is being done nowadays, and to arrange it in such fashion that it can be seen to the best advantage. But whoever has been forced by duty to make the rounds of the chief galleries in England and on the Con- tinent during the last fifteen or twenty years will know what a novelty this is. The means by which these ends are realiz- ed are simple — so simple, the wonder is they have not been thought of before by any association of British artists. In the first place, the President has been chosen for his distinction as an artist, and not solely for social or other reasons; a society over which Mr. Whistler presides could not but be distinguished. In the second place, the members — divided into Executive Mem- bers, Honorary Members, and Associates — have also been elected, not because they are "good fellows," or popular with the public, but because of their merit as artists. And, in the third place, narrow insular and national barriers have been disregarded, and the effort is made to in- clude all the men who are doing original work in any part of the world. It may be said that, in this respect, the Academy is liberal enough; are not two Americans, a German, and a Dutchman counted among the full-fledged Academicians? But all these painters live in England, and have identi- fied themselves with English art and Eng- lish life, even when they have not been officially nationalized. Outside its own ranks the Academy is indifferent enough to the foreigner. Take the case of Americans; Mr. Millet and Mrs. Merritt are fairly regular contributors, but I have had to point out before now the shameful sort of treatment accorded to only too many others who have ventured to exhibit. With the International, however, the tables are turn- ed: The President is an American; so is one of the Executive Members or Council — Mr. Pennell; and Mr. St. G&udens, Mr. Mac- Monnies, Mr. Chase, Mr. Alexander, and Mr. Melchers are among the Honorary Members; Mr. Humphreys Johnston, Mr. Muhrman, Mr. Mura, among the Associates; while, this year, Mr. Lungren and Mr. Mc- Lure Hamilton also are exhibitors. This is why I think the Society and its ex- hibitions of special interest to Americans. It may, again, be said that, as Academicians are not admitted to the Executive, there- fore the Society must be in direct and de- liberate opposition to the Academy. But it is well known that, with a few notable ex- ceptions, most of the eminent British artists of to-day— including the large and accomplished Glasgow group— have little favor shown them at Burlington House. And, again, the ends of the International Society would be at once defeated were it brought under Academical influence. The Glasgow men are naturally to the fore; it is their only chance to make a good showing in London, and one of their num-

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338 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 ber, Mr. Lavery, is Vice-President of the Society. His portraits and Mr. Walton's and Mr. Henry's are, as a rule, excellent. Indeed, the work of this group usually has character and sometimes charm, though they may not have fulfilled all the expec- tations they aroused at the outset of their career, and though several now seem in danger of falling victims to "pattern," so determined are they to be decorative in their pictures. Mr. Hornel, for one, reduces his landscapes to a blinding, kaleidoscopic mo- saic of color. Mr. Sauter, the Honorary Secretary of the Society, is also prominent among the portrait-painters, and the land- scape men are chiefly Mr. Muhrman and Mr. Priestman, who are always to be studied even when, as now, they are scarcely up to their own high level. I have said who are the Americans. France is represented by M. Besnard, M. Cottet, M. Milcendeau; Germany, by Franz Stuck and Klinger; Holland, by Mathys and James Maris, Breitner, and Bauer; Belgium by Khnopff and Claus; Italy by Fragiacomo and Segantini. A fine series of paintings and drawings by Segantini has, indeed, been made one of the chief features of the col- lection. Two Canadians also send: Mr. Ho- mer Watson, well known, I believe, in New York, and Mr. Morrice, new as an exhibitor in London, but whose work here, as in the Champ-de-Mars Salon, reveals a sense of style and color that promises much. This short summary will at least give an idea of the scope of the exhibition. The black-and-white, though not so rep- resentative as in previous shows, is good, M. Lepere, Mr. Pennell, and Mr. E. J. Sullivan being the chief exhibitors in this section. And if there is but little sculpture, that lit- tle is of interest; Meunier, Troubetzkoy, and Klinger, the most notable contributors. I do not pretend that the show is fault- less— that would be absurd. If I were writing at length, I might compare it, not always to its advantage, with the first two shows. I might call attention to more than one dis- appointment or failure. The millennium will have come before a society of artists can reach that stage of perfection where it Is beyond reproach. But, as a rule, the work that does not command praise at least chal- lenges criticism. Comparatively little com- monplace has crept in. There is no painting or drawing or modelling down to the pop- ular taste, and it is better to err on the side of eccentricity than of sentiment. The disappointment, as a rule, is when the ar- tist falls below the standard he has set; the failure, when he has not been able to solve the problem his picture or drawing or statue meant to him. That there should be a standard, and a high one, that there should be a problem, and an artistic one, is the great thing. N. N. Notes. Mr. R. B. Marston, the veteran London publisher, has consented to act as Hon- orary Secretary and Honorary Treasurer o£ a fund to enable a memorial of the late R. D. Blackmore to be placed in Exeter Cathedral. He expects, if the sum raised should be more than sufficient thus to hon- or the author of 'Lorna Doone,' to invest the surplus for the benefit of the Authors' Benevolent Fund. A copy of Mr. Marston's circular will be sent to any one addressing him at St. Dunstan's House, Fetter Lane, London, E. C. Messrs. Hall Caine, Thomas Hardy, Kipling, R. E. Prothero, and W. Clark Russell are of the Honorary Commit- tee of the fund. A beginning has been made in Massachu- setts, by the Women's Auxiliary of the Civil-Service-Reform Association of that State, of an attempt to reach the minds of youth in the high schools on the subject of public office as a public trust. A pam- phlet on the merit system versus the spoils system, written by Mr. Edward Carey, has been widely circulated by the Auxiliary, which is ready to send copies to high schools outside of Massachusetts. Appli- cation should be made to Miss Elizabeth Foster, No. 44 Fairfield Street, Boston. The interesting announcement is made that Houghton, Mifflin & Co. are to be the American agents for the sale of the pub- lications of the famous Plantin-Moretus Museum at Antwerp. The Administrative Board decided last year "to print from the copper and wood cuts in the Museum a limited number of proofs, which should be offered for sale to art lovers and connois- seurs." Among these are engravings by Lucas van Leyden (1521), Crispin van de Passe (1588, after designs by Martin de Vos), John Wiericx (1585-1590); frontis- pieces and portraits after designs by Ru- bens, whose relations to the great printing- house were very close; 'Emblemata Ha- drian! Junii,' by various hands; fifteen etch- ings and seven engravings on copper by the late Baron Leys, the eminent Belgian painter of the last century, whose plates have been bought by the Museum; besides several large prints from the original plates — after Van Dyck's "Christ on the Cross," the portrait of Christopher Plan- tin, etc. These books and prints may be seen at the new offices of the firm, at No. 85 Fifth Avenue. Mr. E. A. Crawley, of Bradfield College, Berkshire, England, has turned FitzGerald's 'Rubaiy&t of Omar Khayyam' into Greek elegiacs, which will be issued early in De- cember in a limited bilingual edition print- ed at the Merrymount Press for Mr. Na- than Haskell Dole, of Jamaica Plain, Bos- ton. This edition is specially authorized by Dr. William Aldis Wright of Cambridge, FitzGerald's executor. Immediately forthcoming from Henry Holt & Co. are Prof. Henry A. Beers's 'His- tory of English Romanticism in the Nine- teenth Century,' and 'American Political History to the Death of Lincoln,' popular- ly told by Viola A. Conklin. 'Famous Sayings of Famous Americans,' compiled by James J. Neville, will be issued by Frederick H. Johnson, Syracuse, N. Y. 'China in Convulsion,' by Dr. Arthur H. Smith, and 'Culture and Restraint,' by the Rev. Hugh Black, are in the press of Flem- ing H. Revell Co. Still another book on China, 'The War of Civilization,' by George Lynch, is to be published immediately by Longmans, Green & Co. A romantic novel founded on the life of Francois Villon, and entitled 'If I Were King,' by Justin Huntly McCarthy, will shortly be published by R. H. Russell. Richardson's 'Pamela,' 'Clarissa Harlowe,' and 'Sir Charles Grandison,' in twenty small crown octavo volumes, will be issued by Chapman & Hall in London and J. B. Lip- pincott Co. in Philadelphia. A portrait of Richardson, and 78 illustrations after Stoth- ard and E. F. Burney, will adorn this set. Macmillan Co. have transferred to their "Handbooks of Archaeology" Lanciani's 'Destruction of Ancient Rome,' already no- ticed in these columns. Among the reprints of the week none is more captivating than the twelve volumes of the Temple edition of the Works of the Bronfes (London: Dent; New York: Mac- millan), in olive-green binding brightly stamped in gilt. Etched frontispieces em- brace portrait, historic scene, and imagina- tive illustration of the story. One volume is given up to the verse of the three sisters, with Cottage Poems by the Rev. Patrick Bronte. The hand will not tire of these light books, and the eye will not be strain- ed by the text. Mr. Edwin Atlee Barber's 'Pottery and Porcelain of the United States' (Putnams) was reviewed by us seven years ago, with acknowledgment of its merit particularly on the historical side. It has not been superseded, and is not likely to be, and is now issued in a second edition with nearly a hundred additional pages and a liberal continuation of the illustrations. Mr. Bar- ber offers much fresh and valuable infor- mation about the earlier potteries, while his account of developments since 1893 (and very important they are) fills fifty pages. The public that buys, as well as that which collects, has now a book of reference brought up to date. The author is less critic than antiquarian and chronicler, but his interest in his subject is, like his in- dustry, most commendable. A curious in- stance of the sociological significance of forms of pottery is given in the supplement at p. 435, where is depicted a ring-shaped cider bottle, meant to be carried afield on the owner's arm. Mr. Hamilton W. Mabie's 'William Shak- spere: Poet, Dramatist, and Man' comes to us from Macmillan in a third edition, with all the illustrations, with some corrections, and in a cheaper, but still handsome form. At the same time his excellent early ver- sion of 'Norse Stories,' which we noticed last winter, is put forth anew by Dodd, Mead & Co., in elegant typography, with pale-tinted scroll borders and with gayly colored full-page designs by George Wright. Nearly sixty years have elapsed since the inception of John Henry Newman's 'Lives of the English Saints,' and whether hagiology has meanwhile risen in repute, or whether we can all enjoy these biogra- phies as pure literature, viewing as poetry what we decline to accept as history, as the Rev. Arthur W. Hutton suggests, he has put them to press once more in a hand- some set of six volumes, garnished with portraits of twelve of the contributors (of whom only one survives, some being under twenty-five at the time, and most being on either side of thirty), and a list as nearly perfect as can be made of the several at- tributions. This edition bears in London the imprint of Freemantle and in Philadel- phia of Lippincott. Mark Pattison, J. A. Froude, Faber, Oakeley, and Mozley are among the portraits mentioned. In noticing the latest addition to the "Versailles Historical Series" (Boston: Hardy, Pratt & Co.), which comprises three

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Oct. 31, 190 1 J The ISTation 339 volumes of Madame de Motteville's Me- moirs, translated by Miss Wormeley, we have pleasure in observing that the work is in many particulars more accurate than in some of the preceding volumes. The ele- mentary error of mistaking "esprit" for intelligence (when the context shows that wit is meant) may be found in i., 202, and ii., 57. Still, the translator keeps even pace with the not very stimulating original, and practises a fair amount of judicious ex cision here and there. Sainte-Beuve's "Causerie" serves as an introduction. Superficially considered, there might ap- pear to be a happy thought in the com- pilation, 'Romantic Castles and Palaces as Seen and Described by Famous Writers, Edited and Translated by Esther Singleton' (Dodd, Mead & Co.). For mere description, Gautier and Alexander Dumas, Hawthorne, William Howitt, Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall, Leigh Hunt and Walter Scott (to cite the less recent) may answer; but wherever the historical details of a guide-book enter in, the age of the selection counts, and many of the details here to be found must be as untrustworthy as they are unreadable. On the other hand, we have passages from J. R. Green, J. A. Symonds, Grant Allen, Pierre Loti, E. De Amicis, C. Yriarte, and other of our contemporaries. There are also nearly fifty excellent photographic illustra- tions. The proof-reading (or is it the schol- arship?) leaves something to be desired. "Farinata des Uberti" occurs on page 42, for example; "Franchise de'Mercoeur" on page 174; "Catherine de Medicis" on page 174, "de'Medicis" on page 101, "de'Medici" on pages 175, 177; "de los Arraynes" on page 79; "Marechale de Chaumont, to do honor to his uncle," on page 213. Under the title 'The Education of the American Citizen,' President Hadley has reprinted a number of his addresses and essays (Charles Scribner's Sons). The views here presented are too well known to re- quire commendation to our readers. Presi- dent Hadley's theory is "that the real test of an educational system lies in its train- ing of the citizen to meet political exi- gencies," and he is fond of dwelling on the potency of public opinion in solving politi- cal problems. While the manner in which the thought is presented is not brilliant, its substance is excellent. Occasionally, the de- sire to be fair and conciliatory produces some indefiniteness of assertion, and opti- mism takes the place of argument. But the head of a great university must nowadays be a diplomatist and beware of too much zeal. The most scholarly paper in the col- lection, on "Ethics as a Political Science," appeared nine years ago, and is perhaps more truly educational than the recent ad- dresses, which necessarily lack the in- clsiveness of arguments meant for students The legal position of women in this coun- try is examined by Mr. G. J. Bayles under the title 'Woman and the Law' (The Cen- tury Co.). The book is intended for women — as women, not as lawyers — and will un- doubtedly be of interest to the growing class of self-sufficient members of the some- time "weaker sex." As Prof. I. F. Rus- sell says in his introduction, in this coun- try woman labors under no legal disabili- ties, and is in some respects favored by the law. Not being ordinarily a voter or of- fice-holder, her public relations are of mod- erate importance; but her property rela- tions are no longer insignificant, while the domestic relations are of at least as much consequence to her aa to man. Hence the author of this book dwells mainly on such subjects as marriage and divorce, the guar- dianship of children, marriage settlements, dower, separate estates, and the conduct of their affairs by women. His presentation of the law is necessarily concise, but is clear and neat, and will meet the wants of those who desire to take a general view of the subject. To sketch in a single volume the history of both critical and creative literature in France during so strikingly productive a period as the last twenty-five or thirty years, might at first blush appear a mere tour dc force. In M. Georges Pellissier's hands the result turns out to be a most valuable general guide for popular pur- poses. It is, indeed, to France that one must look for such an admirable summary of the subject as 'Le Mouvement Litteraire Con- temporain' (Paris: Plon - Nourrit). This work, which takes up novels, plays, poetry, criticism, and history, combines the treat- ment of all essential elements in these various genres with comprehensiveness and lightness of touch. Its one striking want is the almost complete absence of dates, which might easily find a place in foot- notes. Doubtless, many readers may feel disposed to take issue with some of M. Pellissier's conclusions, notably with his charity towards recent experiments in the rejuvenation of French prosody. But the distinguished critic is at all events true to his literary faith, which consists mainly in counselling a return to the method of Sainte-Beuve, in preference to either Taine or Brunetigre. Two more numbers of the 'Catalogo Gen- erale della Libreria Italiana — 1847-1899' (Milan: Hoepli; New York: Lemcke & Buechner) carry the alphabet on into D. Among the more striking lists of works are those, in politics and sociology, of the statesman Colajanni; in letters, of D'An- nunzio, whose beginnings were poetical — 'In Memoriiam: Versi' (1880); 'Canto Novo' (1882); 'Intermezzo di Rime' (1884), and so on. Massimo D'Azeglio editions fill three- quarters of a page, and range, in the case of his 'Ettore Fieramosca,' from 1847 to 1899; of Ms 'Nicold de' Lapi' from 1847 to 1894 — a very even running for these masterpieces. The Dante entries (that is, of works on him) are surprisingly small for the half century; a mere handful. Dino Compagni's 'Chroni- cle' has been reprinted six times — in 1847, 1852, 1858, and, after a decade's pause, 1869, 1870, 1872. Darwin's 'Origin of Species' was not translated till 1865; his 'Journal of a Voyage' till 1872. Fenimore Cooper's vogue in Italy in this later period dates from 1858 with 'The Bravo.' 'Robinson Crusoe' has been issued from 1854 to 1898, but De Foe re- mains to Italians a man of one book. It is pleasant to find here Cowper's lines on his mother's picture translated (1882). The October issue of the Historical Collec- tions of the Essex Institute (Salem, Mass.) contains a paper by the President of that society ent/itled "What Washington Thought of a Third Term." It will well repay read- ing, however little the present generation takes Washington's opinions and political example to heart. It is conclusive as to his being in favor of the republic's right to em- ploy a public servant as long as its advan- tage was consulted by his continuance In of- fice. In his correspondence with his friends and In his Farewell Address a scruple against the principle of a third term found no place among his reasons for seeking re- tirement; nor did he avoid a second term on the ground of its being opposed to public policy, as he might have done. The conditions of South African trade are reviewed in the Consular Reports for Octo- ber by Consul-General Stowe; its growing importance to us being indicated by the fact that only nine other countries take more of our products. He refers to the universal use in Cape Colony of our kitchen ware, furniture, and agricultural imple- ments, and quotes Lord Roberts's commen- dation of the American buckboard wagon as "superior to any other pattern of either Cape or English manufacture." Another proof of the increase of our interests in the Old World is the establishment in Harput of an agency for the exhibition of American goods, chiefly agricultural ma- chinery. To promote this end, a model farm has been started in the vicinity which is "cultivated exclusively by American ma- chinery," and the Governor-General of the province has granted the agency the use of a large tract of arable land near the capital "on which the operations of plough- ing, sowing, cultivating, and harvesting the standard crops of the country can be readily followed and studied." Among other subjects treated in the Reports is Japanese trade, the total volume of our commerce last year having exceeded fifty- seven million dollars. Attention is called to the gradual abolition of domestic slavery in Egypt, 3,450 manumission papers having been granted in the last six years. Kang-Wha, the fortified island lying at the mouth of the Han River, the largest in Korea, has hitherto been the asylum of each refugee native dynasty, and frequent- ly the capital of the country at months at a time, during the many invasions of that oft-conquered country. Modern meth- ods of warfare have made the island less valuable as a stronghold, but the duplicate records of the Government are still kept there in a fortified monastery, which French infantry in 1866 vainly endeavored to storm. These archives are in the care of Buddhist monks, who are subsidized and act as a clerical militia. An account of Kang-Wha, historical and descriptive, is given by the Rev. M. N. Trollope in vol- ume ii. of the Transactions of the Korea Asiatic Society. Rich in ancient masonry, fortifications, and monuments, the island now boasts of two comparatively new tab- lets standing on the headland above the forts stormed by the Americans under Lieut. -Commander (now Rear-Admiral) W. S. Schley, in 1871. They were erected by the people of Kang-Wha in grateful me- mory of their fellows who died for their country. One of them gives the names of four officers and forty-nine Koreans, rank and file slain (compare the "three hundred and fifty" of the official report to our Sec- retary of the Navy). Perhaps the smaller number were from Kang-Wha only. A simi- lar tablet within the monastery enclosure recalls the French expedition of 1866. "The Spirit Worship of the Koreans" is treated in a scholarly paper by the Rev. George Heber Jones. While Confucianism is the creed of the lettered classes, and Buddh-

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34=0 Tlie ISTation [Vol. 73, 'No. 1899 ism of the women, ministering thus to the social side of life, some of the monas- teries also being subsidized. Shamanism is the prevailing cult, the female sorcerers everywhere having amazing influence. Hap- pily, Korean spirits cease all activity at cock-crow, for at the first blast of chan- ticleer they are unable to travel. The claims of geographical research were urged by Dr. R. H. Mill in his address be- fore the British Association at Glasgow. Referring to the unsatisfactory position of the science in Great Britain, both in the general educational scheme and in the Government departments, he stated that "there is still one important colonial boun- dary entirely undelimited in a region some- what difficult of access and still little known, where gold fields will probably be found or reported before long, and where a very serious international question may suddenly arise." He also called attention to the undesirable condition of the laws in regard to water-rights, and the absence of laws as to the utilization of wind — a dan- gerous situation in view of the growing importance of wind- and water-power, and the transport of that power by electricity. The American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia has, after 158 years of exis- tence (Franklin called it into being), re- solved to supplement its semi-monthly meetings with at least one general meeting annually, beginning in Easter week of 1902. Papers to be presented by or through members should be in the Secretaries' hands not later than February 15. — The writers in the "Highways and By- ways Series" (Macmillan) have all, so far, succeeded in producing guide-books so glo- rified with anecdote, literary reminiscence, and, above all, excellent illustration, that they appeal to several classes of readers. Many who will never visit the Lake Dis- trict will find Mr. A. G. Bradley's little book fascinating; and certainly it is one that no traveller in the north of England should fail to take with him. Mr. Brad- ley explored the country from Kendal to Gretna Green, and down to St. Bees on the Irish Sea, riding a bicycle for the most part, and asserting the supreme ad- vantage of this method of progression while he admits that smooth roads are none too common in the Lake Country. His experiences will tempt many cyclists to whom a cycle in that region may have seemed an anomaly, to abandon where possible the lumbering coach of the tourist and loiter with their wheels in the less- known byways. Mr. Bradley's pages are full of memoirs of Shelley, De Quincey, and the "Lakers"; but some of us have had enough of anecdotes of Wordsworth, South- ey, and Hartley Coleridge, and we have read with more interest the curious and gruesome tales connected with the remote granges and ruined halls that cluster in the valleys little visited, even now, by tour- ists. Mr. Pennell's illustrations are as good as ever, though here and there the reproduction is faulty. The map of Mr. Bradley's travels is valuable; for though one usually ends by developing one's own route, in such a pilgrimage, another's ex- periences form an interesting basis if only of comparison. — 'Arnold's Expedition to Quebec' (Mac- millan) is a posthumous work of John Cod- man, 2d, who died in 1897 at the age of thirty-four. His last years were spent in preparing this book, and, although he was unable to give it a final revision, It was practically completed at the time of his death. As an example of the effort be- stowed upon it, we may say that Mr. Cod- man followed the course of Arnold's ad- vance, either on foot or by canoe, for nearly the whole of the way. No pre- ceding writer on the subject had taken the pains to do this, and the result is seen in a much firmer grasp of topographical detail. The suffering of the troops must be the main theme of any narrative which describes this expedition, and no one can properly realize what they endured un- less he has been through the country be- tween Dead River and Lake Megantic. Mr. Codman thought a great mistake was made in taking bateaux. "Rafts could have been built rapidly on the shores of many of the ponds by an advance party, and used to ferry the troops across as fast as they arrived, while a large enough amount of ammunition to have answered every pur- pose could have been thus transported." The cause of this blunder is traceable less to sheer stupidity than to false Informa- tion about the region. Arnold in one of his letters says: "We have been deceived in every account of our route." The de- scription of the fighting before Quebec is very good, and does justice to Carleton's humanity as well as to the bravery of the colonists. We must also point out that the book is in no sense a panegyric of Arnold, composed with a view to mitigating judgment of his later career. The Gen- eral's courage and determination are fully illustrated, but, after all, the real hero is the common soldier. After quoting a devout passage from the journal of Pri- vate Abner Stocking, Mr. Codman pro- ceeds: "Such was the simple piety of many of that devoted little army. On the stern but confident religion of their youth, taught them under the white steeples of their village meeting-houses, they leaned, full of faith, as upon a strong staff, in the days of hunger, cold, and wretchedness in the wilderness, and in the weary hours of disease and defeat before the fortress city of Quebec." We can only regret that Mr. Codman should not have lived to see the publication of a book which is so care- fully worked out and so filled with enthu- siasm. — In 'Johnnie Courteau and Other Poems' (Putnams), Dr. W. H. Drummond reas- serts his claim to the province which he en- tered upon when he wrote 'The Wreck of the Julie Plante,' and made his own by the publication of 'The Habitant.' He knows the French Canadians thoroughly well, and his fund of humor is far from being ex- hausted, as may be seen from pieces like "Johnnie Courteau" and "Mon Frere Ca- mille" in the present volume. "The Hill of St. Sebastien" recalls Chateaubriand's "Le Montagnard Emigre," while there is more than a suggestion of pathos in several Of the poems. "Little Lac Grenier" gives a delightful picture of the solitary Lauren- tian tarn, and "The Cure of Calumette" is the clever portraiture of a type well known in Quebec, the man whose parentage Is partly Irish and partly French. But best of all is "Little Bateese," which may be called the most delicate of Dr. Drummond's poems, whether in this book or in 'The Habitant.' Occasionally the broken Eng- lish of the French farmer Is cast aside; for example, in a few lines at the very be- ginning, where the true motive of all these verses about the Canadian is exposed: "Remember when these tales you read Of rude but honest 'Canayen,' That Joliet, La Verandrye, La Suite, Marquette, and Hennepin Were all true 'Canayen' themselves — And in their veins the same red stream; The conquering blood of Normandle Flowed strong, and gave America Coureurs de bois and voyageurs Whose trail extends from sea to sea!" Here Dr. Drummond shows where his real sympathies lie. The life of the habitant at its best is, and has ever been, bound up with the woods and with the freedom of the open air. Dr. Drummond's hunters, lumbermen, and peasants are somewhat idealized, but, though they are the products of a generous spirit, history is not serious- ly distorted, while the sincerity of the poet's feeling adds depth and color to his lines. Mr. Coburn's illustrations are all animated, and some of them give proof of decided talent. —Whatever importance may attach to Mr. Hubert W. Brown's 'Latin America: The Pagtins, the Papists, the Patriots, the Pro- testants, and the Present Problem' (Flem- ing H. Revell Co.) cannot be attributable to either profound historical research or to keen philosophic deductions from known facts concerning the Latin Americans. It might serve to awaken enthusiasm among a certain class of church people, whose zeal to aid missionary enterprise might thereby be quickened. That pagan forms in the externals of Roman Catholic worship crop up also in Latin America hardly needs to be explained at the cost of many printed pages. We have heard more or less of such practices since the days of Ulrich Zwingli. The evil of Rome, the failure of Roman Catholicism to touch the spiritual natures of the indigines of Spanish America, fanat- icism, useless penances — these constitute the burden of Mr. Brown's book. It is pleasing, however, to note that he has ob- served evidences of a revival of energy, presumably for good, in the Roman Catho- lic Church in Latin America, and that he admits progress towards a reformation, or casting off of the excrescences that had grown during the colonial period; but he does not fully recognize how much of this has resulted from the persistent efforts of the Vatican councils in recent years. There is some confusion of thought in the volume, as where Mr. Brown assumes that there would be amazement at home if we sent missionary workers with an invading army at their back, after having been able to write without apology (p. 194), "An agent of the American Bible Society accompanied the American army in its invasion of Mex- ico in the war of 1847." We must protest against his defence of that vicious practice of adapting the so-called Gospel Hymns to the Spanish in violation of the poetic laws of that language. No people in the world are more devoted to literary excel- lence of form than those of Spanish blood. To offend in this is to repel people of cul- ture and refinement. The author is often interesting when dealing with Mexico, but his knowledge of the rest of Latin Amer- ica is derived from second and often third- hand sources of information. — 'American Literature' (Scott, Foresman & Co.), by Prof. Alphonso G. Newcomer of Stanford University, is an excellent school- book and something more. Considered aim-

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Oct. 31, 1901] The ]STation. 341 ply as an aid in academic and collegiate in- struction, it is— so far as can be judged without actually using it with a class — ad- mirably adapted to its purpose. It imparts important information concisely and accu- rately; its groupings of authors by the nat- ural cleavage of chronology, locality, and idea are managed with great discretion, and are excellently suited to help the student toward a synoptical view of the subject- Finally, its suggestions for study are un- usually helpful and suggestive. But, quite apart from its function as a text-book, Professor Newcomer's little volume deserves consideration by the general reader as a lit- erary history of America. It is actualized by a vivid historical imagination, and its author's feeling for perspective and pro- portion— In placing American literature in the general course of letters, and in in- ternal ranking and classification — is unus- ually keen and just. In the ticklish sec- tions upon contemporary writers there are certain implications with which some read- ers are sure to find fault. For instance, it would seem to us that more space should have been given to men like Col. Higgin- son, Dr. Mitchell, and Dr. Eggleston; and to others whom it would be indelicate to mention, considerably less. But, on the whole, the comparative judgments are con- trived with caution and fairness. The de- tailed criticism of particular writers also is eminently satisfactory. Professor Newcom- er's estimates and appreciations are often original and independent. He is never sla- vishly holden to literary authority; but neither is he intolerant of it. He avoids equally the extremes of pedantry and cocki- ness, which have not been unknown in stu- dies of American literature. He writes a graceful, unaffected style, lively but not flippant. —Mr. J. N. Larned's 'Multitude of Coun- sellors: A Collection of Codes, Precepts, and Rules of Life from the Wise of All Ages' (Houghton, Mifllin & Co.) has had many predecessors of its kind, but com- pares favorably with the best of them. Its distinction from many others is that it is almost purely ethical. There is an intro- ductory essay of thirty-one pages, which is a remarkably concise and valuable com- ment on the selections that follow it. These, If lacking much of a complete representa- tion, disarm the critic of his objection by the abundance of their riches. One is per- suaded that men have known well enough what they ought to do for some five or six thousand years; what they have lack- ed has been personal impulse or inspira- tion. Mr. Lamed questions the value of systematic moral philosophy as a help to right living, but it may be permitted us to doubt whether his beloved maxims are much better. It is "truth embodied in a tale" that makes for righteousness. A good biography of a noble life, however simple, would help more than all these aphorisms, though one must check his opinion by such a judgment as that of Robert Louis Steven- son on William Penn's 'Fruits of Soli- tude.' The most remarkable omission here is that of the Wisdom of Solomon, certain- ly a much more important book than Ec- clesiasticus. A less eccentric moralist than Thoreau might have served for colophon, and, seeing that Mr. Larned begins with Ptah-hotep, "the primitive archetype of all gentlemen," could he have done better than to end with George William Curtis, a mod- ern gentleman between whose Ideals of manners and of morals there was no divid- ing line? THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA. The Jewish Encyclopwdia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Litera- ture, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co. 1901. Vol. I. Aach — Apocalyptic Litera- ture. Pp. xxxviii+686+xxxviii. Of encyclopaedias and cyclopaedias the flood still rises. From gardening to theology, and from architecture to law, its waves roll in on us, and the only doubt left is whether we have come to the age which condenses, sums, concludes, and rests, or to that which re- volts and casts its challenge of things as they are into a statement of those things themselves. So the 'De Proprietatibus Re- rum' of Bartholomeus de Glanville mark- ed an end, and the 'Encyclopedic' marked a beginning. If such fears for us in the ful- ness of our twentieth-century vivacity and expansion seem absurd, it is yet well to re- member that the greatest encyclopaedia of all is in Chinese, and that the decline of original work in Arabic was marked by the writing of compends. Should we resist this old fatality of "Rest and be thankful" and go on from assured ground, thus seem- ingly steadied beneath our feet, into fresh uncertainties, it will be a new thing in the history of civilization. The appearance, therefore, of this latest encyclopaedia has an interest even greater than its own sufficiently great importance would explain. It is of a new kind. The description of no other encyclopaedia yet in existence, draw it largely as we may, covers the one now before us. It may possibly be- long to the same class as the long-promised but still lingering Muhammadan Cyclopaedia, and, again, there may be grave differences. On one side, it is a true encyclopaedia, and speaks, always from a Jewish standpoint, de omni scibili; on another, it is a cyclo- pedia as the record of a single branch of knowledge — the civilization of a single race. But the civilization of one race cannot be cut out with a hatchet from the civilization of all races, and least of all when that race is the Hebrew. Their line has gone out through all the earth, and their word to the end of the world. Cosmopolitan beyond all others, narrowly national above all others, no other people is so fitted to be the despair of the classifier. The new spirit of nation- ality which Mr. Gladstone hailed in the Balkans, has touched them, but in touching them has been changed into something which, the cynic will say, is both rich and strange. Even as a nation among the nations the chosen people is the chosen people still, and gathers to itself the heritage of the world. And so it alone has the self-consciousness to write its own encyclopaedia and sum its own life. For other peoples the same thing, to some extent, has come about uncon- sciously. The Spanish and the Italian, the American and the English descendants of Brockhaus's 'Conversations-Lexikon' — the century-old mother of them all — mirror the thought, tastes, and attitudes of the peoples for whom they are written. But each tries fairly enough to represent unbiassedly the sum of human knowledge, so far, at least, as it rises on their horizon. Their limita- tions are necessary, not self-imposed. If, then, the present work is to avoid an unhappy provincialism, it must accept ab- solutely that it is only a cyclopaedia in the exact sense, and rigidly reject all general rubrics. The full title would suggest that such Is in fact the plan, but in this first volume some articles have entered which can hardly be justified. Thus, Albertus Magnus undoubtedly was to some extent in- fluenced by Maimonides and Avicebron, but only those who would see him at a Hebrew angle should look for him here. At the most his system might be treated under Maimonides or Avicebron as a result influ- enced by them. Again, Aldus Manutius cer- tainly should have a place in a true en- cyclopaedia, but it may be doubted whether his publishing a Hebrew grammar and en- joying Hebrew friendships justify his ap- pearance here. He might be mentioned un- der Printing or under Gerson Soncino, his Jewish friend. As it is, his biography here is ludicrously one-sided. Similarly we have a biography of al-Farabi, for no other rea- son, apparently, than because Maimonides and other Jewish philosophers borrowed from him. He himself had no Jewish re- lationships, and should have been intro- duced in some general sketch of the devel- opment of philosophy among the Jews, or in the article on Maimonides. Again, the article on Altruism, if its own view is jus- tified, is as much in place as the historic chapter on the snakes in Iceland. It is prac- tically a definition and description of al- truism, and a statement that such a thing does not exist in Judaism. So, too. with that on Agnosticism. It is an elaborate ex- position how the difficulty which produces agnosticism cannot exist for Jews. All that is pure negative polemic, and should have no place here. But such errors of intrusion are com- paratively rare, and, leaving them on one side as due to mal -arrangement more than anything else, the true contents of the book may be classified under the following heads: First, and overwhelmingly, comes biography. This is really the backbone of the book and an ample justification for its existence. Beginning with Biblical biography, its net sweeps in all Jews of any name in the Tal- mud, in the Middle Ages, and down to,.the present day, taking up all contemporary Jews of reputation and forming of them practically a "Who's Who" in Judaism. Of necessity the scale of these biographies is limited, but each is followed by a bibliog- raphy which gives access to the ultimate facts. In this respect the importance of the work done cannot be exaggerated. A dic- tionary of Jewish biography has been a long and painfully felt want; but now it will be possible to turn to this book with con- fidence that, even though there may not be found in it all that is sought, yet it will at least afford that jtoO ot£> indispensable for further search. Secondly, the history of the Jews is treated geographically. Thus, we have, for example, articles on Afghanistan, Africa, Alabama, Albany, Alexandria, Algeria, Am- sterdam, etc., which contain a mass of in- formation inaccessible elsewhere. That holds especially of the descriptions of the present condition of the Jewish population, for which it has been possible to draw largely on the assistance of the local rab- bis, thus affording a very curious and in- teresting illustration of the essential unity of the Jewish civilization over all the

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34=2 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 world. These descriptions, originally writ- ten in many different languages and scripts, emanating from very different environments and conditions, are still descriptions of the one people of Israel as it pursues its sep- arate life wherever in the world it may have been cast. Not an organization, but an organism, it impresses the imagination as does the tremendous system of the Church of Rome. Viewed on one side, we can understand the proudest pages of Dis- raeli, exulting in his Sephardic blood, and. on another, that insane panic before a gi- gantic fact whose fruit has been anti-Sem- itism. As to execution, these historical articles are naturally somewhat unequal. Those, for example, on Alsace and Amster- dam are excellent, being continuously full and detailed. That on Alexandria, although in parts good, and especially so in its treatment of the present situation, is very uneven. The history from the Roman period to the present day is passed over without a word, and the treatment of Hellenistic Judaism under the Ptolemies is almost childishly inadequate. Under this head should be mentioned also the articles on Agricultural Colonies, on the Alliance Is- raelite Universelle, and on Anti-Semitism. These explain some of the most interesting and important movements in modern Juda- ism, and are excellent of their kind; the first two are filled with statistics and ta- bles and fairly illuminated with illustra- tions. Thirdly, we have such a treatment of the Old Testament as might be looked for in a dictionary of the Bible. This is by far the weakest side of the book, and even the preface (p. xii.) speaks of it apolo- getically. The difficulty has been rightly felt, that an exhaustive, or even adequate, treatment at this point would compete un- happily with other modern and successful books. Yet, on the other hand, this book is to describe the history and religion of the Jewish people from beginning to end. and its Scriptures are certainly a most important part of both. In view of this, we cannot but feel that either all articles on Biblical subjects should have been frankly struck out and reference made to the corresponding sections in the known Bible dictionaries, or that these articles should have been developed with sufficient detail and thoroughness. Such competing articles written on the scale of those in "Cheyne" and "Hastings," but from a spe- cifically Jewish point of view, would have had the highest racial and even scientific value. As it is, we have space taken up to little purpose. But there was a fur- ther difficulty, which may have decided this matter, and which certainly went to give a curious compound character to the ar- ticles as written. It would appear that the gap separating "traditionalists" and "crit- ics"— to use the current terms — among Jews is even wider than among Christians. No Christian dictionary of the Bible of any size, not even the "Hastings," can be claimed specifically as traditionalist; the traditional party among the Jews has been of weight enough to affect this book. The editors, with a "canniness" that char- acterizes their efforts throughout, have di- vided each of the more important Biblical articles into three sections. First comes a simple statement of the traditional facts, no comment, no analysiB; secondly, the rab- binical interpretation, the facts as the fathers have viewed them — so far, the de- vout may go without soul's peril; thirdly, the "critical" view — here the traditional facts are rechopped, rearranged, and re- interpreted. To the rabbinical section is attached an account of the transmutations suffered by Jewish legends and beliefs among Muslims. Of these three sections, only the rabbinical has the slightest nov- elty to commend it, and even it is bare enough. The fourth division may be classified as articles bearing on Talmudic law. The treatment of rabbinic literature in general is, for the most part, under the authors' names, but there are besides special ru- brics for legal points, c. g., Abetment, Alibi, Alienation, etc. The importance for the history of civilization of this great system is coming to be recognized, certainly if slowly. The student of comparative law must now have a much wider horizon than that which lay round even Sir Henry Maine. The present articles will go far to extend that horizon and to raise new possibilities of comparison. Fifth come a number of rubrics which can be classed roughly as belonging to anthro- pology and folk-lore. The special article on Jewish anthropology is short and dis- appointing, but it is to be supplemented by many articles which will perhaps cover its nakedness. Of the importance of the subject there can be no question; the char- acter and permanence of the Jewish racial type is a standing anthropological prob- lem. Folk-lore is more richly represented in the present volume. Among the arti- cles on it may be mentioned Abracadabra, yEsop, Ahikar, Amulets, Ancestor-worship, Anecdotes. All are readable and interest- ing, but none goes very deep; their limits are those of the popular and not the scien- tific encyclopaedia. Finally may be mentioned a few unclassi- fiable articles, including some of the best. High among them stands Lidzbarsky on the Alphabet — an excellent piece of work. There is a good treatment of the Hebrew accentual system by Margolis and a fair account of Apocalyptic literature. Dr. Gas- ter writes too shortly upon Alchemy. The chief value of this book, then, is to be found in its biographies, its descriptions of the present state of Jews throughout the world, and in its elucidations of Talmudic law. On all these points it gives first-hand information of a kind and to an extent not accessible elsewhere. The rest is pretty much leather and prunella, introduced to make up a handbook of general information for the Jewish home. Whether it would not be better for Jewish homes to seek their instruction in non-national encyclopaedias may remain a moot question. The people of Israel have done and suffered at least as much as any other race; their record is graven deep on the history of the world; they are amply justified in desiring a great book to the glory of their faith and their history. But unpleasing parallels might be drawn between some aspects of this work and some books of the baser sort in lauda- tion of our own recent military glory. The get-up of the book is good, in print- ing, paper, and illustrations. The publish- ers are to be congratulated on the skill with which they have engineered its ap- pearance. With a backing of over 6,000 patron-subscribers — list carefully printed at the end with an open letter to them from Dr. Singer, the projector and manag- ing editor — the success of the undertaking would seem to be assured. The price, there- fore, of seven dollars per volume stirs some wonder in us. It is three times that of the much better bound, equally well print- ed, very much more fully illustrated, and nearly twice as large volumes of Meyer's 'Konversations-Lexikon." In English, the volumes of Chambers's 'Encyclopaedia' are quite as well bound, printed, and illus- trated, are considerably larger, and are probably much less than half the price. If it be objected that this book consists of absolutely new matter, so does the 'En- cyclopaedia Biblica.' Each of its volumes contains about twice as much matter and costs two dollars less; and the public to which the present book appeals is at least as large. Is this difference due to Euro- pean pauper labor, to our beneficent duties on books, or to some tertium quid? THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. The French Revolution : A Sketch. By Shailer Mathews, A.M. Longmans, Green & Co. 1901. he Convo'itionnel Philippewux. Par Paul Mautouchet. Paris: Georges Bellais. 1900. (Bibliotheque d'Histoire Moderne et Con- temporaine.) It is only for the sake of convenience and of a broad contrast that we bring together these two books on the French Revolution. M. Mautouchet writes a longer volume about Philippeaux, an associate of Danton, and a man of limited fame, than Professor Mathews devotes to the whole course of the Revolution from its causes to the end of the National Convention. Neither work comes into comparison with the other, but the dif- ference between them in point of scope serves to illustrate one striking fact. With us and with the English the study of the Revolution is a sport or an accomplishment. With the French it is a separate and recog- nized profession. Professor Mathews's book belongs, both by virtue of space and treatment, to the category of the "general sketch." It is short, it does not assume that the reader has already studied the period, and it is written in a popular style. The two things about it which impress one most are the prominence which is given to the causes of the movement, and the exclusion of the Di- rectory from the author's survey. We are not denying that a strong case can be made out for the scheme which has been followed, but the arrangement of space at once catch- es the attention. One hundred and ten pages, or about two-fifths of the total con- tents, are taken up with matters which pre- cede the meeting of the States-General. Pro- fessor Mathews, however, is prepared for such criticism as may be based upon his conception of the Revolution, for he says in his preface: "It is this need of studying the spirit of the French people quite as much as their deeds, that has led to what may appear, in a book of this size, a somewhat dispropor- tionately extended treatment of the pre- revoiutionary condition of France. But the change of temper which made the old regime unendurable and compelled Louis to sum- mon the State [sic] General, was by far the most Important element of the Revolution. . . . To understand the conditions which were outgrown, and the origin and growth

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Oct. 31, 1901] The USTation. 343 of the revolutionary spirit, seems, therefore, quite as necessary as to trace the history of the destruction of abuse and the struggle for liberty and rights." After this statement we cannot tax Pro- fessor Mathews with having worked out his first part too diffusely. We are brought in contact with a point of view and an avowed purpose. But to the omission of the Direc- tory period we do not so easily agree. While the restoration of order after Vend&miaire may furnish the historian with a just ground for hastening to a close, he should, in an elementary manual, explain how the Con- sulate was established. Professor Mathews concludes with a few sentences about Na- poleon, connecting him with the army and with the Revolution. What he says in his two closing paragraphs is very true, and we only regret that it should be so meagre. On the whole, we cannot call his notice of the relation which exists between the Revolu- tion and Napoleon adequate to the impor- tance of the subject. Professor Mathews may be called a con- servative admirer of the Revolution. He starts out by condemning the old regime so heartily that the carnage which accom- panied its overthrow seems a slight matter. "The Terrorists were seekers after order, not alter anarchy, and while it lasted the Terror was a genuine experiment in politics — crude, hideous, and never to be confounded with the work of the generous idealists of the Constituent Assembly, but, in a politi- cally ignorant and morally weak nation like France, possessing not a single man of first- rate ability among its legislators, probably inevitable." The atrocities are not passed over or explained away, but the abolition of feudal despotism is held to be worth the price. Professor Mathews puts his view of the case clearly when he is describing the state of society in '93: "Indeed, for any one except a possible 'suspect,' life was probably no worse un- der the absolutism of the Committee of Public Safety than under that of Louis XVI. One might almost say that the masses of France were actually terrorized into happi- ness. Criminals dared no longer show them- selves. Men no longer feared the Icttre de cachet; all were equal before the law; pro- visions were no longer in the hands of mo- nopolies; military promotion was open to the peasant and artisan; lands could be bought by the poorest; education was free to all." Regarding the leaders of the Revolution, Professor Mathews does not develop any very new opinions. His chapter on the old regime shows traces of Taine's influ- ence, and when he comes to the politicians of the Constituent, the Legislative, and the Convention, he accepts Taine's verdict of their inefficiency, although his sympathy with the aims of the Revolution prevents him from shafting his criticisms with bitter- ness. He thinks the Constituent unpracti- cal and its work doomed to failure by the undue generosity which it showed. "If ever a strong government is needed, it is when a country is just experiencing the intoxica- tion of new liberties; but this, as we have seen, was the one thing the Assembly was unable, even unwilling, to give France. In this as in other particulars it accurately represented the philosophical, idealistic temper of the class of society from which it was elected. But, like all idealists, it could not see that it was confronted by facts and not theories; by Frenchmen and not natur- al men." Similarly the Terror dragged on be- cause France suffered from a dearth of politi- cal capacity. "Had the Committee of Public Safety come under the influence of a really great man, France, during 1794, would al- most certainly have gradually returned to a normal condition." In Professor Mathews's eyes, Danton and Carnot alone were emi- nent enough to have mastered the situation, and fate led each of them into another path. The effect of the Revolution upon Eu- rope is not one of Professor Mathews's main topics. He keeps closely to the af- fairs of France; and, where his space is so limited, he is right in doing so. His book draws its materials from the best sources, and will form a valuable addi- tion to the manuals which deal with great historical eras. In his long monograph on Philippeaux, M. Mautouchet is carrying forward the end- less task of distinguishing between the virtuous politicians of the Revolution and the vicious; between the true patriots and the scoundrels who exploited the public excitement to their own advantage. When- ever a member of the Convention reaches the rank, we will not say of an orator or a member of the Great Committee, but of a representative on mission, the informa- tion about him becomes enormous, and it is always conflicting. Regarding Philip- peaux, opinion has traversed a wide range. Leaving contemporary writers out of ac- count, he has been assailed by Haureau, Buchez and Roux, Louis Blanc and Ernest Hamel; he has been defended by Michelet, Jules Claretie, and Aulard. M. Mautouchet is, if we may judge from his dedication and the minuteness of his researches, a dis- ciple of M. Aulard, and, like his master, he has warm words of praise for Philip- peaux. But, what is more important, he bases his favorable verdict on a closer in- vestigation of fact and motive than has before been undertaken. Outside of France, Philippeaux owes his widest celebrity to the accident which made him a fellow-victim with Danton, Des- moulins, Westermann, Herault-Sechelles, and Fabre d'Eglantine. His solid repu- tation, however, rests upon his determined stand in La Vendee, when acting there as the representative of the Convention; upon his courage in attacking the Commit- tee of Public Safety; and upon his solici- tude for the well-being of the troops. When one speaks of what he did in La Vendee, it is not implied that he played the despot or the butcher. Besides taking resolute steps to cope with the disturbance, he un- cloaked, without shrinking, the worst de- tails of republican corruption and bestial- ity. Mr. Jephson, whose name is synony- mous with hatred of the Revolution, is glad to quote Philippeaux's reports from the field. M. Mautouchet's monograph is divided be- tween two sets of interests. It is a bio- graphical study, and yet it presents aspects of the Revolution which are wider than the career of any individual. Philippeaux was born at Ferri&res, in the diocese of Beau- vais, and became a lawyer practising in the province of Maine. Through the opening years of the Revolution he lived at Le Mans, and it was not until he entered the Conven- tion that he rose to national importance. What we have called the wider aspect of this volume is concerned with the attitude of the provinces towards the Revolution in the days before the Flight to Vincennes and the September Massacres, M. Mautouchet avoids basing a general statement on what occurred at Le Mans, but one of his chief results (to us, indeed, his most interesting result) is the proof of a disposition in the provinces to go as far forward on the path of change as the capital itself would go. It is hard to make out the exact nature of the rdle which Paris took in the Revolution. Her initiative is quickly seen. The question which one asks is whether she hurried France into the Republic without the con- sent of the majority. M. Mautouchet answers this question, at least partly, by an appeal to the experience of Philippeaux, who, in the Difcnseur de la Taite, stated his position thus: "Ce n'est pas la Revolution qui m'a rendu patriote; les maximes sacrees de la liberte et de l'egalite enflammaient mon cceur longtemps avant qu'on entrevit sa possibilite." Ac- cording to the opinion of M. Mautouchet, the provinces were just as much in earnest about the overthrow of the old system as Paris, though they were also moderate in attacking the nobles and clergy. When the Constituent had established the departments, the districts, and the municipalities, a change in the personnel of administration naturally began. The names of roturiers appear among those of the clergy, the nobles, and the richer merchants on the official lists. The presence of the new element is felt to be an intrusion, but it is at first accepted. Then the "aristocracy" of the gentle and the rich scorn their colleagues, and abdicate functions which bring them into contact with the populace. M. Mautouchet recalls the willingness of the masses at the outset to respect rank, though depriving it of legal status. The subsequent troubles he traces to the pride and aloofness of those who thought themselves dispossessed. "Sans ce depit jalouxdes anciennes classes dirigeantes, qui ne purent se resigner a l'egalite, la Revolution n'aurait pas eu le caractere vio- lent qu'elle devait presenter plus tard." So broad a proposition can hardly be proved from a single chapter of local history. Still, M. Mautouchet shows that the people of Le Mans embarked upon the Revolution in a spirit of seriousness. The original friendliness of Philippeaux towards the Girondists changing into oppo- sition, his antagonism towards the Hebert- ists, the nature of his public services and the cause of Robespierre's hatred are among the subjects to which M. Mautouchet di- rects attention after bringing Philippeaux from Le Mans to Paris. We have select- ed for notice the earlier part of the book because it may affect opinion about one of the most significant problems of the Revo- lution. This is a work of learning, and lends powerful support to the belief in Philip- peaux's probity. Portraits et Souvenirs. Par Camille Saint- Saens. Paris: Societe d'Edition Artis- tique. Camille Saint-Saens is the most intellec- tual and intelligent of all French composers, and, perhaps, the most original. His works, by no means sufficiently known or appre- ciated at present, are likely to endure long- er than those of any of his predecessors. He is an excellent pianist, and, as an organist, has no superior among living musicians. His skill in reading at sight complicated orchestral scores astonished even Wagner. As a musical critic he is less entertaining

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344 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 than the picturesque and romantic Berlioz, but also less erratic and more suggestive and helpful; more appreciative of the past, and more just to contemporaries. Some years ago he published a book entitled 'Har- monie et Molodie,' one of the objects of which was to make known to the public the important fact, so often ignored, that har- mony is not only the latest, but also the highest product of musical evolution. In the preface to his new volume of essays, for which he has chosen the apt title of 'Portraits et Souvenirs,' he remarks that one might think a century had elapsed since the earlier book was written. At that time melody was supposed to mean "inspiration," and harmony meant "science." To-day the amateurs despise the once idolized melody, worship the most obscure and incomprehen- sible harmonies, and are displeased if the orchestral instruments "do not dart about in all directions like poisoned rats!" The general public, luckily, goes its own way, and to it Saint-Saens addresses his new book, containing "anecdotes, reminiscences of some great musicians I knew, and a little criticism on general musical topics. As for real memoirs," he adds, "I shall never write any" — which is to be regretted, for the author is an interesting personage, and the reminiscences contained in the pres- ent volume whet the appetite for more of the same kind. Gounod, though older, was, perhaps, the most intimate musical friend of Saint- Saens, and to him is devoted a most inter- esting chapter of sixty-three pages. "When Gounod," writes the author, "was already in full possession of his talent, he did not disdain to make me, a mere pupil still, the confidant of his most intimate artistic thoughts, and to give my ignorant mind the benefit of his knowledge. He discussed with me as with an equal, and it was thus that I became, if not his pupil, yet his dis- ciple." When Gounod composed his "Mireille," a work which, the author thinks, has not had justice done to it, he sang and played each number to his friend as soon as it was done; and when the whole was fin- ished, Gounod sang and Bizet and Saint- Saens sat at the piano and the harmonium to replace the orchestra. This was some time before the performance of "Romeo," which marked the highest triumph of Gounod — the time when all the world sang his melodies, and all the young composers imitated him. "Romeo" was well received at once, whereas "Faust" was at first al- most a failure. The critics said there was nc melcdy in it, and that it would not be given more than fifteen times. Regarding its ballet, Saint-Saens gives a queer detail. When about to begin writing the music for it, Gounod was seized with religious scru- ples, and sent a messenger to Saint-Saens begging him to write it for him. His friend declared himself willing to oblige him, if necessary, but strongly urged him not to mar the unity of his score by introducing another writer's style into it; so the mat- ter was dropped, and Gounod wrote his own ballet music, a "chef-d'oeuvre du genie." Like Liszt, Gounod was a curious mix- ture of Christian and pagan, of religious devotion and worldliness, in his music as well as in his life. To the world at large, and especially to his own countrymen, he is known chiefly as a composer of two very popular operas. But in the opinion of Saint- Saens, when, in some distant time, Gounod's operas shall have been put away on the dus- ty shelves of libraries, where only students will know about them, his "Messe de Sainte- Cecile," his "Redemption," and his "Mors et Vita" will remain alive "to teach future generations how great a musician gave lustre to France in the nineteenth century." When they first appeared, they were too novel to be appreciated at their true value. "It was apparent that a new genius was ap- proaching, and, as everybody knows, such an arrival is generally not well received. Intellectually, strange to say, man is an animal that loves the night, or at least the dusk; light frightens him, he must be ac- customed to it gradually." It is to be hoped that Saint-Saens's sympathetic analyses of Gounod's oratorios will lead to their being more frequently sung in this country, as well as in France. They are in several re- spects superior to those of Handel and Mendelssohn, besides being less hackneyed. Berlioz is another eminent French com- poser whom Saint-Saens knew well, and whose portrait he paints vividly. "Un para- dox fait homme, tel fut Berlioz." The world looked on him as vain, hateful, and wicked. To Saint-Saens he seemed kind, "bon jusqu' a la faiblesse"; but he carefully ignores all the historic facts which prove Berlioz to have been exceptionally jealous and spiteful in re- gard to his rivals. As a composer he was, no doubt, absolutely original, though not fer- tile of ideas, and in the line of orchestral coloring he influenced all his generation; here he was a scientific experimenter as well as an artist. Saint-Saens considers him "the first musical critic of his period, not- withstanding the frequently inexplicable singularity of his judgments. . . . The pages he wrote on the symphonies of Beetho- ven, on the operas of Gluck, are incompar- able; one must always return to them when one wants to refresh one's imagination, pu- rify one's taste, and wash off the dust with which every-day life and the ordinary musi- cal experiences cover our artistic souls, which have so much to suffer in this world." His fault as a critic was that he judged works solely from one point of view— whether they bored him or pleased him per- sonally. The ancient masters did not ex- ist for him; Bach he looked on as a dry pedant, till Saint-Saens one day made him acquainted with one of his choruses. Ber- lioz was astounded, delighted; he had not conceived it possible that Bach could write such a thing. "The plain truth was, he did not know him." In his ability to appreciate all the great masters of the past as well as of his own time, Saint-Saens presents a pleasing con- trast to Berlioz. He deserves especial praise for his championship of Liszt, whose compositions have been as completely ne- glected in France as Schumann's once were for several decades. In a short and pithy essay, which cannot be commended too highly to the attention of intelligent mu- sicians, he dwells on most of the main phases of Liszt's activity as a composer; his epoch-making symphonic poems, built upon the ruined mould of the antique sym- phony and the venerable overture; his de- lightful rhapsodies; his unjustly sneered-at operatic transcriptions, "in the least ot which the hand of a composer is visible"; his transformation of the piano; his im- provements in notation; the wonderful use he, a pianist, made of the voice as well as the orchestra; his rich melodic vein; his remarkable boldness and originality in the realm of harmony, in which he went even beyond Wagner, etc. Especial attention should be called to the remarks on two phases of Liszt's genius which are least known to professionals as well as to the public: his sacred works, "in which the In- comparable splendor of cathedrals is re- flected," and his compositions for the or- gan, in which, Saint-Saens tells us as a specialist, Liszt seemed to foresee in- tuitively the latest improvements in that instrument. And while the professional critics have so long been ignorantly de- crying Liszt as a virtuoso and a seeker after sensational effects, Saint-Saens, with a deeper insight, finds that Liszt, on the contrary, made expression the aim and end of music. In only one point does the French composer misconceive the Hungarian. Liszt did not, as Saint-Saens fancies, try to im- pose his novel works on the world too soon. On the contrary, he was altogether too modest and lacking in "push," refraining from giving his own compositions the bene- fit of that interpretative genius which had done more than anything else to make pop- ular the works of the great masters from Bach, Beethoven, and Schubert to Chopin and Wagner. Enough has been said to show what a rich source of information and suggestion the new volume of Saint-Saens is. For the rest of the contents we must limit our- selves to indicating the titles of the chap- ters: Victor MassG, Antoine Rubinstein, Une Travers>&e en Bretagne, Un Engage- ment d'Artiste, Georges Bizet, Louis Gal- let; Docteur a Cambridge, "Orphee," "Don Giovanni," La Defense de l'Opera Comique, Drame Lyrique et Drame Musical, Le Theatre au Concert, L'lllusion Wagnerienne, Le Mouvement Musical, Lettre de Las Pal- mas. It may be added that 'Portraits et Souvenirs' has in a short time reached its third edition. Wall and Water Gardens. By Gertrude Jekyll. Pp. vii, 177, 132 ills. London: Hudson & Kearns; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. A new book by Gertrude Jekyll is a de- light to garden lovers. Whether they care about garden design as do those who can see little good except in the formal garden, or whether they are among those for whom the natural method is the only right one, they cannot fail to find much that deeply interests them in any book by Miss Jekyll. Her catholicity of taste is remarkable. She has an eye for the best in every style, and a happy faculty of pointing out just what it is that makes for real excellence in any example. Indeed, it is this catholicity, this lack of partisanship, that makes her books so acceptable to people of such opposite convictions. Your old-fashioned landscape gardener, for whom a straight line is an abomination, finds as much to delight him in her books as does the most enthusiastic devotee of the architectural manner, for whom the T-square and the clippers are the only necessary garden tools. But, design aside, it is the class that cares about the growing of flowers for their own sake that finds the deepest satisfaction in Miss Jekyll's books. Especially is this true of such a book as 'Wall and Water Gardens.' In this she has had an unusually good chance to bring into play the lnti-

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Oct. 31, 1901] The Nation. 345 mate knowledge of plants that char- acterizes all she writes. Her love for flowers is strong and direct, but well con- trolled, so that while it always makes it- self felt, it never becomes obtrusive, least of all does it fall into sentimentality. This love of growing things is no idle prssion. It makes her minute observation of the ways of plants, their habits of growth, their various characters, of very much deeper meaning than would mere scientific study. But even beyond her love of plants and her thorough knowledge of them, there stands out from all Miss Jekyll's work the fact that she is an artist, knowing the true relation of plants to each other and to their surroundings, and taking the keenest de- light in so disposing all the material at her command as to produce garden compositions of the greatest beauty. Miss Jekyll's earlier books, 'Wood and Gar- den' and 'House and Garden,' were devoted to the lessons she had learned from years of work in her own beautiful garden in Sur- rey. In 'Wall and Water Gardens' she opens a wider field, confining herself by no means to her own home, but seeking information, experience, and examples wherever they may best be found. The book is a practical one. It goes directly to the point. How shall we build our rough walls so that the plants may best find foothold? With what shall we back them so that in long dry spells the roots may find moisture? Where shall we place them, in shade or sun? Such questions are answered before any thought is given to the plants themselves. Then comes the rock wall in the sun, and the things that thrive upon it. Next its shady side, with ferns and saxifrages. Then terrace and garden walls, with such wealth of examples as may read- ily be found in England. The stream gar- den and marsh pools form a digression, and then our author turns to the rock garden proper, with its Alpine plants. Then fol- lows the treatment of lakes and large ponds, of small ponds and pools, of formal basins and of water margins. Such a list of the chief subjects covered by the book gives some idea of its scope, but none whatever of its charm, and, indeed, this charm is subtle and difficult to convey. It springs from well-trained observation, from clearness of statement, from directness of purpose, from a fine sense of appropriate- ness, from well-developed artistic faculties. Miss Jekyll teaches not only by her words, but by the pictures with which she makes her meaning doubly clear. The illustrations of 'Wall and Water Gardens,' beautiful though they are, are not selected merely be- cause they are beautiful, but rather because they bring home the writer's idea more for- cibly and vividly than even her words. Many of them give us charming glimpses into old English gardens, across broad stretches of lawn, by lily pools to stately houses, or over still waters to a castle whose moat now serves only as a water garden. Many of them show us spray-like masses of tiny blos- soms tumbling down over old bank walls, strange tufted things, looking half like sea. anemones clinging to the chinks of the stone work, or scattered groups of hart's tongues crouching at the wall-foot. Others, again, show us how things from over sea or from the mountain tops take kindly to their new abode: Xerophyllum, our old friend the turkey-beard of the New Jersey pine bar- rens, raising its plumy blossoms in the south Of England; Anemone Apennina and Erinus Alpinus, much at home in a shady wall not many feet above the level of the sea. Although the treatment of streams, pools, and marshy places is handled with Miss Je- kyll's unfailing artistic discernment, one feels that she is not in as close personal touch with water plants as with rock plants. This is more evident, perhaps, in the chapter on water lilies than elsewhere, for here her indebtedness to sources of in- formation other than her own experience and observation shows pretty clearly. Miss Jekyll rarely trusts herself to give us any- thing not entirely her own, and in this she is wise. Most readers are so little skilled in the art of seeing that they can see more through her eyes than through their own, and for that reason they prefer to read about things that have come directly under her own observation. Le Marche Financier en 1900-1901. Par Arthur Raffalovich, Correspondant de l'ln- stitut. Paris: Librairie Guillaumin & Cie. 1901. As a critic of contemporary movements in finance, M. Raffalovich has the double ad- vantage of occupying a post in the Russian financial service, which gives him an in- sight into the most secret currents of the markets, and of residing in Paris, where, for various reasons, the most unbiassed view of financial world-movements may be obtained. Like his previous annual volumes beginning with 1891, the new 'MarchS Financier' con- tains separate articles reviewing in great detail the year's financial history in Eng- land, Germany, Russia, Austria, Spain, Bel- gium, Italy, Switzerland, Portugal, Ruma- nia, and the United States. Some of these papers are written by M. Raffalovich him- self, some by well-known experts in the countries in question. As might be supposed, the review of Rus- sian finance — a subject rarely treated by a sure and practised hand— possesses partic- ular interest; but we have space only to no- tice M. Raffalovich's contention that the violent fluctuations of the Imperial finances, between heavy annual surplus and heavy de- ficit, result inevitably from the Govern- ment's operation of railways, and from its monopoly in the manufacture of spirits. It is easy to see how fluctuations of trade in a country such as Russia — dependent chiefly on agriculture, and alternating between crops of enormous magnitude, as in 1893, and ruinous harvest failures, as in 1891 and 1897— must drive the Imperial revenues from one extreme to the other. With this in mind, there is no reason for surprise at the budget surplus of 167,000,000 rubles in 1893, only two years after a deficit of 177,000,000 in 1891. But to explain is not to approve a system which thus complicates the proper functions of Government, and which makes of the national exchequer a chronic and often unsuccessful applicant at every great money market in the world. For the reasons already stated, we have found the greater interest in M. Raffalo- vich's review of the general financial situ- ation. A summary, by so well-qualified and favorably situated an observer, of the exciting events on the markets of the past twelvemonth, ought to be singularly valu- able, and M. Raffalovich does not disappoint us. The year 1899 he marks out as the cul- mination of Europe's movement of specula- tive expansion. During four years prior to that time, the investing public had been steadily parting with its fixed invest men and intrusting its money to the ventures common in a period of trade expansion. Then, as in all similar periods of the past, "Great conversions of capital preceded epochs of feverish activity, which led din to financial crises and embarrassments. These resultant disturbances sometimes arise from accidents quite independent of the will of the parties most concerned— from a war a harvest failure, a political or social com- motion; events which instantly check the progress of affairs, cut down available re- sources, and cause sudden retreat of specu- lative capital to a place of safety. But the reaction may also proceed from the very excesses of speculation itself, and both in- fluences may be at work simultaneously. This is exactly what occurred in 1900." M. Raffalovich here speaks of Europe; had he said 1901, his words would have described with the closest accuracy the course of events in the United States. On the American situation, M. Raffalovich, writing, it would appear by the context, be- fore Wall Street's debacle of last May, makes some interesting observations. Having re- viewed the familiar reasons for this coun- try's sudden rise in financial prestige, he proceeds: "These, then, are the conditions which explain North America's momentary su- premacy. But great care must be taken to avoid exaggerated optimism. The industrial and financial situation is very strong, but too large inferences may easily be drawn from it. The huge and rapidly developed export movement through which that sit- uation was attained, was a consequence of peculiar circumstances which may not per- manently be reproduced. One is tempted to ask if New Yorkers are not indulging in premature triumph over the decadence of London. New York has gained great amounts of capital in diverse ways; the most lucrative being railway reorganizations, which sacrificed, without right or reason, European holders of the stocks and bonds in question. Several American harvests, thanks to the Russian shortages and the Indian famines, have been sold abroad un- der the best conditions. . . . But the question of the final classification of the United States among the financial Powers still remain open. The States have invest- ed capital in Europe, they have bought back their own securities. But, with all this abundance of resources, they have even now not disdained to apply for loans at the European banks." The significance of the last phenomenon pointed out by M. Raffalovich has been strikingly demonstrated by the events of the last few weeks. Deafness and Cheerfulness. By A. W. Jack- son, A.M., author of 'James Martineau: A Biography and Study.' Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1901. Mr. Jackson's object in writing this lit- tle book is to induce a habit of cheerful- ness in those who are suffering from the infirmity which has pressed so heavily on his own life. His deafness dates from the civil war, and was caused, we have been told, by a cannon-ball which whizzed so near his head that he considered himself at the time to have had a fortunate escape. Deafness did not at once ensue. It is, we suppose, his own story that he details on the eleventh page. Starting from this ex- ample, he writes first of unconscious deaf- ness; and, having been told by a good aurist that 60 per cent, of the community are deaf in some degree, he advises those who suspect no trouble to undergo examina-

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34=3 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1896 tion, if haply they may be made wise in time. Nothing in the book is more pathe- tic than the account of his first losses — the clock-tick, the robin's song, the ripple of a loved stream, the drip-drop of the rain up- on the roof. To many who enjoy approxi- mately perfect hearing, this account of the sorrows of deafness from a sensitive and imaginative sufferer will be a startling rev- elation, and will open for them new ave- nues of sympathy. A chapter on its social afflictions will awaken responsive echoes in ears much better than Mr. Jackson's but not what they were once. We are obliged, however, to regard his suffering as un- commonly severe, Involving not only the de- fect of hearing, but those dreadful noises in the head which frequently accompany deafness, while these things and all the concomitant social disabilities had for their victim a man of acute, if not quite morbid, sensibility. The subjective emphasis is revealed by contrast when he tells us of a friend deafer than himself, who testifies that in twenty-five years he has never been unpleasantly reminded of his deafness by his friends. Mr. Jackson may be hyper- sensitive, but this man or his friends must be quite out of the common. A chapter on "Business Embarrassments" gives us a new sense of the tremendous handicap that deafness is to a man's busi- ness usefulness and success. Next fol- lows "The Pathos of Deafness," but we had had so much of this already that the chap- ter comes near to being an anti-climax, especially as some of the humors of deaf- ness are first recounted. Mr. Jackson's private contribution is a grace at table in concert with the deacon of his church. So far we have had more to aggravate the consciousness of deafness than to allay its smart. There is excuse for this in the appeal that is thus made to those who as- sociate with deaf people. Mr. Jackson's book has quite as much admonition for these as for the deaf. The chapter which most justifies the ti- tle of the book is the seventh, "Helps and Consolations of Deafness." We have compared this with Harriet Martineau's 'Letter to the Deaf,' which did good service in its day, and have found much general agreement with some differ- once. Eoth plead against false shams and for (he trumpet when, instead of hearing, we are getting an uncertain sound. Miss Martineau's anticipation of lip-reading is very interesting. On this Mr. Jackson lays much stress, and more than Miss Marti- neau on the consolations of literature and science. Her more social disposition speaks in her insistence that society must not be given up. Mr. Jackson quotes her and de- murs: one must discharge his duties to so- ciety, but if the effort to bear a part in so- cial functions is wearisome and irritating, inducing nervous exhaustion and mental depression, the deaf should spare them- selves. The book can safely be commended to the deaf and their impatient friends. The Teachings of Dante. By Charles Al- len Dinsmore. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. In his 'Convito' Dante wrote: "Know ev- ery one that nothing harmonized by a mu- sical bond can be transmuted from its own speech to another without breaking all its sweetness and harmony." This has sometimes been the text of those who would decry all study of poetry in translation. But, if we mistake not, Mr. Dinsmore has composed his volume upon Dante's thought without an intimate knowledge of the Ital- ian tongue, and his work is so admirable that it is a stumbling-block for one who would apply Dante's dictum strictly. Mr. Dinsmore has not concerned himself chief- ly with the final flavor of the Dantesque style; he has not attempted, as other writ- ers have, to convey to his own page some- thing of the power of "that magical word too few." Nor has he attempted to im- part in pedestrian prose any conception of the beauty of Dante's canorous lines. But he has produced a sane and sin- cere exposition of the poet's religious thought, and this is surely a work eminent- ly worth while in an age with a growing tendency to value Dante most highly for certain subordinate phases of his poetic power, for his minute realism of observa- tion, or his marvellous gift of lighting his page by a vivid glare or slow, pervasive glow. But Mr. Dinsmore has been at the pains of grasping the poem as a whole. If, as Parsons said, "time and toil, fasting and solitude" are necessary to the translator of Dante, the expositor of the poet's perplexities will find the strictest medita- tion no less needful. Mr. Dinsmore's book gives evidence of close and careful thought, and bears no marks of la fretta che Vone- stade ad ogni atto dismaga. The preliminary chapters upon Dante's outer and inner life are well informed and well considered. It does not, however, seem wise at this late day to doubt that the beatific lady of the 'Vita Nuova' and the 'Commedia' was Dante's neighbor, Beatrice Portinari, who married Simone de' Bardi. Despite an occasional iconoclastic authority, it certainly does not seem "more prob- able that she was some maiden to whom Dante gave the name of Beatrice, the bless- ed one, to hide her identity." Indeed, Mr. Dinsmore is not consistent in his doubt, for just over the page he says: "With the death of Beatrice in his [Dante's] twen- ty-fifth year the first great sorrow came into his life." Now it was Beatrice de' Bardi who died in 1290, when Dante was exactly twenty-five. Nor can we quite agree with the implication of a sentence which follows: "Many go so far as to as- sert that he yielded to sensual lusts." Every one knows that, at the death of Beatrice, Dante's quest of his ideal wavered: Miss Rossetti and others have half believed that he became for the time something of the Epicurean, contracting an earthly mar- riage with Gemma dei Donati, and tasting some of the "settled sweets" of life. But whatever the truth may be, "sensual lusts" is not the perfect phrase. But all this is preparatory and inci- dental. Mr. Dinsmore has aimed not to produce a literary study of Dante and his poem, but to expound what he believes to be the central spiritual truths of that epic of the inner life. He rightly con- ceives the scene of the 'Commedia' to be not the future existence, but the spiritual world which eternally is, with it3 three great subdivisions of sin, trial, and be- atitude. The account of the "Inferno" as an experience o£ sin Is conducted with great sincerity and with a lurid intensity caught from Dante himself, but as unusual as salutary in easy-going days. The char- acterization of Lucifer, at the bottom of the pit, as the complete type of the real nature of sin, will admit of quotation: "Huge, bloody, loathsome, grotesque, sell-absorbed; not dead, nor yet alive; having three faces, one fiery red, one be- tween white and yellow, one black — indi- cating the threefold character of sin as malignant, impotent, and ignorant; everj moment sending forth chilling death, mak- ing others woful in his own woes; punish- ing his followers with frightful torture, and thus undoing himself; the tears of the world flowing back to him as to their source and becoming his torment; the movement of his wings, by which he seeks to ex- tricate himself, freezing the rivers, and thus imprisoning him — what more fitting personification could this seer have devised to show evil in its real deformity and folly?" In passing from the murky "Inferno" to the "Purgatorio," where the "darkness is quieted by hope," Mr. Dinsmore comes to a theme common in present-day psychology. His discussion of "The Quest of Liberty" is excellent; and not the least fructifying section of the book is his chapter upon "Purgatory in Literature," in which the similarity of motive in the "Purgatorio," 'The Scarlet Letter,' and Tennyson's "Guin- evere " is strikingly developed. It is in- teresting to note that, in spite of Mr. Dins- more's all but worshipful attitude toward Dante, and in spite of his general theo- logical purpose, he affirms that, in his con- ception of the means of sanctification, Dante is human and reasonable rather than distinctively Christian — in holding, that is, that virtue and inner peace are to be attained by ethical, not by supernat- ural, means. The final emphasis of the volume is rightfully, but somewhat unusu- ally, laid upon the "Paradiso." The chap- ters describing and expounding the celes- tial spheres are perhaps the best in the book. They should lead even the readei unfamiliar with Dante at first hand to feel the truth of Dean Plumptre's sentence: "Post Dantis Paradisum nihil restat nisi visio Dei." Enough has been said to show the pecu- liar merit of Mr. Dinsmore's book. It is written with a distinct theological pre- occupation, but it is not overblown, to th» reader's discomfort, by the dust of creeds. It lacks the sympathetic subtlety often found in Miss Rossetti's 'Shadow of Dante'; it fails, likewise, to attain the breadth of view and catholicity seen in such essays as those by Lowell, and Church, and Norton; it does not pretend to the minute Dan- tean scholarship of Oscar Kuhns, not to mention others than writers in English; but it is an honest piece of work, se- riously to be reckoned with by the earnest student of Dante's thought. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams, G. B., and Stephens, H. M. 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Oct. 31, 1901] The IsTation. 34:7 Houghton, Tradition. Chenery, Susan. As the Twig is Bent. Mifflin & Co. $1. Chesnutt. C. W. The Marrow of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50. Dunbar. P. L. Candle-L-ightin' Time. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Elliott, Sarah B. The Making of Jane. Scribners. $1.50. Foster, Man H., and Cummings. Mabel H. Asgard Stories. Silver, Burdett & Co. 36 cents. Friedman. I. K. Bv Bread Alone. McClure, Phil- $1.50. H. Inductive Sociology. Macmillan. & Co Giddings. F. $1.10. Grahame. R. Ian. $2.50. Graydon, W B. C. A Vanished Arcadia. Macmil- M. The Princess of the Purple Pal- ace. McClure. riiillips & Co. $1.10. Habberton, John. Caleb Wright. Boston: Lothrop Tub. Co. $1.50. IlaU'vy. Daniel. Essais sur le Mouvement Ouvrier en France. Paris: George Bellais. 3 fr. 60c. Harrison. Frederic. George Washington, and Other American Addresses. Macmillan. $1.75. James, Martha. My Friend Jim. Boston: Lee & Shepard. Johnson, Clifton. The Isle of the Shamrock. Mac- millan. $2. Kellogg, V. 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The Contributors' Club and eight other contributions complete the issue On all new subscriptions received before December 20/h, the November and December, 1901, issues will be mailed free. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY 4 Park Street, Boston, Hass. HARVARD STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY Volume XII Dedicated to Professor WILLIAM W. GOODWIN and containing twenty-five articles written by his former pupils or present colleagues is Now Ready This and other volumes of the Series may be had at$l .50 per volume, postpaid, of the PUBLICATION AGENT OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. A list of the Series, with Tables of Contents, sent on application. o UR CABINET SETS OF STAA7- dard Authors will please von Send for Catalogue. DANA EsTES & CO., Boston A NY BOOK'S, 07 D OR NEW. SUP- xL plied to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly tilled. Liberal discounts, I. Baylies, lit* I'uttam Ave. (Brooklyn), New York City.

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348 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1896 Financial. PVLFORJ),HOWtst moi All noteholders and other creditors of said association are therefore hereby notified to presenfthe notes and other claims against the said association for payment. October 1st, 1901. N. A. CROCKETT. Cashier. Hijch=Qrade Securities. Bend for our Il,t of In- ., ,. , _ comc-bearlng Securities. Mailed on request. E. H. GAY & CO., 131 Devonshire bt., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., New York. o. Dress Stuffs. Etamines, Bareges, Wool Crepes, Melanges, Nun's Veilings — New Colors. Cream and White Thin Wool and Silk and Wool Fabrics for House and Evening Wear. French and Scotch Flannels. Plain Colors, Stripes and Figures. Embroidered Flannels for Waists and Gowns. n oaAvaij, cAj 1 yih 61, NEW YORK. Travel. aOINCJ ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? SQud for '• Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly, Boston— Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin, $40, $45, upwards, depending on steamer. S. S. "Devo- nian " Oct. 23; S. S. "Cestrian," Oct. 30; S. S. " YVinifredian." Nov. fi; S. S. " King.-tonian," to London Nov. 9 ; S. B. •' Iberian," Nov. 19. F. O. HOUfJHTON & CO., Oen'l Agents. 115 State Street, Boston. R EMINGTON Standard Typewriter 321 BROADWAY, NEW YORK To receive the current numbers In a convenient (temporary) form. Sub- stantially made, bound In cloth, with The Na- tion stamped on the side In gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent, postpaid, on re- ceipt of 75 cents.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 897. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 7 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. Victorian Prose Masters By W. C. BR.OWNELL. Author of " French Grails." Etc. HPHE Victorian Prose Masters who are its subjects are Thackeray, George Eliot, Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, Ruskin, and George Meredith— a group which probably includes the chosen "master" of every reader who has felt strongly literary influences. It will give him the rare enjoyment in contemporary criticism of deep appreciation without extravagance and really fruitful analysis and suggestion without the pose of the analyst. $1.50 net {postage 12 cents) F^7^NCrH* AR-T W. C. BROWNELL Classic and Contemporary Auihor of ..v{ctorian Trose Painting and Sculpture Master*- Etc. New and Enlarged Edition, reset in larger type and 48 illustrations added TTO this standard work the author has added a chapter on the work of RODIN. The book is thus a measurably complete and abun- dantly illustrated record of French plastic art from the Renaissance, treated from an interpretative and critical rather than a his- torical standpoint. $3.75 net {postage 20 cents) ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES By AUGUSTINE BIR.R.ELL. Author of " Obiter "Dicta." Brilliant Essays on historical and literary topics. $1.00 net {postage 11 cents) THE NEW YORK TIMES SATURDAY REVIEW says of THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOVIS STEVENSON By GRAHAM BALFOUR " It seems clear that Mr. Balfour's <work as editor could scarcely have been better done. The •volumes, moreover, contain much entirely nevj matter, and even vjhere familiar ground has necessarily been gone over the vjork has been done in sympathetic and unhackneyed fashion. Indeed, the memoir perhaps -will have an even ivarmer vjelcome than that accorded to the letters. . . . "His entire sympathy with his subject, never degenerating into mere hero vjorship, makes his concluding chapter of some thirty pages—* R. L. S. '—one of the most fascinating portions of an entirety fascinating book." In two volumes. $4*00 net (postage 30 cents) CHARLES SCRIBNERS SONS

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 The Nation. A WEEKLY J Politics, Liter FOUNDED 1865. Entered aUh% New' York CUy^Pasl-offlce as second-- class mail-matter. EKWca Delaware, Vilin 'MISSELS ' fbre, 122 Franklin Street. s 'or Girls. Students ,d 124 W. Frankli 32 a ,d 12 fOR T~H BQAWDING and DA School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre, \ pHnriniils Miss E. D. Huntley, ( "incipals. Massachusetts. Boston. Samujsl G. Bennett. Tl tokial Articles : ie Municipal Campaign 352 ip War Department and the State Troops. 353 t Education Through the Libraries 35? )ial Correspondence: ..re ONTENTS OF THIS NUMB'. Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Study Home for youDg ladles. Resident French teacher. Only French spoken. For particulars and clrculfwiddsess - Boule Sd Mgo (XlVi )S moardi^r ana 5un*t'*rT*~*fBtabll9&cd in MB. Clio application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St., Phila., , Phila., Pa. _ ..... ..... .. ._„,^._ arean Economics and the Peasantry. ....... 354 crJ»loin^pwt)iU.Tjr.Rr. „a«rnO. .JOUsseS a - Marquis de la Rouerie , 357 ■ ^nv:> to iaji a. . . .o . .Ms 1 1> A* vi TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. wee Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, tfl * pari 0/ the United States or Canada; to foreign!. „LL itries comprised in the Postal Union, $U-00. "3 ie date when the subscription expires is on the res&iaheltyif'oAipqpiM.ithiiithttnffOaf. whiolkStO' e. No other receipt is sent unless requested: omittances at the risk of the subscriber, unless m le by registered letter, or by cheek, express or :r, or Postal Order, payable to " Publisher of th iWadmi." ■ "Povfll Victoria Cnl1pcr> lvWaWri^ MMbvT,mfu$ Koyai victoria uiiiegeo^^i,^^^^,^^. to 'hen a change of address is new addresses should be" ddress THE NA TION} iblication Office, 208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING, fteen cents per agate line, each insertion ; V, s to the inch. venty per ent. advance for choice of page, or >f ivitwmn. insertion , ^"n&m^ w v \t» "\oAtu Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass UNfcTRUCTOtfBU WIS SeHOLARSrllRSJm fe: c4Jttt bKW^WmkW^> Philip Hale, ) Painting men; Helen Hamb Decorative Design e.w. giiiersun, Auatumy. A. K. Cross, Perspective. 26th Year. Helen Hamblen rae 'as' Prizes. iMrciivjuiiU'saml terms address Emily Danforth Manager. NoWros»,i d cited by counsel Direct Inheritance me Growth \ , '':; FORENSIC DECLAMATIONS— Espenshade. 5( fNjERMAiraNa l^QT— Wilson and TuckerJI AfcdKOLa&WfestdlsTERandCcMMiNGS.. 3( 4 Ashburion Place, Boston; 1606 Pa. Ave., Washington; 080 ^ 203 Mich. Blvd.. Chicago; 526 Stlme'n Bk„ Los Angeles; ( mfp'w 'H^.t^f ^Vyfy'wv.vi IB ANY lEALH'EkS' AbE'JVLT, obtaining positions Rents and sells School Property. Tl DISCOUNTS. lr^ertiwialoi): . vuVV >i\o\). .ta\\ S„li..„.,. Stevens y be priced de rOperaT^tod Brown. Trafalg; Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. LIFE of P ASTEVRj ^6V ifc>tyA£LERY^RADOT 11 iVjn.yA-jVjNrt"* i\)i>ia r\i>-\i\i>") .•\*n>k>'.wn» , \IO-\\) T» for home and board. . Best city W^^ch, (\\ (, Mademoiselle l. \ \i-i\.' ^n&»\ino>^A;«*«tm;v^gW«fi orw ^ ram ofafl ^ftsnwa^aftnaq^^^S^ifc /m\ A^Q^^fer^fej1?1^-,^ vermes, with a TO BE PUBLISHED SHORTLY: ™tT SCT, \$7»»-7leTi DICKENS. kTIONS. Oxford University Press, American Branch, mm lil IMS U»n AvIIIULUW IHIil. IL VBR SERIES OF CLASSICS. (New Issues Eliot's Silas Marner— Maxcy 31 Selected Poems of Robert Burns— Kent 2i Selected Essays of Charles Lamb— North. 3( Tennyson's Holy Grail Jewett 3f Single bonks postpaid upon receipt of price SILVER, BVRDETT ®l COMPAN ME.W >OICK ■BOSTON CHICAGO UTlAW -auv 53K3CMvEfli^/ 'V^r*Pv"^ ln 't rA>'»0 -'lJ modern times. mv Tiimavip m«*a e great scientist. Per sd?V$9J5*.Vl^\ '•jWifpilM^Wto Publishers, NEW V0R \t*r*n&rM liSBI JhLZnErMulhori On receipt of postal card specimens of paper, typ *mmw |iftl\VWf,Hlii/tYltt mu., mn 1 w^

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;$9YoH f^P?fl>Vj T&.9j£^W#*F- vd isdobO Jt/ihuQ bsHzildi/'I ,-JtOUGHTON. MIFrTJN & CO. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL and "MfiSwfl e&« ,ery iusl ippre :iation. Mr. perationof Mr. Lowell's family, Scudde and has produce most of Ame e9883ibbA nsahsmA isdJO bnA .D)s tY>bol fiift».-.iif\lif,fP-.H)^, tiMf^q MfPiflMj.^i .zb £t sgjdzoq -^Aigfodjl invT#mtle»th4D4B>tury Problems. By Ly(vi >bA ns3ii9mA isiDQ bnA rue Dirure n e n« a m >o8 ffl,Ct,.,ift(|V(,fp.J|)^1 trHJPnq ifPifl^W r e of the fore- /iaU Dr. Abbott has writtena v£ry significant book, dealinjjw ent and inafelsSfelrTglts cMiarlQf rlfll^Qif p3*lnTc ymonojaHB^iBCAHsesfc^ffls.ji^Hgq^Wjrj^n^r^MiaiHHlJtit^tions, to vii'.|ivjjft^; edUT^tioh]and'rM^ion,'.^rtit-6lpiiiia».irfefBrbride to {he problems,-, .3ia.!UlIlffl.W-la«uiiiiiliit*»(l.liCiiilcl4.fl " '^rltlKsW \svpo\A. ya& iSft'OStBZ K) th m fistef- rcumstances. questions of ^licft1 Wco'rif'rbr^'rhe'^ehc^^eyple'. .213 2 9 i EMI93 0 ,om£t .rffoij e K mil W. ill I': . ,, A-,,,-,, NEW TALES OF OLD ROM Y_ioteiH rtei*gw>»j> ^ce^n^ttm^o^c^ijtcjig^gi, ttaLi^oi «n3+njL -Inll sUYni voM^^mYmimtih MW&>iMr$?A with ^aPs an^ -Oj.iJ.ritoIO ^abnsb J! Hi .11 Jd^Hsb fUlW 1870 — ".\I*tR R*OflO Iwt'n od fin p-|, 1 ■■■ ,,--,,..,. . ■ iu«wivpi i ttnfiun iiv/iauu Tifnu.li; ii viob.iH iDr^wwXS.'lSMPiiftir-PPj^^rjjo^gese^ra, Zb8t -i;H.)f.ii( -arge crown Arvales,itbe truthjabout.the,Grava-,of St. Paul, Strang^ Superstitions hotihW yj?aM y;8 it 'llmni -i i I... . I t , i „ ,i i i , ,r,, , -,,,'t Ji,,„J iy-lt A ""i A"Sttnrry-'of-'Rtis3ia'in-"Lif«.'. '"By. Pi'MtNOFF-NOBLBj H O ! t B^9 ^rV or^rrJ^no^ei Ms^ ArjTrPRulsrd tMJ?"j9s a political felclfirQtol criiraaQ^rir^i^iai^loAef)i'nin|?idl^fee'«it^' qmi Vnru;i I deniAlne^rtii^JHthsi^oveffnnjftH^jthe ,plpyingjAain4athe spy -sy8tk«SUhe?-' !>•)!£ i Ixulllari-efet k'ttdii^Hife) dilf!stildenfc?dll)tJveset:aiife-1 stixraigliy depi^^lBdeV1 •(M,ot«.|,a^df^Tr^gh;;in'rutelatfJfefep'^«§M itf Mwtoic^)'* love story full of i .i'i ■.l.iir .K «|>5eiUlf|iCiiii[4WU,p.4,W)W?-, : ft,] in'i .■nut '"'•nil nit in {Jii9wJ isvo 1 I,,:;,;,:,, , , i.i.i nesil 97*d J.Bnoi.iiiH .- 9v.Brl ^i? in ill li-uiD-i ill ),: ,„.i i-i ,11..' i .•..ii In fl 'nil .. ^'ri'd'riithci^ " ''''"" '**$«*«„,& 19H3] ILLUSTRATED C i^r#/ to binr/l A .8" .0^ .isrltol f)f% .rltol ^BT3>! t3E 9r(T .0108HI! I (irnE t .riiolf) aniiUrteWoifS of b|usmess • in> -a' ■• •« ■ I to Iootb2 znoifjnJ HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY _ BOSTON AMD NEW Yttftlt " .MioY waH ,.3vA riJB dd .YWAqMOQ H ^^J 1TE4IIS ^W ^WllWlWJHTS^OR ALL WAMT* 3ffir)3rnoz ,JBr\ij3D , j "SQNITAR Y UNDER WEAl 'EE BIWOKLV BOSTON V 16 West 23d Street ay reet Str«§!t Street '^ SW2« i*^¥ton ' Agents In *n PrlncfparCftfe* I I I I M..H UHA HT3aASIj3 \!\.'(AS «\ zmnWVi 9j nil boa been od ■■ oJ ?ivi3 ri' lOiliuA silt yfl J »»»»»( rirr(>bfiMdBl iuvnsJ'# I I > 1 W I lllll, I :;ilr/r JihI ,71^'^ .Ii ,.irl-|l>^lbilRrl el OJBJIIOW' (-. \;.i loYs/Emb'd Fronts, and Fancy Striped Ho|e. ta^DO^ iv^i5r §T®)Tk^rfT vflnKrl YJioiM8rl3j©JftttfciAllJW«»l^n4\'9 .fr.ldf .\i\nn ,;\\Z ■'Y'Tt '. J llillfi'i .K.ir ),; . V^/.rii.r;- oilT // yf . l-iMIHj >ifo-trii-, : Ml I inocr .rlioto ,omdt '^^Mrmilov ', ki is ii.,1>t!.;;j j. ilM«ni>,-WCHnleiil,9/nniliChitdren'» iq ,1'inM^ib .fi tfilw Winter Underwear. i mBB^toffbAsHwa^FiaEiukE "M*°'«^d„MfeMO SWJSS M Hand Knit Suetladd Wvolferreiwi •rios-iery."" hildren's Wool, Merino, Cotton and i9>boq JBf rfST 3riT KtBBflJ vl"st^i^)WtCagf,f$To,$ t5. upwards, depending on steamer. Phila el- Wiittd,,,,iNctywJri8i:iti*an«a3lriarjfiv)fiIr3a. 20; "D po- %r^^to5SJM^'t?^ .edonian, .London Ded. ?i 'tin /in lifKjOifq 0 . ii in I'm,.! ., _ . F, O. HOVaHTON & CO., Oenl Agents. "vl AA ,nnrS State Street. Boston. ou.;% .,!SMiiilnv ; - .MIA:1 YTII/1AV ■These trt^eritwrS; crii BAR! ' ; Ptrfect' BriaVfii «AfiWELLAJ fAiWFU Son ^v«ry pacKa >. STALS Health Cereals ake and Pastry. ""UMr >ilk

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 Books Published During October by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY The Life and Letters of John Richard Green By Leslie Stephen, author of "A History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century," "Life of Henry Faw- cett," etc, sometime editor of "The Dictionary of National Biography." Cloth, 8,' portraits and views in photogravure. &BOCK, togetoei with NOW HEADY VANITY FAIR. 3 volumes. $3.00. PENDENNIS. 3 volumes. In press. Miscellaneous George Washington And Other American Addresses By Frederic Harrison, M. A., Hon. Fellow of Wadham Col- lege, Oxford; President of the English Historical Society, etc. Cloth, crown 8vo, $1.75 net; postage 13 cts. The addresses delivered in Chicago, Boston, New York, and at various Universities early in 1901. The Control of Trusts By John Bates Clark, Professor of Political Economy Columbia University. Author of "The Philosophy of Wealth," "The Natural Distribution of Wealth," etc. Cloth, i2mo, 60 cents net; postage 5 cts. This little work aims to show that a certain definite policy will draw the fangs of the trust and transform it from a public enemy into a public servant. Select Documents of English History By George Burton Adams, Professor of History in Yale Uni- versity, and H. Morse Stephens, Professor of History in Cor- nell University. Cloth, crown 8vo, $2.25 net\ postage 18 cts. The authors' intention has been to include the documents necessary to illustrate every important stage in the development of the English Constitu- tion from the Norman Conquest to the nineteenth century. A 5ource Book in the History of Education for the Greek and Roman Period By Paul Monroe, Ph.D., Professor of the History of Educa- tion, Teachers College, Columbia University. Cloth, $2.25 net; postage 15 cts. The need for such a volume is the greater from the fact that few of the existing histories of education in English are written from the sources, and those few are not ordinarily used by the students, being limited as they are to special periods. An Introduction to Psychology By Mary Whiton Calkins, Professor of Philosophy and Psy- chology at Wellesley College. Cloth, $2.00 net; postage 18 cts. A textbook for college students, in which constant effort is made to stimu- late readers to independent and careful observation of their own consciousness. French Furniture and Decoration of the Eighteenth Century By Lady Dilke, author of " The Renaissance in France," " French Painters of the Eighteenth Century," etc. Illustrated with about 65 gravures and half tones. Cloth, 8vo, $10.00. The third portion of Lady Dilke's work on French Art in the 18th Cen- tury. Private collections in Paris and England, as well as the Garde-Meuble- National, have lieen laid under contribution, and over twenty of the finest pieces in the Wallace Collection at Hertford House have been reproduced. Monuments of the Early Church By Walter Lowrie, D.D., sometime Fellow of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome. With numerous illus- trations. Crown 8vo,$i.75 net; postage 15 cts. Dr. Lowrie's volume presents the main facts regarding the architecture, sculpture, painting (Including mosaics), and minor art of the Christian com- munities, tracing the development down to the beginning of the Middle Ages. " Books published at tiet_ prices are sold by booksellers everywhere at the advertised >wt_ prices. When delivered from the publishers, carriage, cither postage or expressage, is an extra charge." THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 5th Ave., New York.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, N0VE3[BER 7, 1901. The Week. Tuesday's triumph at the polls in this city could not well have been more com- plete or more heartening. Tammany was smitten hip and thigh. In the face of enormous odds, the decent people of New York have elected their Mayor, Comp- troller, President of the Board of Alder- men, and three out of five Borough Pres- idents. With peculiar emphasis of de- light in political courage, they have, by an extra majority, put in the District Attorney's office for the next four years the fearless Jerome, undaunted antag- onist of crime and of bosses. Never was a fusion ticket more skilfully con- structed or more loyally supported. City offices for the city's good was the suf- ficient watchword of the campaign; and honest men all through the city and throughout the country are to-day thanking God and taking courage at the magnificent and inspiring results. First among these we reckon the disappear- ance— the final disappearance, we be- lieve— of some of the hoary delusions which have lain upon New York like a nightmare. That Tammany was invul- nerable; that the city did not really de- sire honest government; that universal suffrage was a failure; that the boss was a necessity in a vast democracy; that bribery and corruption were too power- ful for decency — these are but a few of the bogeys with which despondent spirits have been frightening themselves and terrifying their fellows these many years. But one day's fall of the ballots ends all that. Tammany had the offices; it had the police; it had the prestige of four years of absolute control; it had the bank accounts of the corporations to draw upon; every political art and trick in its repertory it brought into play — but what did it all avail against the single- minded determination of the reputable classes to sweep away its misrule? What cuts the Tammany chiefs to the heart, and what should mightily cheer on those who give themselves to the work of reform with a passionate faith in democracy, is the fact that Tammany was repudiated in its own strongholds. Those "dangerous classes" on the East Side, those foreign-born voters who could never be got to do anything but re- gard the suffrage as a marketable com- modity, and into whose heads it was ab- surd to expect the notion of civic pride or good government ever to enter— they are the electors who most wonderfully responded to the moral appeals of the canvass. Take the Eighth Assembly Dis- trict as an instance. This is Martin En- gel's hunting-ground. It was there that the "red-light" iniquity most abounded; there that vice flaunted itself most se- curely, and that crime was boldest; there, too, that the police were most used in defence of criminals and to the thwarting of justice. But it was also in this district that the University Settle- ment lifts its beacon; there that the Citi- zens' Union and the Woman's League sent workers. What do the returns from this Gibraltar of Tammany disclose? A bare majority for Shepard of 61 votes, where the figures used to run into the hundreds! We see, then, that even the East Side knows when government be- comes too oppressive and too rotten longer to be borne. Those homes of pov- erty understand, as well as the families of the rich, when the safety of their chil- dren is attacked; and know how to re- sent the insolence and the rapacity of Croker and his vile agents, who boast of being oble to buy them like cat- tle. To our mind, the returns from the East Side are more eloquent of promise for the future of democracy than was the attitude of those highly educated gentle- men who saw so clearly that Tammany could not be defeated, that they chose the moment of its impending ruin to ally their fortunes with the unclean thing. The shipping-subsidy lobby at Wash- ington is again filled with horror at the arrival of Western Congressmen who ac- tually want the subsidized vessels to carry freight. This is really a disgust- ing form of opposition to the plans of the subsidy schemers. Opponents who object to a subsidy on principle, they can meet in the open, but this insidious at- tack upon their pet measure by men who say they favor subsidies, but desire to see them bestowed on "freight-carriers," is hard to bear quietly. Those represen- tatives from Wisconsin and Washington, with the Boston exporters who on Thursday called upon the President to say that they were against subsidized "ocean greyhounds," but should like mighty well to see a bill passed that would help the farmer get his freight to foreign markets — what are they but so many snakes in the grass? Why lug in freight? That is one of the last things the subsidy beggars think of. Legislation to secure "freight-carriers" is not in the least what they want. Subsidy-carriers are what they are aiming at, and they have a fine assortment of vessels ready to moor alongside the Treasury, and to be laden with subsidy until the hatches lift. Secretary Gage's announcement, on Thursday, that he would renew the spe- cial offer for redemption of Government bonds, was a natural consequence of the previous week's increase in surplus revenue. It will be recalled that the recent offer to redeem in cash other Government bonds than those already covered by the standing policy of the Treasury, was made on September 10 and suspended October 2. The order was is- sued when the money market was much deranged by the news of the attack on President McKinley, and it was not re- voked until $20,000,000 had been re- deemed under its terms, and the money market had shown signs of undoubted ease. Some surprise has been expressed at the renewal of the order now, when there is no disturbance in the money market. This questioning Secretary Gage has answered by referring to the October revenue figures, which again show an ex- tremely heavy surplus. The reason why the special offer was withdrawn and then renewed again is that, for several weeks, the Treasury figures seemed to indicate that the increase in the daily surplus, as compared with 1900, had pret- ty nearly ceased. Those indications have turned out deceptive. The Government finances during October moved exactly as they had done in the three preceding months. The $4,000,000 deficit of July, 1900, disappeared wholly in the same month this year. In August, a deficit of $811,000 for 1900 was replaced this year by a surplus of $6,000,000. Septem- ber yielded a $6,100,000 surplus in 1900, which was increased this year to $12,- 123,000. Similarly, last month produc- ed a surplus of $9,186,000, as against an excess of only $3,633,000 in October a year ago. It will thus appear that the Government's surplus is averaging six million dollars per month above that of the preceding fiscal year. That year's total surplus was $75,000,000; at this season's rate of increase, the fiscal year 1902 would yield a surplus not far be- low $150,000,000. The obvious moral of the whole situation is that Congress should take in hand, at once and with definite purpose, the question of revenue reduction. Both Secretary Gage and President Roosevelt have positive ideas on this subject, which will soon be heard from. The figures just published by the Bu- reau of Statistics throw some light upon the general movement of the commerce of the leading countries of the world, and show that in twenty out of thirty selected countries imports exceed ex- ports. The countries which have a bal- ance in their favor, or, as the protec- tionist might put it, "produce more than they consume," are chiefly the South American republics and the United States. On the Continent, only Austria and European Russia occupy a similar position, all the other countries import-

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350 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 ing more than they export. Among the importing countries must also be reck- oned England. The showing thus made is, of course, exactly what might have been expected in view of what has been going on during the past few months, and, no doubt, will be taken by the Eu- ropeans who have been talking about the "American peril" as a striking corrob- oration of their fears. It is true that the growth of American manufacturing and of our exports of capital has been coin- cident with more sedulous exclusion of European goods by higher duties on our side of the ocean, but the main reason for the "unfavorable" conditions on the Continent must be found in the general depression in manufacturing which has prevailed there, and in the growth of in- dustrial combinations in tariff-protected countries. How these Trusts, by their attempt to raise prices, have really open- ed the market for increased imports of American goods may be seen in the case of coal and manufactures of iron and steel. The remedy for their industrial evils lies in freer conditions of trade, and not in the higher duties recommended as a remedy. The export of nearly $3,000,000 in gold, last Thursday, from New York to Paris, was remarkable chiefly because of the season of the year when it occurred. It does not mean that America's imports of merchandise from France, or from Europe as a whole, have greatly exceed- ed exports. As a matter of fact, we have been buying from France of late more than she has bought from us; that country and Switzerland being almost the only European ones of which such a statement could be made. But the ex- cess against us, in the case of France, is slight — six million dollars for the nine past months; and in the case of all the European states combined our export balance for the period, as reported by the Treasury, has been no less than $447,000,000. This is the largest ex- cess ever reported. It greatly exceeds the export balance on our European trade, even in the same nine months of 1898, which were followed by heavy shipments of gold from England and France to us. No better proof than the present situation could be had to show that merchandise trade is not the sole governing force in the movement of in- ternational exchange and the interna- tional flow of gold. As we have often had occasion to point out, our very large credit balance on merchandise ac- count has been quite offset by the pur- chase from Europe both of our own and of European securities, and by our bank- ers' borrowings in Europe to help through last winter's costly "deals" in the New York market. The German Emperor's alleged threat to "smash things" if commercial treaties were not concluded, has roused Senator Cullom to declare that William cannot "frighten" the United States, and that if he wants a tariff war, we will give him as good as he sends. But, bless you, Senator, the Emperor was not speaking of the proposed treaty with the United States, even if he said what is report- ed. It is Austria and Italy and Russia that he has in mind when he thinks of Germany's most pressing questions of reciprocal trade. Aside from that, what a queer attitude it is for a country seek- ing trade, anxious to extend its exports, and searching the world over for cus- tomers, to be so quick to put the chip on its shoulder and indulge in tall talk about retaliation. It is business that we want, Senator, not a quarrel. The brutal murder of two non-union workmen at Columbia, S. C, by a mob of former strikers will be a shock to Southerners who have cherished an in- herited pride in the freedom from labor controversies enjoyed by the South. The men in question belonged to a party which had come from the North to take the places of certain men, employed by the Southern Railway, who had struck work. The apparent quiet of the past few weeks deceived the new men into supposing that the heat of the contest was over, and they had therefore aban- doned all precautions against violence. This murder recalls attention to the change that is in progress in the South as a result of the expansion in manufac- turing. Labor organizations' are rapidly establishing themselves in many places, and are making efforts to secure shorter hours and more favorable conditions of work. If this were all, the Southern trades-union movement would not differ from that in progress in the Northern States. Recent experience; however, makes it apparent that trades-unionism in the South has some unique character- istics. Labor contests often degenerate, as in the instance at Columbia, into a sort of combination of strike and feud, in which differences are carried much further than elsewhere, and revenge is visited upon individuals rather than upon groups of men. The strikes that have occurred during the past year in the North have given rise to much violence, and Northern trades-unionists are still certainly far ahead of Southerners in the aggregate amount of disturbance which they have caused. It is not the number, but the peculiar character of these as- saults, which resemble nothing else so much as a lynching, that makes the la- bor situation in the South noteworthy. The Municipal Art League of Chicago is about to put the public spirit of that enterprising city to the test. Nothing less ambitious is proposed than a member- ship of 500,000 and an annual income of $1,000,000. Assuming that this sum would be wisely spent, the embellish- ment of the city by mural paintings in the public buildings, by sculpture in the parks and open places, by improvement of the ordinary street fittings, would show a marked advance, year by year; and, with anything like the hearty co- operation of the municipal authorities, Chicago within our time might become notable among beautiful cities. Of course, this is on the theory that the plan is practicable. Those who have watched the recruiting of our own two or three art societies of a popular character, and who know the difficulties of the task, will envy a civic pride which permits a membership of half a million for an art society to be thought of, even as a dream. In a discussion of the Philippine prob- lem in the Journal of the Military Ser- vice Institution, Major E. J. McClernand, Military Governor of the District of Cebu, declares that armed resistance to the Americans is sure to appear again in some of the provinces in which it has been suppressed. "It seems," he says, "too much to expect that outbreaks will not occur for years to come in different parts of the archipelago. It will doubt- less be, as it is now, a guerrilla warfare, but experience has demonstrated that this is the most difficult of all wars to terminate. . . . Our people should not permit themselves to grow tired of the Philippine problem, thinking to lay it aside as solved and completed." None the less, Major McClernand believes that in the end mutual benefits will accrue both to the United States and to the Philippines. He finds it necessary to make an earnest appeal for justice, rightly believing that no such rule as ours in the Philippines can possibly succeed unless based upon equity, and he admits the likelihood of arbi- trary and cruel acts when an army is scattered, as is ours, in detachments un- der inexperienced young officers or non- commissioned officers. What Major Mc- Clernand fails to see is that a policy primarily founded on injustice can- not make itself truly popular with or grateful to the Filipinos until the orig- inal wrong is righted. The only way to do this is to turn the islands over to their rightful owners. France seems resolved on pursuing the collection of her claims against Tur- key a outrance, and both English and Italian squadrons are witnessing the ar- rival of a French fleet in the ^Egean Sea. The event is significant chiefly be- cause it marks the complete downfall of the traditional British, and one might say European, theory of dealing with the Porte. It was Disraeli who estab- lished the theory that the Ottoman Em- pire must be maintained at all hazards, and his political legatees have stood by

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Nov. 7, 1 901] The Nation. 351 his teachings, at fearful cost to the moral feeling of England. To-day the aggres- sive policy of France rouses no protest, and apparently evokes no fear, while the peaceful annexation of Crete to Greece — a most natural consummation, which yet, some five years ago, terrified the Powers in Concert — is being accomplish- ed almost without comment. Nor is this changed attitude of Europe due merely to the fact that the British are following the trail of De Wet and Botha too des- perately to attend to a less urgent con- cern. It is certain that the legitimate heir of Beaconsfield has forgotten the paternal doctrine, and that Salisbury would never interfere in the near East except for the defence of Egypt and of the Suez Canal. It is doubtful, too, if the Concerted Powers would again stop Russia short of Constantinople. It is high time that this old superstition should be shaken, for one can already see that the time for laisser-faire is passing. Conditions in Northern Tur- key will soon call for bold and sagacious direction. In the agitation of the Mace- donian Committee, in the outrages of un- paid Turkish garrisons, in the consistent campaign of the Albanians against in- trusive nationalities, one cannot as yet recognize any genuinely national move- ment. One cannot, however, fail to see that the ferment is working, that the concrete disorders have got beyond the power of the Sultan to control, and that the situation must inevitably tend to the erecting of a second line of buffer states or to the intervention of the great Pow- ers. The debates in the French Chamber concerning the best means of overcom- ing the deficit of 50,000,000 francs continue to raise many important ques- tions of state policy. Disregarding the practical plans proposed by M. Caillaux, the Finance Minister, for raising the funds needed, the Budget Commission has put forward several impossible measures, any one of which, if adopted, would plunge the nation into either for- eign complications or domestic embar- rassments. Among the expedients recom- mended were the suppression of the embassy at the Vatican, the abolition of the Ministry of Public, Worship, and the state ownership and operation of the business of refining petroleum. It is needless to say that neither of the first two of these plans, with their far- reaching implications, will be adopted. The really dangerous scheme is the suggested seizure of the petroleum industry. The proposal apparently grows out of one of the measures rec- ommended by M. Caillaux, who advo- cated the increase of the excise duty on petroleum. This suggestion was at once taken up and transformed into a plan for placing petroleum on the same foot- ing with tobacco as a Government mo- nopoly. The enormous initial outlay and the elaborate organization which the scheme would necessitate seem to have been wholly ignored by the Budget Com- mission. Of course, such a measure would require considerable time to be- come effective, even under the most fa- vorable circumstances, and to recom- mend it as a means of immediate relief is absurd. No pains have been spared to give the return of the Duke of York to England an imperial significance. As his tour of the world was primarily a compliment to colonial loyalty, so the colonial rep- resentatives were most prominent at his reception. Home English and Colonials alike have good reason for congratula- tion on the completion of the heir appar- ent's enterprise. To repeat his father's triumph of a generation ago would have been impossible. Albert Edward Prince of Wales represented Great Britain at the height of her political influence— the arbitress of Europe. The loyal welcome which the present Duke of York has everywhere received has inevitably been clouded by the uncertainty of the con- flict in South Africa, while in the very midst of the rejoicing in the metropolis came news of the misfortune to Col. Benson's isolated column, fallen upon by a wily and formidable foe, with casual- ties one-fifth as many as those of Buller's whole army at the time of his attempt to cross the Tugela, and such a dispro- portionate loss of officers as recalls the early battles of the war. Even the cold comfort of the reported recovery of two guns lost in this fierce encounter has proved illusory, If the Peace Congress at Glasgow this fall attracted little attention at a time when the wars in the Philippines and South Africa refuse to be ended, the courage of its members in meeting in the land of which Chamberlain is now high priest cannot be gainsaid. That there were many reasons for discouragement is, of course, true. Many delegates, for instance, must have shared Baron d'Es- tournelles de Constant's disappointment at the treatment which the Internation- al Court of Arbitration has received from several nations. This French authority believes that they see in it a body which may possibly in time grow so as to deprive them of some of their own powers, and thinks that they are delib- erately planning to make it innocuous. At the same time, the members of the Congress were able to cite some favor- able signs, and one or two significant events have occurred since their meet- ing. When in Milan recently, the King of Italy sent for the head of the local peace society, who is likewise the editor of one of the city's best newspapers. To him the young King expressed his ab- horrence of war and of all that war meant, and his hope that international action, as best illustrated in the case of Crete, would more and more tend to ter- minate peacefully international disputes. In Belgium many women have sent a pe- tition to the Chamber of Deputies pro- testing against an armed peace and the resultant taxation which rests so heavily upon the poor. They protested also against the drunkenness and vice which result from life in barracks. Their ex- ample is one which might well be fol- lowed by women, the world over. To be holier than the Pope is usually to be ridiculous, and many will feel that the German censorship, in suppressing on religious grounds a work which the Greek Church allows to circulate in Rus- sia, has shown an excess of zeal. Of course, censorship is not compatible with a fully developed sense of humor, but it would seem that, when the church which excommunicated Tolstoy allows his apologia, 'The Meaning of My Life,' to pass unhindered, the devout Roman Catholics of Germany might practise a similar tolerance. Perhaps they would if the book were submitted to them di- rectly, and the censor's solicitude may merely show that curious exacerbation of the olfactory sense which sniffs an offence where none is intended. Certain little-known features of Papal finance are discussed in a recent num- ber of that excellent Milanese journal La Perseveranza. It appears that, at a time when the old Papal nobility were deeply involved in the real-estate specu- lations which ruined half the princely families, the Vatican was a frequent lender upon the security of real estate. By foreclosure it became a large prop- erty-owner in the part of the city be- yond the Tiber, which, according to Papal theory, was still a possession of the Church. Gradually this banking function of the Vatican became more ex- tended. The consolidation of the debts of one embarrassed family required a loan of six million lire ($1,200,000, roughly). Operations of this extent soon led to complications with the Ital- ian Government, which the Vatican has never consented to recognize. In order to liquidate his affairs, a prince of a family which has supplied several Popes, sold his valuable art collections to the state, directing the transfer of the money to the Vatican. For some time the payment was held up, because the Vatican could receive no funds from, or even conduct negotiations of any kind with, the de facto Government. The in- tervention of a trust company made the transfer possible. Just what the effect of this policy upon the finances has been, no one but the Papal authorities could say. In any case, these incidents cast an interesting side-light upon cer- tain conditions of the maintenance of a Papal party in the enemy's country.

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352 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 THE MUNICIPAL CAMPAIGN. In the revision of New York's Consti- tution by the Convention of 1894, it was provided that thereafter local contests should come in the odd-numbered years, when neither President nor Congress- men are chosen, and when no State of- ficials are chosen except members of the lower branch of the Legislature. The end aimed at was thus expressed in the address to the people which the Republi- can majority of the Convention issued after the completion of their work: "We seek to separate in the larger cities municipal elections from State and Nation- al elections, to the end that the business affairs of our great municipal corporations may be managed upon their own merits, uncontrolled by National and State politics, and to the end, also, that the great issues of National and State politics may be de- termined upon their merits, free from the disturbing and often demoralizing effect of local contests." This reform has been fully vindicated during the last few weeks. The recent campaign in this city was a campaign on municipal issues solely. All that the people have thought about has been the conduct of their local affairs. All that campaign speakers have been able to get a hearing for has been talk about the city. Questions of State or Nation- al politics have cut no figure whatever. Any attempt — and such attempts have been made — to persuade voters that they should cast their ballots with reference to the government at Albany or the Presidential contest of 1904, has fallen perfectly flat. How New York city shall be administered during 1902 and 1903 has been the only thing that people would consider. This is an immense and a permanent gain. If any one doubts that a compelling moral issue has been the life of this city campaign, let him mark the voices which came on Sunday from the pulpit of Greater New York. Such unanimity and high earnestness denoted something other than an impending election. They signified the approach of a moral crisis in the city's life. These ministers of re- ligion, under our system of voluntary support, would never think of "preach- ing politics" when it was a mere ques- tion of public policy about which their hearers might be divided politically. They feel themselves called upon to speak out, as messengers of God, on the eve of an election, only when they see the devil's messengers arrayed against the welfare of the city and the moral safety of its men and women. To these clergymen, as to all men whose hearts and consciences are not seared, the issue of this municipal struggle was an issue of life or death. Two personalities in this campaign have been living illustrations of the truth that a moral question in a great public debate will not down. In spite of Mr. Shepard's high character and great pow- ers of political advocacy, he has not been able to keep men from asking, "Are you for vice, or against it? Do you de- I fend thieves in office? Are you for pro- tecting crime, or for punishing it?" And the progress of Mr. Shepard's own cam- paign has shown that the fearful handi- cap under which he has labored has been a moral one. He has been compelled to be silent about rascally candidates for office, or else to speak of them as his "coadjutors." He has had to go about like a Roman convict chained to a corpse; and there was almost a recogni- tion, in his last appeal to voters, of the body of death from which he had to pray to be delivered. In a really pathetic way he asked for votes in spite of the degrading companionship in which he had placed himself. It was a striking ex- hibition of the power of evil to pull down a good man who consents temporarily to work through it for what he believes to be useful ends. As Mr. Shepard has shown that being on the wrong side of a moral issue fatal- ly weakens even a man panoplied in a good repute and in all the arts of a skil- ful advocate, so have we seen in the person of Mr. Jerome that a just cause is better than eloquence, and a fearless stand upon fundamental morals more effective than all the skill of the clever- est politician. Mr. Jerome has done what no candidate for office in New York has done within recent years. He has arous- ed moral enthusiasm in high and low; stirred cynical and despondent men of the wealthier classes as nothing political ever moved them before; and made him- self a sort of figure of hope, a champion at last raised up for the oppressed poor. And how has he done it? By simple truthfulness of speech. He has not spoken of thieves as if they were honest men. To him crime has been crime, even when committed by a politician, and the Ten Commandments have not budged even for the sake of a rich corruption- ist. He has thrust his Ithuriel's spear at sinister figures among his own sup- porters when occasion called for it. His very rashness, his hasty blows, have made friends for him; people still like a man who "ain't afeared." And the re- sult has been that, far and wide, all through the country as well as in this city and State, Mr. Jerome has come to be regarded as the man who has done most to lift the campaign out of the in- sincerity of ordinary political contests, with the managers smirking compli- ments at each other, and very likely striking hands in the'dark, and to place it just where it should be — on the level of plain morals. Surely his moral fer- vor, his intrepidity, his fighting the thing through and faltering not, will re- main an inspiring memory and example to young men in New York long after the close of his great controversy. These are some of the manifestations which confirm the hopeful view for the future of non-partisan administration of city affairs indulged in by Mr. Shepard in the article on the "Political Inaugura- tion of the Greater New York" which he contributed to the Atlantic Monthly for January, 1898. In that interesting and philosophical study of conditions and tendencies in the metropolis the late Tammany candidate for Mayor pointed out certain things which must work for the coming of the day when "we shall no longer fear Tammany victories." Having shown how the heterogeneous elements of our population and its shift- ing character had made New York re- semble a mining camp, he asserted that "the conditions for good politics have at last begun to mend," and he sustained the contention by arguments which time has only strengthened. For one thing, he urged that the population is steadi- ly becoming more homogeneous, through the relatively smaller proportion of for- eign immigrants and the Americaniza- tion of the children and grandchildren of earlier immigrants; that the Ameri- can politics of the Irish voters are less dependent upon the wrongs of their na- tive land than formerly; and that a set- tled neighborhood feeling has begun to develop in many districts. The increas- ing jealousy of interference in our city government from Albany seemed to Mr. Shepard, four years ago, to be rendering such interference more difficult, and the growth of the home-rule idea in the in- terval has been even more rapid than he apparently anticipated. Finally, there was this fundamental consideration, that "public sentiment, irregular, imperfect, sometimes unreasonable, as it is and al- ways will be, grows steadier and more intelligent." It is upon this increasing steadiness and intelligence of public sentiment that the non-partisan principle of municipal government is building, and our present situation fully justifies the sanguine view which Mr. Shepard took directly after its defeat in the election of 1897. That elec- tion had proved, in his opinion, "the most' signal demonstration ever known in the history of the metropolis of the growth of rational voting." But every candid observer of the recent campaign finds evidence of still further growth in the rational manner of considering mu- nicipal contests. For example, Mr. Shep- ard declared four years ago that "ma- chine politics in the United States has not received a more serious blow than the treatment accorded the Piatt candi- date for Mayor, although he was a man of the highest character, of distinguish- ed ability, and of long and valuable ser- vice— but for his alliance, worthy of the Mayoralty." It is a still more serious blow, however, which machine politics has received this year, when a man of precisely the same type, who was nomi- nated by Croker, has won to his support only a few Democrats of standing and in- fluence outside Tammany Hall, as against the large number of Republicans of the same class who were ready to sup- port Tracy in 1897.

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Nov. 7, 1901] The ]STation. 353 It is interesting also to note how fully Mr. Shepard's prevision regarding the representative of non-partisanship in the contest of 1897 has been justified by the canvass of 1901. Having asserted that there had never been a more creditable campaign than that of the Citizens' Union then, and that it "rendered a lasting service to American politics," he went on: "Ordinarily, the defeated head of a ticket has lost his 'availability'; but to-day Seth Low, it is agreeable to see, occupies a more enviable position than he has ever held, or than is held by any other Ameri- can now active in politics. He has the deserved good fortune to stand before the country for a cause which, to the average American, is largely embodied in his per- son. What was believed before his nomi- nation was confirmed at the election; he was plainly the strongest candidate who could have been chosen to represent his cause. He polled 40,000 votes more than his ticket; that is to say, there were that number of citizens to whom the cause meant Seth Low, and no one else, or who were willing to leave the tickets of their respective machines only on the Mayoralty, that they might cast their votes for him: He has come out of the campaign far stronger than he entered it." This year we not only have had the same candidate for Mayor as four years ago, with his added personal strength, but we have had the Republican organ- ization supporting him upon the same non-partisan platform upon which he stood in 1897, and more than one Democratic organization equally earnest for his elec- tion upon his pledges that his adminis- tration, in case of his election, would recognize no obligation to any political body. Meanwhile, only an insignificant proportion of intelligent men appeared blinded by the appeal to partisanship which was ingeniously made by the able advocate whom Croker picked out as the Tammany candidate for Mayor. In all this there is great warrant for hopeful- ness on the part of good citizens. THE WAR DEPARTMENT AND THE STATE TROOPS. In view of the many rumors as to the recommendations which Secretary Root will make in his forthcoming report in regard to the State troops, an official announcement of his attitude is eager- ly awaited by all concerned. It has been stated, for instance, that the War De- partment will bend all its energies to the creation of a body of State troops which shall stand between the regu- lar army and the present militia or- ganizations as a new national reserve, capable of taking the field in support of the Federal troops whenever the ne- cessity arises. Some have believed that Mr. Root will confine himself to recom- mending practical methods of bringing the existing State and Federal troops into closer relations, by means of joint manoeuvres at Forts Leavenworth and Riley, or at some other army posts, and in still other ways. Finally, it is report- ed that the Secretary may recommend the creation of a paper force of reserves, which shall consist of men who have been honorably discharged from the reg- ular army, and of officers who have proved their fitness for commissions in a volunteer army by passing suitable examination boards. It is altogether likely that the latter surmises will prove to be the correct ones. The events of the last few years have clearly proved, we believe, that the mass of the American people no more desire a large standing army now than at other critical periods in the history of the country. So we believe they would not favor the creation of a new body of so-called State troops to be real- ly under the control of the National Government. The establishment of such a force would not only be contrary to the spirit of our American institutions, but would seriously conflict with State rights and prerogatives. Moreover, every sensible National Guard soldier knows to-day that the building up of a new National reserve would practically be a death-blow to the present State or- ganization. It is difficult enough now to keep the militia in any one State re- cruited to its maximum strength. Should they have to compete with a new force drawing from the same recruiting fields, and profiting both by the prestige of Federal assistance and by the promise of immediate employment in the event of war, the task of maintaining the ex- isting State regiments would be impos- sible. With these facts before him, it is al together likely that the Secretary of War will not attempt to found a new branch of the military service, but will prima- rily confine himself to strengthening the ties between the two bodies which have, by virtue of tradition and an existence of over a hundred years, become a per- manent part of the body politic. Even superficial study of the question would convince Mr. Root that the various States need their State military police for the suppression of riots and disor- der. An attempt to bring these armed forces under Federal control not only would be regarded as an infringement of State rights, but would deprive the in- dividual commonwealths of the services of many men quite capable of doing duty within the boundaries of a State, but unfitted, because of minor physical defects and social ties, to serve the United States in the furthermost cor- ners of the republic or beyond the seas. Mr. Root has already publicly stated his desire to bring about joint ma- noeuvres of the State and National troops at convenient military reservations, and there are various other ways in which he can use his influence to improve the militia, either directly or indirectly, and generally at slight expense. He may be able to induce Congress to repeal the existing and long obsolete militia law which requires that every militia offi- cer shall have a "spontoon and a hang- er," and every private his powder-horn, and to pass one which shall have some reference to existing conditions. He may induce Congress to arm the Na- tional Guard with the rifle now used by the United States troops, and to increase the annual appropriation for the State troops. He can detail regular officers to the militia, as has been done in the past, and can insist upon their accom- plishing something — which has by no means been the rule hitherto. He can throw open the post lyceums and the post-graduate service schools at Forts Monroe, Riley, and Leavenworth to am- bitious militia officers, and even let them study at the War Colleges if prop- erly prepared. This is but a partial list of the things that a broad-minded Secretary of War might accomplish by giving some thought and attention to the matter, and by working through the heads of the State troops. The war with Spain revealed the amateurishness of the militia so strik- ingly that State officials are more ready than ever before to cooperate with the Federal authorities, provided that the latter's advances are plainly in the di- rection of assistance, and not actuated by a desire to control or absorb. In an in- creasing number of States trained sol- diers will be found at the head of mili- tary affairs, just as in New York State Major-Gen. Roe is in control. Almost everywhere will be found a desire to approach the regular army standards. In Montana, for instance, the passing of a physical test similar to that of the regular army is now a prerequisite to enlistment. As to the creation of a paper reserve, this is altogether a matter for the War Department, and particularly for the new War College and the "general staff" to be evolved therefrom. It will require little legislation and but slight expense beyond an annual fee to be paid to pri- vates for reporting once a year to some officer. The work of keeping track of dis- charged soldiers will require little more than a card-catalogue system and the la- bor of a few clerks. The list of officers might comprise the following: (1) Those who have resigned from the service for honorable reasons: (2) those who show- ed capacity and received training with the volunteers during the war with Spain or in the Philippines; (3) men in civil life or in the militia who have proved their fitness for the various grades in the line or the staff before a board of regular officers. In the event of war the men on such a list could be commissioned at once and before the "sons of fathers" and of Senators could use their "pulls" to obtain places. The making of such a list is part of the preparation for war which is properly the duty of the War Department. The absence of such a list in 1898 was one of the indictments for negligence which lay against the Alger regime.

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354 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 ART EDUCATION THROUGH THE LI- BRARIES. Recent significant attempts to train the larger public in the appreciation of art have brought out certain principles which any such work must observe. First, it has become apparent that train- ing in art appreciation is best under- taken by institutions which are already frequented by the people. The exhibitions of the societies and of dealers reach a very limited class and one already of considerable training. Free lectures and museum talks — excellent, both, in their way — reach only those whose interest or curiosity has been already aroused. Painting and sculpture in public build- ings may and should be most effica- cious in creating a civic taste for art, but the difficulty is that, to avoid deplor- able error and to secure decoration of a high order, all concerned must al- ready have some instinct for the beau- tiful and the fitting. That this preliminary training should have very generally fallen to the great public libraries and to the more popular industrial schools was but natural, for these institutions reach first of all prac- tically every class of the people, and, be- ing usually owned by the people, do not arouse the suspicion which falls upon professedly philanthropic enterprises. It is because of the wise use of such an initial advantage that the art depart- ments of the Public Library, the Cooper Union, the Brooklyn Institute, of this city; the Boston Public Library, that of Worcester, Mass.. and the Congressional Library at Washington — to mention only typical instances — are doing a most val- uable work, which is capable of wider development. The method used in all cases is prac- tically the same. A carefully chosen col- lection of photographic and other repro- ductions of great works of art is assem- bled under the care of a responsible curator. In a small room, readily acces- sible to the casual visitor, exhibitions are presented from time to time through the entire year. Some libraries, like the Congressional and our own Public Library, are fortunate enough to be able to show originals from their valuable collections of prints and engravings. Exhibitions like that of Japanese color printing, recently held at the Lenox Library, or that now on, of Rembrandt's etchings, are of the highest educative value; but in the main the art curator must depend upon photographs. The perfection of modern photography makes it possible to represent sculpture, architecture, and certain kinds of paint- ing admirably, and all forms of art adequately. The most effective use of such a collection, however, will tax the curator's tact and ingenuity, and here due regard must be had to local condi- tions. Tn the city of Worcester there has been for years a society which studies art ' systematically. The art curator of the Public Library very properly follows the course of this society's studies in mak- ing up the exhibitions. In Boston, similarly, the curator takes advan- tage of literary anniversaries or current discussion in order to give his exhibi- tions a certain timeliness; and so the conditions vary in different places. It should be said, however, that in the ex- hibitions of the year several of the great schools of art, ancient and modern, should always find a place, while for ob- vious reasons American art should claim one or more exhibitions. The selection of the best pictures would be difficult enough, but the selection of the best pictures to show to a general public, with- out "showing down" to an untrained taste, requires a finer discrimination. No one who has not undertaken this task can imagine its difficulties. For this rea- son, and to avoid needless repetition of labor, it is desirable that certain stan- dard exhibits, like the Venetian or the Florentine, the Dutch, German, or Span- ish schools, should be substantially framed and exhibited from year to year. This method also opens a further field of usefulness, for such exhibits may be circulated, like the "travelling libraries" which our State Librarian has so suc- cessfully introduced. This plan of circu- lating exhibitions was, we believe, first tried in Chicago, and more recently has proved successful in Massachusetts. It is obvious that, by the cooperation of a group of libraries in the exchange of ex- hibitions, the cost of the art department would be greatly reduced to each. It will be seen also that this function of popular education does not interfere with the proper ongoing of a reference library of art. In the Boston Public Li- brary the two needs are harmoniously adjusted. An inner room shows students poring over dusty volumes, and rummag- ing in portfolios of reproductions which are of great importance to the specialist, but of absolutely no consequence to the average art lover. Outside in the little gallery there is a passing crowd which, as it enjoys the exhibition of great works especially chosen for its needs, is learning the lesson of seemliness and beauty which our rough-and-ready civ- ilization must, sooner or later, heed. There could be no better field for pri- vate liberality than the supplying of art departments to the smaller libraries of the land. The expense would be very moderate, and in fact the only thing real- ly difficult to attain is the skill to make such a department effective. And yet there are few cities in which the services of a person of taste and discrimination could not be secured for small pay, or, often, for the mere "joy of the doing." Particularly we hope that, when the New York Public Library is formally install- ed in its new building, its print-room will be in a position to offer to the stu- dent of art all of the material which his most recondite study could require, and to all its frequenters an introduction to that finer vision of this world of ours which is art. AZOREAN ECONOMICS AND THE PEAS- ANTRY. To the passengers on one of the great Ger- man or Italian steamers bound from New York to Naples, the sight of the Azores (or Western Islands, as the British sailors still prefer to call them) offers a delightful pros* pect in favorable weather. Bold rocky shores, falling steep to the blue water, run up into the mountains behind by stages of exquisite verdure; villages of white houses, with brown or red roofs, trail out at picturesque lengths over the windings of a coast-road, or cluster thick under the protection of a hill; while the vast acreage of elaborate cul- tivation seems to indicate a distribution of comfort, even of prosperity. That this im- pression does not always vanish on nearer inspection is shown in the pages of many a traveller's book on the Azores, and in the columns of more than one "special corre- spondent." There are excellent reasons why the ma- jority of visitors should persist in this rose- colored view of the conditions of life on the islands. During a stay of a few weeks in a tolerably clean town, with an occasional flitting to the lovely Furnas valley, in St. Michael's, or the Caldeira of Fayal, it is hardly possible to find time for even glanc- ing at the life of those whose toil is in large measure the source of so much beauty. Be- sides this, it is obvious that those who, without working themselves, subsist on this labor, will show no great eagerness to reveal the true state of affairs to an outsider — particularly if suspected of the remotest connection with the press. As for foreign residents, official or private, their comfort — nay. their very existence — in the islands de- pends on discretion, from which they never depart. The extreme compression of social life into so small an insular area renders frankness impossible. But beyond this, and the added difficulty of communicating direct- ly with peasants who speak and understand nothing but a debased mother tongue, there exists a singular obstacle which I have never met elsewhere — the apparently absolute In- difference of the intelligent Portuguese isl- ander to the projects, the ideas, or the views of his foreign interlocutor. The collecting of simple facts is attended, ror this reason, with much loss of time and frequent fail- ure. Statistics are almost out of the ques- tion. The Portuguese Government publishes no official returns of general commercial in- terest or agricultural importance; and the attempts to discover the "statistical clerk" result in showing that his Invariable elu- siveness comes from his also occupying a situation in private life. In the eight hun- dred or more pages of the 'Bibliotheca Acoriana,' an undigested bibliographical compilation, of which the contents are not classified but alphabetically catalogued, the bewildered inquirer seeks in vain for works bearing on vital economic questions. The following impressions are therefore subject to reserve and correction. It is hardly necessary to insist that in regard to climate and soil the Azores have been exceptionally favored. As on the slopes of Vesuvius or Etna, so here the

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Nov. 7, 1 901] The Nation. 355 erosion of volcanic hills covers the small plains and valleys with a deposit of ex- treme fertility, which, with the combined forces of warmth and moisture, produces a wonderful variety and luxuriance of vege- tation. Flower and vegetable gardens in the neighborhood of the larger towns are the just pride of their owners. When one penetrates into the interior of the coun- try, a glance from a commanding hill- top proves that the first impressions from the ship's deck were rightly founded; a vast stretch of various harvests is spread out before one in a superb setting of sea, sky, and mountains; midway, on the up- lands of the latter, are scattered sheep and cattle in abundance, pasturing the year round on the rich and never-failing sup- ply. And yet the peasantry are miserably, abjectly poor. Before attempting to explain the chief existing causes of this condition, it is de- sirable to note the elimination of factors of some importance in times past. To begin with, religious orders no longer exist here, any more than in the Continental domains of the kingdom of Portugal; but the table of contents of any of the older ecclesiasti- cal histories will reveal the enormous ex- tent of estates once held in mortmain. Thus: Chap, i., Foundation of the village of "Holy Grace"; chap, ii.. Foundation of the Church of the Trinity; chap, iii., Founda- tion of the house of the cura; chap, iv., Foundation of the Monastery of the Order of the Blessed Rood; chap, v., Foundation of the Convent of the Sisters of Santa Engracia; chap, vi., Foundation of the Chapel of S. Pedro of Alcantara; and so on through a dozen chapters — all these estab- lishments, too, in less than fifty years, for a single small village. The above is no exaggeration; the island coasts are at many points fairly studded with the ruins of what were once flourishing religious houses, in which (to judge from the re- mains) the inhabitants must have sought to vie with their Continental brethren or sis- ters, as described by "Vathek" Beckford in his account of Alcobaga and Batalha. Of immediate remaining signs of this oc- cupation, perhaps the only one is the al- most obsequious fashion in which the pea- sant of the less-visited districts greets the passing stranger; in all countries under strict clerical rule this social survival is noticeable. It was so in French Canada till within a very few years. Let it be understood, however, that clerical influence is still socially and politically strong. One example will suffice: on the arrival of the royal party at Ponta-Delgada, during the recent visit of their Portuguese Majesties to the islands, the bishop of the diocese, with the whole chapter, suddenly issued from the Church of the Matriz (where it had been arranged that they should remain) and planted themselves in two lines, direct- ly in front of the ladies of the town, who were waiting to strew the way with flowers. After a brief excited colloquy, the clerical gown triumphed over the secular; but the incident called for no serious comment from the local press on the unwisdom of disap- pointing the Church's stanchest supporters. Since the separation of the internal civil administration of the Azores from that of the kingdom of Portugal, it cannot be said that local conditions have been seriously affected by Continental affairs, for the finan- cial connection is on a tolerably stable footing, and leads to a contribution, most- ly indirect, of the islands to the general revenue amounting to about a million dol- lars a year — a more than creditable show- ing for a population of much less than three hundred thousand souls, most of them peasants. Consequently, whatever burdens the poorer classes have to bear must be traced to their real origin within the isl- ands themselves. Prima inter pares, illiteracy. So far as I could ascertain, the ratio of totally illiterate adults in the islands is even higher than in Portugal itself, where it is commonly given as between eighty and eighty-five in a hun- dred. Definite signs of this appear every- where. The school-house, so conspicuous in the village of New England, is a rare fea- ture in the Azorean hamlet. Then, too, it is the exception to see the peasant read- ing even a newspaper, at his cottage door after his day's work is done; though one must admit that the typical feuille de chou issued in the nearest town could supply him with neither facts nor ideas of supreme importance. But the absence of the school- master is no matter for astonishment in a country which considers its lyc6e professor adequately paid with seventy-five francs a month (in depreciated island money), a sum which may, in bad years, sink to little more than sixty francs. After getting visible proof of this, one has no difficulty in credit- ing the story that in a remote inland ham- let a rural schoolmaster was, not long ago appointed at a salary of thirty-five francs a year — even at that rate an expensive in- vestment, for the occupant of the post was already fully employed as the servant or a wealthy proprietor, and was intellectually akin to his prospective pupils in being able neither to read nor to write. It is precisely this widespread ignorance that renders constitutional government a farce in such countries as this; the only means of information open to the peasant being through the local political agent, who is chosen and directed by the chief owners of property in the district. Ignor- ance, fostered in former times for the pur- pose of retaining ecclesiastical supremacy, is equally welcome to-day for the least acceptable of political reasons. How is it possible, under such conditions, that members of the local Juntas should be truly representative of their constituen- cies? This also helps to explain sweep- ing legislative acts in favor of the hold- ers of power; such a one, for instance, as the extremely light character of direct land taxation, so that a productive estate of more than twenty-two hundred acres of farm and rich pasture-land may pay directly nothing more than some twenty- five dollars annually to the island revenue. Or again, the travelling stranger who seeks to enter one of the islands with his faith- ful dog to bear him company may dis- cover the existence of a six-months' quar- antine regulation, which, as an illustration of particularism, can hardly be paralleled, for it was passed in the interest of one resident dog who was to be protected from the chances of rabies. Dangerous dogs are nevertheless by no means a scar- city in the islands, as the adventurous solitary pedestrian soon discovers to his cost. The arbitrary nature of the exaction of customs duties in southern Latin coun- tries is so proverbial that it seems super- fluous to dwell on the question here. The Azores are in this respect subject to the general customs laws of the kingdom of Portugal; and although the passing travel- ler meets with nothing but civility and good sense from the officials, it often fares differ- ently with the resident importing for his own use. In one case, a young employee was taxed for an incoming bicycle, not on the cost at the centre of production as shown in the bill of lading, but on the retail price in the town where the machine was to be used; that is, an obvious inclusion of both duty and local dealer's profit. A rigid metal bar for gymnastic purposes was simi- larly estimated at twice its original shop value. I make no mention of the tracasse- ries which form the inevitable running ac- companiment of such transactions. It is, there- fore, no ground for wonder that the Azorean peasant (actuated, too, by the incurable spi- rit of conservative ignorance) still continues to shun modern farming implements, and to do all his work on the soil with the pecu- liar Azorean hoe, which serves him for plough, spade, rake, and harrow; his versa- tile skill with this clumsy tool it is simply fascinating to watch — for the Azorean pea- sant, in the small, humble sphere of his toil, is as deft as he is laborious, and for the most part cheerful in spite of all. Although the distribution of dwellings along the sea- coast compels him to walk weary miles to his work, he has generally a pleasant word for the stranger, and may be seen early and late in friendly chat with his fellows. What a useful, peaceable immigrant he may be is shown in several colonies in our own coun- try, as well as in Bermuda, where his com- peting power, born of labor and thrift, is not altogether relished by the less practical- ly minded negro. A noteworthy proof of his saving disposition lies in the fact that ia the island of Fayal, which has for genera- tions been in close touch with the United States, American gold is not only highly prized, but procurable with no very great difficulty, because of the pocketful of eagles and double eagles which the home-returning emigrant likes to deposit in the local banks as the solid mark of his possessions. Yet, with this fondness for gain, general honesty is said to be so secure that the banking agent of a small village or town may safely leave his office-door unlocked on going out to his midday -meal, though uncounted money is lying on his desk; indeed, the key on the outside of the door is the sign that the owner is away. The patience and laboriousness of these people are all the more remarkable that they are, almost without exception, underfed. In such a climate meat is, perhaps, not a necessity; but the average diet of the peasants — fish, corn-bread, cabbage, pota- toes—is admittedly insufficient in kind and amount for the work that they have to do. It is an easy matter to dispose of this point by saying, with many of the well-to-do isl- anders, that the peasantry are a contented lot; so much the better for their social su- periors. To any one who has visited their cottages and seen the food they eat, it is obvious that for a strong man's day's work the vast majority cannot afford the strong man's food; this, too, in the midst of plenty. Starved-looking faces and stunted growtl are unmistakable in their significance. Ex- ceptions may, of course, be found, as, for example, in the island of Pico, which has long been renowned for the robustness of

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356 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 its peasant type, notwithstanding the disas- ter that fell upon the place several years ago in the blighting of its once famous vine- yards. The corresponding damage done to the St. Michael's orange trade, through dis- ease of the trees and outside competition in foreign markets, has been in some measure remedied by the establishment of corn-spirit distilleries and the cultivation of the pine- apple; but it is in this fertile island that peasant pauperism is most glaring. Nor is it surprising that the peasants should suf- fer, when one learns that in several dis- tricts the primitive system still subsists of paying the farm laborer according to the state of the labor market and not according to a fixed rate of wages for the whole year. This wage may therefore fall as low as a serilha per day — less than twenty cents — in bad times. However cheap provisions may be (and they are not strikingly so in the islands), to describe this as a living wage — c'est se moqucr du pauvre monde. Servants in private families can obtain as much as $3 a month in good places. In a large tobac- co factory, girls rolling 3,000 cigarettes a day can actually rise to a little below twen- ty-five cents; the chief bookkeeper (also a woman) gets a trifle more; the care of the driving engine, intrusted to a woman de- scribable as a skilled worker, procures her the magnificent return of a little less than forty cents. Nearly 600 women (unmarried girls or widows only) are employed in the place. In view of the amount of smoking throughout the country, the balance-sheet of this establishment must be a financial curiosity. And yet, strange to say, none of the cigarette-makers here follow the habits of their Sevillian fellow-tollers; the tobacco factory of Ponta-Delgada has not yet devel- oped a Carmen. Now, given the conditions above outlined, to what social quarter shall we look for the fundamental causes that chiefly con- tribute to produce this state of affairs? Surely, no one will doubt that most of the responsibility rests here upon what the French call les classes dirigeantcs. Sub- stitute individuals for classes, and the prob- lem is solved — for the land in the Azores is, in a large majority of cases, the prop- erty of great owners, who exploit it through the labor not of tenant-farmers, but of people little removed from a condition of serfdom. The analogue of the peasant- proprietor, the New England farmer or the yeoman, can hardly be said to exist in any of the islands. Naturally, it often happens that the occupant of one of the myriad lava-built thatched cottages has suc- ceeded, by dint of industry and saving, in buying a little patch on which to grow a small harvest of vegetables for his own use; but he cannot live on it. Exception being made in favor of the island of Fayal, where something resembling the condition of small independent proprietorship may here and there be found, the most casual observation of economic distribution demon- strates the impossibility for the average peasant of ever attaining to a position rrom which he can in some measure command his own existence. His ambition, like that of the equally thrifty Italian, is to possess as his own just enough of land to keep him decently alive; and it is for this rea- son that so many Portuguese seek in a for- eign country the opportunities denied them at home. Stringent emigration laws have again and again been evaded. The severity of these laws is often explained by refer- ence to the necessity for conscription, which emigrants naturally seek to escape, seeing that the soldier's daily pay amounts to about eight cents, subject to deduction for the cost of the uniform, thus settled for in two years out of a total three in the service. At least as potent is the conviction that the returned emigrant, along with the abstract baggage of ideas picked up in a freer coun- try, may bring with him savings sufficient to purchase acreage for himself and his family. On the same principle the land In the neighborhood of large towns, where it can best be applied to market gardening, is kept up by combination to an exorbitant price — from one hundred dollars an acre up- ward. That the comparatively few persons who thus control the chief economic positions have ideas of their own concerning the ad- ministration of public funds and the princi- ples of taxation, certain alleged facts would conclusively show. Shortly before my own visit to the Azores, the constables in one of the principal towns (so I was assured on trustworthy authority), having received no pay for three months, disbanded for more remunerative situations in the fields. Luck- ily, the inhabitants are law-abiding, for dur- ing some little time no legal arrests could have been effected. Again, there has for some years been much talk concerning the building of a new hotel designed to attract tourist traffic; the capital to be subscribed abroad. But, in the event of the erection, the islanders would expect to share in the profits by the simple imposition of a tax on the passenger lift, as well as on every one making use of it. Reluctance to utilize the abundant capital- ized resources seems to be a marked feature of commercial and economic life in the Azores. The large pineries are, it is true, al- most exclusively in native hands and under home management; yet the greater profits of good sales on the London market chiefly revert to the enterprising foreigners who answer for the transshipment. Even this trade also has ceased to be payingly remu- nerative to the grower since the crowding in of numbers allured by the hope of a speedy return. There is certainly no lack of capital concentrated in a comparatively small number of large fortunes, to which the beautiful vil- las, gardens, and quintas bear abundant tes- timony. One is consequently driven to the conclusion that the surplus, instead of be- ing directed to the furtherance of local en- terprise or industry, must be housed in safe, conservative securities abroad. If there is no weaHh, how shall one account for the unmistakable signs of it in town and coun- try? If there is wealth, why, on the pro- posal to construct a local ten-mile railway,, does there immediately follow a clamor for assistance from outside capital? It thus appears that these "Islands of the Blest," as they were lately described by an enthusiast, present a less Elysian impression to any one interested in the life of toil. The student who has been led to visit them through articles and prospectuses represent- ing them as the home of a vast and inter- esting folklore, the repository "of countless treasures of art," may, when these pretty illusions have vanished like the purple-gray mists that hang about the island shores, nevertheless discover in the fortunes of a misgoverned but deserving people the hu- man social conditions which render any ex- istence worthy of serious examination. P. T. L. A CRETAN POMPEII. Smith College, October 22, 1901. Your readers were made aware last month that on the northern shore of the Isthmus of Hierapetra in Crete there has been discovered a Mycenaean town which, with its finds, will throw new light on many vexed questions of prehistoric civilization. This isthmus is the narrowest portion of Crete, and must always have served as a road of communication between the south- ern and northern seas. It was, therefore, reasonable to suppose that the Mycenaeans, who were a seafaring, trading people, had utilized the natural advantages of this region. And yet, with the exception of a few gems (a class of objects which have little value in marking a site because they are so easily carried from place to place), no Mycenaean finds had been made there; and Lucio Mariani, in his notes upon this district, confines himself to rather vague mention of two places, as possibly prehis- toric. In his quest of early seal-stones, Mr. Arthur Evans, in the summer of 1899, came upon a tomb of the Geometric period in the mountains that wall the isthmus to the east. Following up a clue given us by him, Miss Patten of Boston and I, in May and June, 1900, worked on the heights above Kavousi, excavating houses and tombs of Geometric times. The results of these excavations were reported to the Archaeological Institute of America, at its annual meeting in Philadelphia, December 22, 1900, and have been published in the last number of the Journal of the Institute. They excited some interest, as any light on this obscure epoch was welcome, but no one was tempted to pursue inquiries in this field; Cretan Geometric finds being held in light esteem in comparison with the relics of the island's greater days, when Minos ruled the sea and built the rich palace that is being uncovered by Mr. Evans at Knossos. Early in May, Miss B. E. Wheeler of Concord and I took out Government per- mission to excavate for the American Ex- ploration Society of Philadelphia in the neighborhood of Kavousi. Our hope for a successful campaign was based on a few fragments of Mycenaean pottery found in Kavousi plain during the first day's dig- ging last year, before work on the hills had begun. In the immediate vicinity of the place where they were found, diligent search during two successive seasons has failed to reveal any other trace of pre- historic habitation. Nevertheless, these fragments led indirectly to our finding "the most perfect example yet discovered of a small Mycenaean town." This town lies on a hill called Gournia, within the deme of Kavousi, but four miles distant from the village of that name. The site crosses a much-travelled road that leads from Hera- cleion to Sitia. Covered with stones and overgrown with wild carob trees, the low hill, although in form and in proximity to the sea an exact type of a Mycenaean acropolis, had escaped the notice of travel- ling archaeologists; and to the peasants of Basilike, a neighboring village, is due the honor of first observing traces of old walls

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Nov. 7, 1901] The Nation. 357 and fragments of ancient pottery. Trial pits were dug on May 20, and six weeks' work ■with a force of about one hundred laborers revealed a town which has been aptly called by visiting scholars a Mycenaean Pompeii. From the sea a paved road leads to the foot of the hill, a distance of about a quarter of a mile, and there divides into the east and west roads, which, climbing the slope, conduct the traveller to the palace of the Prince. Right and left open side streets and houses. The roads are about five feet wide, furnished with terracotta gutters, and well paved with stones, which are worn by the tread of generations that vanished from the earth three thousand years ago. In the steeper parts of the hill the roads form flights of steps, and one or two houses are provided with private stairways leading to them. The houses are built with rubble foundations and up- per walls of brick; in the more important parts of the palace, ashlar masonry takes the place of rubble. Several of the houses have walls standing to a height of six or eight feet. Plaster is used extensively for the facing of walls and door jambs. There are many proofs of the existence of a second story, which, in certain cases determined by the formation of the hill, is entered from an upper road. Twelve houses have been ex- cavated, the majority of which have eight rooms or more. Of the palace fourteen rooms, mostly magazines of the Knosscs type, have been uncovered, as well as a terrace, court, and column base and aula evidently belonging to a portal. In the centre of the town, and approached by a road of its own, lies a shrine, not imposing as a piece of architecture, but of unique importance as being the first Mycenaean shrine discovered intact. It is a small quadrangular building, which, lying near the top of the hill, has suffered much from the forces of nature. A wild carob tree growing within its bounds had partly de- stroyed and partly saved its contents. Of these the most noteworthy are a low terra- cotta table with three legs, which possibly served as an altar; cultus vases with symbols of Mycenaaan worship; the disc, 'consecrated horns of the altar," and double-headed axe of Zeus; and a terra- cotta idol of the "glaukopis Athene" type, with snakes as attribute. The life of the people is revealed not only in the palace, shrine, and houses, but in the objects of pottery, stone, and bronze which the site has yielded. Of these may be mentioned: stone basins, perhaps used as tables of offering, and stone vases deli- cately carved; pottery, remarkable for the variety of design and of decoration, which Includes all the well-known Mycenaean mo- tives of sea plants and sea animals, to- gether with many unfamiliar types; stone and bronze tools of every description, as well as bronze spear points, swords, dag- gers, knives, and ornaments. A bronze saw, 45 cm. long, has attracted much attention among scholars. On five vases we find painted the axe of ZeuS Aa/Spoi^to?— a con- Ifirmation, if such were needed, of Mr. Ev- ans's opinion as to the sanctity of this sym- bol. The double axe is also carved on one of the blocks of the palace, as at Knossos and Phaestos. No trace of Mr. Evans's lin- ear or pictographic script has been found at Gournia, but we have Mycenaean gems of exquisite workmanship, and ancient seal not yet discovered. The types represented are the octopus, water-fowl, Hon, etc. From the absence of fortifications we infer that the people of Gournia were peaceful, and from abundant evidence that cannot be given here, we know them to have been en- gaged in fishing, trading, and other indus- tries. The place appears to have been sacked and burned, possibly by the very mountaineers whose homes were investi- gated by us last year. Such are the satisfactory results of this year's work. The importance of the exca- vations at Gournia has been already recog- nized by archaeologists of other lands, as will be seen by reference to Mr. D. G. Ho- garth's article in the London Times of Au- gust 10. The work was made possible by the generosity of Mr. Calvin Wells of Pitts- burgh and Mr. Charles H. Cramp of Phila- delphia. There is abundant opportunity to learn more of Mycenaean provincial life by continuing the excavations at Gournia and at other promising points on the isthmus noted during this year's campaign. Harriet A. Boyd. THE MARQUIS DE LA ROUERIE. Paris, October 23, 1901. M. Lenotre is an indefatigable worker who has already published many volumes, full of interest, on the period of the French Revolution, I would call attention to-day to his 'Marquis de la Rouerie et la Conjura- tion Bretonne,' which has attained a sec- ond edition. The Marquis de la Rouerie was an agent of the Bourbons during the nlution, and M. Lenotre reveals to us many incdited documents concerning him. As M. Lenotre justly says: "No man was ever more devoted to a cause; his life was one of agitation and adventure; he knew the pride of authority and the fumes of popularity; he counted by thousands followers who remained faithful to him unto death; he treated with the Princes and fought for liberty. The cir- cumstances even of his tragical end were of such a nature as to assure him the only recompense which he ever desired, celebrity; in dying, he probably thought that he had done enough to have his name, at least, known to posterity, . . . and his name remained unknown; his dream of glory was vain." The Marquis de la Rouerie was the first organizer of the popular movement of the Chouans; he first understood what could be expected of the peasants of Brittany, among whom he lived; he was the soul of the re- sistance against the Revolution, against the Convention. Chateaubriand tells us that, in 1793, finding himself in London in the antechamber of one of the emigres engaged in recruiting defenders for the Bourbons (adventurers coming from all countries), he noticed a man sitting on a bench. On ask- ing who he was, he was told, "He is merely a peasant of La Vendee bringing a letter from his chief." Chateaubriand makes a fine comparison between this unknown peasant ;nd the noisy royalists who were seen all day in Piccadilly. Charles-Armand Tuffin de la Rouerie was born on the 13th of April, 1750. He entered the army at the age of seventeen, in the reg- iment of the Gardes Francaises, which was quartered in Paris. He lived there near his uncle M. de la Belinaye, who was the protec- tor of a charming actress, Mile. Beaumesnil, and he naturally fell in love with her. He became under such influences a perfect mauvais sit jet; he had many adventures, fought a duel with the Count of Bourbon- Busset, nearly killed him, was obliged to flee to Geneva, and sent in his resignation- He took service again at the time of the American war. and arrived in America at the end of April, 1777, even before Lafayette had left France. We read in the valuable Journal of M. de Chastellux that he had oc- casion to dine at M. de la Luzerne's with Col. Armaud (the name which La Rouerie had, adopted), "the man celebrated in France for his passion for Al lie. Beaumesnil, and likewise in America for his courage and his capaci- ty." M. Lenotre gives in his book certifi- cates signed by Lafayette and by Gen. Wash- ington, which prove that La Rouerie played, a distinguished part in the War of Indepen- dence. On his return to France, he mar- ried; but his wife died and he remained alone in his chateau. The Revolution soon disturbed him in his solitude, and he took at once a very energetic part in the discussions of the States of Brittany, which preceded the assembling of the States-General. Chateaubriand gives us the portrait of La Rouerie at that period: "I met at Fougeres the Marquis de la Rouerie, who had distinguished himself in the War of American Independence. A rival of Lafayette and of Lauzun, a fore- runner of Larochejacquelin, the Marquis had more esprit than they had; he had fought more than the first; he had, like the second, enjoyed the favor of actresses of the Opera; he would have been the com- panion-in-arms of the third. He lived in the woods in Brittany with an American major. . . • The law students of Rennes liked him for his boldness and the freedom of his ideas; he was elegant in size and manners, brave, of a charming countenance, and he resembled the young seigneurs of the League." When the Revolution broke out, the no- bles of Brittany did not emigrate. They refused to send deputies to the States-Gen- eral, and remained isolated. They wished to preserve intact the old privileges of Brittany. They were hostile to the idea of emigration, but they found themselves dis- posed to form in their provinces a sort of association. Their resistance was helped by the measures taken against the Church. The "Civil Constitution of the Clergy" was a spark in a cask of gunpowder. It was the great mistake of the Revolution, as it enlisted against its work the peasantry of Brittany; the religious sentiment, which was very deep in this province, was pro- foundly wounded. The people fought for years for their faith. The Marquis de la Rouerie went to Coblentz, which was the centre of the emigration, and obtained a commission which allowed him to organize in Brittany the forces of the Counter-Revo- lution. He did this with the greatest zeal and activity, nor had he any lack of lieu- tenants and auxiliaries; what he wanted most was money. He was soon at the head of a real army composed chiefly of peasants, with a general staff which comprised the best names of the Breton nobility. The Chateau De la Rouerie was not a safe place for the Marquis, and he concealed himself at the house of a friend for three months; he there made the acquaintance of a faux sauiiUr (such was the name given to those who trafficked in salt secretly, salt being then a state monopoly), named Jean Cottereau, who became famous under the name of Jean Chouan, and gave the name

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358 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 to the Chouannerie, though La Rouerie was its real father. The rising in Brittany was to coincide with the movements of the army of the Princes. The famous manifesto of Bruns- wick (which was written by a Frenchman, Geoffroy de Limon) was the signal. La Rouerie was expecting it impatiently in his concealment. At that very moment, his pro- jects were revealed to Danton by a man called Chevetel, in whom the Marquis had the greatest confidence. Chevetel told the details of the whole plan to Danton, who was Minister of Justice at the time, and whom he found with Camille Desmoulins and Fabre d'Eglantine. Chevetel returned to Brittany, with instructions from Danton; he sought to persuade La Rouerie that Danton was preparing to betray the Rev- olutionary cause. La Rouerie was com- pletely deceived by his friend, whom he would not suspect of treachery, and dis- patched him on a mission to Saint Malo, to receive guns sent from England. The imagination of the novelist, says M. Lenotre, could not imagine more hideous types than Chevetel and an accomplice of his, named Lalligand. They greatly resem- ble the types of the detectives whose ac- tions are described in Balzac's famous nov- els, 'Les Chouans' and 'Une Tene.breuse Affaire.' I shall not follow these two agents of the Convention in all their intrigues. A date was chosen for the rising of Brittany, and M. Lenotre tells us with minute details all the incidents of the war between the Chouans and the troops of the Conven- tion, a war which was a succession, not of pitched battles, but of local dramas. M. Lenotre has thus divided the second part of his book: "The Drama of La Guyoma- rais"; "LaFosse-Hingant"; "Lalligand-Mo- rillon"; "Le Proces." La Rouerie had to take refuge, in the month of December, in the castle of La Guyomarais, which belonged to a friend of his. He arrived with two companions. He had been going from place to place, sleep- ing sometimes in the woods; he was ill, had a high fever, and was put to bed. M. de la Guyomarais was advised that a search was to be made of his chateau; he trans- ported La Rouerie to the house of one of his farmers. The Marquis died in it, on the night of the 29th of December, and was interred in the forest. He was only forty- two years old. In a search made by the agents of the Convention, the body was discovered, already in a state of complete decomposition; they had the infamy to cut off the head and throw it at the feet of Madame de la Guyomarais. All the in- habitants of the old castle were arrested and sent to prison. Soon afterwards the inhabitants of La Fosse-Hingant, friends of La Rouerie, were arrested in their turn. The double traitors Chevetel and Lalli- gand, had over them, in their infamous work, an agent of the Convention named Sicard; lor the Convention had the habit of shadowing its spies, to use a graphic modern expression. The history of these proceedings is very painful, and possesses interest only in th<; minuteness of the details. Let us come at once to the end, to the trial of the persons who were arrested in Brittany and sent to Taris. To be tried, at that time, was to be condemned. M. and Madame de la Guyoma- rais and ten other persons were con- demned to be Ruillotined; among these ten were two ladies, Th6r6se de Moelien, who was a constant companion and, it was said, a mistress of La Rouerie, and a certain Ma- dame de la Jonchacs, a young woman who had young children, and who had simply re- fused to give the name of a person who had sent, through her hands, a letter to La Rouerie. The execution took place on the Place de la Revolution, now the Place de la Concorde. The Bretons showed the greatest courage; they kissed each other be- fore mounting the scaffold, one after the other. The execution lasted only thirteen minutes; the victims formed a large heap at the foot of the guillotine. It was the first time that so many people had been exe- cuted in one day; the people of Paris were not yet accustomed to the wholesale execu- tions of the Terror. Correspondence. WHEN TRANSLATORS DISAGREE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Does the Russian language present such hard problems to the translator that it is impossible to render the writings of a Russian into English without destroying the author's style, and without making the most patent blunders? Or is it true that our translators differ from the Germans, the French, or others in the matter of thorough- ness and fidelity? The much-heralded 'Foma Gordyeeff' (Gordeyev) of the abundantly advertised Russian Gorky has now appeared in two translations. A few passages taken at ran- dom will illustrate the difficulties of the reader. Miss Hapgood My heart is high as a blade of grass (p. 218). Carouse away, with- out regard to anything. . . . But if you mix your heart up with it —the porridge gets spilled and the bowl is smashed on the floor (p. 285). The itching curiosity of Eve will be your undoing (p. 293). . . . shouted Foma, bursting into a hearty laugh (p. 326). . . . something is said about tears (p. 344). No, I cannot endure it any longer. You are the first I ever had (p. 411). His collar covered his teeth (p. 439). Neither in fire nor in boiling mire shall you be roasted (p. 436). Rendered helpless by the disgrace of his conquest (p. 437). MR. BKRNSTErN. Like a blade of grass my heart has with- ered (p. 217). Enjoy yourself with- out looking back at anything. And then, when the gruel is eat- en up, smash the bowl on the ground (p. 281). How the Itching cu- riosity of Eve gives you no rest! (p. 289). . . . exclaimed Foma, longing to hear it (p. 320). There is something there about dreams (p. 337) No, I can't bear it any longer. I am ner- vous (p. 401). . . . and the collar covered his lips (p. 427). Not In fire, but in boiling mud you shall be scorched (p. 424). Exhausted by the disgrace of his defeat (p. 425). Not being able to read Russian, I am unable to say which version is correct, and to de- cide I shall probably have to refer to the French or German translation. Eugene Limedorfer. New York, October 2*. 1901, Notes. Doubleday, Page & Co. will shortly have ready 'Memoirs of William Byrd, 1674-1744,' edited by John Spencer Bassett, and 'The True Story of Captain John Smith,' by Kath- arine Pearson Woods. Fresh announcements from Macmillan Co. are 'Early Christian Art and Archaeology,' by Walter Lowrie, D.D.; 'What Is Shak- spere? An Introduction to the Great Plays,' by Prof. L A. Sherman; and 'The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Chil- dren,' by Homer Folks. 'Mahomet and Mahometanism,' by P. De Lacy Johnstone, and 'Origen and Greek Patristic Theology,' by the Rev. W. Fair- weather, will be among Messrs. Scribner's additions to their "World's Epoch-Makers" series. E. P. Dutton & Co. have nearly ready 'Chronicles of the House of Borgia,' by Frederic Baron Corvo, and Comenius's 'The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart,' translated by Count LUtzow. Herbert S. Stone & Co., Chicago, will re- vive the "Gift Book" of our fathers in 'The Christmas Garland: A Miscellany of Verses, Stories, and Essays,' by many well-known writers of the hour. They will also issue 'Aubrey Beardsley's Drawings to Illustrate the Works of Edgar Poe,' in a limited edi- tion; 'The Book of One Hundred Houses'; 'Animals,' by Wallace Rice, with colored il- lustrations; and 'Ruskin's Principles of Art Criticism,' by Ida M. Street. In addition to his illustrations for 'Alice in Wonderland,' Mr. Peter Newell has rendered a like service to John Kendrick Bangs's 'Mr. Munchausen' and Carolyn Wells's 'Mother Goose's Menagerie.' These two books are to be brought out by Noyes, Piatt & Co., Boston. Lee & Shepard will publish the 'American Boys' Life of William McKinley,' by Edward Stratemeyer. The first volume In the "Oxford History of Music" is to be 'The Polyphonic Period, Part I.: Method of Musical Art, 330-1330,' by Prof. H. E. Wooldridge. Five others will complete the series, and bear the imprint of the Clarendon Press (H. Frowde). The unfathered twenty-volume edition of Shakspere's works published in London by Archibald Constable & Co., in Philadelphia by Lippincott, may be quickly characteriz- ed. The shape is what we should call a small quarto; the volumes light to the hand, bound in a ribbed crimson clofti; the type generous for all eyes; the lines numbered; the title-page and the scattered illustrations in color, not remarkable as designs. The apparatus consists solely in a brief statisti- cal introduction, giving the dates of com- position and of publication of each play, and the number of acts, scenes, and lines; a few notes of variant readings, and a glossary. Oddly enough, in the first volume, which opens with the "Comedy of Errors," a general index to Shakspere's characters Is intercalated between the play and its prop- er glossary. Volume 20 is given up to the poetry, and here we detect slips which cast a doubt on the proof-reading of the series. Thus, in Sonnet 116: "Love is not love Which alters when its alteration finds"; and disregard of the niceties of punctuation is hardly less serious in No. 29: "When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes," (a comma being indispensable after when if one is inserted after eyes), and in No. 33: "with all triumphant splendor" for all- triumphant. 'Chatterton: A Biography' (Dodd, Mead & Co.) is Professor Masson's well-known and highly esteemed essay, revised, somewhat en- larged, and published in a volume by Itself. Every lover of letters will be glad to have

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Nov. 7, 1901] The ]STation. 359 the paper in this form, and readers who now make their acquaintance with it for the first time will not be likely to lay the book down till they have finished it. It is a strange story, and loses none of its strangeness as one recurs to it. The preposterous discus- sion of the authenticity of the Rowley po- ems is dead and buried — the present genera- tion can scarcely believe that it ever was alive; but the problem of Chatterton himself is as baffling as ever. Yet Dr. Masson makes him very real, refusing to scrutinize him as a mere curiosity, or to subordinate the hu- man interest of his life and character to the impulse to dissect and investigate. It is this which gives its chief value to the essay — the charitable and sympathetic spirit of the writer, combined with his knowledge of the times and his talent for illustrating a subject from his stores of collateral infor- mation. In literary criticism the book is not so strong, but, after all, it is "the mar- vellous boy" that interests us nowadays, not the "tragycal enterlude or discoorseynge tragedie" of "^Ella" or "The Balade of Charitie, as wroten bie the gode prieste Thomas Rowleie." No one reads Chatter- ton, but everybody is glad to read about him; and who has written so well of him as Professor Masson? Prof. E. G. Bourne's 'Essays in Historical Criticism' (Scribners) is one of the bicen- tennial publications issued by Yale. Were it not that these papers have already been printed as articles or delivered as addresses, they would deserve much longer notice than we are now able to give them. Almost all have appeared in the American Historical Review or in the Transactions of the Amer- ican Historical Association, and are thus known to a wide range of readers. "The Legend of Marcus Whitman," which fills more than a third of the volume, has re- cently caused a good deal of discussion, and is in several respects the most important of the thirteen essays. Prof. Bourne gives an entertaining account of the legend in its mature form, and then makes a skilful analysis of the evidence. His conclusion, which is amply warranted by the facts, re- moves Marcus Whitman from the pantheon of national benefactors and leaves him only an honorable place among missionaries. Other notable studies deal with the Federal- ist, Prince Henry the Navigator, the De- marcation Line of Pope Alexander VI., and the Proposed Absorption of Mexico in 1847- 48. There are also short estimates of Ranke, Parkman, and Froude. In all respects this volume justifies the exacting claims of its title, for among the chief instruments of criticism are learning and logic. Professor Bourne here shows himself to be a thorough scholar and a subtle dialectician. Few persons of middle and later life have not regretted the negligence of their failing to secure from parents and grandparents family traditions and tales of every-day life recalling generations that are past. Such records, however simple, become of greater value to the historian and antiquary with each passing year. Every small scrap of information gleaned from town documents, every half-obliterated epitaph and date from decaying gravestones, especially recollec- tions of some "oldest inhabitant," may, per- haps, afford just the color and old-time flavor which the historian needs to make his story a living picture. All such collec- tions in permanent form of facts that might otherwise be irretrievably lost are well worth attempting. In 'Early Days in the Connecticut Valley' Mrs. Walker (Amherst, Mass.) has gathered from many sources such scattering facts, and put them together in a most interesting narrative, told in a style unusually picturesque. All the Puri- tan settlers were farmers, and so vividly does she bring out their daily life that, on laying down the little book, it requires an effort to shut out the seventeenth century and return to the twentieth. Her 'Story of a New England Country Church' is another word-picture of the early struggles of the Puritans in their new settlement; of their grim determination to erect a meeting- house, pay a minister, have schools for their children, and worship God as conscience dic- tated, even if the church nad no fire and its temperature was at zero. A daughter of Professor Genung has meritoriously deco- rated the covers of these books. Mr. W. I. Lincoln Adams's new illustrat- ed out-door volume, 'Woodland and Mea- dow' (Baker & Taylor Co.), is a rhapsody on the delights of farming in New England — more particularly, in New Hampshire. The sugar camp, the hay-field, the corn harvesting, various hours of the day, views abroad riding or walking, are some of the themes of a text which pleasingly reflects the author's refined and gentle spirit. The photographic plates to which he writes are almost as numerous as the pages, and are mostly of a high quality; some of them of Mr. Adams's own making. The book is well suited as a gift to New Englanders, to whom it will call up scenes endeared by association, or to foreigners who want to know what New England is like. "Hamlet" with Hamlet omitted is our feeling on examining Messrs. Harper's edi- tion of 'Alice in Wonderland,' with an in- troduction by E. S. Martin and illustra- tions by Peter Newell. Alice is not there— not merely the high-bred Alice of Tenniel's pencil, but she who exhales from the whole story. She is transformed more lucklessly than by the small cake, "beautifully mark- ed in currants," that made her "open out like the largest telescope that ever was." She becomes one of Mr. Newell's simple little country maidens frightened by the "wild" flowers or shaking the polka-dots out of her dress. From her would come no such manners or wit as Lewis Carroll charged her with. This is a great pity, for the defect vitiates designs in which the other dramatis persona; are well conceived and cleverly and humorously delineated, like the caucus race (least of all here), Alice and the caterpillar, the March hare dipping the watch in his tea, etc. Mr. Newell could not avoid sometimes com- peting directly with Tenniel, or ever being judged by Tenniel's standards, like the latter-day illustrators of Dickens in com- parison with Phiz and Cruikshank. His humor is truest in his animals, and if Ten- niel had not gone before, adult critics would freely commend the new illustra- tions to the rising generation. The book is in other respects beautifully made, the text being bordered with pale-tinted gro- tesque animal borders, and the cover a vellum-like white paper, very effective. Lewis Carroll's portrait fits his own verse — "And faintly strove that weary one To put the subject by." A fairly readable, if somewhat crude, col- lection of tales will be found in 'Lady Lee, and Other Animal Stories' (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.), by the late Hermon Lee Ensign. It is evident that the author was a keen lover of animals, and that his writ- ing was actuated by a desire to help them to a greater immunity from abuse than they enjoy at present. Certainly the marvel- lous returns which his dumb heroes give for a small amount of human kindness empha- size his moral, but it seems a pity that, in the process, he should have deemed it nec- essary to bring such a large percentage of excellent creatures to an untimely end. A number of indifferent illustrations accom- pany the stories. *A Widow and her Friends' is the sixth book of drawings by Charles Dana Gibson, published by R. H. Russell. It shows all. or more than all, of Mr. Gibson's accus- tomed ability as a draughtsman, with, as It seems to us, some falling off in humor and ingenuity of idea. 'Plant and Floral Studies,' by W. G. Paul- son Townsend (John Lane), contains a num- ber of cleanly executed outline drawings of various plants and flowers, intended for the use of designers, art students, and crafts- men, together with a minimum of text. There is no attempt at conventionalization or at suggestions for design; the drawings being rather intended to supply the place of such preliminary studies from nature as every designer is supposed to make for him- self, but may not, in a given case or at a given time, have leisure or facilities for. The plates are intelligently executed for their purpose, and the book should prove serviceable. The second volume of the series entitled "Handbooks of Practical Gardening," edit- ed by Harry Roberts (John Lane), is called the 'Book of the Greenhouse,' and is from the pen of J. C. Tallack, the head gardener at Shipley Hall. In a thin volume of about a hundred pages, the author discusses con- cisely the construction of the greenhouse and the care and treatment of the most im- portant plants to put into it. Several chap- ters are devoted to the most valuable kinds of hardwood plants, climbers, bulb-bearers, and foliage plants. Among other valuable chapters is one giving advice to those wish- ing to have a "little town greenhouse." The latest number of the Cambridge Nat- ural Science Manuals, in the Biological Se- ries, is 'Zoology; An Elementary Text- book,' by A. E. Shipley and E. W. Mac- Bride (Macmillan). The authors have at- tempted to prepare a treatise which should readily be understood by students having no previous knowledge of the subject. The work in the main deals with the normal structure of the adult forms of recent ani- mals, beginning with the Protozoa and working up to the Vertebrates. This struc- ture is exhibited as the outcome of func- tion and habit, with the end of impressing the student with the feeling that zoology deals with living and developing animals rather than their mere dead or fossil re- mains. Everywhere the editors strive to make it clear that the ultimate end of the science is the discovery of the laws binding together and systematizing the facts. As the work appears in both an American and a British edition, and is the product of a British and a Canadian author, illustra- tions are drawn in the main from tin- British and North American faunas. The authors expressly disclaim having con- structed their work with an eye to its serv-

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360 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1897 ing as a vehicle of cram for the subjects of the examination boards so numerous in the mother country. The work is well il- lustrated, conservative, and clearly writ- ten, representing fairly the present state of British opinion on zoology, based on the "Co/lorn theory." Whether any system of classification is logical or natural which puts on an equal level such groups as the Folyzoa and Vertebrata, with the result of having at last four wandering phyla for which no appropriate niche can be sug- gested, is another story. For this our au- thors are not responsible. They are sim- ply following the procession, and, for a current manual for schools, no more can be expected or, indeed, justified. The book, while devoid of any special originality, will doubtless serve a useful purpose in the manner intended. With Bobs and Kruger,' by Frederick William linger (Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates & Co.), is a gossipy record of the shil'ts and devices, the privations and hardships, to which the purveyor of war information for the readers of daily news- papers is driven ere he can supply the requisite moving tales of danger and dar- ing. Mr. Unger was a disappointed gold- seeker returning from Alaska when the a of being a war correspondent in South Africa sent him across the sea to land at Cape Town with a capital of seven dollars and a photographic camera. By a mixl of persuasion and impudence he received permission from the press censor to join the London Times staff as a subordinate. Thereafter the way was clear to rise to independent responsibility as a correspon- dent of London and New York papers, and to obtain the privileges of witnessing bat- tles upon the front line and interviewing and photographing leaders upon both sides which are the recognized prerogatives of members of the "fourth estate." The ac- tivities of Mr. Unger's camera are shown in numerous photographs of notable men upon both sides, and interesting of the battle line, although the smallness of the pictures often gives unsatisfactory definition of faces and scenery. The compiler, Mary E. Southworth, of 'lot Sandwich d Francisco: U. P. Elder Morgan Shepard), might have made it 1001 as easily as she has accomplished the smaller odd -number. Within this conserva- tive limit she gives us fish, egg, salad, meat, sweet, nut, and cheese sandi ombined of varied Ingredients. Of the merits of this little paper-covered brochure— it is worthy of a more durable binding— we can speak in unqualified praise. The amateur has presented 10 him in a condensed form in lucidly expressed terms a scries of de- lightful preparations suitable for luncheons or al-fresco entei tainments. Tin 1 a single one of the recipes which does not meet the requirements of either one or both of these functions. The surveys of the nineteenth century made by the Dutch, apart from newspaper enterprises more or less ambitious, take form in two works that are well worth the scholar's attention. Dr. F. J. L. Kramer, professor in Utrecht University, sends forth a scries of learned monographs in a 'Histo- risch Gedenkboek (De Negentiende Eeuw),' an octavo of over four hundred pages (Am- sterdam: J. Funke). He writes, as a keen and critical historian, of Napoleon, the Holy Alliance, Liberalism, the Second Empire, the Armed Peace, Colonial Politics; touching luminously almost every episode and phase of European history, not only on the Con- tinent, but in distant "spheres of influence." He gathers up the threads in a chapter, "The Close of the Century," glancing at down to the rescue of the legations in Pekin. Besides a full index, there is a table of princely houses in Europe. The other book, 'De Negentiende Eeuw in Woord en Beeld' (The Nineteenth Century in Word and Picture), in three large volumes, much more expensive, popular in cast and con- tents, is by Prof. H. C. Rogge and W. W. van der Meulen of Leyden. Each volume, a superbly illustrated scuare octavo of half a thousand pages, not only deals with the various countries historically, but treats of the literature, art, invention, industry, music, religion, and general progress of the world. Naturally the authors give most at- tention to Europe, but devote a generous spac • to the United States and America. On Netherlandish art and literature, the work is unusually full (Leyden: A. W. Sijt- hoff). The scientific results of the Antarctic voyage of the Belgica, as given by Mr. H. Arctowski in the Geographical Journal for October, are the discovery that the glacial conditions in the southern hemisphere have iter than they are now, important observations in regard to the south polar ice-cap, and facts suggesting that the Ant- arctic region is an area of depression, and that the Andes are continued in Graham i ilji-ig their winter life of ent in the ship, the writer says that, owing to the "detestable climate," , tog, and snowdrift, rendering ex- as impossible, "the disastrous effects of the polar night are far more marked than in the north. There is a general low- ering of the system, and the heart acts Another difference between the two regions is that there is no summer thaw in the Antarctic, ana It was necessary to saw a channel through the pack, ex- s having proved useless. Among the other contents of the Journal are the ad- of Dr. H. R. Mill before the British Association, in which, referring to the small geographic value of the Census Report from :lure to use the cartographic method, he says: "It is a striking contrast to turn to the splendid volumes of the United hsus Reports, . . . thickly li- lted with maps, showing at a glance the distribution of every condition which H with, and enabling one to follow dei ade by decade the progressive develop- er the country, and to study for each census the relations between the various conditions." The suggestive paper read on ion by Mr. 0. G. Chisholm geographical conditions affect trade. It was practically a protest against the prevalent pessimistic belief that the threatened loss of British supremacy in trade is due to the diminished > ffleiency of workmen and the want of iuitiative and en- terprise on the part of employers. On the contrary, it is largely owing to improved land communications in Europe and on this continent. The principal contents of Petermann'a Mitteilungen, number nine, relate to the geology of Hayti and the variations of the level of the Aral Sea. During 1871-80 the Sea's area was diminished 133 square miles, but in the succeeding eighteen years the waters rose ten feet. Whether this change is periodic is not yet determined, but ob- servations of rainfall and temperature for the past sixty-two years at Barnaul in the Altai highlands make a cycle of fifty-five years not improbable. The schedules or the course of instruction in geography in the German universities and high schools for the coming winter term show the high es- teem in which this branch of education, es- pecially in commercial and colonial geo- graphy, is held in that country. The new "General Catalogue" of the Chi- cago Art Institute shows a growth in the range as well as in the number of its ac- quisitions in the twenty-two years of its existence, of which its trustees and friends may well be proud. What the Institute needs now, as do the other rapidly growing muse- ums of the country, is a corps of trained specialists as heads of departments, who can speak with authority concerning the collections under their charge, and tnus make their institutions educational in the highest sense. Boston has made a begin- ning in this direction, but it lias not yet gone as far as it should. We have already expressed the hope that, with its present unrivalled opportunity, the Metropolitan Mu- seum of this city may follow this example; and that Chicago has need of the same kind of assistance is made evident by an occasional statement in the present cata- logue. — The Atlantic for November contains the final instalment of Henry Austin Clapp's '.'Reminiscences of a Dramatic Critic." In it is a good account of Salvini's acting. Mr. Clapp's conclusion is an appeal for a pri- vately-endowed theatre, a tht'Citrc libre in the sense of being "absolutely divorced from slavery to its patrons and the box- office." The endowment would furnish a fund to insure the management against the necessity of making it pay by lowering its standard, and would correspond to the subventions given to the stage in Euro- pean countries by the Government. It would not be a "kindergarten" for infants who "still suck their sustenance from a 'vaudeville' bottle," but a high-school or university of acting, "dedicated to the higher culture" of that great "humanity," the histrionic art. For such a house would be engaged the best managers and actors, and on its stage would be produced the best plays of all time. The theatre once open, let the public come or not, as it pleases; let the experiment be tried for three years. This is a modest demand, and we should like to see it met, but, obvious- ly, the Maecenas who is to do it must first be found. He must certainly be a multi- millionaire, but he must also be a multi- millionaire who in these degenerate days likes good plays and good acting. He must also understand how to select his man- ager, who must in turn be filled with the same ambition and guided by the same tastes. If such a philanthropist and such a manager can be found, then the promot- ers of the suggested theatre will have reason to rejoice. Most existing managers, of course, much prefer the existing sys- tem, and most existing multi-millionaires care little for the elevation of the stage. The root of the difficulty is in the decline of the public taste, for nothing is more apparent in the pages of Mr. Clapp's re- miniscences than that, not so very long ago, we had a better stage than we have now.

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Nov. 7, rgoi] The Nation. 361 and that without the aid of any other than ordinary profit-seeking management. The leading article, called "Europe and Amer- ica," is by Sydney Brooks, who says that he writes as an Englishman who has learn- ed to know and like America, but has no "conscious tendency toward Jingoism." His account of the way in which Europe regards America, or rather the United States, is not encouraging. They look upon Ameri- cans, to adopt a happy simile which I wish I could claim as my own, much as a New York mugwump looks upon a Tammany alderman." This, considering the uniform willingness of the wretched snobs to have their sons marry Americans, is prob- ably overdrawn. One of the queer things that Mr. Brooks brings out is that a wide- spread belief exists in Europe that the Monroe Doctrine is what is ailing it. We, by means of the Doctrine, prevent the southern half of the hemisphere from be- ing partitioned among the European Pow- ers, who would like to add in this way to their "exclusive" trade. The paper is not as deep as some of Mr. Brooks Adams's pop- ular essays on kindred subjects, but gives a nice, light sketch of some current de- lusions, as reflected in an evidently sympa- thetic mind. — Scribnt r'.s opens with an article by Nel- son Lloyd called "Among the Dunkers," a theme which, though far from novel, con- trives to be interesting. Dumber is dip- per, and ' between the Mennonite and Dunker there is a serious difference as to the rite of baptism. "To the latter three- fold immersion is all important, while to the former it is sufficient to kneel in the stream and receive the water on the head from the hand of the elder, though in many congregations simple affusion is enough." Otherwise, they are almost in accord. Both strive painfully to follow the letter of the Scripture, to keep apart from the world, and to be simple in living. Both practise feet- washing, both are opposed to infant baptism, to the bearing of arms, and to litigation, except as a last resort; both are found in Pennsylvania, where the unusual principles of humanity and non- resistance early found a foothold, these sects are evidently a survival from the times when the Bible constituted pretty much the only literature of the humbler classes. An odd and, to the rest of us, objection- able custom is that of not changing plates at table. To insist upon a clean plate is regarded as an indication of pride. Gen. F. V. Greene's third paper on the army, filled with illustrations by Frederic Rem- ington, R. F. Zogbaum, F. C. Yohn, and others, brings the subject down to the present time. Few people, we venture to think, have any but a vague idea of the actual size of the army. Gen. Greene puts it at 77,000, or three times what it was down to 1898. It is augmentable, how- ever (at the option of the President), to 100,000 men. How much of a danger to liberty is it? Military men say none at all, for, by the rule of three, if an army of 25,000 is not a danger to the liberty of 30,- 000,000, an army of 77,000 can hardly be feared by a community of, say, 90,000,000, as it will shortly be. If this reasoning is correct, a population of 150,000,000 need not fear 125,000 men of all arms. The question is whether this is a safe method of reasoning. Gen. Greene declares that the army is now "better adapted to our needs than it has been at any previous period of our history." His papers are curious and interesting as illustrating tb<- expansion of our military system pari passu with the growth of the central Fed- eral power. But we have not reached the great-standing-army stage yet, and may never do so. — limpet's leading article, on "Strolling Mountebanks," is by Andre Castaigne, one o( the most popular of magazine draughts- men. The article serves to remind the reader how little of the old plein-air, gyp- sy, wandering mountebank life survives in America. The man with the bear, the ground and lofty tumbler, Punch and Ju- dy, the man who swallows swords, and the man who eats fire, the juggler, the clown, are all found now in "Midway Pleasaunces," or Coney Islands, or variety theatres, or fairs; but they are no longer independent artists. They all have managers, perhaps are employed by mountebank Trusts; at any rate, they are no longer at large, in- dividual and ubiquitous as they once were. Concentration and economy in production is the gospel of our generation, and it ap- plies to mountebanks as it does to Steel. "Confessions of a Caricaturist," by Harry Furniss (illustrated from sketches by the author), contains an anecdote exemplify- ing Disraeli's extraordinary powers of memory, for the accuracy of which, unfor- tunately, Mr. Furniss is unable to vouch, as he cannot remember who his informant was, nor, among all his friends, find "any one who actually witnessed the incident." This makes it either a good anecdote, or at the worst a good joke at the expense of the reader; it is, in its own nature, of a somewhat incredible order. "The Bottom of the Sea," by Charles Cleveland Nutting, Professor of Zoology in the University of Iowa, is an interesting scientific account of regions which are to a greater degree be- yond the bounds of our ordinary experience than those near the pole. It seems that the high coloring of the creatures brought up from extreme marine depths argues the existence of a great deal of light at the bottom of the sea. This can be furnished only by phosphorescence, either animal or vegetable, and we infer that in all prob- ability considerable submarine areas are carpeted by phosphorescent vegetable growth (gorgonians, sea-pens, hydroids, etc.). Most curious of all, animals de- velop phosphorescent appliances — one spe- cies of fish being provided with a dorsal fishing-pole, at the end of which, over its mouth, is suspended a luminous bait, by means of which its prey is attracted. — Eliot Gregory's "Our Foolish Virgins," in the Century, is a satirico-descriptive arti- cle on the American girl of the period. It is not as well done as Mr. Gregory's best, but contains some good observation. He ana- lyzes the feminine "golf champion" with malicious enjoyment, and gives an account of the doings of one at a country-house at which they happened to be at the same time. She arrives (Mr. Gregory fails to note an interesting point, that she is fre- quently billeted by the committee on some family to whom she is a perfect stranger) accompanied by her English trainer, or masseuse, and, incidentally, by her mamma, who enjoys the doubtful honor of being pointed out to everybody as "the mother of the champion." During the next few days she is douched, rubbed, and curried like a prize-fighter, snap-shotted by "representa- tives of the press," and kept up to her work by libations of strong "tea," to be brought home at the end of the match, collapsed, but victorious. A nice beginning, says Mr. Gregory, for womanhood — a queer way of fitting girls for their after career. And who is to blame? Certainly not the poor cham- pion, who knows nothing of what is in store for her as the probable consequences of her excesses, and has been taught nothing by those who do know. The criminals in the case are the parents, the foolish mamma who allows it all to help the girl on in "so- ciety," and the lax papa who leaves it all to mamma. There is to be a "Year of American Humor" in the Century. This is appropriately ushered in by "A Retrospect of American Humor," by Prof. W. P. Trent, richly illustrated by portraits. Mr. Trent's paper must have been difficult to write, for he marches in review before us a long line of worthies, from Benjamin Franklin to "Bill Nye," who have nothing in common except that they have all written some- thing provocative of mirth. We have heard much in praise of humor, and are apt to forget that it is a very broad term, and that, for purposes of criticism, we need some classification. To call Charles Lamb and "A. Ward" and Lowell all humorists does not, as Professor Trent perceives, add much to our knowledge of them. He advances a theory of humor somewhat akin to Taine's theory of literature — that as new incongru- ities in life and society make their appear- ance new phases of humor are evolved. But, after all, this is little more than saying that the stuff of which humor is made consists of these very incongruities, which was known before. —'Owen Glyndwr,' by Mr. A. G. Bradley (Putnams), has claims to attention which few volumes in the "Heroes of the Nations" series can pretend to share. Julius Caasar, Nelson, Napoleon, and Lincoln have fur- nished an excuse for so much writing that a new book about any of them is just one more title in a vast list. With Owen Glyndwr the case is different, for few readers would profess to know much about him, while the little they think they know is mostly wrong. Shakspere's treatment of him in Henry IV. is a bad perversion, and though Mr. Wylie has published an ex- haustive history of that period, his work circulates only among historical scholars. Furthermore, the subject agrees well with the standard size of volume in this series. The materials for a biography of Glyndwr are, relatively speaking, slight, and Mr. Bradley has been able not only to gather up, but to record, the chief facts which can be called authentic. Even after tak- ing all the space that he requires for the delineation of his hero, he has a good many pages left, and these he uses judi- ciously in giving the life of Glyndwr its proper historical setting. Beyond doubt, the national hero of the Welsh to the pres- ent day is their leader in the last strug- gle, rather than Llewelyn and Dafydd, the chieftains who fought against Edward I. Mr. Bradley associates Glyndwr with the final war of independence, but, besides do- ing so, he manages to supply a connected sketch of Welsh history until the fifteenth century, and he also comments upon the state of the principality since that date. Altogether the book is a valuable survey

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362 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 of Welsh history, so arranged as to centre around its chief incident and its chief char- acter. After fact and legend have both been pressed to the utmost, Glyndwr con- tinues to remain -a somewhat dim person- age, yet the nature of his position as a leader can be clearly made out. Mr. Brad- ley has written an excellent and most ser- viceable volume, which is rendered even better worth having by its numerous and attractive illustrations. — A little over a century ago, Russia and Great Britain combined together, though un- invited, to deliver the Dutch f romitheir French masters, and in September, 1799, 10,000 Eng- lish and 13,000 Russian troops landed at the Helder in North Holland. Losing their way in dune and marsh, and being separated, they were separately defeated by the French — the Russians at Bergen, with horrible slaughter, and the English at Castricum. Unmarked by any evidence of appreciation, the bones of the Russian soldiers lay forgot- ten in the soil, until recently, by the persis- tent activity of Lieut.-Col. De Muller (mem- ber of one of many Dutch-Russian families founded in the seventeenth century, and military attache to the embassy of Russia at The Hague and in Brussels), the Russian Government resolved to mark the place of the slain. Most of the officers and many of the rank and file were buried in the churchyard of the village, but "the Russian Kerkhof," part of the Van Reenen estate, was the place of chief burial. At the visit of De Muller on the centennial of the battle, the family of the burgomaster Van Reenen pre- sented to the Russian Government a plot of about 1,200 square yards, and on Monday, the 30th of September, 1901, in the presence of French, Russian, Dutch, and British offi- cers, civil and military, with escort of a Dutch regiment and military band, a monu- ment was dedicated with religious ceremo- nies bv the head of the national Russian synod, the highest dignitary of the Greek Catholic Church. The inscribed monument consists of a truncated pyramidal monolith of grayish-red Swedish granite, set upon a pedestal. From the top of the monolith rises a lofty cross of white marble, fashioned in the style of the Greek Church; the whole standing within an enclosure which, with heavy bronze chains and four upright stones, resembles the ordinary grave lot. This en- closure is but a few feet away from the trenches in which most of the slain were placed. On the face of the monolith in Russian characters is an inscription which reads: "In everlasting remembrance of the Russian soldiers who fell in the battle of Ber- gen on the 8th (19th) of September, 1799," and on the reverse, "Erected in the year 1901." Various Russian regiments that still maintain their historic organization had sent wreaths in remembrance of their for- mer comrades, three of those specially noted being from the regiments of King Frederick HI., of Tobolsk, and of the Cossack Guards, etc. With palms, flowers, evergreens, and ribbons inscribed with gold, the grassy part of the mound was covered. — Wilhelm Beck, who died at his home (Orslev parsonage), near Copenhagen, on September 30, was undoubtedly the most remarkable personality of his time in the Danish Lutheran Church. The word per- sonality is used advise lly in connection with Beck, for he was not a great theologian, like Mynster and Martensen. It Is as a preach- er and a leader of men that Beck stands out from among his contemporaries. Indeed, his theological reasoning is said by others than his opponents to be far from convincing, and he made no single notable contribution to the golden science. But as a pulpit orator, in the truest sense of that much-abused phrase, he has, perhaps, never had a superior in Denmark, the home of pulpit oratory. His personal influence outside of the pulpit is shown by his identification with "The Union for Inner Missions in Denmark," the most important movement in Danish relig- ious life since the time of Grundtvig. In some of its aspects the Inner Mission, as it is popularly called, may be regarded as a revival of the pietism of the eighteenth cen- tury, a sort of Danish wave of Puritanism, in protest against what was regarded as the indifference and materialism of the state church, with which latter, however, it re- tains its connection. In his insistence upon the necessity of conversion Beck suggests Wesley. In spite of his severe views, Beck was a man of an unusually sanguine temper- ament. He has been accused of lack of tact and an indifference to the feelings of others, but of his deep sincerity and devo- tion to what he regarded as the vital inter- ests of Danish religious life there can be no doubt. The life story of Wilhelm Beck is quickly told. He was born December 30, 1829, in the parsonage of Orslev, where he died. In 1853 he completed his theological studies, and two years later became his father's assistant. During the ten years spent in this position his religious views un- derwent the change that resulted in the es- tablishment, in 1861, of the Inner Mission, to which his chief energies were henceforth devoted. In 1874 he was appointed to his father's old charge, in which he spent the rest of his life. A few months before his death Beck published his 'Reminiscences.' BOOKS ON PAINTING. The Study and Criticism of Italian Art. By Bernhard Berenson. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. 1901. Francesco Raibolini, Called Francia. (Great Masters in Painting and Sculpture.) By George C. Williamson, Litt.D. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmil- lan. 1901. Dante Gabriel Rossetti: An Illustrated Me- morial of his Art and Life. By H. C. Marillier. Second edition, abridged and revised. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. 1901. llubirt von Herkomcr, R.A.: A Study and a Biography. By A. L. Baldry. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmil- lan. 1901. Chefs d'Ocuvre of the Exposition Vniver- selle. Parts 8 to 15. By Walton, Saglio and Champier. Philadelphia: George Bar- rie & Son. There are two men in Mr. Berenson: the ingenious promulgator of certain broad views of art based upon psychology, the inventor of "tactile values" and "space- composition"; and the modern connoisseur, the follower of Morelli, the readjuster of attributions. In the present republication of scattered papers from various periodicals dt Is principally the Morellian that is to the fore, but Mr. Berenson wears his Morellism with a difference, and, in his interesting preface, the critic of broader views peeps out and shows a refreshing skepticism as to the intrinsic value of attribution-mon- gering. The special mark of Mr. Beren- son's Morellism, in which, apparently, he differs less from Morelli himself than from his present-day followers, is in his in- sisting on the importance of that feeling for artistic quality upon which artists are wont to rely almost altogether in their judg- ments, and in the absence of which mere connoisseurship seems to them of no worth whatever. "Quantitative analysis," says Mr. Beren- son, "such as, if you are foolish enough to take him at his word, Morelli seemed to ad- vocate as all-sufficing, is within the capa- city of any serious student armed with pa- tience and good habits of observation; but the sense of quality must first exist as God's gift, whereupon, to become effective, it should be submitted to many years of arduous training. Only the person thus gifted and trained may approach the inner shrine of the Muses, and not be overtaken by a fate worse than of Midas.." This is an admirable criticism of much modern writing on art. But even when the sense of quality is added to the analysis of quantity, when an "impeccable connois- seurship" has been as nearly as possible realized, it remains to ask what is the real value of the result. One may doubt wheth- er it will ever be possible to write the his- tory of art "as independently of all doc- uments" as one might that of "the world's fauna or the world's flora"; but if one could? Mr. Berenson has no illusions as to the importance of the matter. The skep- tical view could hardly be stated more strongly tnan ne states it himself. He speaks of "the sterile prosings of the so- called connoisseurs," and says: "I see now how fruitless an interest is the history of art, and how worthless an undertaking is that of determining who painted, or carv- ed, or built whatsoever it be." It may be added that the undertaking is the more worthless in that the works of art about which there is any doubt are nearly always either the inferior works of great men, or the works of inferior artists about whom no one need care much; and that, after it is once stated that a given picture is, say, either a poor Titian or an imitation of Titian by a bad painter, it need matter little to any one which it is. The real rea- son of Mr. Berenson's continued interest in connoisseurshin we take it, is to be found in his incidental statement: "Method interests me more than results; the func- tioning of the mind much more than the ephemeral object of functioning." It is be- cause he finds the work itself fascinating that we have these essays at proving "who painted what." Do they really prove it? Important or unimportant as the matter of attributions may be, does modern criticism really settle that matter? Even if one were foolish enough to claim for himself anything like Mr. Berenson's knowledge of Italian art, it would be impossible to form an inde- pendent opinion upon his attributions with- out opportunity for careful study of the pictures in question; but one may notice how constantly the modern connoisseurs contradict each other, and how rapidly Mr. Berenson contradicts himself. He has a fashion, perhaps from impatience of the repetition of phrases like "I think" or "in my opinion," of giving to his statements the air of positiveness and finality that he probably would not seriously claim for

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Nov. 7, 1901] The Nation. 363 them. He says: "Another so-called Titian . . . is by Girolamo Santacroce," "Four are by . . . Polidoro Lanzani," etc., etc. Yet the apparently settled conclusions of 1S95 are all unsettled in 1901, and we have conflicts between text and note like these: (Text): "Before we can properly know Giambono, we must be able to differentiate him from his contemporaries, . . . from Jacopo Bellini in such a picture as the 'St. Crisogono' . . . (sometimes attributed to Giambono)." (Note): "I feel confident now that this is by Giambono." (Text): "The part Squarcione himself played . . . was probably no greater than that played by M. Julian in the Pa- risian ateliers of to-day." (Note) : "Squarcione himself now seems to me to have been a painter of some mer- it, ... a man who, in a way, was a real master." It is a stupid man that never changes his mind, but he who has changed his mind once may do so again, and we are therefore justified in thinking all these confident at- tributions of third-rate works of art to this or that third-rate artist still as prob- lematical as they are confessedly unim- portant. Perhaps the most wonderful feat of the new criticism — certainly one of the most remarkable attempts at the study of art- history "independently of all documents" — Is Mr. Berenson's creation, out of odds and ends of the school of Filippo Lippi, of a brand-new artist with a brand-new name. There exist a number of pictures in various galleries that have been attrib- uted to Filippo himself, to Botticelli, to Filippino, and even to Ghirlandajo. This last attribution may be set aside at once, and it may be admitted that the pictures in question are second-rate works, which have some affinity to Botticelli and issue from the same school. Mr. Berenson has convinced himself that they are all by the same hand, has established a chro- nology for them, has evolved his artist complete with a history and a gradual change of style, and has baptized him Amico di Sandro— the Friend of Botticelli. In this case we are enabled, as far as reproductions of the pictures can enable us. to examine the evidence, and we do not find it convincing. It seems to us far from certain that the pictures are by one hand, and we see no reason for the chro- nological order so confidently given. We agree that the pictures are most of them inferior productions, imitative rather than original, and that it is well to take them from the masters to whom they have been falsely attributed heretofore. Why not call them "school pieces" and be done with it? They may have been painted by one hand, and Amico di Sandro might be as good a name as another for that problem- atical painter; the speculation is amus- ing and would be harmless were it not for the way in which guesses rapidly get them- selves treated as certainties, so that we expect Amico di Sandro to turn up in come forthcoming art history as an un- doubted person supplied with a biography. ^ Dr. Williamson, the general editor of the "Great Masters" series, shows his predilec- tions in art by the selection for his own treatment, after Luini and Perugino, of Francesco Francia, another smooth and workmanlike painter of over-sweet senti- ment and without great original force. The book gives about all the information con- cerning the Bolognese artist that one need ask for, but is not without instances of con- fusion of thought and of statement to which Dr. Williamson seems to be somewhat sub- ject. They do not, perhaps, invalidate the general soundness of the book, but they induce a feeling of caution in accepting its conclusions, and it may not be out of place to give a few instances at greater length than their intrinsic importance would justi- fy. On p. 28 there is an argument against the validity of the tradition that Francia was a pupil of Marco Zoppo, one of the points of which is that Francia began painting late in life, no picture of his bearing a date earlier than 1494 (he was born in 1450), while the latest dated work of Zoppo is of 1497. Again, on p. 33, the mature style of this earliest dated picture by Francia is com- mented on, and is endeavored to be account- ed for by the statement that "his niello- work had prepared him so well for the use of the brush that he sprang fully equipped on to the field of action upon which he was to gain so great a victory." Both of these passages are entirely disposed of by Dr. Williamson's citation on p. 126 of an entry in "the original records of the Guilds" in which, in 1486, Francia is referred to as "Francesco Marco de Raibolino . . . detto il Pittore il Franza." This entry proves, conclusively, that eight years before the picture of 1494 Francia not merely was painting, but was a well-known painter; yet Dr. Williamson has apparently no no- tion of its bearing. In describing Francia's medals of Julius II. on p. 7. it is stated that "the silver one" bears "an effigy of the Pontiff wearing a biretta and cope," while another is "almost exactly like it, save that it has the figure II on the obverse instead of the word se- cundus." The first of these medals is not illustrated, but the second is, and upon it the Pope is bareheaded. Has Dr. William- son blundered in his description of the first medal, or in his statement that the two are "almost exactly" alike? There are several other descriptions of works of art that seem to be contradicted by the illustrations, and two that are clearly so. One of the "two holy women" of the Turin "Deposition" (p. 114) is surely St. John, and there is no vase in the hand of St. Paul in the Scappi Altar-piece, though the text describes it (p. 56)) as "closely resembling one yet to be seen in the sacristy of St. Petronius In Bologna." Finally, what are we to think of the reasoning (p. 122) that a given figure cannot represent St. Albert the Carmelite because "there is no sign of the dragon under his feet" — when the figure is seen only to the waist? It would be difficult to conceive of any greater contrast in life or in art than that between the heroes of the two handsome illustrated volumes next on our list: the one a painter who scarcely ever exhibited, who gradually became more and more of a recluse and surrounded himself with an im- penetrable mystery, a member of no rec- ognized artistic body, whose work was for years seen only by his personal friends and a few patrons; the other, one of the best- advertised men in Europe, who is constant- ly before the public in a hundred capacities, who was awarded a medal of honor at the Paris Exposition of 1878, when he was bare- ly twenty-nine years old, and gold medals pretty much everywhere ever since, who la covered with orders and decorations, and Is a Royal Academician and member of seven or eight other British art societies, a "Foreign Associate of the Academy of Fine Arts in the Institute of France, a member of the Academy at Berlin, Professor of Fine Art at Munich, and an Honorary Member of the Antwerp Academy, the Belgian So- ciety of Aquarellists, the Dutch Society of Aquarellists, the Swedish Academy, and the Vereinigung der Bildenden Kunstler Oester- reichs at Vienna." Rossetti, in spite of a de- fective technical education and of affecta- tions and mannerisms which grew upon him and gradually dominated his later work, was an artist to his finger-tips, and, at his best, an artist of a very rare and high quality — one of the dozen greatest artists of the nineteenth century; Professor Herkomer is little more than a clever illustrator, with a knack of pleasing his public. The result of the one book must be to increase the estimation among good judges of Rossetti as a painter; we do not see how the collec- tion together of so much of Herkomer's work can result otherwise than in a lowering of his prestige. In the case of Rossetti one is surprised to find, after the elimination of feeble early work and mannered late work, how much real beauty of a high order he created in the middle period of his life. In the case of Herkomer one looks in vain, and with increasing amazement, for any beauty whatever, or for any evidence of an artis- tic motive of any sort in his production. A certain obvious sentiment one finds, and an approximate power of representation; but any artistic quality of a high order, whether in composition, color, line, light and shade, tone, or anything else, is to seek. Both books contain a sufficient amount of presumably accurate information, both are handsomely printed, and in both the pictures are well reproduced. The cover of the "Herkomer" is, to our taste, very ugly. The last eight parts of the 'Chefs d'Oeuvre of the Exposition Universelle' deal with the art of Germany, Austria, the Eastern European Countries, Spain, Italy, etc., and of South America, with an even more depressing result than that of the earlier parts. Either the publishers have somehow — purposely or unavoidably — left out all the real art in the Exhibition, or there was very little there. South Africa a Century Ago: Letters Writ- ten from the Cape of Good Hope (1797- 1801) by the Lady Anne Barnard. Edited, with a memoir and brief notes, by W. H. Wilkins. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1901. The war in South Africa has brought death and oblivion to countless human be- ings, but to one it has brought immortal- ity. For had not the struggle aroused in- terest in South Africa, Lady Anne Barnard would perhaps never have become known to the world; by whom now, we do not hesi- tate to say, she will never be forgotten so long as letters are cherished. A century ago the British were in possession of the Cape of Good Hope, and Henry Dundas, Vis- count Melville, was Secretary of State for War in Pitt's first administration. For Lady Anne's sake he made her husband, An- drew Barnard, Secretary of the Colony. The appointment was absolutely unjustifiable on any sound theory of government. Barnard was not known to have any qualifications for the office, and Dundas appointed him

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364, The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1897 because he could not resist Lady Anne's ap- peals for an office of some kind. The na- ture of her claims on Dundas we do not care to scrutinize. She was deeply at- tached to him and he had been devoted to her. His first wife left him for another man; he obtained a divorce, and for several years was often a guest at the house of La- dy Anne Lindsay, as she then was, and her sister, Lady Margaret Fordyce. Pitt, Burke, Sheridan, Windham, and the Prince of Wales were also frequent visitors at this house; and there exists a letter from the Prince to Lady Anne, written after the death of her husband, which is kind enough to make us almost forget the delinquencies of the author. Dundas, however, presently married Lady Jane Hope, and soon after Lady Anne ac- cepted Mr. Barnard, who made her a good husband, and to whom she was a faithful wife. We have said that in theory his ap- pointment could not be justified; practical- ly, it was eminently successful. He dis- charged his duties satisfactorily, but his wife — Lady Macartney, the Governor's wife, remaining in England — became not only the first Lady but the most powerful influence in the colony. Had its government been committed to her, and her life been pro- longed to the middle of the last century, there would have been no Great Trek, no hostile Boer republics, no Majuba Hill, no Jameson raid, no desolating war. The Dutch population would have been disarmed by gracious and intelligent regard for its wel- fare and even its prejudices. It would have been drawn with the cords of love, and charmed into submission and indeed into enthusiastic loyalty. It would have been unable and unwilling to resist the fascina- tion of such goodness of heart, such ten- derness of sentiment, such courteous con- sideration, such grace of manner, such keen- ness of wit, such knowledge of the world withal, as this woman displayed. She would deserve the epithet queenly, could queens be found who equalled her. If this sounds extravagant to any one, let him read these letters. They were written a hundred years ago, but they are as fresh as anything called forth by the present war. Matthew Arnold, with the conceit of the age, praised Thucydides for his "modern" spirit. He wrote rationally, which Arnold assumed to be characteristic of our day. In this sense, Lady Anne's letters are thoroughly modern. Their style is very near the perfection of epistolary style. They were written for the eye of Dundas alone, and are absolutely uncon- strained. In one sense, the style is not literary: there are no references to books or authors, and no literary allusions; on the other hand, these letters are literature, and deserve a permanent place among the classics. To read them is a liberal edu- cation; for they are not only sensible and generous in tone, but are also exquisite in the art with which a colonial society is portrayed. It is a great temptation to quote freely from them; but those who would appreciate the quotations should get the book for themselves. As we have main- tained, the political lessons to be drawn from it are extremely impressive. It shows how an empire might be consolidated, if rulers would treat their subjects as human beings equal to themselves. But, long af- ter the world has ceased to interest itself in South African politics, it will keep a place in its heart for Lady Anne Barnard. He who maintains intimate relations with the authors of good books will say of her, wherever he is placed: "Dulce ridentem Lalagen iiuuabo, I mice scribentem. " 'Twixt Sirdar and Menelik: An Account of a Year's Expedition from Zeila to Cairo through Unknown Abyssinia. By the late Capt. M. S. Wellby. Illustrated. Har- per & Bros. 1901. Pp. xxv, 409, 8vo. Capt. Wellby was a fine type of the men who have built up the British Empire. During his short life of thirty-four years, he conducted three exploring expeditions in East Africa and a notable one in Cen- tral Asia; served in the Tirah campaign in India, and was one of the defenders of Ladysmith, being killed in a reconnais- sance soon after its relief. He possessed in a remarkable degree both the com- moner qualities of courage and endurance, and the rarer power of winning the con- fidence and affection of the natives with whom he came in contact. This was part- ly a natural endowment, but mainly the result of his fair and sympathetic treat- ment of them. It was only by the exercise of infinite patience and great tact that he was able again and again to establish friendly relations with savages whom a bitter experience had taught to regard every stranger as an enemy. As the title of his volume indicates, his exploring work was in the imperfectly known region lying between the Egyptian Sudan under the rule of the Sirdar and Men- elik's dominions. To reach it, he crossed southern Abyssinia, and the narrative of this part of his journey is perhaps the most valuable, though dealing only with fa- miliar scenes and people. The strong prejudices against the Abyssinians which he cherished at the start, soon gave place to a hearty appreciation of their bravery, honesty, and intelligence. Their faults are largely due to their sudden emergence from a condition of complete isolation armed with European weapons. To raid the border tribes having only bows and spears was naturally their first use of them, devastating war being the inevitable result of supplying the semi-civilized or savage races with guns and ammunition. The King impressed him as a man intent on promoting the welfare of his country. When the people were in dire distress from the rinderpest some years ago, he says that Menelik with his own hands tilled the soil and gave the fruits of his labors to the needy, "an example that encouraged others to do likewise. I was told that for three years he ate no beef, for, he ar- gued, 'Why should I enjoy plenty while my people are in want?' " At their fare- well interview, Capt. Wellby thanked the King for his permission to travel through his country, and asked him whether he could not make some return for all his kindness. ' No,' he replied, 'only let me have copies of the maps you make.' " The favorable impression made upon the mon- arch by the young explorer is shown by his graceful letter of acceptance of the dedication of this work, a facsimile of which is given. After he leaves Abyssinia, Capt. Wellby's narrative is chiefly taken up with the in- cidents of his march through the trackless wilderness, alternating forest, swamp, and parched desert, of the basin of the White Nile. His hardest work, however, was not in overcoming these natural obstacles, but in restraining his followers ("whose chief topic of thought and conversation was kill- ing and raiding") from ill-treating the na- tives of the region, and in inducing these to act as guides and suppliers of food and water. It is a striking testimony to the power of the Pax Britannica that as soon as he entered the Sirdar's country, still 600 to 700 miles from Khartum, the natives came voluntarily into his camp, though belonging to a tribe which has "always been notorious for their intense shyness and anxiety to avoid all dealings with any Europeans who have come across them." With his arrival at Nasser on the Sobat, the southernmost Egyptian post, practically ended a journey which deserves to rank among the finest in African explorations, because it accomplish- ed so much with so small a following. Un- fortunately, Capt. Wellby's untimely death prevented his working up the scientific re- sults of his expedition, and he gives little geographical or ethnological information re- lating to the region passed through. He re- fers to the vast extent of "magnificent land" in it, capable of supporting millions, but "given up to immense herds of antelope, elephants, rhino, and giraffes." With this big game he had numerous encounters, but few adventures — a true sportsman, killing only when food was needed. His most re- markable experience was among the Wala- mo, a tribe whom the Abyssinians believe "are capable of imparting a devil, or gin, into the bodies of strangers who come there, more especially if they are permitted to be present while the strangers partake of food.' Two of his men had temporary attacks of insanity, and he himself, after purposely eating before the natives to dispel the fears of his followers, felt strangely unwe.l for the first and on y time through the whole of his journey. The next year another travel- ler through this district ate before the na- tives without any ill results either to him- self or his men. An interesting physical phenomenon was observed in the river So- bat, the passage of which was rendered ex- tremely difficult by alligators and, especially, huge floating islands which "came sailing along, one after another, in quick succes- sion." Capt. Wellby is an unusually pleasant companion, writing easily and without any straining for effect. He makes a brief ref- erence to a cut finger, for instance, but a friend tells us that for three months he was "in intense agony, holding a mortify- ing finger upright during the whole of the long and miserable march, concealing his pain, so that his followers should not lose heart." As a specimen of his style, we quote the description of the hair of a gi- gantic Turkana chief: "It was as thick as a felt numnah [sad- dle-cloth], and hung in a thickly woven mass clean over the shoulders, right dowu to the waist, in the shape of an oval. As though not contented with this wonderful adornment of Nature, he had fastened a very thin stick, curled up like a tail, close in the end of the hair, and he always show- ed great care in its welfare and in seeing there was no chance of its coming to grief. The end of his hair was curled up, and in it he carried his little knickknacks." The book is attractive in its appearance.

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Nov. 7, 1901] The Nation. 365 and is well illustrated from taken by the author. photographs Parts of Speech: Essays on English. By Brander Matthews. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. The chief title of Professor Matthews's latest volume of essays is somewhat fan- tastically chosen. In 'Parts of Speech' we learn little of the divisions of vocables; rather, Professor Matthews's fundamental concern is with the progress and larger destiny of the English language. 4The first nine papers treat of "The Stock that Speaks the Language," "The English Lan- guage in the United States," "American- isms," "The Function of Slang," "Questions of Usage," and other allied topics. In his preface the author expressly disclaims any pretence to technical linguistics, but it is evident that he has taken sound philplogi- cal advice. The volume contains, however, opinions and judgments against which any person with a sensitive linguistic con- science must protest. We shall say little of Professor Mat- thews's unqualified assertion that the future of the English language and literature is in the keeping of America; that, before the present century is out, the literary supre- macy in the vernacular will have passed from London to New York, or to Chicago, as centuries ago it passed from Athens to Alexandria. This is a comfortable and not glaringly improbable belief. Still, we sub- mit that the corner-stone of the argu- ment is not without flaw. The fact that the number of writers is greater here, that the yearly output of printed pages in- creases with greater relative rapidity, is no firm ground for an assertion which should be ventured only with the utmost caution, after the most profound and mi- nute study of the relation between the personal and political ideals of any nation and its language and literature. But this is not so bad as certain re- marks upon questions of usage. That any language is a living organism, thriving only when its growth is unchecked, no one will deny. We freely admit that the pedant who would cut off the liberties of a language is as dangerous a foe to its well-being as the sans-culottes who would claim for it unlim- ited license. But it seems deplorable when a professor of English in a great university assures us that "the subjunctive mood is going slowly into innocuous desuetude"; that when we shall be rid of it "the English language will have cleansed itself of a bar- nacle," or that "quite no longer implies completely, but is almost synonymous with somewhat." That there is such a tendency in most oral discourse, and in the work of the slapdash school of literature is obvious. If one like Professor Matthews could al- ways express the refinements and subtleties of his thought by quoting from Bagehot or Lowell, there would, perhaps, be less oc- casion to object to this blunting of the lan- guage; but surely it is only by a nice at- tention to such grammatical details as the subjunctive construction, or the ra'dical implication of an adverb like "quite," that some craftsmen can attain the delicate shading of speech, the pliant, felicitously veracious English, adequate to the expres- sion of their mind. It is but fair to our essayist to state that his own stylistic practice rarely transgresses. The point is this: the language will progress and ex- pand of its own native energy, but it is well that this progress and expansion should encounter a conservative, lnhibitive, and directing force in academic tradition. When a volume put forth under quasi- academic auspices gives the implicit sanc- tion of its authority to doctrinaire revolu- tion, the natural balance of things is dis- turbed. It may be that much of the violent em- phasis of this volume is due to the fact that it is a piece of special pleading, in which the desire to strike often blinds the sober judgment. This is seen in many separate instances; for example, in the re- peated depreciation of Dr. Johnson. That the Leviathan had his limitations we all know, but to speak of that full-blooded old humanist as "a narrow-minded scholar," and to affirm that "in all matters of taste" he was "an elephantine pachyderm," is to evince cleverness of phrase rather than catholicity of feeling or sobriety of judg- ment. "An Inquiry as to Rhyme," which follows the nine essays above mentioned, is incon- clusive. Professor Matthews's theory that the function of rhyme is to promote the "economy of attention" by alternately arousing and gratifying expectation, and that this can be done only by rhymes pho- netically perfect, is likely to satisfy neither scholars nor poets. Sidney Lanier's 'Science of English Verse' is undoubtedly fallacious in certain of its postulates and deductions, but its theory of rhyme is much more to the point than this. As Lanier explains it, rhyme plays an important part in revealing to the ear the stanzaic arrange- ment of a poem, marking so the musi- cal phrasing — that manipulation of the tunes of speech on which the essential melody of verse depends. Furthermore, in the hands of a master, so far from merely "gratifying expectation" by the perfection of the jingle, rhyme becomes an integral part of the subtle tone color of the poem. To understand this, one has but to consider a single example from Tennyson, in which the theoretically imperfect rhyme has a de- lightfully felicitous effect like that of an ac- cidental flat in music: 'Willows whiten, aspens injlver, Little breezes dusk and shiver Thro' the wave that runs (or ever By tlie island in the river Flowing down to Cainelot." Following the discussion of rhyme is an entertaining essay "On the Poetry of Place Names." This, in turn, is followed by a spirited defence of spelling reform, which we do not feel called upon to discuss. The collection concludes with "Americanism — An Attempt at a Definition." This last is a platitudinous but timely paper; pronounced with lively emphasis by an able speaker, it might prove an effective composition. The volume as a whole is a readable piece of book-making, and, as literature now is, likely to arouse discussion and enjoy a con- siderable repute. Short History of the Hebrews to the Roman Period,. By R. L. Ottley. Macmillan. 1901. It is evident that we have reached an advanced stage in the critical examination of the history of the Hebrews. For one thing, the time has arrived of the middle- men, these bookmakers, usually as inno- cent of Hebrew and German as they are ot original investigation, who pass on 'the new things to their yet more innocent brethren. For another, the new things are being lopped and adapted to the theologi- cal taste of the English masses. And it is wonderful how decorous a theory may be- come in the hands of an English Church- man which seemed flippant enough as giv- en forth by its German begetter. One of the best of these books is Mr. Ottley's 'Short History of the Hebrews.' He was prob- ably a student under Driver, and is certain- ly of his school. His Hebrew is evidently scanty and, by preference, second-hand. With the Septuagint his relations are much closer. German, apparently, he does not read. In his "List of chief works con- sulted" only one is not in English, and it is Piepenbring's 'Histoire du peuple d'Israel.' His position may be fairly in- dicated by his admission that "the re- sults of archaeology cannot be fairly said to have corroborated the actual incidents recorded in Genesis and Exodus," and by his warning that "it is hard to say which is the greater mistake — to maintain . . . that the vivid narratives of the Pentateuch are literally, and in all their details, true to fact, or to assert that, if they are not in the strict sense historical, they are there- fore destitute of moral and spiritual value." His method is a simple one which might easily be misunderstood or misread. It con- sists in accepting and sketching the He- brew tradition, miracles and all, for what it may be worth. From Moses on, Mr. Ott- ley evidently regards it as worth a great deal and as practically trustworthy, except in the details of the priestly code. The Stories of the Patriarchs are treated in the same way, as are also the early narratives of Genesis, but in their case there is ap- pended to the ancient tradition some con- sideration of its value. The result is a rather ludicrous reversal of the old-fash- ioned apologetic method, as seen, for ex- ample, in Stackhouse's venerable 'History of the Bible.' There all manner of skepti- cal objections to each narrative used to be put first as the bane, to be followed by the antidote of a complete and crushing orthodox refutal. Nowadays, nous avons change tout eela, and the bane seems to be getting the upper hand. As a detail, it may be worth mention that the recent criticism of the historicity of Ezra-Nehemiah does not seem to have reached Mr. Ottley. But his book, within its limits, is throughout sound and healthy. It has an atmosphere of common sense, and will undoubtedly be useful to many. There are seven very care- ful and beautiful maps. The details in them, however, are not always fully ex- plained, and they do not entirely agree with the text. For example, Tarshish in the map is identified with Tarsus, but in the book itself with Tartessus in Spain. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbatt, William. The Battle of Pell's Point. New York: Published by the Author. Bangs. John Kendrick. Over the Plum-Pudding. Harpers. $1.16. Bennett. E. A. Fame and Fiction. London: Grant Richards; New York: E. P. Duttou & Co. $2. Black, Hugh. Culture and Restraint. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. Boise, O. B. Music and its Masters. Philadel- phia: J. B. Lippincott Co. Bourchier, John. The Chronicle of Froissart, Vol. HI. London: David Nutt. Brown. G. W., jr. Compilation of the General Or- dinances of Greater New York. The Bunks Law Pub. Co. $2.50. Brush, Mary E. Q. Island Patty. American Tract Society. 25 cents.

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366 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1897 Carroll, Lewis. Alice's Adventures in Wonder- land (Peter Newell Edition.) Harpers. $3. Chatterbox. Boston: Dana EsteB & Co. $1.28. Church P. W. Chinese Turkestan with Caravan and Rifle. London: Rivingtons. 10s. Church, S. II. Beowulf. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $2. Clark, J. B. The Control of Trusts. Macmillan. GO cents. Connor, Ralph. The Man from Glengarry. Flem- ing H. Revell Co. $1.50. Copeland, O. T., and Rideout, H. M. Freshman English and Theme-Correcting. Silver, Burdett & Co. $1. Corbin, Marie O., and Going, C. B. Urchins at the Pole. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.10. Crawford F. M. Marietta, a Maid of Venice. Macmillan. Creswick. Paul. Under the Black Raven. Lon- don: Ernest Nister; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. D'Annunzio, Gabriele. Gioconda. R. H. Rus- sell. $1. De Vinne, T. L. Correct Composition: The Prac- tice of Typography. Century Co. $2. Dexter, F. B. The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles. (Yale Bicentennial Publications.) 3 vols. 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Nov. 7, 1901] The ISTation. Crowell's Library of Economics. Monopolies Past dLiid Present An Introductory Study, by JAMES EDWAR.D LE R.OSSICNOL. Ph.D. "In view of the rapid multiplication of books on the subject of monopoly, one is inclined to regard a new one with considerable dismay, as being in all likelihood only a repetition of the familiar hysterical shriekings against trusts, or the equally extreme denunciations of all who doubt the advantages of our latest form of in- dustrial organization. The volume by Dr. Le Rossignol belongs, however, to neither of these groups. It is, on the contrary, a fair, scholarly presentation of the his- tory of monopoly." — New York Commercial Advertise): Trice $1.2.5 The Jew in London A Study of Racial Character and Present-Day Conditions, by C. RUSSELL ai\d H. S. LEWIS (Introduction by Canon Barnett; Preface by James Bryce). "A calm, unbiassed discussion of a problem which has a parallel side in this country. Its good temper, candor, and penetration predispose the reader to the same state of mind. The volume will do much to bring about a clearer and fuller apprehension of the difficulties which beset native and alien." Trice $1.5 O Just Published The Freivck Revolution and Modern French Socialism A Comparative Study of Principles and Doctrines, by JESSICA PEIXOTTO. Ph.D. " This study will commend itself to students of economies and to thorough-going readers who prefer to trace principles back to origi- nal sources. The book seeks neither to further nor retard any ism; it confines itself to an analysis of the great French upheaval of a century ago, and the resultant creed which has exerted so wide an effect upon history. " Trice £1.50 Municipal Monopolies Public Regulation and Public Own- ership of Utilities Contrasted, by EDWARD W. BEMIS a.nd others. " By all odds the most important book on municipal matters that has appeared since Dr, Albert Shaw's 'Municipal Government in Great Britain.' . . . The whole field of municipal monopolies has been covered, and every paper has been written in a spirit of judicial fair- ness toward private corporations, as well as of warm devotion to the public interests. ... To writers and thinkers on municipal problems the volume is almost indispensa- ble."— Outlook, New York. Trice £2.00 Socialism Its Strength and Its Weakness, by RICHARD T. ELY, Ph.D., LL.D. "Here for the first time the public is presented with a full and accurate ac- count of Socialism as it is— its nature, its philosophy, its history, and its literature, with a lucid analysis of its strength and its weaknesses— from the standpoint of one who is neither advocate nor opponent, but is an impartial and unprejudiced investigator. Nothing is extenuat- ed,and naught set down in malice." — Chicago Times. Tr ce £1.50 American Charities A Study in Philanthropy and Eco- nomics, by AMOS G.WARNER. Ph. D. "The book fills a needed place, and is indispensable for all students of the fine art of charity. Its practical suggestions would save millions of dollars now wasted in this country by reason of preventable crime, wretchedness, and disease. In this respect alone it is an epoch-making book, and may be justly regarded as the most important treatise that has been published on the subject in this century." Trice $1.75 In Press, "Irrigation," by Dr. F. N. Newell, and "The Economics of Forestry," by Prof. B. E. Fernow. For sale generally, or sent postpaid on receipt of price. THOMAS Y. CROWELL <& CO. . . . NEW YORK

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UJTl Tthe, Sst^taaxr. [Vol.,7^.%/A^7 FitmmiaL s lecomine the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of ^»^ lecoming the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of "■""l"'""1 in ""'"''■''■ n-iitliirtil"n ""•"■*!. nf in mlse. My specialty the care of properties and inak ns To eign refe iTibtm. > vKUmvivl i/fil; nbf.tr.tl. > In ;HARLESC. STEIN, Pueblo, Colo. \ xin939jGityn,''MKe (Jioice loans qo hand for sale. at 5 and 6 ner.ccnt ,ln- ,ei ;st. s "Tiff oT rrTrriTi or> Tlr// SffiBioTouT .Ban ( ur responsibility Is nnmiestioned., ,, , , rliayer-Moore Brokerage Co. SiFE MARGINS in he prfi for purchase of city property. rantee appreciable increase. There is no surer city he ^Wfl^f'M^ita'irfnjciWrMft-JD^i .mWe*'iWIi estate, we nave been identified with thereal-estate Western city. Super! r In climate, and commercial investme ffi ,E .?rtoil O*. \%. »o'\-*t /"or /Ae 1 1 EXACTING life has been devoted b :ies in Minneapolis. Am in elit of expert ness In placing lei arity and fair percentage lortunitv is solicited of tors everywhere oiiL'ht to 1 pri iofi UBi*(liin«lhuyrB of* coneervlr. ' ntcrcsts t [Qveators. , , ml t i interests of Investors. , , , , Bucl*MBPVW5ra ln'lhe selHHIott of fdcb'ttb-bca ^p^^^^^Pft^dafsig^u^^ ducr1»irJ)WtWlW8u>WnWllWJi,« ; ues>:uional Hank, Quia' |.n srntinilre.llat.iir satMKell KittiM-n tun.. .linn) oldjBlaovaiQ ■» l^en-root & Jerrarc I i-.in dnoqa iui b! H on WEST- SUPERIOR, WIS.;' i i&ldifi erii no boilaififng no >ted by bi nki Icuiars adc ress. and interest, mortgage on vestmem'ftft -Jrs which, bo tuuuiie ^fH»anant.«»Mnai>U*a»re Jor jicuonVr^-prcSfin? Sir bvW Ms sneffon, Tancrbenv :al estate will never again be purchasable at such a tuc EOUITAPLE a week will about pay the pre \ mium on an Endowment Policy • !or$l,Q00. A small amount von s^y It'may appear to your eye* iikp r'nis l.ui; i.n-iiiiiii. inr •activeprices. Lei n> Byljmll fapts bycp^espondi rVHIPPLE & REYNOLD^, BOstflrfi Bldg.y Denver, Colo. 6 W pr'oiieff.vFof Won^esWgn'is'a ipfclalt]| :■■ - . ' .. I.. .!il e. [III /; . a s at- 0 u LAWTOfH Colorado Springs, C rijge he ln- in Twenty yci.rs from now how- .__ I-- .L !:__ _.. ever wiic u uir [juiiv.y iiiauii c;>, vou may i eed the money, and iheamounl of the policy will look like this $1,000- In addition to the face of the po - icy.accurrulated profits are par 1 u you would like further infon 1 atioufiU«i,j r-.itd uia'l :ouponhel"»'M ' g l.liil slotlw 9dT '.niaJntl . If. .ll Rllii -I'LllliI J11»1 llllll ,liai..| lull ''■■i'»l'VI-di,-|!|*i>,,r*^y*^-t'Tl W coosfdprlagAJMW /WRaWOi* 9f 1ft 1*WIB»% y^1, Pf8 .. fiefffwes or nianuf^cl^rlng? m MlLWAUKfiK^K.. ■•!■ laclllilin for iinniiiino u n.»» «oiiwAiVor-WT4-e,trS'late as six o'clock 1 evening are placed at the doors of the Chicago gnTOOg pllftV IB) MIX O'glUPK. UfH I mm mug. fcuu# . |gg .,^...,^,.H. I, I.. »»„ »f "" h-ywlj,„,„,..,f -o.t ec nt a id S( lice to Creditors and Note-Holders of The F :ople's National Bank of Pulaski, Tennnessee ' '] be People's (rational Bank of Pulaski. Tennessee rin«JIYBll^''""WaW»' wm beB,D' 11 ndTiAuilMrUnd JtbererfdTtoWlif s4ld aasocUitlon therefore hereby notified t.> present the mum and tn nlnliiiii ii w > »i> wn ill iijiiiu Iuiiiiii fin - Cetober 1st, H)QI, N. A. t;ltoi:KKTT iw,!.. We buy and sell bills of exchange and , ,,. .... collections and Issue Commercial and Intej nation»RJRs4#es. Ckdfncat«JliVj4|»Alf * BROWN RgQTHRRS .S- TO , nert- Mllwaukee, ' ^1 *iO. lu WAlil. OT1IHMT. 1IUW YOlltt. Standard Typewriik »8 7 BSIQABWAV, MEW VflBl

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yyn§4i/W, y ^BfonV) yj i2»io?Ctot/i, fiet, -?jc people, Dr. Strong's position and he discusses the great social laws whWrTTirnl&e" IW'tthtejyed if' 'social ills ar^to .cegi.se, afld,3Pk>^S , .tfttjse laws to-#»e ©ve*yday-i problems, an she uvea of all young people THE BAKER &,lULQ&Kft, NiwJo c ^he &ar$,m,$QW mi, legend. 53cCKBtr», BitiMilii; tut. -.->lMir&.^*A b\->3 GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Aston. 'jfrhtH^V^'iigtrW^ .""^'I'i ^Vl ,1'nllifd — Ui.il .inn."! .k& F«OM ^T)aSi*«lQENT IMPORTATIONS OF C. J. PR.ICE. (IMPORTER 0F-FfiE&GM^0£SM&UJ>{\K No. 1004 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. ;omprlslng Attlertcinfcitittofcelyirildsltrated'Eafttons StaMardi ^tol')»*iiu- Breach amd Bngllsuv'.manyi.Inii P ne Bindings, Rare and Curloua BoqKs, GruUcfllmnk^ It 1a, First Editions of Dickens and Thackeray, Lever, 1 Igh^ant^eUi.i mil ,» bu« guiiloaaj buuoa li» sh-aWle •fcboW'i e rare"voWniM"»fe«A'n. New EtiHrHaml Martrricai . a id Genealogical Register, which many people want. ♦WWfp Pocket Size Stdntfar d Novels. Thackeray's Works and Dickens' and Scott's '"^''•"^Hto^pap*" Ujarge'typ*, easy to-read size ^t»onet&.«W^^ . ■nlujUenJ -ijBlxalK.' lllT>% ANY BOOKS, OLD. OR N£Wtl,SI7J°- J £. _,pllAd.,t0 out-of-town resiclenW--Quest'lon8 an ef ered. Orders promptly fllled., LiJberaUlscaunta,, I. Baylibs, 418 PutnaaiTve. (Brooklyn), New York City. { J- CRAWFORD, loth & Pine B^taJwCSff Mo ' fgm BOOKS When calling please ask for because it is the best and quickest route. In addition to the Pullman Pal- ace Sleepers the Union Pacific runs Pullman Ordinary Sleepers every day, Whenever you need a book' DISCOUNTS. I address Mr. Grant. Leaviflfi 'Chic&gO at ll:JO P. M. Before buying boukS'-Vrtte'TOr1 (Jtidtat.T6ng." kW'te1-" '""""'l: 'i -J"iS^;" ' "t,C.' i"«,lil'."i''!"l»J'*lJ,'! sortment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- Ai\a wmAna d.1 t.Jq/. PLLIS & ELVEY ^* »*-«»» ,1 fot-t^a'ADseies;" " 3'" v. i lii-.-nV. -,jVV Dealers In Old and Rare Bookis a,Bd M4*S. Jul cilj ni -i^ilul sfUii-^Hh CATALOOUE07 just published, fully Illustrated, FoffriH-im1ormati*ih *^e?re88"i H«J rp 1 on application. iHiiiiaiaTjul -., ,,.;„, ,,.... ,i ,88liaui3aral ms. Enrlv Prlntcil Books, .Iliuniinated Maim- E. Scripts; TltfeBlflalngs, anclentarnd modern. etc ,"i.. :l "•• «i"'q«'i 1 Ijilil.Miil/dulwl Till rtVH-iVl'J ' IWUIil-wt > IkJIlim-ll,! 29,NfiWB.O^DSTliEET,LONBQN,FJNG. .,. ,„, „1,„.,„1t UA,,n^M^P^.M^,^^Thai ■ ■ ■ji.Hi '» "I .-iiinUji illuuti -jnliMil-nil 1 Mi.nn^ rnolH '.'■' »J 1 . fl ,■..)■■ .. . ..1 -„i, hi -.iiiui oiuiq »»ft a ban [.j. 10I bdiiupd t i THE ON1^- r 1 uofliba be J cd 11-i^iiiliiM uA VJtiaobl et 11 II: » ■ ■ f n ui 'i uj:u ,(iuil'i ii- j ,vd f.a«i.>aa/.l utiV/ oq ,)>i\ 00.1 J tiBcl .inda^IA lo >!oo^l tx^T Or .jM.HilVa. V,- . ., !l-jft I'tjiUao-joii lulauBlDibxil djj/V .uJurto ci ,;>jjjijo(,q ,v«\ Oi-.i$ .BoM«i(| 1,83 ,iadii;ii Had ,omt.'l l^^lijTl^r,, In, I ,i>,.).,vU_ U,u,\ ,V, ;Wbj^T'iiih.ij1 suuia oifltaovoO ^/ i- iii-u-Nja -^ I -^ lo abort J^m^tfli O) ajiiaiai^M l^ijaqtsM rtJiW illlllO'l cull ■ojJl ll^Mtliyriil>fUi >^«%h^ ♦' i.,.i :i ■».' .yiiu' S \.i i ' ii ■ ''lH;itH SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE, EACH COPY TO ii k a siuooj BE ACCOMPANIED; BY A FACSJ.MJli:E;;:,.OF THE FIRST ISSUE OF THE PAP^.D^T^^ NOVEMBER SIXTEENf Hr'El^tftriF^^'H-tfN '•"i ' « sdi/ui v(ou »n« .oiuru to 9Q0 .ailuiid aas i TITE saedT AND ONE " '" '' "U ",,v0 >>">!' AH ,m»»0 cAiuNI >jsV\. alsloodoaotl yuaui ui I.iib . i,H ,,c,<,,\ ,oV\ baa utbslA ,0 .% »Siru HISTORICAL SECTION WILL B&wo, PRINTED ON TH^^II.N^SX^BOpiC PAPER, WITH COLORED CO VER.V w«w ft* «^hj iOOY^MiMODHA i IIM^KMHT

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Vlll Tlie ISTation [Vol. 73, No. 1897 Fisher & Schwatt's Algebras PUBLISHED BY The Macmillan Company By and GEORGE EGBERT FISHER, Ph.D. ISAAC J. SCHWATT, Ph.D., Assistant Professors of Mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania. Rudiments of Algebra Szcond Edition, L3mo, Half Leather, 187 pases. Price 60 cents, net, postage, 6 cents. Contains the topics ordinarily given in text-books intended for grammar-school use, or in a one-year's course in the high-school, including brief chapters on Quadratic Equations and Arithmetical and Geometrical Progression. Secondary Algebra Second Edition. l2mo, half leather, 442 pages, $1.08 net; postage, 12 cents. The Second try is written on the same lines as the Rudiments, but is slightly fuller in the Fundamental Operations, Factoring, Quadratic Equations, and the Progressions; it includes aiso chapters on Surds, Imaginaries, Inequalities, Indeterminate Equations, Ratio, Proportion, Variation, the Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Exponents, and brief chapters on the following topics: Variables and Limits, Unde- termined Coefficients (including the fundamental ideas of Convergent and Divergent Series), the Binomial Theorem for any Exponent, Lo- garithms (including applications to Compound Interest and Annuities), and a five-place table of the Logarithms of Integers from 1 to 9,999. School Algebra With Exercises. Second Edition. 12mo, half leather, 407 pages, $1.00 net; postage, 10 cents. The needs of Beginners have been constantly kept in mind. The aim has been to make the transition from ordinary arithmetic to algebra easy. Text Book of Algebra. Part I. With Exercises for Secondary Schools and Colleges. Second Edition. 12mo, half leather, 683 pages, $1.40 net; postage, 15 cents. Covers the same ground as the School Algebra, but adapted to a more advanced class of students. Complete Secondary Algebra Second Edition. 13 cents. 12mo, half leather, 564 pages, $1.35 net; postage, To the end of Chapter XXIX this is the same as the Secondary Algebra, the whole of that book— to which is added new matter comprising chap- ters on the topics: Continued Fractions, Summation of Series. Exponential and Logarith- mic Series, Determinants and The Theory of Equations. Neither volume contains so much theoretical matter as the School Algebra or the Elements of Algebra— but the essential features of these books are preserved. Elements of Algebra With Exekcises. Second Edition. 12mo, half leather, 478 pages. $1.10 net; postage, 12 cents. This adds to the matter in the School Algebra the more advanced topics required for admission to universities and scientific schools. Higher Algebra Second edition. 12mo, half leather, 615 pages, $1.50 net; postage, 15 cents. An enlargement of the Elements of Algebra. To the end of Chapter XXVIII. it is identical with that and the School Algebra. Some revision of the later chapters in the Elements has been incorporated in this book and a number of new chapters have been added. Elements of the Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable With Especial Reference to the Methods of Riemann By Dr. II. Dukege, late of the Univ. of Prague. Authorized Translation from the Fourth German Edition. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net. Postage, 15 cents. A few of the many endorsements of the Fisher & Schwatt's Algebras: I have not the pleasure of personally knowing either you, or either of the gentlemen who have written the books of which I write, but one thing I do know, and that is the merits of these text-books on Algebra, and I beg to assure you that in my professional opinion these books, in each grade for which they are written, are decidedly superior to any text-oooks on Algebra that have been published in America. . . . In the light of my experience as a teacher of mathematics and as an examiner, in the interests solely of sound teaching and to the encourage- ment of sound text-books, I wish to endorse these books without reservation, and to assure you that in approving and endorsing these you can feel perfectly safe in the fact that you are doing what is good and elevating in the education of our countrymen. Most respectfully, W. E. Echols, Professor of Mathematics, University of Va. BYERLY, W. E., Prof, of Math., Harvard University: " I have examined it with interest, and it seems to me an excellent book." ANDEREGG, F., Prof, of Math.: Oberlin College: "I like it the best of any text-book of elementary algebra that there is in my library." HENDLEY, CLARA J., Girls'1 High School. Philadelphia : "While it is strictly scientific and rigorous in demonstration, the treatment is so simple and clear that a student might read the text unaided." LOOMIS, E. S.. West High School, Cleveland, Ohio : "It is the best working text that I have had the pleasure of examining for a long time. . . . The development of each new concept is logical and psychological, and the gradation of new ideas is most excellent. . . . In short, the more I study your work, the more I see to commend." PARTRIDGE, E. A., Central Manual Training School, Philadelphia: " It will bean invaluable aid to every thoughtful student who is sufficiently fortunate to get his first knowledge of Algebra from this book. Every page gives evidence of great care and thoughtful consideration of the student's needs and ability. He who studies the book will have nothing to unlearn " These books, one or more, are now in use as class text-books in pub- lic schools in New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Denver, Ashe- ville, N. C, Media and Norristown, Pa , and in many other cities and towns. Private schools that have adopted one or more of our algebras in- clude The Cascadilla School, Ithaca, N. Y.; Columbia Grammar School, New York City; Packer Collegiate Institute and Adetphi Academy, Brooklyn; Morgan Park Military Academy, Morgan Park, 111., etc., etc. "Books published at net prices are sold by booksellers everywhere at the advertised net prices. When delivered from the publishers, carriage, either postage or expressage, is an extra charge." THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 898. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1901 PRICE TEN CENTS. f A ROMANCE FOR THE HOLIDA YS AND <THE YEAR. ^ THE MAN WHO KNEW BETTER By TOM GALLON Author of "Tatterley," etc. Illustrated by GOUVOJV WROWJVE 8vo. Cloth. $1.50. ^» ^y+ */» ^y* ^y» TV/f R. GALLON'S sympathetic quality, his genuine sentiment, and fine humor established him in favor when " Tatterley " introduced the author to his large American audience. This fresh novel, with its singularly attractive features, is certain to strengthen his hold upon readers. He has written a story which shows the meaning of the Christmas spirit in its broadest sense. His novel is a striking romance of hard-hearted worldliness redeemed by bitter experience, and the lessons of love and sympathy which it teaches will thrill and touch every reader. The story is superbly illustrated, and the book is one of peculiar fitness for the holiday season and also of permanent and general value. The Apostles of the Southeast By FR.ANK T. BULLEN. Author of "The Cruise of the Cachalot," "Idylls of the Sea," etc. umo. Cloth, $1.50. This tale of the effort to develop a spiritual side in fo'c'sle life shows an ins'ght into human nature, a tenderness and power of sympathy that invest it with a profound interest for every one who cares for tales of the sailor's life, and for every one who holds to the brotherhood of The Alien By F. F. MONTRESOR. Author of " Into the Highways and Hedges," etc. 1 2mo, Cloth. £1.50. Miss Montresor has utilized incident and intrigue in this excellent story to give a vivid delineation of character. The love of a mother for a prodigal, the self-sacrifice of a woman, and the mingled motives of an adventurer, are all sketched with the delicacy, penetration, and grasp of motives that have distinguished this talented author's work. l£ D. APPLETON ®. COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK U

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City PosUoffice as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 367 Editoeial Articles : A Led Democracy 370 Election Expenses 370 The Future of Municipal Franchises 371 Salisbury and the War 372 Morley on Gladstone 373 Special Correspondence : 'Ireland and the Empire' 373 Tuscan Town and Country 375 Correspondence : Reciprocity or Mutuality? 376 A Warning from Algeria 376 Thev Do These Things Better— In Greece 377 Lady Anne Barnard 377 "Malahack" 377 Notes 877 Book Reviews: Recent Novels 380 Books for the Young 381 Memories of a Musical Life 383 Rugs, Oriental and Occidental, Antique and Modern 383 Rights and Wrongs of the Transvaal War... 384 Peter Abelard 384 Books of the Week 385 Educational. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $t,-00. The date when the subscription expires is on the address label of -ach paper, the change of which to a subsequent dale becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the risk of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by check, express order, or Postal Order, payable to " Publisher of the Nation.'" When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insertion ; Ik lines to the inch Twenty per enl, advance for choice of page, or top of column. A column, $20 each insertion ; with choice of page, $2&. A page, $60 each insertion; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Copy received until I'uesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 per cent. •8 " 10 13 " 13^ " 26 " 15 " 39 " 20 52 " 25 Amount— $100 within a year 10 per cent. 250 " ■' 12^ " 500 " " 15 750 " " 20 " 1,000 " " 25 1,500 " " 30 " 2,000 " " 33^ " The NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. HTHE MISSES HE SB'S J. Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. TJDGE WOR TH BOARDING and DA Y JUL School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefehvre, \ p-inp.n.,. Miss E. D. Huntley, J "lnclPa'8- Massachusetts. Boston. DOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. JD Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Oreoon, Portland, Park and St. Clair Streets. (TT. HELEN'S HALL. A School for kj Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts. Ph.D., Prln. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. ]\/TRS. LUCIA POLK' CHAPMAN and IVl MISS JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GYS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. DARIS, France. JL Mrs. and the Misses Ferris. Study Homo for young ladles. Resident French teacher. Only French spoken. For particulars and circular address 97 Boulevard Arago (XlVe). A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St.,Phila., Pa. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, HONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGlll University. For conditions of entrance, schol- arships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given In both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. &£ Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to Smith, Vas- sal-, Wellesley, and Wells. Four acres for out- door sports. Golf, Basket Ball.Tennls. Address Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, M.A., Prln., Lowell, Mass. The Browne and Nichols School Cambridge, >law». 10th year. Course, 8 years. Classes limited to 15. No subordinate teachers ; pupils continuously under head teacher In each department. Exceptional facilities for fitting for Harvard. Illus- trated catalogue. School Agencies. HTHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Bvkrett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ash burton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 156 Fifth Ave., New York; 414 Cent. Bldg . Minneapolis; 583 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Bldg • Oskaloosa; 203 Mich. Blvd.. Chicago; 525Stinis'n Bk.. Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, J~~L 81 Chanel St.. Albany, NY.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French. Proprietor. OCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. k_J Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huyssoon & Rockwell, Mgrs., 8 E. 14th St., N. Y. Teachers, etc. AN ENGLISH LADY, experienced Jl Governess, seventeen years In America, desires a re-engagement, or position as companion, or to take charge of motherless children. Address 659 W. Lex- ington St., Baltimore, Md. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt of postal card specimens of paper, type illustration and binding will be sent. KNIGHT & BROWN. 150 Fifth Ave., New York. Travel. Popvil©Lr Personally Conducted Exc\irsiorvs The quaint old mission towns and the lovely seaside resorts of Southern Cali- fornia are Visited Every Year by thousands of tourists who travel Over the Union Pacific because it is the best and quickest route. In addition to the Pullman Pal- ace Sleepers the Union Pacific runs Pullman Ordinary Sleepers every day, Leaving Chicago at 11:30 P. M.. a.rtd Omaha a.t 4:25 P. M. These Ordinary Cars are Personally Conducted every Tuesday and Thurs- day from Chicago, and every Wednes- day and Friday from Omaha. A Pull- man Ordinary Sleeper also leaves Omaha every Tuesday at 11:20 P. M. for Los Angeles. For full information address E. L. LOMAX, Q. P. & T. A., Omaha, Neb. GOINij ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for ''Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly, Boston — Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin, $40, $45, \ipwa.rds, dependiugon steamer. "Lancastrian," Nov. 20; " Devonian," Nov. 27; "Cestrian," Dec. 4; "Iberian," to London Nov. 19; " Caledonian," to London Dec. 7; "Kingttonian," to London Dec. 17. F. O. HOUOHTON & CO., den'1 Agents. 115 State Street, Boston. Stepping Heavenward By ELIZABETH PRENTISS New Illustrated Edition. Ornamental cloth cover, green and silver. A Special Holiday Edition of Mrs. Prentiss' famous story, bound uniformly with Amelia E. Barr's "Trinity Bells." Boxed in artistic form. $3.00 per set. Sold separately, $1.50. J. F. TAYLOR «t CO.. NEW YORK JUST READY. Legends of King Ar- thur and his Court By Frances Nimmo Greene. 126 pages. Twelve full page Illustrations after originals by Edmund Garrett. Mailing price, 60 cents. GINN &C0MPANY,Publishers, Boston. New York. Chicago. London.

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Nov. 14, 1901] The ]STation. 111 HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. Publish Saturday, Nov. 16: ITALIAN JOURNEYS By W. D. Howells. Holiday Edition. With illustrations by JOSEPH Pennell. In Holiday binding. Crown 8vo, $3.00. De Luxe edition of 300 numbered copies, $5.00 net. An enlarged edition of a charming book, with about seventy uncommonly artistic illustrations. AMERICAN TRAITS From the Point of View of a German. By Hugo Munsterberg, Professor of Psy- chology in Harvard University, and author of "Psychology and Life." Crown 8vo, $1.60 net; postpaid $1.73- This bright and entertaining book is worthy of the most careful reading Prof. Munsterberg discusses American traits with respect to Character, Education, Scholarship, Woman, and Democracy. His book shows large observation, fine discrimination, and a purpose to be entirely fair; and it is unquestionably one of the important books of the year. MARGARET WARRENER By Alice Brown, author of " King's End," etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50. Some members of Boston artistic life are leading characters in Miss Brown's new story, and those who have enjoyed the strength and insight of " Meadow Grass " and " King's End " will welcome this larger achievement with its proof of increased power and its singular literary charm. THE FIELD OF ETHICS By George H. Palmer, Professor of Philosophy in Harvard University. l2mo, $1.10 net; postpaid, $1.21. The object of this luminous and attractive volume is to determine the place of ethics in a rational scheme of life, to distinguish it from other provinces of knowledge, and to consider what kind of beings the subjects of its study must be. SCHOOL, COLLEGE, AND CHARACTER By Le Baron R. Briggs, Dean of Harvard College. i6mo, $1.00 net; postpaid, $1.08. Notable essays on Education, which present in a style uncommonly simple and clear the rich results of large experience both as a teacher and as a disciplina- rian. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY By James K. Hosmer, author of "Samuel Adams," "Young Sir Henry Vane," etc. Illustrated, 12mo, $1.20 net; postpaid, $1.32. A most valuable and interesting book on the great valley, its occupation suc- cessively by India s, Spaniards, French, English and Americans ; the famous men who have acted brilliant parts there ; and the enormous industries and commercial interests of the Valley to-day. THE HEART OF THE ROAD AND OTHER POEMS By Anna Hempstead Branch. i2mo, $1.00 net ; postpaid, $1.08. This admirable first book of poetry contains poems printed in the Atlantic Monthly and other periodicals, with many never before in print. Miss Branch's poems have a very distinct quality, somewhat elusive and difficult to define, but so original, so imaginative, so unmistakably poetic that lovers of verse will find a rare charm in her book, and will be eager to hear from her again. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., BOSTON 85 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK The Book of the Dead. Just Issued by THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. An English Translation of the Chapters, Hymns, etc., of the Theban Recension, with Introduction. Notes, etc. By E. A. W.w.i.is Budge, M.A., Litt.D., D. Lltt , KeeDerof the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum. With four hundred and twenty vignettes, which do not appear In the larger edition published In 1897. Three vols. Crown Svo. Price, 83.75 net. Mr. Budge, who Is one of the greatest living Egyptol- ogists, has added to his translation popular chapters on the literary history of Thr Uuolc of the Dead, on the doc- trines of Osiris, and the Judgment and Resurrection, and on the general contents of The Book of the Dead. Everything, in fact, has been done to place within the reach of the student of history, philosophy, and religion the material necessary to gain a thorough comprehension of the theory of life and immortality held by one of the greatest and most ancient races of the world. THE LEGENDS OF GENESIS. By Dr. Her- mann Gunkkl, Professor of Old Testament Theolo- gy in the University of Berlin. Translated from the German by W. H. Carkuth, Professor In the Univer- sity of Kansas. Pages, circa, 164. Cloth, $1.00 net (4s. 6d. net). (Just out.) This book is a translation of the Introduction to Pro- fessor Gunkel's great work Commentar iiber Genesis, recently publ'shed in Gottingen. The Commentar it- self Is a new translation and explanation of Genesis, — a bulky book, and In its German form of course access- ible only to American and English scholars and not to the general public. The present Introduction contains the gist of Professor Gunkel's Commentar, or exposition of the latest researches on Genesis in the light of ana- lytical and comparative mythology. DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN. An Ex- position of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions. By George John Romanes, LL.D., F. k. s. Part I. The Darwinian Theory. Third Edi- tion. Pp. xlv., 460. 1145 illustrations. With portrait of Darwin. Cloth, $2.00. " A brilliantly written work."— Review of Reviews. " The best single volume on the general subject since Darwin's time."— American Naturalist. "The best modern handbook of evolution."— The Nation. ESSAYS ON NUMBER. I. Continuity and Irrational Numbers. II. The Nature and Mean- ing of Numbers. By Richard Dedefind, Profes- sor of Higher Mathematics in the Collegium Caro- llnuin, Brunswick, Germany. Authorised translation by Wooster Woodruff Beman, Professor of Mathe- matics in the University of Michigan. Pages 115. Portrait of Dedekind. Red Cloth, 75 cents. (Just published.) P. SUNDARA ROW on GEOMETRIC EX- ERCISES IN PAPER-FOEDING. Edited by Wooster Woodruff Beman, Professor of Mathe- matics In the University of Michigan, and David Eu- gene Smith, Professor of Mathematics in Teachers College, Columbia University, New York. This little work, so highly recommended by the emi- nent European mathematician. Professor Klein of Gottingen, should be in the hands not only of every special teacher of mathematics, but of every one who gives Instruction in the lower grades. Progressive edu- cators are so generally advocating the studv of simple geometry throughout the several school years, that this skilful introduction to the subject, useful in the earlier as well as the later steps, cannot fail to be welcomed by teachers. The present edition is entirely revised and is illus- trated BY HALF TONES REPRESENTING THE ACTUAL paper folding. Its excellence as a specimen of book- making is commensurate with that as a mathematical and educational contribution. A package of paper, properly cut for folding, accompanies each book. Pages x, 158. Cloth, gilt top. Price $1.00 net. By the same editors, a translation of "Fink's History of Mathematics," the best compendium of the subject that has yet appeared. Price, $1.50 net. THE CROWN OF THORNS. A story of the time of Christ. By Dr Paul Carus. Illustrations by Edward Bibdermann. Pages 73. Price, cloth, 75 cts. net (3s. 6d. net). "The Crown of Thorns" is a story of the time of Christ. It Is fiction of the character of legend, utilizing materials preserved in both the canonical Scriptures and the apocryphal traditions, but giving preference to the former. The hopes and beliefs of the mam personalities, however, can throughout be verified by documentary evidence. The religious milieu is strictly historical, and is designed to show the way in which Christianity devel- oped from Judaism through the Messianic hopes of the Nazarenes as interpreted by the Apostle Paul of Tarsus. THE CHIEF'S DAUGHTER. A Legend of Ni- agara. By Dr. Paul Carus. Illustrations by Eduard Bibdermann. Printed on fine paper in large clear type. Bound in cloth. Pages, 54 $1.00 net (4s. 6d. net). THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. 324 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO. JUST READY, A SELECT LIST OF Choice English and French Books FROM THE RECENT IMPORTATIONS OF C. J. PRICE. (IMPORTER OF FOREIGN BOOKS) No. 1004 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Comprising Americana, Choicely Illustrated Editions of Standard Works in French and English, many In Fine Bindings, Rare and Curious Books, Cruikshank- lana. First Editions of Dickens and Thackeray, Lever, Leigh Hunt, etc.

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IV The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 Ube temple JSiblc THE TEMPLE CLASSICS have won international fame by their compact and elegant form, their clear and graceful typography, and their exqui- sitely simple and artistic binding. In conjunction with Messrs. J. M- Dent & Co., of London, publishers of these books, J. B. Lippincott Company are now able to announce an edition of the Bible, small in compass and present- ing the latest accepted results of the best Biblical criticism of the age. This Bible, which preserves all the external aspects of the Temple Classics, they call the Temple Bible. Its essential features are : twenty = four volumes, 4x5 inches, of which seventeen will be de- voted to the " Old Tes- tament" and seven to the "New." Also the BISHOP OF RIPON will write a volume, "The Introduction to the Study of Scripture," and an experimental volume of the Apocry- pha,— viz., Ecclesiasti- cus, — may be followed by the remaining Apocryphal books. a separate editor will have in charge each volume. This editor, in every case, will be a scholar who has made close and special study of the book or books assigned to him. These editors are the fore- most of living authori- ties on biblical litera- ture and the study of the Bible. introduction and notes in each volume will deal with the Author- ship, History, Charac- teristics, Scope, and Style of the Books, and with geographical, ethnological, and text- ual difficulties. No- thing will appear ap- proximating to dog- matic teaching. Maps and Tables will also be included. the binding will be in limp cloth and paste grain roan, each vol- ume furnished with decorative title-page and endpaper and book-mark. The illus- trations will consist of frontispieces in photo- gravure from the great masters. The publication of these volumes began in November with the issue of I. Genesis* Edited by the REV. A. H. SAYCE. D.D., LL.D., Pro- fessor of Assyriology. University of Oxford. II. ExodllS. Edited by the REV. A. R. S. KENNEDY. D.D.. Pro- fessor 9/ Hebrew a.nd Semitic LeLnguaLges, University 9/ Edinburgh. 24 i6mo volumes. Cloth, 40 cents, net, per volume; limp leather, 60 cents, net, per volume. Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO. Philadelphia

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1901. The Week. Senator Lodge's speech in favor of re- ciprocity before the Middlesex Club on Saturday has given the country a sur- prise— to us an agreeable one. It is not that Mr. Lodge has been heretofore hos- tile to reciprocity per se — he says at the beginning of his remarks that he has always been in favor of reciprocity as a policy; but he has not seemed to be in favor of it as a practice. At all events, he did not seem to be in favor of it in a practical way at the last session of Con- gress. Perhaps the erroneous impres- sion as to his position was derived from looking too closely at the treaty with France, and too little at his action in other treaties. However that may have been, the most common belief, even in his own State, was that he would be an obstacle in the way of the ratification of any treaty with France, or with any other country which admitted goods at reduced rates of duty if any considerable interest, especially any Massachusetts interest, was opposed to it In other words, it was generally assumed that he would construe all doubtful and debat- able points against reciprocity. Yet the tone of his speech seems to be quite the contrary of this view. He alludes to the objections advanced by the knit-goods manufacturers and others in Massachu- setts to the French treaty, and says that "they may be right or they may be wrong," and that Congress will, no doubt, give careful attention to the ques- tion whether the wages of workingmen in those trades will be unfavorably af- fected by the treaty. His argument in a general way runs in favor of ratifica- tion and in favor of freer trade with foreign countries. He says that he agrees fully with all that the late Pres- ident McKinley said in his last speech at Buffalo on this subject. Probably the accession of Theodore Roosevelt as Mr. McKinley's successor in office has had even greater influence in determining r Senator Lodge's course than any speech- es of Mr. McKinley. ! A new Daniel has appeared in the per- son of Representative Grosvenor of Ohio, who feels inspired by the Republican vic- tory in his State to lay down the immu- table tariff policy of the future. "There is no more chance," declares the in- genuous Grosvenor, "that the Republi- cans in Congress will attempt a revision of the tariff than that they will revise the Ten Commandments." Mr. Gros- venor points out that the Ohio campaign was. conducted "squarely on the proposal to change the existing tariff law." The Democrats were defeated, the Ohio ora- cle has spoken, and "the lesson to be de- rived from the results is apparent." Cer- tainly it would need a prophet or the son of a prophet to draw such conclu- sions from the Ohio election. The issue of the campaign was the question of en- dorsing or disapproving the McKinley tariff policy. Apparently Mr. Grosvenor thinks it was the Congressman of ten years ago that was vindicated, and not the President who could say at Buffalo: "The period of exclusiveness is past. Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times. If, perchance, some of our tariffs are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage and protect our industries at home, why should they not be employed to extend and protect our markets abroad?" It was unfortu- nate, too, that the new interpretation of the Ohio election should have been sent out at the same time with an expression of opinion on the same subject from Senator Foster of Washington. While the latter was certain that there would be no "tariff tinkering," he was "not so sanguine" concerning reciprocity. Per- haps it was only by accident that he re- ferred to a recent conversation with the President on tariff questions. The latest shift of the "let-the-tariff- alone" faction in the Republican party is to suggest that all questions of revi- sion of duties, with all reciprocity ar- rangements, be turned over to a Com- mission, which is to report to Congress in 1902 or 1903. If it never reports, so much the better in the thought of its promoters, since they undoubtedly in- tend their plan as a kind of slow murder for the whole matter. Royal commis- sions and Congressional committees have, in their time, done famous work as midnight stranglers of projects which Parliament and Congress did not really wish to take up, but which they dared not openly slaughter. At the same time, even a tariff commission has its dan- gers for the monopolists. It will have to grant hearings and to bring out facts. The result may be to kindle, instead of to smother, popular agitation, and even to convert the commission itself, as the Tariff Commission of 1882 was convert- ed. That body was chosen as a band of trustworthy protectionists, yet was com- pelled by the testimony presented to it to recommend a reduction of the tariff by an average of 20 per cent, ad valorem. A dastardly attack on the memory of President McKinley is made in the Bul- letin of the American Iron and Steel Association. It deliberately asserts that he made his reciprocity policy "more radical than that of the Republican Na- tional Convention of 1900"; that he "con- spicuously aided the free-traders"; that he "proposed a revision of the Dingley tariff," forgetting that protection "need- ed his continued help to strengthen it with the young men of the country, if not with their elders." It is all very well for the Bulletin to say that it is "pain- ful" for it to have to expose Mr. McKin- ley's recreancy to protection, but the question is whether its talk is not essen- tially anarchistic. President Roosevelt has distinctly undertaken to carry out his predecessor's tariff policy, and is not an attack upon that an attack upon him? According to the doctrine laid down immediately after the President's assassination, the Bulletin should be sup- pressed and its editor put in jail. He merely provokes us to laughter, but how does he know that he is not provoking some protected ironmaster to murder? The report just issued by Mr. Cham- berlain, the Commissioner of Naviga- tion, shows him an adept in the art of making a silk purse out of a sow's ear. Mr. Chamberlain points out that the past fiscal year has been "the third successive year of notable prosperity and growth in American shipping," and that even greater development may be expected. Our total tonnage is now practically equivalent to that registered in 1861. One would think that these facts ought to be conclusive proof that Government aid to an industry already prosperous is not necessary. The Commissioner, how- ever, seems to think otherwise, for he re- gards a large part of the growth in ship- building as "presumably resting on anticipated legislation by Congress." American investors must have become suddenly trustful if they could interpret the attitude of Congress at its last ses- sion as justifying them in building ships with the expectation of a bounty. Mr. Chamberlain complains that the Amer- ican fleet is still much smaller than that of many other nations, and he seems to regard it as a special source of regret that much of the increase in tonnage has taken place on the Great Lakes, rather than on the ocean. His figures, however, themselves furnish ample re- ply to his specious arguments. The ab- surdity of passing any subsidy bill was never more clearly demonstrated than by this report. The annual report of the Commission- er of Pensions reveals anew a discredita- ble state of things which the Commis- sioner himself is powerless to remedy. The pension list has increased by 4,206 names to a total of 997,735, the greatest in the history of the Bureau. It is thir- ty-five years since the close of the civil

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368 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 war, and yet last year 39,674 new civil- war pensions were granted. On account of the Mexican war, pensions are paid to 8,109 widows, and 7,568 "survivors" are on the pension list. With this latter figure it is interesting to compare the statement in the Army and Navy Jour- nal for October 26 that "of the 110,000 American soldiers who participated in the Mexican war, only about 5,000 are now living." Under the present law, Commissioner Evans is almost power- less to prevent the wrongful granting of pensions. Such a minimum of reform as to make widows' pensions run from the date of application, not of the hus- band's death, and the right of disciplin- ing rascally pension attorneys, Congress should grant him immediately. It is a standing disgrace to us that, as things now are, it is practically impossible to tell fair claims from fraudulent. Senator Hanna, in an interview last Saturday, gave a very interesting moral diagnosis of the case of President Roose- velt. At first blush it might seem as though the difference in temperament be- tween the two men was too great to per- mit of a mutual understanding. Simon Magus, who represented commercialism in religion, it will be remembered, once undertook to enlist St. Paul in the quest of the main chance, and got only the re- tort that his money and presumably his doctrine might perish with him. Evi- dently Mr. Hanna, whatever Mr. Roose- velt's personal inclination may have been, got a softer response to his effort to guide the President in the paths of Republican peace and profit. "He is do- ing the best any man could do," says the Senator. "He is honest, sincere, and de- termined to do that which will be for the greatest good of his country. He, like myself, places his country before any- thing or anybody." Mr. Roosevelt's patriotism, though enthusiastically rec- ognized, has lacked this final eulosy and certification, that it is the same as Han- na's or "equally as good." It is painful, however, to observe that Senator Hanna did not leave his laudation of the Presi- dent right there, but proceeded to retract somewhat. "It would not be fair," he felt, "to compare him to McKinley"— Mr. Hanna was unwilling to subject Mr. Roosevelt to that supreme test of con- formity to the Hannaesque standard. This might have passed, but when Mr. Hanna admitted that there would prob- ably be some disappointment over the President's "distribution of patronage," he shattered the comparison he himself had set up; for it is plain that if the President's patriotism is identical with Hanna's, its works will be very different from his. by removing the Collector of Customs at El Paso, Texas. This official was charged with having received contribu- tions for partisan purposes, and with having caused questions in an impend- ing competitive examination to be sup- plied to favored applicants. The charges were investigated by the Civil-Service Commission and found to be substan- tiated. As soon as Mr. Roosevelt could give the matter attention, he took it up, and, having satisfied himself of the Collector's wrongdoing, applied the pen- alty by depriving him of his office. The action not only is important in itself, but also will serve as an impressive warning to other officials— and there are not a few of them — who have been "monkeying with the law." President Roosevelt has served notice that Federal officials must, obrerve the Civil-Service Law or suffer punishment The Democratic victory in Virginia, where Montague was elected Governor by about 25,000 majority, and his party will control both branches of the Legis- lature by an overwhelming vote, will put to rest some very troublesome doubts. The work of the Constitutional Conven- tion has all along been hampered by the fear of what might happen in the No- vember contest, and the reports of many committees have been held back pending the close of the campaign. Had the Re- publicans gained any ground, it might have been expected that they could at least have brought a moral pressure to bear in modifying the action of the Con- vention, but their utter rout leaves that body free to act its pleasure, and will probably be taken as justifying the proc- lamation of the Constitution, in place of its submission to the electorate. Of the two suffrage provisions now before the Convention, that supported by the majority of the Suffrage Committee sives far more latitude in excluding prospective voters than docs the minor- ity report, and it will beyond question be accepted. With this provision adopt- ed by the Convention and the new Con- stitution proclaimed, the poor white may for the most part retain his ballot, but the negro will as a rule be disfranchis- ed. That this result is expected may be gathered from the report that the ne- groes last week very generally refrained from voting. This inaction does not in- dicate, as some dispatches have it, a lack of interest in the outcome, but rather the knowledge that their vote was not likely to be counted. One good result of the Democratic victory will be the speedy termination of the work of the Consti- tutional Convention. While it is to be regretted that Phila- delphia could not have matched New York in a triumph over corrupt politics, neither the result in that city nor in the State should be discouraging to the re- form forces. Both in the city and in the State the machine was evidently too strongly intrenched to be routed in the first assault, but there is encourag- ing evidence that it has been weakened. Throughout the State the Republican machine majorities have been greatly reduced, and there is reason to believe that in Philadelphia the majority for the machine candidate for District Attorney is the result of police-protected fraud at the polls, rather than the expression of the honest vote of the citizens. That city is the stronghold of the Quay ma- chine, and to overthrow it there will be the first step towards its overthrow in the State. Good preliminary work to that end has been done. That Tammany can not only be beaten, but kept beaten, is demonstrated by comparing the results of the elections four years ago and this year in the Twentieth Assembly District, which is a tenement-house district on the East Side, and used to be a Tammany strong- hold: Antl-Tam'y. Low 1,50a Tracy 1,147 Tammany. Maj'ty 1897 Van Wyck .... 4,772 Total 2,649 2,123 1801 Shepard 4,451 Low 3,733 718 Here we have a district in which Tam- many four years ago polled 2,123 more votes than Low and Tracy together, while this year, on a larger poll, the Tammany lead on the Mayoralty is re- duced to only 718. Nor is this all, or the best. For District Attorney more than 200 Democrats who accepted Shepard re- pudiated Unger, and nearly all of them supported Jerome, who received 3,923 ballots, against 4,248 for the Tammany nominee, reducing the Tammany lead to 325; while Tammany was beaten for the office of Alderman, polling only 3,991 votes for the President of the present Board, running for reelection, against 4,168 for the Fusion nominee. The realization on the part of the press, of a number of clergymen, and of the most prominent social workers in the city that there must be a revision of the existing liquor laws and an abolition of the Raines-law hotels, is the most gratifying development since the elec- tion. We believe that many of the new- ly chosen Assemblymen from this city will also be found to favor a Sunday opening. All who have in any way looked into this question feel that no other achievement could do more to in- sure a decent police force and perma- nent good government than the taking of the saloon out of politics. As long as the present law remains on the books, the moral welfare of the community is doubly menaced, since to the Raines-law hotels must be laid a large part of the menacing growth of the social evil un- der Tammany rule. That there will be opposition from country legislators to any general Sunday-opening law is to be expected, and it may, indeed, be war-

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Nov. 14, 1901] The Nation. 369 ranted by social conditions in the rural communities of the State. But with a practically united press, and such men as Messrs. Charles Stewart Smith, J. P. Faure, W. H. Baldwin, jr., and Drs. Parkhurst and Rainsford ready to back Justice Jerome up in his efforts to bring about a change in the law, a local-option provision should not be beyond reach, under which New York city might vote on the question of opening the saloons on Sunday. The subject is one which demands a calm consideration of the issues involved, and particularly a prop- er regard for the convictions, and even prejudices, of all concerned. There are, however, some signs of heat in the local discussion of it. The adoption of the Marconi system of wireless telegraphy by the London Lloyds can hardly fail to prove the be- ginning of a change which will even- tually revolutionize seafaring condi- tions. Steamships may have as ready communication with shore stations and other ships within a radius of a hun- dred miles as though they were con- nected with an electric wire. Sailing vessels, while their power to communi- cate would be limited by their small sup- ply of electricity, would, if fitted with the Marconi system, be able to report a dis- aster to all similarly equipped vessels within a like radius. Tbe universal in- troduction of the wireless telegraph on ships — a consummation towards which the marine insurance companies, cap- tains, and shippers will undoubtedly press urgently— should greatly reduce the number of casualties at sea. Even in the case of sudden and complete dis- aster, it would usually be possible for a sinking ship to report her latitude and longitude and the intended courses of her boats. The commercial possibilities which the general introduction of wire- less telegraphy on ships opens up need not be dwelt upon. One need only imag- ine ship bound to ship on the ocean as town is to town on land by the tele- phone, to perceive the probable signifi- cance of this commercial experiment. In a more imaginative aspect, the idea of an ocean over which a thousand messages vibrate is not without its poetical sug- gestiveness. An unexpected and gratifying result of American industrial competition in Eu- rope is the French-American school of industry which the Socialist Minister of Commerce proposes to found in this country. M. Millerand, establishing a headquarters for the school at Philadel- phia or Chicago, will seek the coopera- tion of our Government and of our great manufacturing companies. The move- ment is the highest kind of tribute, not only to the "audacity, inventive genius, and marvellous organization" of our great industries, but also, indirectly, to those technical schools which early real- ized that there was room for a distinct educational organization to mediate be- tween pure science and rule-of-thumb. The plan is even more gratifying because it is in implied protest against the exag- gerated proclamations of industrial war which amateur economists now particu- larly affect. The French Government evidently does not regard our skill and our recognized superiority in certain lines as a menace to its own industrial prosperity, but assumes that we are will- ing to share some of our special knowl- edge and accumulated advantages. Such an attitude shows a prevision of that fu- ture comity of nations which we have al- ways held that a normal industrial com- petition should promote rather than im- peril. The prompt and complete settlement of the Franco-Turkish dispute has lent little comfort to the sensation-mongers. It has confirmed the confidence of those who believed that the naval demonstra- tion of Admiral Caillard was made with the full knowledge and advisement of all the chancelleries. France comes out of the matter with full satisfaction of all her claims for damages, and, beyond the original stipulations, a general permis- sion for the present schools, monastic establishments, and hospitals under the charge of France to make for five months such alterations and extensions as they desire — a facility which has formerly been granted only with the utmost reluc- tance and delay. The successful han- dling of the whole affair must inevitably reflect credit upon the Waldeck-Rous- seau Ministry, for the call to arms is ever popular. The Ministry has won, be- sides, the more genuine prestige of final- ly shattering the superstition that the Ottoman Empire is exempt from the pen- alty of its chronic malfeasance. That this changed attitude of the Powers is fully recognized by the Porte, is indi- cated by the news that, hard upon the French settlement, long-standing Aus- trian claims against Turkey have been satisfactorily adjusted. A new argument against the Conti- nental sugar-bounties has been advanced by a Dutch writer. He complains bit- terly that they are helping England pay the cost of the Boer war. This leaves France and Germany and Belgium and Holland, countries where the South Af- rican war is most vehemently denounced, in the lamentable position of taxing themselves to pay the interest on the British war debt. The reasoning is not without force. In 1890, for example, France and Germany paid on sugar ex- ported to England bounties amounting to $18,000,000. That sum was then a clear present to the British consumer. As Professor Sumner used to put it, other nations had the sugar industry, but Eng- land had the sugar. Since the war tax on sugar was laid, however, a part of the bounty goes directly into the British ex- chequer. The British consumer is, of course, worse off by so much, but imagine the feelings of Continental England- haters when told that they are, in ef- fect, taxing themselves to aid in putting down the Boers. They will think it a fresh evidence of Albion's perfidious sly- ness. What they ought to think is, of course, that it is a convincing proof of their own stupidity. It is possible that this new phase of the matter may open their eyes at last, and that the forthcom- ing Congress at Brussels to consider the abolition of sugar bounties may decide to end the whole system. The death of Li Hung Chang empha- sizes the uncertainties of the Chinese sit- uation, while it does not essentially alter the present condition of things. For some years past he had been transferred from the pivotal province of Chi-li to a southern governorship, and was called in only to settle complications in the mak- ing of which he had had no part. It was thus that his influence was preponderant in the Japanese settlement and in the negotiations with the European Concert now recently completed. It was this mediatorial office which Li Hung Chang exercised from the first. During the time when his association with Gordon and Ward, in the Taiping reDellion, was rais- ing him from a minor position in the civil service to a generalcy, he came to know the Western temperament, and to foresee that mixture of peril and of ad- vantage for China which lay in her in- evitable contact with Western civiliza- tion. It was his part to guard his people against aggression, and even more to guard them against the excessive indul- gence of their own anti-foreign preju- dices. He was naturally hampered in this effort, and frequently, when anti-foreign influences prevailed at the court, was in virtual disgrace. But every time there was a treaty to be negotiated with a for- eign Power, Li Hung Chang was the only thinkable representative for his nation. His long ascendancy, which, curiously, never had full official recognition, was rather remarkable for his astuteness in keeping his nation out of trouble, and in mending the mistakes of other men, than for any definte constructive policy of his own. The advance of Russia to the Yellow Sea was made, it was generally believed, with his connivance; and what- ever of good or ill is to come from the annexation of Mantchuria is probably to be laid in part at his door. Although he lacked the prestige that tangible success brought to Grant and Bismarck, his pa- tient and wholly Oriental wisdom in a time of hesitation should make him equally memorable with them; while for interest of a personal sort the inscruta- ble viceroy yields to no statesman of modern times.

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370 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 A LED DEMOCRACY. Continued gratulation is heard, and with reason, on the fresh hope for uni- versal suffrage in great cities which the New York election inspires. It was not simply that Tammany was beaten, but that it was flung out of its own fortresses below Fourteenth Street. This is the great fact, the great good cheer, which has most impressed the country. Upon this, intelligent foreign observers have commented. It was a demonstra- tion that the ignorant voter, the for- eign-born voter, the democrat wielding a weapon of suffrage to which his hands were untrained, could yet be approach- ed with argument and persuasion and example, and made to see as straight and vote as true as his more delicately clad and comfortably fed fellow-citizen of the West Side. This revelation- was no surprise to those who best knew the people who made it. What we saw in the election re- turns of Tuesday week was only what Capt. Goddard and Jacob Riis and Mr. Reynolds have all along maintained that we should see when the occasion arrived. They discovered long ago, what seems to have been hidden from the wise and prudent on Fifth Avenue, that the residents of Stanton Street and Mul- berry Bend had a due share of human nature; had minds to perceive what was truly for the city's welfare, and hearts to respond when appeals were made to protect the helpless and save the innocent. The change was not in the men and women of the East Side, but in the tactics of those who set about securing their aid in the fight against municipal corruption. The great diffi- culty with the working of universal suf- frage in our large cities was pointed out by Mr. Bryce. There was, on the one hand, "an ignorant multitude, largely composed of recent immigrants, untrain- ed in self-government." Then there was the great body of "able citizens absorbed in their private businesses, cultivated citizens unusually sensitive to the vul- garities of practical politics, and both sets therefore specially unwilling to sac- rifice their time and tastes and comfort in the struggle with sordid wirepullers and noisy demagogues." The great tri- umph of the campaign was to bring that unnatural separation of classes to an end, with a result that astonished and gratified the city, the country, and, we may say, the whole world. In a single phrase, it was a led democ- racy at work that gave us the victory. That was the sort of democracy which the great leaders of liberty and enfran- chisement in the nineteenth century al- ways had in mind. The Liberals in England, the emancipators in America, who strove mightily for the extension of the suffrage to whole new classes and entire races, never imagined that a magical virtue resided in the ballot. They thought of it as a great educator for the poor and ignorant, as well as a weapon of defence against oppression; but they also thought that the natural leaders of society would find new mo- tive and purpose in going to the masses to train and guide them. Universal suf- frage is, indeed, a nuisance to the su- perior citizen who desires to lounge at home and do the whole duty of political man in drawing a check. But to men who see in it a powerful appeal to ef- fort; who know that society must edu- cate its masters or perish, must lift up the lowly or sink lower than they; and who know also that the humblest of God's creatures, white or brown or black, has a spark of the divine reason in him, and can be shown the good and taught to admire the beautiful and hon- or the worthy — why, to them, the free- man's ballot is the instrument of po- litical progress and social improve- ment. A rightly led democracy, how- ever swarming, however tumultuous, is a source of strength and pride, not the threat that some men see in it. And the matter is of wider scope than city elections. The principle vindicated by the repudiation of Tammany in its favored haunts is good for the South, with its problem of negro suffrage; good also for Cuba and Porto Rico and the Philippines, where our rulers are so timorous about self-government. Af- ter the great awakening in New York city, we ought to be ready to assert in firmer tones what Lowell was able to say when the prospect was gloomier than we now feel it to be — namely: "The democratic theory is that those Constitutions are likely to prove stead- iest which have the broadest base, that the right to vote makes a safety-valve of every voter, and that the best way of teach- ing a man how to vote is to give him the chance of practice. For the question Is no longer the academic one, 'Is it wise to give every man the ballot?' but rather the prac- tical one, 'Is it prudent to deprive whole classes of it any longer?' " Turn an army officer loose on the East Side, with its mixture of races and creeds, its struggling life, its poverty, its ignorance, and would he not be cer- tain to report that self-government by such people was out of the question? Yet we believe him when he gravely tells us that of Manila, of Havana, of San Juan! And the South is going de- liberately to work to disfranchise the negro, instead of teaching him, as he could be taught, to use the suffrage wise- ly. No such shrinking love of ease and dread of combat was in the mind of Sumner when he rejoiced in negro suf- frage as one of the levers to lift a race. He wished, too, to see fit negroes in Fed- eral office, as both "a testimony and a symbol"— a testimony to the fairness of white men, a symbol of hope for black. And what he and the Republicans of an elder day would have thought of our modern dread of men with ballots in their hands in Cuba and the Philippines, it is easy to surmise. But the fresh cour- age we are taking from the example of New York cannot fail to go with us to the South and to the Orient. There, as here, men can be taught and led. There, as here, a broad-based democracy, with leaders not afraid nor slothful, may be- come the securest and happiest of gov- ernments. ELECTION EXPENSES. The filing by candidates of the state- ments required by law regarding their expenditures during the recent cam- paign brings up again the whole subject of such expenditures. It is worth not- ing that this year — owing, doubtless, to the fact that the public conscience was known to be aroused — the sums paid by candidates as a rule were relatively low- er than in former years, though there are some exceptions, as, for instance, in the Sixth Judicial District, where the Fusion candidate for Magistrate expend- ed $2,360 to secure his election. But the sums contributed or expended by can- didates do not, of course, make up any considerable portion of the money used during the election canvass. The law ought to be so amended as to call for itemized statements from leaders and chairmen also, and then some real idea could be formed by the general public of the uses to which campaign contri- butions are put. It is, of course, understood that the perfectly legitimate expenses of a can- vass are extremely heavy. Printing and postage — items which, like charity, fre- quently cover a multitude of sins — -real- ly require the use of very large sums. It costs about $20,000 to send a circular, under a two-cent stamp, to each of the voters of Greater New York, and each voter is probably served with half a dozen such circulars, general and local, during a fairly lively canvass. In the campaign just closed so successfully, at least three anti-Tammany organiza- tions maintained for three months head- quarters in each of the sixty-five Assem- bly districts of the greater city, at an aggregate cost of perhaps $50,000. At an average it costs, all told, about $50 to hold a well-ordered indoor district campaign meeting of the kind of which five or six an evening are held in each Assembly district. This includes music; a campaign meet- ing without music is like cham- pagne without fizz. Meetings like these are continued for at least three weeks, at an aggregate expenditure of prob- ably more than $150,000, to say nothing of the cost of the less numerous but larger and individually more expensive general meetings. A truck-meeting, with music, costs about $20. The Fu- sionists probably kept as many as four trucks to an Assembly district going during the last ten days of the recent canvass, and this foots up a cost of more than $50,000. The sums which may

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Nov. 14, 1901] The N"atio'n. 371 properly and beneficially be expended in the distribution of campaign literature, the posting of "campaign slogans," and the raising of banners are practically limitless. All these expenditures are perfectly legitimate, as well as many others not specifically mentioned. They give some idea of the necessary cost of a cam- paign, and it would undoubtedly be of great interest if they could be officially declared, as the direct expenditures of the candidates are. There are other ex- penditures of a less certain nature which it would be interesting to learn more about. The law does not permit a candidate to purchase tickets to balls, outings, etc., but he may "contribute to the success" of such enterprises, or his campaign managers may buy tickets. Numerous clubs spring up during each campaign, willing, even eager, to give balls and outings. Kegs and half-barrels of beer take on astonishing qualities during a campaign. If bestowed, they transform reluctant and coldly delib- erating electors into enthusiastic advo- cates; if withheld, they wither friend- ships which have bloomed with surpris- ing swiftness in the warm sunshine of expectation. The election expenditures which are most open to question, however, are those of election day. The Monday be- fore the Tuesday of election is known to all party workers as "dough day." A certain sum is given by each party on this occasion to the captain of each election district. This varies widely, running anywhere from $10 to $200 for an election district. There are nearly 900 election districts in Manhattan and the Bronx, and a corresponding number in the other boroughs. Just what be- comes of this money the public does not know, but ought to know. Probably the larger part of it is simply wasted. Few votes are bought outright in these days of secret ballots. It is undoubtedly pos- sible for a voter to identify his vote, but the risk, both of failure to vote a valid ballot and of exposure, is too great, and the process necessarily too elaborate, to constitute a serious danger. Much of the money which is wasted is paid to men who wear party badges and are called "workers," probably be- cause they do no work. They are en- gaged to "get out the vote," but when, as on Tuesday week, two-thirds of the voters come to the polls before noon, their chief exertion is to stand, or lean, near the polling-place a considerable por- tion of the day, and to receive the five dollars apiece for less than which no true-blooded party "worker" will con- sent to wear a badge. This dumping of large sums upon the election districts on election morning is perhaps the worst feature of our pres- ent election machinery. The central committees are largely responsible for it, and the responsibility rests also heav- ily upon the campaign contributor who sends in his check only a few days be- fore the election. A hundred dollars contributed to a proper committee three, or better four, weeks before the election is pretty sure of a good and legitimate use. The same amount sent in under stress of the last week's excitement is equally likely to be wasted, or worse. Some money is, of course, needed on election day for real watchers, and chal- lengers must in most cases be paid for their labor; but one-tenth of the elec- tion-day output would suffice for all this. This is one of the lessons which ought to be learned, and which, when citizens are permanently aroused to the perform- ance of their civic duties, will soon be mastered. THE FUTURE OF MUNICIPAL FRAN- CHISES. The issue of a pamphlet by the Chi- cago Committee on Local Transporta- tion, in which the probable recommen- dations on street-railway policy are an- nounced, recalls attention to what is in some respects the greatest problem con- fronting American municipalities to-day. The question of franchises not merely for street-railways, but for all kinds of mu- nicipal monopolies, was never more vital than now. Though it was overshadow- ed by the greater moral issues at stake in the city campaign which has just clos- ed, it was freely discussed by candidates. In Indianapolis the terms of a fran- chise grant are now under discussion. In Chicago the fact that existing street- railway charters begin to expire less than two years from now, makes inde- pendent action on the part of that city imperative, in view of the failure of last year's Street-Railway Commission to ob- tain from the Legislature a general act for the control of municipal franchises. The public interest which has practical- ly compelled the appointment of the present Committee, furnishes most en- couraging evidence that the American public is awaking to the real importance of the problem. This interest is in striking contrast with the apathy of Philadelphia and some other cities, and lends unusual weight to the leading sug- gestions of the Committee's special re- port. The whole recent discussion of the franchise question has practically turn- ed upon the conditions under which franchises may actually be granted with the greatest advantage to the grantor. We say this, knowing that there are many stock and bond holders who fond- ly cling to the old system of long-term grants, and many Utopists who would advocate the abolition of franchises and the ownership and operation of public- service enterprises by the municipality. We believe, however, that both these classes of extremists are so far in the minority that their opinions may be disregarded in practical discussions, and that it may be taken for granted that private ownership and operation under suitable conditions and for ap- propriate short terms, with proper pay- ment to the grantors of such privileges, is the preferable policy. That such is the consensus of opinion among those best qualified to pass upon the question may be seen from the practical unanim- ity of expression at all the recent meet- ings of municipal experts, and from the substantial harmony manifested in the statements of policy put forward by high-minded candidates for office, irre- spective of political party. But when these two broad principles of municipal policy have been accepted, there yet remains a great field for de- bate, and this debate has chiefly been concentrated upon two controverted points — the length of the franchise term, and the mode in which compensation is to be made. There are many who main- tain that the proper policy to pursue is one of short-term grants, renewable from time to time, while a less strong body of opinion favors an indeterminate franchise, revocable at the pleasure of the City Council. The advocates of the short-term plan point out that, in the beginning at least, franchises should run for a term equal to the life of the fixed capital employed, which, in the case of electric installations, is said by engineers to be about ten years. If this period be not allowed for the recovery of the first investment, they say, inves- tors cannot be induced to undertake the work. The reply made by those who believe in the indeterminate grant is to cite the experience of Boston and Washing- ton, where excellent traction systems are in use under revocable franchises. The whole question has an important bear- ing on good municipal government. Cor- porations could not afford to be black- mailed annually by threats of revoca- tion, and it might therefore be confident- ly expected that their powerful influ- ence would, under a revocable franchise system, be turned to the support of hon- est legislators, who would not adopt low methods for personal profit. It is interesting, in view of this discussion, to find the Chicago Committee favoring what seems likely to be the franchise policy of the future — a short-term grant at the outset, subsequently revocable, at the pleasure of the City Council, upon proper compensation for the fixed capi- tal taken. The problem of compensation for the grant of franchises is far more trouble- some, and no satisfactory solution has so far been agreed upon. How the question is being attacked may be seen from the agitation in Iowa for the heavier taxa- tion of railways on the basis of fran- chise values, from the recent effort in Cleveland to secure an increase in the assessment of franchises, and from the

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372 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 attempt to asssss New York fran- chises on the same principles as real estate. The main difficulties encountered are, of course, rather those of practical application than of theory. Few would doubt that taxation should ultimately be proportioned to net income. The diffi- culty is to ascertain the amount of this income with precision, and to discrim- inate net from apparent earnings. Ob- stacles in the way of this endeavor have led to the search for some other basis of assessment. The Chicago Commit- tee discard the net-earnings principle, and propose that compensation be se- cured from a percentage of gross re- ceipts, though they recommend that after six years a reduction of fare take the place of the money payment. The question is, however, not merely a choice between reduction of fares and an annual cash bonus. The extent of the reduction, or the amount of the bonus, as the case may be, has to be determined. It is just at this point that the real complexity of the street-rail- way problem shows itself. Earnings must not be so reduced that it will be impossible to provide a depreciation fund sufficient to cover the deterioration of the plant within the time for which the franchise is first granted, and this should be borne in mind when fixing both the life of the franchise and the amount of the compensation, whether the latter be in cash or in lower fares. The investor must be allowed a good return upon his capital if he is to give good sei- vice. He must be able to provide a de- preciation fund, or he will never consent to a revocable franchise which would permit a City Council to sweep away his chance of recovering his investment in the form of large profits. He must be left large liberty to deal with employees and to regulate the running of cars. The Chicago Committee err chiefly in then- effort to legislate too minutely on the latter points. Something must be trust- ed to the wisdom and the business sense of the corporations themselves; and where a proper reservation of power has been made, such trust will not be in vain. The franchise policy of the immediate future, as regards not merely traction but all other public-service corporations, must be simple and conservative. Short- term grants, with subsequent power to revoke, adequate compensation to the municipality— probably in the form part- ly of lower fares and partly of limita- tion of profits, with prescribed bookkeep- ing—these are the fundamentals of fran- chise reform. With the great principles established and an ultimate power of control reserved, minute interference with business details will be neither wise nor necessary. SALISBURY AND THE WAR. Lord Salisbury's Guildhall speech on Saturday seems to have disappointed some of his followers by its sombre tone. Apparently they expected him to in- dulge in quips and epigrams. But the situation is surely not one to call for a display of his old Saturday-Review manner. In view of the recent disaster to Col. Benson's column in South Afri- ca, of the distinct revival of the war and its spread into Cape Colony, and of the calamitous death-rate among the Boer children in the concentration camps, at which humane England is ap- palled, pleasantries or sarcasms on the part of the Prime Minister would have been most ill-timed. They would have been too much like gibes from Yorick's skull. Others among the supporters of the Government reproach Lord Salisbury for not having taken the country more into his confidence. But we do not see the force of this complaint. The ugly facts are as well known to the man in the street as to the Premier. The list of casualties, the great force still re- quired in the field, the $7,500,000 a week which the war is costing, the income tax — these are the features of the situa- tion which stand out before every eye. While not minimizing them, Lord Salis- bury declared that the Government had important plans for hastening the end of the war which it would be a breach of public duty for him to reveal. This attitude is entirely correct. Salisbury is too serious a statesman to affirm that new measures are afoot unless such were the case; and none knows better than he that to publish his plans would be the best way of inviting their de- feat. Former projects have gone so sad- ly astray that there will be natural skepticism about these latest ones, what- ever they may be. They may be con- nected with Gen. Ian Hamilton's return to South Africa, or the proposal to raise a sort of Landwehr in Cape Colony; but the Prime Minister is quite right in de- clining to take the country into his confidence as regards these military plans. If the country does not want to turn out the Government, it must let it carry on the war and conduct its di- plomacy with the reserve which is nec- essary to the success of either. To judge by the cabled reports of Salisbury's speech, he had nothing to say about that aspect of the war which is most afflicting to the best people in England. There can be no doubt that the horrors of the concentration camps have been a source of shame and humil- iation to Englishmen, irrespective of party. For this it will be most diffi- cult to forgive the Government, when all is over. A death-rate among the de- tained Dutch children of nearly 400 per thousand per year — this, as that old Conservative, Mr. Courtney, has bitter- ly observed, this is "the pitiless fact which crushes all hypotheses." Admit that the policy of concentrating the Boer women and children in camps was hu- mane in intention; grant that it was a military mistake, as it may be plausibly argued that it was, and that the inno- cent victims of the war would have per- ished even more miserably on the veldt, or would have led the men to surren- der sooner if they had not been brought in; allow, as no doubt in fairness it must be allowed, that Gen. Kitchener and the War Office have done everything within their power to feed and care for the unfortunate Dutch families — still, the result has been as humiliating to the British management of the war as it will always appear simply frightful. It is not only foreigners or "pro-Boer" Englishmen who are saying these things, and whose cheeks burn with indigna- tion as they read of these unintended but unrelieved miseries. Philanthropists and clergymen have begun to cry shame upon the Government on the score of this massacre of the innocents. Only a few days ago, Canon Gore, the distinguished Churchman, published a letter in which he said: "Hitherto the conscience of the country has been, actively or passively, as a whole supporting the war; but, unless I am very much mistaken, it must peremptorily re- quire that immediate steps, however costly --whether by the speedy introduction of suitable nourishment into the camps in sufficient abundance or by the removal of the camps to the sea — be taken to obviate this unexampled and horrible death-rate among the children for whose protection we have, by a policy which may have been mis- taken, but is, at any rate, not now reversi- ble, made ourselves responsible. Other- wise, I believe, the honor of our country will contract a stain which we shall not be able to obliterate, and the whole Chris- tian conscience of the country will be out- raged and alienated." The Canon was, of course, yelped at by the Chamberlain pack as guilty of "treason." A furious controversy was, in fact, raging about his utterance when wnat should Lord Salisbury do but ap- point him Bishop of Worcester? It was one of those cool things which Salis- bury so often has done in defiance of mob feeling. Canon Gore undoubtedly deserved the promotion, on the score of piety and scholarship; but to have got it just at this time! One of its amusing results will be to place the new Bishop in spiritual authority over Canon Knox- Little, a furibund clergyman who has been dealing out death to the Boers, and who had broken out violently against Canon Gore himself just before the lat- ter was made his reverend father in God! So far as Salisbury's speech breathed dogged determination to "see the war through," it undoubtedly spoke the sen- timents of the vast majority of English- men. There is no political combination in sight or possible which could stop the war, so long as the Boers elect to go on fighting. Even Gampbell-Banner- man, even Mr. Bryce, even John Mor- ley, admit that the war, having been once begun in an unhappy hour, must be fought to the bitter end. The most mili-

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Nov. 14, 1901] The Nation. 373 tant Liberals simply hope to accumulate against the Tories enough evidence of mismanagement of the war, both in its inception and in its conduct, to beat them when the war is over; they are under no illusions about the possibility of taking office before the war is somehow brought to an end. Yet, at the same time, they think that generous terms of settlement might, even now, hasten the close of hostilities. They will, therefore, find some encouragement in what Lord Salis- bury said upon this point. He receded openly from his old defiant talk about not leaving the Boers "a shred of inde- pendence," and spoke of his strong de- sire that they should "enjoy immediately peace, freedom, and civil rights," and, as soon as time would permit, "the other blessings of self-government." But there is no evidence that the Boers are yet minded to leave off scorning such terms or despising English proclamations; and the best prospect is that this ignoble war, undertaken in an evil hour for England, and waged with such unexampled losses and humiliations, will go grinding on its pitiless way for many weary months more, if not years. MORLEY ON GLADSTONE. Mr. John Morley was orator of the day at the recent unveiling of a statue of Gladstone in Manchester, and his ad- dress was a fine estimate of the personal and public qualities of his old chief. Speaking in what is now a Tory strong- hold— Mr. Balfour represents a Man- chester constituency — Mr. Morley nat- urally avoided controverted political topics. He discussed, not the particular measures with which Mr. Gladstone's name was associated, but the spirit in which he lived and worked. And no one who knows Mr. Morley's gift for po- litical philosophy, and his ability to read the large and universal lesson in the separate detail, would need to be as- sured that he made his tribute to the departed Liberal leader a vehicle for conveying his own ideals of public ser- vice and statesmanlike worth. His praise of Gladstone's oratory must necessarily seem a little high-pitched to one out from under the spell of voice and eye. which all agree to have exert- ed an extraordinary fascination in the case of the great Parliamentarian and popular speaker. Gladstone's speeches were, no doubt, "saturated in matter." No one ever steeped himself beforehand more thoroughly in his material; no orator, apparently, ever trusted more to the moment's flow of words. They flow- ed, in fact, in too rushing and too little limpid a flood to entitle him to a place among the greatest orators. His extra- ordinary turn for refining and qualify- ing— "Gladstonese," we have heard it called — is like a mist upon the page of his orations when read; and, when heard, laid him somewhat open to the charge of studied ambiguity. Mr. Mor- ley admits this defect, which he explains ar due to Gladstone's dread of loose statement, so that "what passed for sophistry or subtlety was in truth a scruple of conscience." This is an ut- terance of loyalty, but we think that Walter Bagehot, in his wonderfully dis- criminating and prophetic article on Gladstone forty years ago, came nearer the fact when he said that this tendency to over-nice distinctions was inherent in Mr. Gladstone's mind, of which the nat- ural and favored method was that of a scholastic theologian. Another limitation which Mr. Morley recognizes in his hero is the lack of an open mind for what science was doing in his world. "I remember," he says, "going out with him one Sunday afternoon to pay a visit to Air. Darwin. It was in the seventies. As I came away, I felt that no impression had leached him: that that intellectual, modest, single-minded, low-browed lover of truth, that searcher of the secrets of nature, had made no impression on Mr. Gladstone's mind, though he had seen one who from his Kentish hilltop was shaking the world." But of all these minor aspects of a great character we may say, as Henry IV. said to the Spanish Ambassador, "What! has not your master virtues enough to have some defects?" Mr. Gladstone's nobility of soul was the thing in him which most impressed observers. A grateful correspondent once wrote to him, "You have so lived and wrought that you have kept the soul alive in England." Countless testimonies to the same effect might be cited. One of the latest we find in a letter of the historian, John Richard Green. Writing of an evening passed in a distinguished company where Gladstone was present, he said, "I felt so proud of my leader, because, wise or unwise as he might seem in this or that, he was always noble of soul." This higher plane on which Glad- stone moved, this purer air which he breathed, together with his ardor for liberty, his belief in progress, his inde- fatigable energy, and his inextinguish- able hopefulness, made him the great public figure he was. The tradition of his oratory will die away, and his speeches, like most speeches, will lie un- read; but the memory of his lofty bear- ing, his flashing chivalry, his spontane- ous and burning indignation against op- pression of any man in any land — this is the fine and lasting legacy he bequeathed to his country and the world. Mr. Morley eloquently combatted the notion that Mr. Gladstone was ever a mere time-server. The fame of a great public teacher was, rather, that which he would place upon his head as a laurel crown. Gladstone knew, of course, that, as is the case with any leader in a de- mocracy, he must work in and through public opinion; but it was ever his aim to create and guide that opinion, never slavishly to follow it. The fact that he set himself to the immense and, as it turned out, impossible task of persuading England to grant home rule to Ireland, should be proof enough that he was as far as possible from being an "ear-to- the-ground" statesman. Mr. Morley ad- duces a more conclusive, because a less debated, instance. It is the case of Glad- stone's revolutionary Budget of 1853. Of this he says: "Well, gentlemen, what did Mr. Glad- stone do on this occasion? Did he run about feeling the pulse of popular opinion? No. He grappled with the facts with infinite genius and labor — and, recollect, with Mr. Gladstone half his genius was labor. He built up a vast plan. He carried that plan to the Cabinet. The Cabinet were against him almost to a man. They warned him that the House of Commons would be against him. The officials of the Treasury told him the Bank would be against him, that a great press of interests would be against him. But, like an intrepid and sinewy athlete that he always was, he stood to his guns. He converted the Cab- inet. He persuaded the House of Commons. He vanquished the Bank and the hostile interests, and, in the words of one of his successors, he did all those things, and he changed and turned for many years to come the current of public opinion with that force which was too powerful for any mind to resist. Don't let it be said, then, that Mr. Gladstone was a man who always fol- lowed the flowing tide." It cannot be denied that Mr. Glad- stone's political fame has suffered some- thing of an eclipse in England. He was out of sympathy with the movement for expansion and empire which has been sweeping everything before it in the last decade. When that cloud passes, Glad- stone's sun will shine out again. His bitterest revilers are doing at this mo- ment what his friends could not do to revive his glory. Chamberlain and Salis- bury in South Africa are making Glad- stone's policy there seem a monument of wisdom. The process of "wiping out" the shame of Majuba Hill has brought too many new shames to be very damag- ing to Gladstone's memory. But, all these matters aside, he was a man of such a mould and fibre, and of such a tran- scendent career, that no one has since arisen to take the place which he un- questionably held at his death — that of "the world's greatest citizen." 'IRELAND AND THE EMPIRE.' Dublin, October 30, 1901. For the past seventy years, a solid conser- vative minority of Irish members, sent from the north to Parliament, has been able to delay or forestall measures ot Irish reform. There now appears every probability of that minority being broken up, mainly through the exertions of one man — Thomas Wallis Russell. His career has been so interesting, and he has now written such a remarkable book, that a notice of him and it appears opportune. It is illustrative of the enduring depressing effects of the penal laws and mis- government upon the Irish people, in their own country, that while they themselves, in a steady stream of emigration, have had to seek careers abroad, a considerable number of English and Scotch immigrants have all along found openings for themselves in Ire- land. Mr. Russell, a Scotchman, was one of

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374= The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 these. He came over at an early age, apd from one employment and another passed Into that of an Irish temperance association. To a ready pen, untiring energy, and singu- lar organizing powers, he added ability as a platform orator. He made the temperance movement in Ireland his own. It was main- ly through his exertions that the Sunday Closing Act, such as it is, was passed. Of blameless character, beloved in his social relations, he could be a bitter opponent. No man ever had greater power of establishing and keeping up a "raw." The liquor-deal- ers would gladly have lynched him. In those early days he was a Liberal — fa- voring the disestablishment of the Irish Church and a reform in the land laws. He never had any sympathy with national as- pirations. The excesses, as he conceived them to be, of the Land League gradually inclined him towards the Conservative ranks. Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule proposals completed the process. He came to believe that the liquor interest was less of a danger to the country than Home Rule would be. He proved himself to be one of the ablest Lib- eral-Unionist workers and speakers, and up- on that platform was returned to Parlia- ment. The position he, the proprietor of a temperance hotel in Dublin, came to occupy in Parliament and in Conservative circles in England is striking proof of the spirit of equality, irrespective of worldly posses- sions, that dominates English political life. Mr. Russell, in a book published a few days ago,* says that if Mr. Gladstone had been twenty years younger, and if Mr. Parnell had not gone astray, Home Rule would now probably be the law of the land. Many be- lieve that the same change would have been effected but for Mr. Chamberlain's astute- ness and Mr. Russell's oratory in and out of Parliament. Nothing could exceed the bitterness of his denunciation of the character and doings of Mr. Parnell and his following. This was repaid in kind. It used to be humorously suggested that if there were but one door into heaven and Mr. Russell held the key, none of the Irish members would seek ad- mission. Yet in generous moments he did not hesitate to admit that the Land League had "practically converted the tenants from serfs into freemen." (This conversion sure- ly justified much, where for half a century appeals and reasoning had proved ineffec- tual.) Mr. Russell amply earned reward at the hands of the Ministry, and received it in being appointed Under-Secretary to the English Local Government Board. He dis- played administrative abilities; and the highest appointments in the state capable of being filled by a layman, one without legal training, were open to him. By a second marriage he became still further connected with Irish ascendancy circles. However it happened, in the quieter years of official life, after the defeat of the Home Rule Bill and the decease of Mr. Parnell and Mr. Gladstone, a complete change of feeling was worked in him regarding the necessity for further and drastic land leg- islation, and his attitude towards the Irish representatives. He stands almost alone in the history of Irish politics as having once taken his place in the comfortable fold of Conservative officialdom, and then, from conscientious motives, thrown up all, * Ireland and the Empire: A Review. 1800- 1900. By T. W. Kussell, M. P. for South Tyrone. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 284 pp. and, late In life, embarked upon the stormy sea of Irish agitation. Refusing the proffer of a lucrative Government post out of Parliament, he was returned for an Ul- ster constituency committed to the princi- ple of peasant proprietary, while opposed to Home Rule in the Gladstonlan sense, and prepared to support the Government regarding the Transvaal war. Mr. Russell, in the work whose title is appended, gives to the world his mature convictions regarding the Irish question as a whole. The honest avowal of such wide alteration in point of view of a great ques- tion is highly honorable, though it neces- sarily exrjoses him to the charge of for- mer want of judgment and of insight into the political necessities of Ireland. The language is so vigorous, the style so lu- cid, the facts of the situation in Ireland are so carefully marshalled, that the pages read more like those of a prose poem than of a political essay. Mr. Russell opens with a statement of the present aspect of the Irish question in Parliament. "Practically the Irishmen say to England, 'You destroyed our Parliament in 1800. The de- struction of that national assembly was ac- companied by the most unblushing bribery, in- timidation, and corruption. Ireland has never condoned that great offence. You govern us, not by love and affection, but by force and fraud. Forty thousand armed men are neces- sary to maintain your supremacy. Ours is a forced and unwilling allegiance. We come to this assembly— but are not of it. We desire to be at home governing our own land — the land of our affections, and for which alone we care. You can retain us here by force; but in that case you must pay the price. We shall interfere in every nook and cranny of British affairs— at home and abroad. If we cannot gov- ern our own country, we shall see whether we cannot make parliamentary institutions and the Government of England a laughing-stock before the whole world.' There is no conceal- ment about it. This is the situation." Again: "Why is it that the distant colonies rise as one man in defence of the Empire and, as I think, of a just cause, and the Irish race at home and abroad stand out and oppose? That is the pregnant question." Concerning England's delinquency: "England had, unasked and unbidden, taken over the government of Ireland. Where the duty was not shamefully neglected, it was ex- ercised in the interests of a class alone. Until Mr. Gladstone arose, no subject people had ever been more basely treated or neglected by a conqueror." Mr. Russell proceeds to point out that through agitation and violence alone has every great reform for Ireland had to be wrung from the British Parliament: "But for the murder and outrage which dis- graced the years 1880 and 1881, the great char- ter of the Irish farmers, weakened and injured as it has been by shameless maladministration, could never have been passed. . . . Similarly, the Local Government Act of 1898, the greatest measure passed since the Act of Union, owes its existence on the statute-book entirely to the Home-Rule agitation." Up to the disestablishment of the Irish Church, Mr. Russell has "no hesitation in saying that rebellion was morally justifiable in Ireland." Upon his own part, he ac- knowledges two great mistakes. He believed in the patriotic feeling and intentions of the Irish landlords, and he misjudged the Irish national representatives. "If a comparison has to be made [between the British and Irish representatives in Par- liament], I am not sure that the Irishmen would lose by it. In any case, there these men are. . . . What is to be done? Whatever fault may be found with them, they are ab- solutely unpurchasable. They forego for their country's sake all the rewards that service in the English ranks would give them. Not a man in the party can be bought. They are able, even brilliant. They have discovered and de- veloped a new method of making war upon England. Their fathers fought with pike and musket, and were worsted. These men, with ballots instead of bullets, and by using the privileges of Parliament, have done more in twenty years for their country than has been done by pikes and muskets for centuries." As to the Irish people at large: "Already one hundred years have passed since, by our flagitious conduct, the Union was estab- lished. Can any one say that to-day we are one bit nearer the heart of the Irish people? . . . What is there to make us believe the patience of a whole race can be worn down? They have suffered and endured in the past. Why, if it be necessary, should they not suffer and endure in the future?" In successive chapters are treated "The Union to Emancipation," "Emancipation to the Famine," "Famine to the Fenians," "Gladstone: The Great Awakening," "The Great Surrender," "Balfourian Ameliora- tion," "Land Question," "The Education Controversy," "Financial Relations," "Ire- land at Westminster," "The Ulster Prob- lem," "How the Union Can Be Maintain- ed." Mr. Russell's argument for the neces- sity of further land reform might have been made stronger if he had devoted a chapter to giving specific instances of the manner in which the plain intentions of the Act of 1881 (that tenants should not be rented on their improvements) have been set at naught by officials and a judiciary imbued with landlord and ascendancy prejudices. He has spoken of the present Land Court as "an Augean stable." Nothing is truer than that, in these days, "it requires no little courage for an Irish Protestant to stand out and be counted on the side of the people." Mr. Russell's substitute for Home Rule is that Irish affairs in Parlia- ment should be left to a grand committee of Irish members — a plan suggested by Jonathan Pim thirty years ago. This scheme is not likely to find much favor with standard Home-Rulers who believe in the radical incapacity of Englishmen to understand and legislate for Ireland, and in the necessity of the task being com- mitted to themselves upon their own soil. Nor can they understand why a subsidiary parliament in Ireland should be spoken of as "separation" from England, while par- liaments in the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, even the Channel Isl- ands, enjoying ampler powers than those contemplated by Mr. Gladstone's bill, are esteemed consistent with union in a repub- lic, a monarchy, and commonwealths. In detail, Mr. Russell reproduces some popular errors. "There was nothing like the increase [of population which took place in Ireland] anywhere else in Europe." The figures given in Whittaker's Almanack are: 1801-1841, Ireland 53 per cent, increase, Eng- land 80 per cent. Census figures: 1821-1831, Ireland 14.19 per cent, increase, England 15.80 per cent.; 1831-1841, Ireland 5.25 per cent., England 14.48 per cent. The common statement at pages 50, 51, that the new pur- chasers in Landed Estates Court were the chief rent-raisers, and so caused discon-

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Nov. 14, rooi] The ISTation 375 tent, etc., is not borne out by facts. It was not the famine that made landlords as a rule bankrupt. It was that they or their predecessors had spent their estates instead of the incomes from them. That foodstuffs in abundance were exported in the famine years is well known, and that numbers of farmers paid their rents and died of starvation. Mr. Russell's is altogether a remarkable book, and cannot but have its influence upon British politics. He opines: "The two races that inhabit Ireland will not for ever remain apart, scowling at each other across years of bitter memories. The Pro- testant will not for ever stand shivering on the banks of the Boyne; the Roman Catholic will not always recall the Penal Laws." Let us hope the volume before us will help to this end. It is, as it stands, in truth a vade-mecum of facts and argu- ment for Home-Rulers. D. B. TUSCAN TOWN AND COUNTRY. Florence, October 15, 1901. In a back number of the Nation I read an interesting letter on the late developments, of Socialism in Italy, and was glad to s^e that the writer is not one of the timid crew who think a country must be going to the dogs because of a few strikes, where the masters and workmen are allowed to settle things between themselves without any in- terference on the part of the Government. Had this system been adopted in 1880, when strikes became fashionable in Italy, verv. possibly, in this new century, we should not have heard of any more. As it is, we are now in the thick of the epidemic, which, be- ing left to nature, is proving mild on the whole. For the last forty years, although the right to strike is proclaimed by the law of the land, as a matter of fact the Govern- ment, the provincial and communal authori- ties have always intervened on behalf of the masters, either by arresting the workmen, or, in case of agricultural strikes, by sending soldiers to do the work of the men on strike. Hence perpetual conflicts, and the terrible class hatred, which has always existed, em- bittered to the death. After the shameful arrests of 1898 and the necessary liberation of all the arrested, the Socialists became what might be called obstreperous. Outside the House, they organized resistance to the arbitrary acts of the Government. Within the House, assisted by the Republicans, the Radicals, and by a certain number of the old Left, they brought obstruction to such a point as it never was brought by the Irish in Parliament, because they gained all their demands and prevented the passage of new regulations. Onlookers who do not know Italians, protested, and moaned that the end of representative government was at hand, and called on the Government and on the new King — especially because of his acces- sion and its cause — to proclaim martial law, to gag the Parliament, and return almost to the state of things before the Statuto grant- ed in 1848. Fortunately, at the helm was an old Lib- eral, who has never denied his faith, and who only in one instance acted in oppo- sition to it. He knew that it was useless to attempt to combat anarchy by anarchy, violence by violence; and made it clear to the young ruler that the time was come for the inauguration of law and liberty. We must suppose that Victor Emanuel III. is satisfied with Zanardelli, as he has just awarded him the collar of the Annunciata (withheld from him hitherto, in a most unaccountable fashion, seeing that he was in the first Ministry of the Left in 1876, by both King Victor II. and Humbert). Be that as it may, while apparently Italy is a land convulsed with strikes and rent with civil war, there never was a time when she has been so orderly and peaceful — this because the haves and have-nots are left severely alone to settle their quarrels be- tween themselves without let or hin- drance. Hence the discussion within the Socialistic party. Fighting the Government for fighting's sake is still preached by the least intelligent portion of the party, sup- ported, of course, by the Republicans, who do not want a monarchical government to initiate reforms or allow of their in- itiation, because they need to prove that no good can come out of monarchical insti- tutions. Turatl, who, for breadth and depth of intellect, force of will and integ- rity of conscience, is the loftiest leader of the party, has demonstrated the ab- surdity, the puerility of these methods. He has not denied the foundation of Marx's system — collectivism and class struggle — but replaces his catastrophic theory with that of gradual reforms, which can be ob- tained only by alliance with one or more fractions of the middle classes (borghesia). Throughout the year there has been agi- tation on the part of the bread-makers and bakers for the abolition of night work, and for certain alterations in the method and time of payment. The owners of bread- making and baking establishments refused the proposals, and the men threatened a strike. Then a trial of fifteen days was agreed upon, but the "fancy-bread" es- tablishments saw their way to make a good thing out of opposition, and continued night work. This consumption of fancy bread naturally lessened that of the common loaf, and the body of proprietors declared that they could not keep to day labor any longer. On this, on the eve of the 11th, the entire body of makers and bakers of bread struck. The surrounding cities, Prato, Pisa, Pistoia, whose special bread is patronized by some, merely sent their usual quota. The military bake-houses have enough to do for the gar- rison, the prisons and the military hospitals; and the municipality has non-cooperative resources. Hence, for the first day there was no bread for the elementary schools, where breakfast is given to the children, no bread for the charitable institution called the "Daily Bread." Here tickets for the economical kitchens were substituted, and people in general made out with stale bread, fancy bread; and the surrounding towns sent in an evening ration. But mark! so thor- oughly convinced were the Florentines of the perfect organization of the workmen and of their right to day instead of night work that no outcry was raised. On the contrary, the proprietors were given to understand that they must give way. Some tried to hold out, but Guglielmo Dolfi, son of the famous old tribune, made himself heard in the great meeting of proprietors. Shall we render ourselves responsible for the con- sequences of leaving Florence another day without bread, or allow the surrounding cities to take away our trade altogether? Let us give the day work a fair trial for a month. There are many obstacles to its complete success. The fancy-bread makers will be damaged to a large extent if they can't supply the hotels with French rolls, semcls, kifcls, etc.; also, it remains to be seen whether the night workers reduced to day workers will be content with day in- stead of night wages. So it was all set- tled. There was a truce of a month, and at the end of that period the problem will have solved itself. Throughout Tuscany leagues are being formed for abolishing night labor. In Milan, the bakers are still on strike. But the public peace has not been disturbed. Now suppose that the police had been allowed to arrest the strikers, and the sol- diers called in to make and bake the bread; Florence would have been plunged into dis- order. The surrounding cities would have been divided between the chance of extra gain and the reluctance to turn "blacklegs." Now, however the matter be settled, the public will say to the defeated party, "You have had a fair trial and must put up with defeat." In agricultural disputes, af- fairs are much more difficult to arrange because of the vast numbers and the ex- treme poverty of the laborers; but in some cases the league of laborers have succeed- ed in settling disputes amicably. In the Ferrarese districts, however, where a wealthy company has "redeemed waste lands" and transformed them into wheat- growing plains, the shareholders clamor and the directors are pitiless. At the pres- ent moment they have ordered 300 evic- tions, have commenced selling the cattle, and resolved to revert to pasture. But the league leaders on the one hand and Gov- ernment agents on the other are trying to bring both aides to reason, and possibly may succeed. In Sicily and the south of the Neapolitan continent scarcely any sort of organization has yet prevailed. The misery of certain districts is beyond belief or even imagination. Only a decent harvest and a not too bitter winter stave off insurrection from year to year. Pro- prietors there seem not only heartless, but headless, and the peasant's only solace is to take sudden and violent vengeance. It would be well if the Socialists of upper Italy, in this halcyon period of liberty, were to bring forward measures for pacify- ing the starving, half-savage peasants of the Puglie and the Sicilian latifundia. Castello di Gabbiaso, October 17. I wonder whether in the whole workaday world there are a set of men, women, and children as happy and contented as are these Tuscan peasants to-day in this year of almost unexampled vine crops, abundant in quantity, and of average excellent qual- ity. The weather in some parts of the Continent and also in some parts of Sicily has been atrocious; intense cold in the spring, then scorching heat and long drought— alternations which, while not ma- terially affecting the corn crop, materially affect the grapes. In Venetia, and now in Turin, fierce hailstorms have destroyed half the grapes and spoiled the remainder, but Tuscany this year has been spared, and the anxiety of the peasants to let the grapes ripen to the precise point when their juice sbould yield the finest wine, and their fears lest autunri rains should come and spoil it all, have been more than ordinarily keen. For this year the olive crop has failed al-

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376 The !N" ation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 most entirely, the grain has yielded fairly, never has such a peach and pear harvest been known to the younger generation; but the apple crop has failed, and the rains have spoilad ihe figs so that for winter they have to be dried in the oven. But all these things count as; trifles in comparison with thp prospects of the vintage. And so far all has gone veil. Of course, all the property about here is held on the metayer half-and-half system, which, though now so harshly and widely abused as retrogressive, or at least sta- tionary, still survives all other set sys- tems, such as cooperation and profit-shar- ing, which even in England are losing cred- it. In the half-and-half system there Is something satisfactory to human nature in the abstract, and to the peasant who has only his hands and his spade in the con- crete. For he, at any rate, cannot be cheat- ed if the system be carried out in good faith. The crops are in his keeping, his Children eat grapes and e, good many oth- er things year in, year out. When the vintage begins, all the choice grapes are gathered first, and weighed at the houses of the several peasants, so that they can eat, sell, or keep for "dressing the wine" as they choose. Then all the rest of the grapes are gathered by them and brought up in weli-cleansed tubs (higonc'u) on a bullock cart to the fattoria pudronale. Here each separate peasant family has his own numbered vat (there may be ten, twenty, thirty, or more farms on the same estate), and into this vat he empties his tubs, he and the muster or factor counting them. When the vintage is finished, it is wonderful how each peasant will calculate how many bar- rels the must will produce of first-class wine — which is allowed to ferment on the husks, according to the prevalent ideas of the time and the proprietor, which vary vastly. Here it remains generally ten days unless the weather be very damp or cold, when it remains a few days longer. The new wine, the pure juice of the grape, is then run off and divided between owner and peasant. Sometimes the latter leayes his to pay off part of his debt, or even to be sold for his own account. Then the husks are pressed in the torcio, and the wine thus produced serves, well-watered, for the peasant's ordinary drink. He also throws water over his portion of the skins and set its, to make "small wine," while the master, after utilizing his share as he thinks fit. restores the refuse to the soil- probably to the kitchen garden, for which it is excellent manure. I have known and visited almost annual- ly this cstalo for the last twenty When 1 first visited it, in the early eigh tics, in a really good year for both wine and main, the thirteen farms produced in all 7t>0 barrels (50 litres each), and about 730 stale of grain (wheat). Now, unless the hailstorms carry off the crop, 2,300 bar- rels is a fair average, and 2,300 staie Oi wheal \i.iui of the old peasants are still on the soil, and have consequent- en their harvests more than doubled! Oil seems provokingly stationary, as, though new olive plantations have bi en made, either the mistral wind or the damp or some other plague blights the crop, and there is little else to count on. Maize is not much consumed in Tuscany; lambs, kids, milk, cheese, poultry help out the family, who also produce vegetables (beans, cecci, peas) and fruit to divide like all the rest with the master. He pays all the taxes and generally purchases the cattle, but the peasants have to go halves in the losses as they do on the produce of the stables. They are a splendid race, healthy, strong, well clothed, well fed; they have not the sad, hunted look of the peasant who lives from hand to mouth as a day laborer, or as the so-called metay- ers of Sicily, who have only one-third of the produce, and that unfairly measured, and are mulcted by usurers, factors, and sub-factors. Here they feel themselves copartners, and are so in fact. Of course their well-being depends much on the character of the proprietor. To be a good landlord, you must be willing to supply the wants of your peasant in a bad year, give him at least sufficient grain to keep him in bread and paste for soup in the winter; be patient even if during the sec- ond year he cannot pay up all; and dis- charge the family only if found incapable, negligent, or dishonest. Well treated, they do generally pay up at harvest, and many have a surplus, which they leave in the hands of the owner until they may want it to dower a daughter or put a son out in life. All the children go to the elemen- tary schools for three years according to law; some remain there for five years, and can then obtain situations as factors or even communal secretaries. Here the Socialists have not been able to insert even the thin edge of the wedge; but there are traitors in the citadel even of the mezzadri. Certain sons of orthodox fathers have become weary of the old pal lis. They have put up notices, "No credit given." Hence, when the year comes round and the peasant finds that he has not wheat enough to last the winter, he will throw up his farm and become one of the discontented. The owner will take another, as with the mezzadri there is no contract, but the "custom" rules from year to year. Presently the owner will get tired and let all the farms on his estate. Then exit mezzadria and enter So- cialism. J. W. M. Correspondence. RECIPROCITY OR MUTUALITY? To the Editor op The Nation: Sir; In regard to freedom of trade and to the moral element therein, to which Mr. James De Normandie calls attention in your issue of October 24, I feel moved to say a few words. It seems to me that "reciprocity" is not I lie most appropriate term to use in this connection, especially if we are to accept as its adequate definition the precept of Confucius, not to do to others what we would not have them do to us. The nega- tive phrasing of this maxim places it on a much lower plane than that of the injunc- 1 inn, Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. There is quite a dis- count in ethical efficiency. Now, the ideal property of an exchange of the products of human effort is that both parties thereto have become better off than they were before. There has been mutual benefit, as each has been doing a benefit to himself at the same time that he was doing benefit to the other. Reciprocity has not, to my mind, these connotations of sponta- neity and simultaneousness. It conveys the implication of a temporary truce, and so, I think, has been instinctively adopted by protectionists, and consequently should be conscientiously abandoned to their use. Their habitual attitude towards commerce is a harking back to the primitive be- havior of the race when men bartered with their weapons in the right hand and their commodities in the left. At present, protectionists seem to be making present, protectionists seem to be mak- ing reciprocity serve as a napkin to wrap their meaning and intentions in, to be laid away carefully in "innocuous desue- tude." All this preamble is to justify my pro- posal of mutuality as the better term. This instinct of mutuality, however, has to do with far more than trade alone; it is really the cause of all that is worth while in the world. It had its inception in the very beginning of things, perhaps even controlling the material part of the universe, with its attraction of gravitation and all the other attractions. In the realm of sentient creatures, there could never have been any society whatever but for it. as there would never have been developed material fit for the purpose. Primarily it was, of course, largely seif-interest that prompted action; then there came some glimmerings of good will and kindness between those who were as- sociated together; then was developed some sense of justice — the doing unto oth- ers as one would have others do unto him, until finally there has been sublimat- ed—in a very few, alas, as yet— that char- ity which "suffereth long and is kind," even with no material return. H. W. Taylor. Stockton, i'm.., November 6, 1901. A WARNING FROM ALGERIA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In an article by M. Rouire, in the Revue des Deux Mondes for September 15, upon the colonization of Algeria, it is said that the war of subjugation lasted twelve years. Then comes the following, which may prove true of our war against the Filipinos: "Et a quel prix cette pacification avait 6te obtenue! Et combien onereuse elle fut a la race conquerante et a la race vain- cue! Nos soldats et nos colons avaient ttchi de leurs ossemens la terre al- geiienne. Les balles, le soleil africain et les (levies les avaient devores. Parmi les colons, ceux qui avaient survecu etaient tous ruines. Quant aux habitans indigenes, ils avaient ete extermines ou avaient dis- paru. Les tribus, autrefois nos alliees, qui avaient fait le coup de feu au debut de I'insurrection a cote de nos colons, et que nous avions eu le tristc courage d'abandonner a leur malheureux sort, etaient a: lees chercher aupr&s de l'fimir l'appui que nous leur avions refused Les tribus hostiles a notre domination avaient ete a peu pres aneanties. Des Hadjoutes il ne restait plus que quelques rares sur- vivans qui durent aller se fondre dans les tribus voisines; les Beni-Khelilet les Beni- Salem etaient a peine moins 6prouv6s. Des etablissemens europeens qui, avant I'insur- rection d'Abrl-el-Kader, donnaient un as- pect luxuriant a la Mitidja, il ne restait pas un debout; dans le Sahel la plupart

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Nov. 14, 1901] The !N"ation 377 Gtaient detruits, et dans quel etat pitoy- able se trouvaient les autres qui avaient echappe a la devastation arabe! II n'y avait plus d'habitans; et, partout, des ruines. Une fois de plus on pouvait ap- pliquer a l'oeuvre du conquerant le mot de l'historien: pacem appellant ubi soli- tudlnem faciunt. Pour avoir la paix, nous avions autour de nous fait regner la soli- tude." C. E. W. Clearfield, Pa., November 8, 1901. THEY DO THESE THINGS BETTER— IN GREECE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A letter from Comm. Lanciani, printed in the Athcnwum of October 26, and quoted in the Evening Post of November G, gives occasion for again calling the atten- tion of the intelligent world to the indefen- sible policy of the Italian Government con- cerning excavations on archseological sites. Here was an Italian who wished to make some excavations on ground near the an- cient port of Pompeii, not for archseological purposes at all, but merely in the well- grounded hope of finding something that he could sell. He succeeded grandly. He found the remains of a large company of fugitives from the eruption of the year 79, many of them equipped with much jewelry and other articles of value. The excavator captured the jewelry for his own purposes, and though the Government authorities, one may suppose, had some sort of an inspector on hand, no record was made of the thousand and one details that would be of such im- mense importance to the archaeologist. The whole affair W'as so shameful an example of such an irreparable injury to scholarship that the very stones of ancient Rome ought to cry out against it. And this sort of thing is going on all over Italy at the pres- ent day, while the Government refuses to let any foreign school or scholar touch more than the surface of its sacred soil, though the offer is to give the whole of the finds to the Government, and to pay all the ex- penses, even of Government supervision. Is it not possible for some concerted action to be taken by the scholarly world of other countries, at least to put an end to the au- thorized looting of classic sites by Italian traders? The treasures of ancient Italy be- long to the world. Modern Italy ought to consider herself merely their providential guardian. But she appears to be treating them as Croker treated New York city. May recent events there be of good omen else- where! Incidentally, it may be remarked that Comm. Lanciani appears to go further than necessary in his attempt to make, as always, a readable account of the matter. Why should he treat so sentimentally the suggestion that one of the skeletons may be that of the elder Pliny, who lost his life on that occasion? The account by the younger Pliny is perfectly clear (Ep. vi. 1C). His uncle was on the seashore when he died, not under the portico of an inn. And. he was not on the Pompeiian side of the Sarno at all, but on that of Stabise. Moreover, his body was discovered the next day, or the next but one, by his anxious friends. Does Comm. Lanciani suppose that they left it where it was, or that they transported it across the Sarno, dug away the fallen ashes, and buried it on the porch of the inn? Doubtless the late scholium that speaks of the body as finally consigned to the tomb in Sicily is worthless, but such a suggestion of identifi- cation as that fathered by Signor Canizzaro, and objected to by Comm. Lanciani only on one slight ground, sounds almost like a joke. And the unromantic student of .-'rerueology, though he might conceive how the casual observer of skulls could single out one as "betraying a superior intelli- gence" on the part of its former owner, might yet doubt how a skeleton dug out of the ground among a lot of others, could show that it belonged to "a person of a noble demeanor." Can osteology go so far as this? E. T. M. MlDDLETOWN-. CONN , November 8, 11101. LADY ANNE BARNARD. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have no books here to which I might refer for information on a point which has struck me just now on reading your notice of Lady Anne Barnard's 'South Af- rica a Century Ago.' Lord Melville was a Scotch peer. There is a monument to him on the Calton Hill in Edinburgh. You say Lady Anne, before her marriage to Andrew Barnard, whom he appointed Secretary of Cape Colony, was Lady Anne Lindsay. That was the name, if my memory serves me rightly, of the au- thor of the lovely Scotch ballad— a highly popular one up to this day in the land of its birth— "Auld Robin Gray." If that lady and the Colonial Secretary's wife were identical, the fact is interesting enough to be noted. It gives this distinguished and, as you describe her, beneficent and attrac- tive woman quite an additional claim to remembrance. A. J. Bloor. Stomxctox, Conn., November l, tout. [Our correspondent is quite right in his surmise. — En. Nation.] "MALAHACK." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have accidentally encountered malahack, lately the subject of so much discussion in the Nation, in an English book. This is Kettner's 'Book of the Ta- ble' (1877), a treatise on cookery in its more refined aspects, and including much discussion on the derivation of gastro- nomic terms. It was published under the name of A. Kettner, proprietor of a cele- brated restaurant in London, but was real- ly written by the late Eneas Sweetland Dallas, author of 'The Gay Science,' a gen- tleman of great accomplishments. Mr. Dal- las says: "In provincial English to mala- hairlc is to carve awkwardly and cut to pieces." Unfortunately, he does not tell us in which dialects the word occurs. Halli- wcll, without assigning any authority, gives mallack as a Yorkshire word, denoting a violent disturbance, but this is more likely to be cognate with mellay. Mr. Dallas connects malahack with malachi, a word occurring in old cookery rolls, and explained by him as meaning sliced fowl. Ma, he maintains, in mediae- val cookery, always denotes bird, and for the signification of laclu he appeals to Wynkyn deWorde's inventory of terms used in carving. "He says that to carve brawn is to lesche it." The word certainly ap- pears as leach in the Century Dictionary, with the signification, "slice," both as verb and substantivi I should rather have sus- pected a connection between "malahack" and "maul"; but it may serve to support Mr. Dallas's theory that, according to Gode- froy's Dictionary of Old French, lesche means not only tranche mince, but blessure. I remain, dear sir, yours, very truly, Richard Garnett. Nami-stead, England, Octi .101. Notes. G. P. Putnam's Sons' latest announce- ments for the autumn are: 'The Mohawk Valley: Its Legends and its History,' by W. Max Reid; a concluding volume in Ly- man P. Powell's series, 'Historic Towns of the Western States'; 'History of the Scotch- Irish Families of America,' by Charles A. Hanna; 'Richard Wagner,' by W. J. Hender- son; 'The Life of John Ancrum Winslovv, Rear-Admiral, U. S. N.,' by Lieut. John M. Elliott; 'William Hamilton Gibson: Artist —Naturalist— Author,' by John Coleman Adams; 'Romance of the Renaissance Cha- teaux,' by Elizabeth W. Champney; 'The Art of Life,' from the French of R. de Maulde la Claviere, by G. H. Ely; 'Dutch Life in Town and Country,' by P. M. Hough; 'Other Famous Homes of Great Britain,' edited by A. H. Malan; 'Zufii Folk Tales,' by Frank Hamilton Cushing; '5,000 Facts and Fancies,' a cyclopasdia, by William Henry Phyfe; 'Field, Factories, and Work- shops,' by Prince Kropotkin; 'Commercial Trusts,' by John R. Dos Passos; 'Shak- spere's Plots,' by William H. Fleming; 'The Wild-fowlers; or, Duck-Shooting in the Great Lagoon,' by Charles Bradford; 'Thinking, Feeling, and Doing,' by E. W. Scripture of Yale; 'Mental State of Hystericals,' by Prof. Pierre Janet; 'Short Talks with Young Mothers,' by Dr. Charles Gilmore Keeley; and 'A Memorial to William Steinitz,' con- taining a selection of his games, by Charles Devide. The first volume in Prof. York-Powell's "Great Peoples" series, to be published in this country by D. Appleton & Co., is Ar- thur Hassall's 'The French People'; and in W. R. Lethaby's "Artistic Crafts" series. 'Bookbinding and the Care of Books,' by Douglas Cockerell. During November, al- so, the same firm will issue 'While Char- lie Was Away,' a novel by Mrs. Poultney Bigelow. 'Italian Sculpture of the Renaissance,' by Lucy J. Freeman, will be published imme- diately by Macmillan Co. Shortly to be expected from Henry Holt & Co. is 'The Life and Works of Schiller,' a volume of nearly 500 pages, by Prof. Cal- vin Thomas of Columbia. Capt. Mahan's 'Types of Naval Officers' will be published toward the end of the present month by Little, Brown & Co. Ginn & Co. have nearly ready 'The Teach- ing of English Grammar, History, ami Method,' by Prof. F. A. Barbour, and 'Gram- mar of the Innuit Language as Spoken by Ihe Eskimos of thi u Coast of Alas- ka,' by the Rev. Francis Barnum, S. J. 'Minett of the First Crusade, by- George P. Cram, is in the press of John \V. Iliff & Co., Chicago. 'Modern Athens,' by George Horton (Charles Scribner's Sons), is a very at-

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378 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 tractive little volume of 90 pages, which skims off the surface of Athenian life and scenes, without the slightest odor of the guide-book. The illustrations, by Mr. Lin- son, give the touch of poetry which the author has felt and expressed with so much sprightliness and delicacy. Along with this should be mentioned with high praise a short tale by the same author, 'The Tempting of Father Anthony' (Chicago: A. C. McClurg Co.), which deals with the peasants and monasteries of the Pelopon- nesus, and has caught to perfection the spirit and humors of the idyllic life it de- scribes. The selfish novel-reader who cares nothing about Greece, and is bent simply on his hour of enjoyment, will find it here, and may be ensnared into doubling it by a second reading, while the old trav- eller who cannot shake off the spell of that leisurely rustic life, set against enchanting landscapes, will renew it in glancing over these chapters, so vivacious and so sym- pathetic, so full of intimate knowledge and kindly observation. 'The Queen's Comrade: The Life and Times of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough,' by Fitzgerald Molloy (London: Hutchinson & Co.; New Tork: Dodd, Mead & Co.), In two handsome volumes, is another of the contributions to the biography of the Revo- lution and the reign of Queen Anne so nu- merous of late. The first and greatest Duchess of Marlborough doubtless deserves a biography quite as much as some of her contemporaries thus honored, for she was an important if not a great figure In a critical period of English history, and had an influence on the course of events which was none the less decisive because it was not recognized by the Constitution. It is, however, doubtful, considering her charac- ter and position, whether she deserved just such a biography as this. Mr. Molloy has taken as his peculiar province in his earli- er volumes the back stairs, the stage, and the half-world, and in this field of gossip, scandal, and intrigue, he has achieved what there was to achieve. In the present case, as with its predecessors, he can hardly be regarded seriously as either an historian or a biographer; nor does he probably expect to be, for these volumes add little to the illumination of the period they cover. Such history as they contain, like most history of intrigue and conspiracy, treats chiefly of things that either never happened at all, or, having happened, were of little account. For those who care greatly for gossip, even though it be two hundred years old, these volumes will prove enjoyable, for they are readable and even in places entertaining, and fill a gap in biography even if not wisely nor well. They are beautiful pieces of book- making. In one department Mr. Molloy does indeed excel. A budding historical novelist might well take a page from his subheadings. The fact that, at the end of seven years, Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. have found it advisable to reissue their reprint of Mrs. Trollope's 'Domestic Manners of the Amer- icans,' with the original illustrations (now in a single volume), disproves, we think, Miss Martineau's rather haughty censure of this work. The book was never malev- olent, nor a caricature. As a study of American society it was extremely limited, as, indeed, of American life and scenery in general; and the author's generalizations had seldom a sufficient basis. But her ob- servation was keen and just, and her de- scriptions lively and engaging. She has history to relate, and it will be long before Americans can cease to read her without profit. 'The Spinster Book,' by Myrtle Reed (G. P. Putnam's Sons), is a series of short es- says on such subjects as "The Natural His- tory of Proposals" and "The Consolations of Spinsterhood." A genius with the gift of humor might conceivably raise both themes into the plane of literature. How far Miss Reed's handling of this delicate material justifies her attempt to entertain and instruct, may be judged by the fol- lowing extracts: "There is nothing to cry on which compares with a man's shoulder; almost any man will do at a critical mo- ment; but the clavicle of a lover is by far the most desirable " (p. 30). Again, from p. 90, "Food properly served will at- tract a proposal at almost any time, espe- cially if it is known that the pleasing viands were of the girl's own making." The most charming covers nowadays enclose, too often, such rubbish as this, not worth the paper on which it is printed, so that we are learning to look with distrust on new books with ornate bindings — a distrust amply justified in the present instance. Miss H. E. Hersey is well known as an educator of New England girls. It Is to be hoped that her imaginary letters 'To Girls' (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.) will reach their addresses. A college woman herself, trained in the Vassar of twenty-five years ago, Miss Hersey is well- fitted to advise the younger generation. The letters are divided into three groups, dealing with "Education," "Social Rela- tions," and "Personal Conduct." They are extremely sensible and often amusing. The girl who should meet all Miss Hersey s re- quirements for a gentlewoman would be a prig, but the fear of that remote contin- gency need not deter the school or college girl from taking to heart a few of these admirable hints for the conduct of life. The principal article in the Quarterly Statement for October of the Palestine Ex- ploration Fund is Prof. George Adam Smith's notes of a journey through Hauran, in which the old and the new are strangely intermingled. He chronicles the discovery of an Egyptian monument, the second only found in this trans-Jordan region, and calls attention to the large amount of freight traffic on the railway — "grain going out, timber and cloth coming in." The monu- ment has been identified as commemorating a conquest of Set! I., the builder of the great hall of columns at Karnak. Prof. Cler- mont-Ganneau contributes an interesting note on a Hebrew mosaic Inscription recent- ly found In an Arab village in Galilee, which he suggests may have been originally in a Christian church of the fourth century erect- ed by one Joseph of Tiberias, a converted Jew and friend of Constantlne, who gave him authority to build churches in Galilee. Other subjects treated are the site of Cal- vary, Gen. Gordon's "Skull Hill," and the Resurrection. At the annual meeting It was reported that among the more imoortant questions awaiting solution was the disposal of the dead in pre-Israelite and early Israel- ite times, and the period of the introduction of iron, "a metal seemingly unknown in the earliest periods of pre-Israelite occupation; and the development of various Implements — knives, arrow-heads, etc.," and the ethno- logical position and historical connection of the Philistines with the country. The Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply of Victoria for 1900 records a slight falling off of the yield of gold as compared with that of 1899, partly attributable to the increased prosperity of other industries, which has given profitable employment to men pre- viously engaged in working the shallow al- luvial deposits, and partly to the shutting down of the Berry Consols mine at Cres- wick after turning out, since it was opened up, 223,320 ounces, and paying in dividends £371,000. The vital question of the ventila- tion of mines has received unremitting at- tention; the quality of the air in the deep alluvial and quartz mines is carefully In- spected, and regulations are in force which enable miners to work without danger to life or health. Serious consideration has also been given to the problem of how far mining operations under the dredging sys- tem could be permitted. It was known that many thousands of acres of auriferous land might be dredged without injury or loss to the agricultural interest, and during the year 110 acres of such land were dredged, producing 21,636 ounces of gold. Numerous maps and plans accompany this volume. The first Calendar for 1902 to reach us Is that issued by R. H. Russell, in twelve oblong ribbon-bound sheets, "The Football Calendar." The upper portion of each sheet carries a drawing by I. B. Hazelton, and the seals of two colleges flank the name of the month. The drawings (albeit, no doubt, aided by photography) are certainly spirit- ed, as the publisher makes claim for them, and devotees of the game will find satis- faction in the pictorial ornamentation as in the useful part of this Calendar. — With the word Kyx, odd even in the oddest (K) assemblage in our alphabet, the Oxford English Dictionary closes its fifth volume (Henry Frowde). The preface has to tell of more colaborers in this great enterprise who have fallen by the way — no fewer than five (saddest of all) having passed on "without seeing the printed sheets of any portion of the letters at which they worked." Dr. Fitzedward Hall's death is lamented anew. On the other hand, fresh assistance is coming forward, In particular for the more remote languages, adoptions from which distinguish J and K, and illus- trate the expansive genius of the English lan- guage. "In those pages of K," says Dr. Mur- ray, "which contain the non-English initial combinations Ka-, Eh-, KI-, Ko-, Kr-, K11-, Ky-, these exotic words may be thought to superabound, yet it would have been easy to double their number if every such word occurring in English books, or current in the English of colonies and dependencies, had been admitted; our constant effort has been to keep down, rather than to exagger- ate, this part of 'the white man's bur- den.' " However restrained, it Is this fea- ture which makes an English dictionary a world's thesaurus to an extent unapproach- able by any other. One of the outlanders made at home by virtue of English coloni- zation is Kangaroo, which, passing from the aboriginal name of the animal, has come to signify a native of Australia, a chair, a bicycle, and a mining share. The substan- tive has also begotten a verb, "to jump";

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Nov. 14, 1901] The ISTation 379 a Chicago journalist having avoided the commonplace phrase by writing of "those who kangaroo from the foregoing inferences to the conclusion." Kanaka, which the Aus- tralians improperly stress on the penult In- stead of the antepenult, is Hawaiian and South Sea Island for "man." Khaki, so late- ly in vogue with us, is, as a fabric, as old as 1848 In use by Indian troops, and creeps into literature as early as 1857. Its sig- nificance is found in its Persian root, 'dust,' referring to Its color. Kodak, our American Eastman's creation, in 1890, lines up in ap- pearance with the most primitive antipodal accession. Another Americanism is Kero- sene (Kerocene, as Abraham Gesner would have had It in 1854). Instruments of tor- ture like Knout and Koorbash occur In this section of the Dictionary; and though the Boers' Sjambok is neither here nor to be looked for, the Dutch Keelhauling is, and the barbarous practice was abolished in Holland only in 1853. Touching for the King's-evil, we are reminded under the word, lasted till the end of Anne's reign in 1714, and the office for the ceremony was printed in the Prayer-Book down to 1719. We owe the long e sound in Key to Scotland; Dryden rhymed it with "day" in 1700. Kinship was unknown to Webster In 1828; It is traced to Mrs. Browning in 1833. Such familiar words as Keep, Kidney, and Kill baffle etymologizing. — The series entitled "Periods of European History" (Macmillan), which has been edit- ed by Mr. Arthur Hassall, now reaches its close with Mr. W. Allison Phillips's 'Mod- ern Europe.' The set as a whole and its separate volumes are so well known to his- torical students in this country that we need say little about the conclusion of the work. From first to last a high level of accuracy has been maintained, and in all respects the series speaks well for the quality of histori- cal scholarship at the English universities. We have noticed in more than one of the prefaces an apology or an explanation which was based on the plea that the period in question was long and the field wide. But, while Mr. Phillips's predecessors have free- ly used the right of stating their difficulties, none of them has had such good cause as he for dwelling upon superhuman obstacles. The historian of the nineteenth century should be endowed with faculties which no one has, or ever will possess. As Mr. Phil- lips says: "Even were all the chancelleries to yield up their jealously guarded secrets, and all private portfolios opened to stu- dents, a scientific history or modern Europe would still be an impossibility, for a hun- dred lives of mortal men would not suffice for the collation and comparison of the stu- pendous mass of documents. And so the historian, collecting his materials with mis- giving at second, third, and fourth hand, can often at best only make a compromise with truth." All that one can do in a case like this — overwhelmed by materials, closely re- stricted as to space, and bound by the rules of collaboration — is to select the main in- cidents, go to the best sources for the facts, and write a plain narrative. Mr. Phillips has recognized his limitations, and the satis- factory character of the present book is due to the exclusion, not merely of second- ary subjects, but of unreasonable aspira- tions. So far as Mr. Phillips can be said to have a leading motive, it is pointed out in the following sentence: "The attempt to establish a 'Confederation of Europe' I have made the central Interest of my book, which is mainly occupied with the history of the forces by which this beneficent purpose has been forwarded or retarded." While we are unable to compare this volume with works like those of Fyffe, Seignobos, and Andrews, we can commend it as being an excellent sketch of political history since the Con- gress of Vienna. —Mr. G. W. Botsford's 'History of the Orient and Greece' (The Macmillan Co.) Is an elementary handbook intended for the use of schools and academies, and furnished with sample examination-papers in the old- fashioned manner. Like Professor Mahaf- fy's 'Survey of Greek Civilization,' it en- deavors to describe. In some 350 pages, Greek origins, history, art, and literature. Thus to cover the ground from the pyra- mid-builders and Buddha to Alexander the Great, with a glance at modern Greece, in- volves a summary method. Mr. Botsford has, however, given the reader a chance of expanding in all the directions so barely indicated, by adding lists of authorities and parallel reading to every chapter. The writer is well known as an historian of Greece and Rome, and we need not say that the work is, as far as it may be, scholarly and in all respects up to date. While his style lacks Mr. Mahaffy's brilliance and vigor, his statements are on the whole more sound. In a work where so much has to be left for the riper age of the student, we could have wished that Mr. Botsford had treated the shadowy but ef- fective personality of the traditional Ho- mer with more reverence. Plato allows cer- tain useful fictions to be employed in the education of the young. We believe that the modern scientific view of the author- ship of the Homeric poems is a counsel of perfection that should be reserved until the student has had the advantage in his green- er youth of a belief in that impressive figure, the "blind man who dwells in Chios' rocky isle" — a conception that inspired Milton and Keats, and to which all English poets have clung. There are even some good scholars left who are willing to err with Mr. Andrew Lang rather than accept such a "Homer" as Mr. Botsford presents to the ardent youthful mind. "By the name 'Homer,' " he says (p. 10), "we mean any one of the minstrels who helped to make either the Iliad or the Odyssey." Keats's sonnet on Chapman's Homer would do the average boy a world more good than this definition. It is to the delighted fancy of the young that we must appeal if their early Greek studies are to mean more to them than their chemistry lessons. Mr. Botsford's illustrations are excellent. — Mr. Frederic Rowland Marvin compiles and Fleming H. Revell Co. publish 'The Last Words (Real and Traditional) of Dis- tinguished Men and Women." The fine mot- to from Shakspere on the title-page is hardly justified by the compilation. The wonder is that where so many examples are brought together, so few are in any way remarkable. Many are commonplaces of the sickroom and death-chamber, so trivial that one expects to find Henry Clay's "Unbutton my shirt-collar," for there are many of this kind. Hardly more interest- ing are the accents of a conventional piety, of which we have a good many. It is evi- dent that histrionic persons do not forget their art in their extremity. It would seem as If the artists are most apt to dwell in artlculo mortis on their particular work. Thus, we have John Crome's "O Hobbema, Hobbema, how I do love thee!" Fusell's "Is Lawrence come?" and Gainsborough's "We are all going to Heaven, and Vandyke Is of the company." A few of these last words are noble, like Arrla's Non dolet, Pwte; some very pathetic — Burns's "Don't let the awkward squad fire over me," and Calhoun's "The South, the South, what will become of her?" Others are grim enough — Lord Thurlow's "I'll be shot if I don't believe I'm dying," and William Col- lingborn's "Lord Jesus! yet more trouble?" Some of the more noted "infidels" are tag- ged with their appropriate recantations, and Thomas Paine is particularly Ill-treat- ed in his explanatory note; but, in general, Mr. Marvin seems to have a kindly feeling for the heretics. Some of the explanatory notes are admirable. Sometimes, where we need one, there is none, as in the case of Buckle's "Poor little boys!" The bad people seem to have acquitted themselves quite as admirably as their betters, at the parting of the ways. — "The Soul of a Cat' (Putnams), by Mar- garet Benson, is a tastefully illustrated lit- tle book of clever character studies, not biographies, of pets in an English home, five cats, two dogs, two parrots, several domestic fowls, and a family of robins. Its main purpose is to show that each animal has, like each man, its own peculiarities of disposition. Ra, the Persian cat, for in- stance, was as treacherous as he was beau- tiful; ready to sink his needle-like teeth into the hand that caressed him an instant too long. Persis, his grandmother, "a troubled little soul of a cat," craved hu- man love so passionately that she even hated her own kittens when they became old enough to be her rivals. Though none of the animals described were remarkably intelligent, the author's sympathetic ob- servation has revealed much of interest in them, and may help other people to get a better understanding of their own pets. The reader recognizes her accuracy of de- scription in little details of appearance and action, which he finds he has often no- ticed, though only subconsciously; as when she shows the collie "standing four-square" above the little quarrelsome terrier that he has knocked down, and "smiling over the grizzled head snapping helplessly between his feet"; or the cat Sandy refusing to stay where he was put, "keeping his muscles tense, like a coiled spring, and, as soon as the grasp slackened, carrying out quite slowly and deliberately his first intention." The last chapter discusses the natures of the cat and the dog, and compares their traits. It is interesting and suggestive, but cannot be regarded as a scientific con- tribution to animal psychology. — The once-amusing "Gyp" seems to have lapsed into a painful decadence, and is tak- ing her anti-Semitism very hard. Her late novel 'Le Friquet' is a mere explosion of hatred against the Jews. All its bad cha- racters are of that race, while it is to be regretted that its good ones are not more Christian. Le Friquet (a nickname signify- ing a lively little character like that of a sparrow) is a waif picked up by the road- side, and now at the age of fifteen a quaint, comely child and a star performer in Jacob- son's American Circus. She Is maltreated

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380 T li e ]ST ation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 by Jacobson, so she says, though Jacobson calls her a menteuae, and from her later conduct wc do not feel at all positive about the question of veracity. She is saved and taken charge of by the Schlemmers, a rich banker and his beautiful wife. The principal part of her time thereafter seems to be de- voted to describing this banker and those of his race as sales youtres and youpins, which is about equivalent to "sheenies." "Probably he is a Dreyfusite," she at once reflects. She goes about on horseback and on foot, at Saint-Scverin-sur-Mer, where the scene of the story is laid, repeating that though those people brought more or less profit to the seaside folk, they were, and ought to be, detested, and saying: "It's a pity there are so many Jews at Saint-Seve- rin; it keeps away the other bathers; it's a veritable calamity." The rule is laid down that it makes no difference whether a Jew is converted to Christianity or not (Schlemmer, for instance, is one only by race, and is an intimate friend of the parish priest and interested in the good works of the district 1. For, says she, "If you baptize a negro, he doesn't become white, does he?" Madame Schlemmer, a beauty or an old and exclusive family, who has mar- ried for the comforts of a home and to have the spending of an income of $200,000 a year or more, is represented as a noble, pensive character. She has done quite enough In being true to the banker for some years, and, after that, she is free to take the scornful Hubert do Ganges for a lover, and do as she pleases; it is the proper sort of treatment to mete out to such a husband; it serves him right for being a youtre. In short, rLe Friquet' is a detestable book that haves a bad taste in the mouth. It Is not likely that it represents much more than "Gyp" herself, grown senile and crabbed. Gilbert Parker. Anthony Hope. DouMeday, URGENT NOVELS. The Eternal City. By Hall Caine. D. Ap- pleton & Co. The Right of Way. By Harper & Brothers. Tristram nf Blent. By McClure, Phillips & I Kim. By Rudyard Kipling. Page * Of laic years, the study of prose fiction been very much the fashion. The novel has been honored by mention in the curric- ula of some universities, and its devel- opment has been traced by learned profes- trom primitive forms towards a pre- sumably perfect form called the "Inevitable." The Inevitable novel is supposed to repre- sent very elosely actual, average, every- day life; mere narrative is of small impor- iul in the best specimens there is no story at all. Though not deeply attach- ed 10 theories demonstrating the orderly entitle development of any art, we have always been open to persuasion, and willing to believe I hilt i 111' leading novelisis, at least, had pa temptation to tin' Laser devices of their predecessors. At this moment, however, there is a mass of at hand discouraging to such a lib- nding to discredil the conclusions of professors. li may be that, is in a throe of re- e n. .in. 1 thai those leading novelists who writing indescribably bad books are unfortunate victims of obscure forces that control man and his destiny, and put the wise to shame. But one of the most lively feelings derived from a conscientious reading of their books is a desire to hold them to individual responsibility. If it were not for the prominence of Mr. Hall Caine's leadership, his chaotic work, 'The Eternal City,' might most profitably be left for comment to the flippancies of comic, journalism. But to dismiss with a joke a man who has written so much, has been read and praised so much, is to behave disrespectfully to him and to the Clergy- men who have declared that this rather nasty and blasphemous book is a powerful, epoch-making performance. It is no secret that Mr. Caine took immense trouble to get up the 'Eternal City.' He went to live in Rome for that purpose; he told every one whom he met there why he had come, and at intervals, through the press, he let an anxious world know how his great work was getting on. The conception on which the assumed greatness rests is less original than sublime, embracing the somewhat fa- miliar yet. always inspiring vision of hu- man society made perfect. The plan in- cludes narration of events that lead to rev- olution, revolution itself, a king's abdica- tion, a pope's renunciation of the papal claim to temporal power, the establishment in Rome of a republic, and the spectacle of the people, "divinely commissioned to gov- ern themselves," doing so justly, wisely, and incorruptibly. The persons who partici- pate in what may be called the world-drama, advancing or retarding the issue, and who a 1 the same time conduct a private melo- drama of a lurid hue, are necessarily very important persons in the world of ideas, politics, and society. These tremendous movements in gen- eral, their essential meaning, the methods by which they might be made to appear worthy, rational, and possible, the character and capacity of people chosen and choosing to carry them on, seem to us matters be- yond Mr. Caine's power of realization by force either of intellect or of imagination. He has frequently proved his ability to tell a touching story of love and sorrow and sin. and to develop from the clash of circum- stance with sentiment and passion a dra- matic action sometimes culminating in im- pi'essi fly. So long as he was con- tent to write about simple creatures, with simple notions of the meaning of life, he well, capturing people through their instinctive sympathies and emotions, con- cealing a serious deficiency, that of not Ing how to think. As soon as he left bis island home to pose as a critic of a % society, he began to reveal a mind without continuity or precision, a bat-like blindness about motives and consequences, and very wild misconceptions of morality. serious defects were noticeable in 'The Christian,' and are, in proportion to its greater pretension, more conspicuous in 'The Eternal City.' The arguments for social re- volt are pitifully inadequate for the great result assumed; the action is involved to the point of incoherence; the people to whom the author ascribes intellect, worldly wisdom, splendor, and power for wonderful achievement are crude, misguided Manx- men trying to play a game they can- not understand, achieving nothing but some [1 il situations and severe shocks to a conservative sense of propriety. To particularize — Rossi's speeches and manifestoes (printed in italics) have neither originality nor lucidity nor passion; they have only length and dulness, like his love- letters. He quotes Scripture in a tasteless way, assumes vulgarly an intimacy with the will of God, and for the rest might be a parrot of the eighteenth century (parrots often live to a great age), who had caught the cant phrases of the time perfectly, but missed the combination. So the Prime Min- ister, Count Bonelli, the Pope, many emi- nencies and excellencies chatter for pages quite unashamed of their vacuous minds, and always standing ready to do anything foolish or tawdry or spectacular. But it is in contemplating the splendor of Roma, daughter of the princely house of Volunna, that Mr. Caine abandons common sense and common decency. Almost any chapter in which she appears might be quoted in sup- port of this rude accusation, but one inci- dent seems conclusive. The wicked Baron Bonelli, wishing to prevent her marriage with Rossi, has reminded her coarsely that she is his wife "according to the law of nature," and that if Rossi should be ac- quainted with the actual situation, he might not like it, might resent tne lies she had to.d him, might, in fact, withdraw from tho proposed union. Roma, having reviewed her predicament in detail, speaks to the Baron: "Well, everything seems over now. I will not trouble anybody much longer. I will break with the past altogether, and leave everything behind me. In any case, I must have left this place soon. I am in debt to the landlord and to Madame Sella and to ... to everybody. Perhaps when I am gone you will send somebody to settle up. . . . Do as you please with what I have, and if there is anything short, perhaps you will make it up in memory of all that has happened." In our language the words are harsh which soberly describe a woman who in such a position makes such a speech. Yet the epithet which Mr. Caine delights to at- tach to Roma is pure, and he permits his Pope to say that her soul is "like the soul of the Mother of God herself." In representations of Bulwer Lytton's now almost forgotten play, "Money," a gloomy figure used to occupy the back of the stage, who, shaking his head, would mutter an uncivil jingle about the fool that had beeu sent to Rome excelling great- ly the fool that had been kept at home. In our long journey through 'The Eternal City' we have been constantly attended by that melancholy, muttering man. It would be unjust to describe Mr. Gil- bert Parker's 'Right of Way' as a better novel than 'The Eternal City,' or a novel representing a more advanced stage of the art of fiction, but, being shorter and not so pretentious, it is less exasperating. It is a machine-made tale of the baser sort, deal- ing with murder, robbery, seduction, and sliding panels. The scene is laid in the city of Montreal and in a village called Chaudiere, somewhere on the St. Lawrence. Mr. Parker appears to have consecrated his talent to Canada, and has hitherto dealt picturesquely and profusely with the French regime — a period that was chiefly devoted to war and the chopping of trees of the forest. He has come, perhaps unconscious- ly, to associate deeds of violence with Can- ada, and he certainly sees life there as a perpetual grand opera going on for cen- turies, rather rich in prancing heroes and

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Nov. 14, 1 901] The Nation 3<S1 villains, and with unlimited reserves of populace and villagers in costume. This operatic view of place and people naturally begets a vast indifference to some things which, if mentioned at all, demand, for the sake of sustaining illusion, consistency of statement, if not accuracy. Among these things are time and space and reasonable probability in coincidence. Thus, the d when the cry of the loon and the ping of the lonely settler's axe were familiar sounds within five miles of Montreal were not the days when English law-courts had already been established, and when Eng- lishmen had dwelt for four generations in mansions "on the hill, among the maples." It is difficult to believe that, at the time when Canadians made journeys on rafts in summer and by dog-train in winter, they also enjoyed the blessing of a daily post, that society journalism was not unknown, that a convent-bred girl of Chaudiere spoke English fluently and enjoyed the English classics, and that a famous surgeon came casually from France, bringing his instru- ments with him, foreseeing that he should be called upon to perform the operation of trepanning in the Canadian wilderness. In matters that cannot come within the operatic purview, such as characterization. psychological development, sin, redemp- tion, salvation, Mr. Parker misses proba- bility, sometimes sadly and sometimes grotesquely. Like Mr. Caine. he does not seem to have observed in life (or arrived by reflection at the fact) that certain acts are perfectly conclusive as to character, and that to try to reconcile thorn with good morals is to show one's self either a maud- lin sentimentalist or blind to obvious dis- tinction between good and evil. It is, for instance, at once ridiculous and revolting to tell us that a man seriously conscious of sin, and already fairly regenerate, se- duces an innocent and loving maiden, even if she has entered his house at an uncon- ventional hour, and interrupted his read- ing of an account of the Oberammergau Passion Play. By calling in the assistance of the Roman Catholic Church to receive and absolve their sinners at the point of death, both Mr. Caine and Mr. Parker seem to make confession of failure to establish by argument their assumptions and asser- tions. The most objectionable feature of their objectionable books is the wanton association of religion and bad morals. But a church which has suffered and lived through many reverses and much con- tumely will doubtless survive an unholy alliance forced upou it by irresponsible novelists. The fiction written by Mr. Anthony Hope has generally shown an instinct for form and a sense of style, informing his vision of romantic persons and situations, exalt- ing drawing-room dialogue among the fine arts, controlling the length of the tale and construction of sentences. In 'Tristram of Blent' these rather rare qualities are hard- ly discernible, and Mr. Hope appears most of the time to be sparring for wind, grop- ing about, purposeless, viewless, bewilder- ed, and bewildering. The situation round which the action revolves is too slight for a long book. Before the author decides to stop, the reader has ceased to care whether the hero was born on the 22d or 23d of July, whether he is really Tristram of Blent ta high and mighty personage) or nobody at all. There is matter enough for a smart whimsical tale, and its expansion into a dull novel is a conscienceless performance. In construction, characterization, dialogue, there is neither skill, nor probability, nor point. The work is perfunctory, as if the workman had neither heart nor interest, or as if he worked when half asleep. In two or three scenes he wakes up, seeming to realize that he has been doing badly, and makes an effort to recover his self- esteem. The scene in which Tristram re- nounces Blent is an instance of the fine effect on the romantic vision of the sense for style; and, again, when Tristram takes back his own, the style of the action and talk convinces us that "the Tristram way" is, in moments of emergency, a very dis- tinguished way. The final word of praise in literary judgment is distinction. Since Stevenson, no English writer of fiction ex- cept Mr. Hope has deserved such praise. It can hardly be questioned that 'The Pris- oner of Zenda' and the first volume of 'Dolly Dialogues' have distinction — that is, something which includes most of the lit- erary qualities that can be named, with a quality making for perfection that can't. It is hard to forgive Mr. Hope for writing a book which almost any one who writes at all might, have done better. He cannot be excused as a victim of a reactionary movement, because 'Tristram of Blent' is not an example of a primitive, poor kind of novel, but a wretched specimen of the novel in an advanced stage of development. At this dismal moment Mr. Kipling ap- pears opportunely, offering 'Kim,' to re- deem his decadent brethren. 'Kim' is nei- ther a novel nor a romance, but an im- aginative tale of a kind long known and perpetually interesting. Its literary lineage has been clearly traced from the "boy and beggar" tales and plays of the fifteenth cen- tury, down through the Spanish picaresque (rogue) tales of the sixteenth, Le Sage's 'Gil Bias,' and a distinguished English an- cestry, including the early Elizabethans, taking on a definite national expression in Defoe's 'Robinson Crusoe.' However wide- ly these tales vary in scene, time, and treatment, they are essentially alike. They are tales of adventure on the high-road, the sea, at home, or in a foreign land, and the hero is a youthful vagabond, sometimes accompanied by an aged master or friend, and sometimes wandering alone in quest of fame or fortune, always a vagrant born. It is to the vagrant instinct, never extin- guished by civilization, that the tale of the rogue and the road for ever appeals, always recognized as old and always as good as new. All these tales, from the earliest to the latest, are realistic, for they rely on exact observation and report of actual events, and on literal description of the manners and appearance of the people encountered by the way; they avoid ex- travagance and exaggeration, and they closely reflect human nature — unfortunate- ly its evil side more often than its good. Great frankness, even license, of speech is conspicuous in this vagabond literature. Kim' is a perfect example of vagabond literature, with the old tricks almost mag- ically transformed by a master modern hand, with the old crude, hard, superficial views of humanity wonderfully softened and liberalized, yet never sentimentalized, and all permeated with the subtlety and mysti- cism of the Orient. Discussion as to wheth- er Kim is an actual or probable boy, or the lama a common, or an exceptional, or an impossible lama, is a foolish waste of ■gy. To be incapable of taking them as they are, just as they are given to us, with- out regret for what is or desire for what is not, is to confess one's self without im- agination, and almost without the sympa- thetic power to receive an Imaginative im- ^ion delivered either by shock or sus- led attack. To those who must (by the law of their being) miss the meaning and the beauty of 'Kim,' are still left many mi- nor matters of delight. No book about In- dia that we know d the country and people at once so vividly and comprehen- sively. As a picture of Oriental life, it may be compared for force of impression with Mr. Morier's 'Hajji Baba of Ispahan,' but. the' impression is given by very different methods. Mr. Morier's Persian tale is crowd- ed with figures, overflows with detail of manners and customs; and the feeling that it is a truthful, minutely accurate picture is forcod upon us by the spectacle of his abundant knowledge. Mr. Kipling's impres- sion is made by his unerring selection of the significant, and by his reckless way of using the significant for all it is worth. In the sketches of "Hurree Babu," of "The Woman of Kulu," "The Woman of Sham- legh," we have perhaps never had a story- teller except Kipling who, in deference to his own sense of propriety or his public's, would not have drawn the line just where the Oriental definitely proclaims himself, and is therefore never identified with the European and never forgotten. It must be said for Mr. Kipling that he never weakens his effect by reference to our conventions- one might almost say, by yielding to an inopportune visitation of tho Anglo-Saxon sense of decency. In comparing 'Kim' with Mr. Kipling's former work, we feel those remarkable qualities which have been rec- ognized from the first, and in addition a deeper thought about life, a fuller realiza- tion of its best meaning. The relation be- tween Kim and his lama is shown with pro- found sentiment, kept in check by a con- stant irony full of laughter; and the moral of the tale (if a moral be demanded) can be easily drawn from the devotion of the master and the Chela: by love alone are we freed from the slavery typified by the "Wheel of Things," and by the free gift of love do we "acquire merit." BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG. Most nautical literature strains credulity to the verge of collapse. As a matter of fact, life at sea is wearisomely monotonous; startling incidents are rare, and, when they do come, they are apt to be so crowded with peril that details pass unobserved in anx- iety for personal safety. Interrogate an old sailor-man in regard to his seafaring ca- reer, and he will exhaust his repertory of actual dangers encountered in a narrative of fifteen minutes' duration. He is more apt to recall a deficiency of "plum-duff" on some particular voyage than he is to re- member the kind of adventures with which writers of sea-books regale us. 'A Year in a Yawl,' by Russell Doubleday (Double- day, Page & Co.), is an instance in point. From start to finish it keeps us in a condition of nervous apprehension with its succession of lurid pictures of personal peril, and in one

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382 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 instance of pecuniary peril, which, to the sensitive (or, rather, impecunious) mind, will convey a more vivid idea of appalling disaster than does a grip from the jaws of a "man-eating" shark — a fish for whose identification a large reward has been of- fered. The only really wearisome feature of the book is the ceaseless, day-and-night chatter of the characters. There is no ces- sation of it, and, if actually indulged in in the way it is presented, it would have re- quired the enlistment of two expert stenographers to record. The book, vouched for as being a narra- tive of actual experience, tells of the build- ing, launching, and rigging of a thirty-foot boat, on Lake Michigan, by four young men. In seamanship they were trained in a good school, on the great lake where the winds are more violent and treacherous, and the waves more rugged, than are those of the Atlantic. The youths, amid a shower of parental tears, sail for Chicago. Thence, they proceed through the canal to the Mis- sissippi, down that river to the Gulf of Mexico, across its waters to the west and east coasts of Florida, and up the Atlantic Coast (stopping at various ports) to Chesa- peake Bay; thence by canal to the Delaware; up that stream to Bordentown, thence again by canal to the Raritan; from there to the Hudson, up that river to Albany; then by canal to the lakes and home — in all, a sail of 7,000 miles. There is no halt in the narrative — excepting always the padded gabble of the garrulous young sailors. The reader is carried from one danger to an- other with a rapidity and verve which ad- olescence will greet with spontaneous en- thusiasm. The illustrations are remarka- bly fine. They are reproduced, in half- tone, from photographs. Two may be spe- cially noted: that on page 327, "Swaying on the Halliards," and the one on page 365, "The Gazelle raced with the flying spray into port." The last, taken from the lee- scuppers of the craft close hauled in a "rattling" breeze, is most spirited. Pickens is not a writer who lends him- self to selections, and his studies of child- life are, for the most part, too harrowing to be taken out of the humorous context which, to some extent, relieves their ef- fect of sordid misery. In 'Ten Boys from Dickens' (R. H. Russell) Miss Kate Sweet- ser presents the stories of Oliver Twist, Paul Dombey, and other familiar figures, extracting them from their context with the necessary omissions, and editing them with explanatory paragraphs. It is a thankless task. The plots of Dickens's novels are too closely woven for such pick- ing out of the threads, and these selections have a fragmentary air which will not en- dear them to the true Dickensian. They are lugubrious reading for the young peo- ple to whom they are addressed, and would certainly prove revolting to the sense of justice and reality of the American boy or girl, who knows little, and need not learn so much as is here given, of the unrelieved horrors of London slums half a century ago. Nor can we praise the illustrations, which are an important feature of this handsome volume, and are probably its raison d'etre. Some of the single heads are not so bad, but the backgrounds of the full- page illustrations are usually poor, and the general effect of the latter is occasionally even repulsive, as in the case of the draw- ing of Tommy Traddles at page 44. We note with pleasure the reappearance in holiday dress of that charming book 'Heart,' a schoolboy's journal translated from the Italian 'Cuore' of Edmondo De Amicis by Isabel P. Hapgood (T. Y. Crowell & Co.). It comes to us this year with illus- trations which, if of no particular artistic value, will serve to aid the child's imagina- tion in following the life of the little Italian boy whose heart is revealed in the journal. Miss Hapgood has done well to keep closely to the text, preserving the straightforward, simple diction of the boy who writes the journal. The story is already so well known that it needs no further recommen- dation here. In 'The Chinese Boy and Girl' (Fleming H. Revell Co.), Prof. Isaac Taylor Headland of the Peking University gives us a second revelation of child life in the Middle King- dom. Whoever argues from the solemnity of the adult "Mongolian," in a strange land, that the Chinese at home must have a sad boyhood, will be undeceived on reading thia pleasing book. It is as full of fun, in its way, as the preceding 'Chinese Mother Goose Rhymes' of the same observing and careful scholar; and the scores of photo- graphic reproductions of toys and Pekinese little folks at play are fascinating. There are also pictures galore by native artists in their own style. The nursery rhymes on fingers and toes, nose and mouth, are (as with us) associated with pigs, cows, going to market, or in some way with the problem of satisfying that aching void to which a baby's mouth is the entrance. The games played by boys seem rough enough to afford g( od exercise, and those for girls sufficient- ly enticing to keep them out of mischief. We enter real funland when we get at the toys, for certainly the Chinese maker of camels, donkeys, cats, and dogs has never f< ared to mould and paint and stuff, as Dr. Holmes did to write, "as funny as he could"; with over-fat puppies, elephants, and drom- edaries he has outdone himself. With the block games, all the folk-lore, heroes of the nursery, famous poets, giants, and giant- killers can be represented by means of squares and triangles — even the drunken poet who insists on seizing the moon's re- flection in the water and is drowned. Trav- elling jugglers and the itinerant sbowmeu form a great army in China, and for frac- tions of a penny furnish the little folk with entertainment by the hour. For children of any growth, this book will afford endless amusement and reveal a new and unsus- pected China. It makes two worlds kin. As a study in sociology the book has scien- tific value. In his 'Don Quixote,' and still more in his 'Story of the Cid for Young People' (Crowell), Mr. Calvin Dill Wilson has per- formed a much-needed piece of work. The latter story has never before been put into language and form within the range of a child's understanding. This abridgment is founded upon Southey's translation. Mr. Wilson's treatment shows discrimination in the use and arrangement of details, in the simplification of the vocabulary, and in the omission of cumbersome material. As in his 'Don Quixote,' the historic atmosphere is preserved. The illustrations, by Mr. T. W. Kennedy, add greatly to the interest and value of the book for children. 'The Boy's Odyssey,' by Walter Copland Perry (Macmillan), is a neat volume of 200 pages, founded on Butcher & Lang's translation, and largely preserving the archaic diction of that work, which is pos- sibly not so well suited to youngsters as the transparent and poetic simplicity of Church's 'Story of the Odyssey.' The con- densation is done with skill and taste, and will answer for children of seven years and upwards. The external appearance given to Cbarks Kingsley's 'The Heroes' (R. H. Russell) and the whole typographical scheme are ex- tremely attractive. The full-plate color de- signs and the pen-and-ink bands and tail- pieces are pseudo-classic, and are out of key with the English of the text or the fabled spirit of antiquity. Such a face and figure as those ascribed to Andromeda at page 40 show how far the illustrator is from being imbued with a sense of what he works in. On the other hand, both series of illustrations occasionally attain to a praiseworthy decorative effect, and much, as we have hinted, may be forgiven to the unusual beauty of the letter-press. Decidedly there is a set in the flood of children's books this year towards the quarto form. Such was the shape given to the meritorious 'Kids of Many Colors' late- ly noticed by us, and such that adopted for Mrs. Josephine Peary's 'The Snow Baby' (Frederick Stokes Co.), a life-history of the Arctic explorer's child, born, as is well known, in Greenland, while he was who knew where in the still further north? Mrs. Peary, of the historic stock of Diebitsch, showed a more than soldierly courage in this unique experience, and her narrative will appeal to all mothers and will in- terest many children, to whom it may well be a door to knowledge and imagination concerning polar mysteries and adventure. Numerous excellent photographs of scenery and native inhabitants give substance to the information conveyed. Peary's remov- al of the great meteoric stone forms a part of the story. Quarto again is 'Urchins at the Pole' (Stokes), and quite other than the foregoing; all in rhyme, and given over to fancy, and admitting to its equal sky the mermaid and the walrus. The urchins themselves are a sort of water Brownies. There is humor in both the verse and the illustrations, but it is not of a rare order. 'The Surprise Book' (Stokes) contains more than one good design in black and white byAlbertine Randall Whee- lan, like that of the boy and snail upon the beach; the versifying is correct, often bright, and sufficiently seasoned with puns. The "surprise" consists in the pictures be- ing needed to explain the verse. 'Cha- rades,' the book might have been called. 'The Golliwogg's "Auto-Go-Cart" ' (Long- mans) carries the absurdity of the joint- ed dolls and their strange companion a step further, in keeping with the latest mania in locomotion, and maintains the level of ingenuity and fun reached in the beginning by this queer conceit of the Sis- ters Upton. In more (but not wholly) serious vein is 'Jingleman Jack' (Akron, O.: Saalfield Publishing Co.), the jingles, of a humorous sort, being by James O'Dea, the colored pictures by Messrs. Kennedy and Costello, who represent more realis- tically than artistically a great variety of trades and occupations. W. W. Denslow's 'Mother Goose' (McClure, Phillips & Co.) is done in bright colors, with bold hand- lettering for the Melodies, and is sure to attract any child — for which reason a lit-

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Nov. 14, 1901] The Nation. 383 tic more refinement and restraint in the humor were desirable. This is supplied in 'Old King Cole's Book of Nursery Rhymes' (Macmillan), which quite outshines all these quartos in beauty of design and coloring, and so may properly end the list — for the present. Memories of a Musical Life. By William Mason. The Century Co. In reading the life of a musician, one usually expects to be told that he got his special gifts from his mother. Dr. Wil- liam Mason, whose seventieth birthday was celebrated on January 24, 1899, by his many pupils and friends, and who now tells the story of his life in Europe and America, is an exception to this rule. His father was Lowell Mason, one of the most prominent figures in the history of Amer- ican music early in the last century. He was for five years President and director of the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston; it was through his efforts that music was introduced into the Boston public schools; and Dr. Mason thinks the difference be- tween Boston and New York as musi- cal centres is largely due to his father: "He made Boston a self-developing city. New York has received its musical culture from abroad." Lowell Mason was also very successful as a writer of hymn tunes. His missionary hymn, "From Greenland's Icy Mountains," "has been sung in more lan- guages than any other sacred tune, . . . and one of his collections of sacred melo- dies brought him in over a hundred thou- sand dollars." Dr. Mason got the benefit of this success by being able to study abroad from 1849 to 1854. During these years he met and got more or less intimately acquainted with many of the most distinguished composers and players of the time, and he has plenty of interesting things to tell about them, without ever becoming garrulous or pedan- tic. The list of the eminent men he came in contact with is formidable: Wagner, Liszt, Rubinstein, Brahms, Raff, Meyer- beer, Moscheles, Schumann, Klindworth, Joachim, Wieniawski, Vieuxtemps, Ole Bull, Wilhelmj, Von Biilow, Grieg, etc. Liszt, naturally, is in the foreground, not only because Mason was Liszt's pupil, but because it was through him that he became acquainted with many of the other mu- sicians just named. Dr. Mason's narrative of his experiences at Weimar is interesting; but, although aided by extracts from his diary, it lacks the minute details which a woman's eye is more apt to see than a man's, and which make Miss Amy Fay's description of her lessons with Liszt (in her 'Music-Study in Germany') so vivid and fascinating. Like all the other pupils of the great pianist, Dr. Mason bears witness that he took technique for granted, and gave all his at- tention to interpretation and expression: "He never taught in the ordinary sense of the word. During the entire time that I was with him, I did not see him give a regular lesson in the pedagogical sense." From Dr. Mason's playing, Liszt's teaching "eradicated much that was mechanical, stilted, and unmusical." Concerning Liszt's own playing, we read that "he was very fond of strong accents in order to mark off periods and phrases, and he talked so much about strong accentuation that one might have supposed that he would abuse it, but he never did." "His genius flashed through every pianistic phrase; it illumi- nated a composition to its innermost re- cesses." Rubinstein said to William Stein- way: "Put all the rest of us together, and we would not make one Liszt." Of Rubinstein's playing, Liszt had a high opinion, though the writer thinks that he rated Tausig higher and regarded him as the best of all his pupils. Brahms Liszt did not admire; and Dr. Mason tells us that "the pianoforte-playing of Brahms was far from finished or even musical. His tone was dry and devoid of sentiment, his inter- pretation inadequate, lacking style and contour." He paid little attention to the expression marks in the pianoforte part of Schumann's quartet (op. 47), and "quite overpowered the stringed instruments." Dr. Mason is evidently not one of those who allow themselves to be intimidated by a fad or fashion. He has even the courage to say that Beethoven's sonatas, though fine per se, are not pianistic, not idiomatic. "Had he written them for orchestra, we should have had thirty-two symphonies." One of Dr. Mason's idols has always been Schumann. When he was in Leipzig, Schu- mann was still so far from being appre- ciated that whenever he came to his pub- lishers with a new manuscript under his arm, the clerks would nudge one another and laugh. When Mason came back to New York and asked for some Schumann pieces in a music-store, he found that they were on hand, but packed away in a bundle and kept in the basement. Another of his idols for whose appreciation he labored was Chopin. He has some very pertinent and sensible remarks (pp. 243-247) concern- ing the excessively fast tempi that so many players of our time use. He thinks that Chopin's music is being not only electrified but "electrocuted." As might be expected in the case of one who has been a piano-teacher for half a century, there are not a few useful hints to students scattered through these pages — hints regarding touch and expression in particular. If pianists pondered the fol- lowing, there would be fewer failures in the concert hall: "All music is full of nuances and accents of greater or less in- tensity, to which pupils hardly ever give any attention, although they are necessary in order to give due expression to rhythm. They correspond to vocal accents in reading aloud or in declamation." A remedy for self-consciousness, which also leads to many failures, is indicated on page 79. The last chapter is somewhat disap- pointing, as the title, "Music in America To-day," leads one to expect interesting de- tails regarding eminent American compos- ers whom Dr. Mason has known, whereas it is devoted chiefly to some of the latest pianistic visitors from Europe. However, some of the Americans, including Paine and MacDowell, are touched on in other chap- ters, and of special interest are the revela- tions regarding the early musical life of Mr. Theodore Thomas, whose associate in New York the author was for years. To sum up, Dr. Mason has written an auto- biography which must be included in the small list of musical books that have a permanent value. Ruga, Oriental and Occidental, Antique and Modern : A Handbook for Ready Refer- ence. By Rosa Belle Holt. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 1901. This book is certainly comprehensive in its scope, its title as wide as the earth, as long as past time. Here are Eastern and Western, old and new "rugs," from the silk carpet of the East to the Navajo blanket and American Sabatos. As its title-page further says, it is a "Handbook for Ready Reference," "to enable a novice to appre- ciate the beauty and interest attaching to rugs, and to assist a prospective purchaser in judging of the merits of any particular rug he may desire to possess." For one who knows nothing of Oriental carpets, to whom Persian, Turkish, Caucasian are but names, who cannot distinguish handmade and machine work, the book is a mine of information. It is, in fact, written for the ignorant but interested public, who are many, and not for the carpet students, who are few. Its importance and worth lie in its putting together in convenient form, systematically and with accuracy, a large amount of practical knowledge on a subject which hitherto, with rare exceptions, has been treated in large expensive publica- tions, often in a foreign language. Its style is very simple and untechnical, without a suspicion of sesthetic enthusiasm, even in the half-page given to the great museum carpets and those of noble houses in Eu- rope— the flower of Oriental carpet-tying. Every book on antique Eastern carpets should spare a few lines at least in descrip- tion of the great Jagdteppich; and while a print— as in Riegl's book — can only faintly suggest its beauty, who has not gained something from a plaster cast of the Venus of Milo or a print of the Sistine Madonna? The black-and-white pictures of this book are far better than the colored plates; both are sufficient in number and illustrative of the text. A convenient map is a good fea- ture. The bibliography looks excessively full, until we hunt in vain for the large Vienna work on Oriental carpets, or any reference to Bode's work, or any mention of editions. Miss Holt's use of the word "Rug" is the accepted American one. Europeans draw sharper distinctions— the German word Tep- pieh being qualified by Fuss-teppich for th<3 floor, Wand-tcppich for the wall, and Mobel- teppich for furniture- or other covering. The English practically use the words in the same way: carpet for the floor, hanging for the wall, and rug for a furniture- or other covering. The Englishman covers himself and his divan with a rug. In most English and German writings on the sub- ject, carpet and Tcppich are generally used, and particularly "Oriental carpets," "orien- tulische Teppiche." Chapter i., on the "History of Rug-Weav- ing," makes one long for German thorough- ness. The practical points of work and commercial conditions are well described. Considering that there are no special illus- trations, the descriptions of methods of ty- ing, looms, designs, are as clear as words can make them. Pictures are needed to show the different knots particularly; also, more emphasis should be laid on the various reg- ular trade designs used in the East to-day, and on the extent to which they have de- generated from their purer prototypes. This degeneration in Eastern designs is an even larger question than the use of aniline dyes. Improvement in the permanence of these

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384= The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 dyes has somewhat changed the practical, though not the artistic, objection to them. It is not so much vegetable dyes in antique carpets that we kneel to in adoration as it is the great influence of time on color. The virtue of vegetable dyes lies in what time gives them, not in what it takes away from them. The comparative fineness of carpets, rated by number of tyings to the square inch, receives no special attention here, in contrast to Mumford's excellent tables. Chapter ii. is given to "Rug-Weaving in Egypt, Persia, and Turkey"; chapter iii. to "Rug-Weaving in India and Central Asia." This method of division does not make suffi- ciently clear to the "novice or purchaser" the fact of the marked distinction between Persian, Turkish, Caucasian, Turkoman, and Indian carpets. Tables are indispensable to impress such facts, for a running descrip- tion of different kinds of carpets is very confusing even to a trained mind. The much discussed question of the true origin of Polish carpets is not referred to in the few lines on that subject. Rights and Wrongs of the Transvaal War. By Edward T. Cook. Longmans, Green & Co. 1901. The books dealing with South African af- fairs are now so many as to make us slow to welcome any addition to their number. But on several accounts we are glad that Mr. Cook has brought out this elaborate tieatise. As editor of the Daily News, it was his duty to inform himself carefully con- cerning all the particulars of the contro- versies between the Governments of Eng- land and the Transvaal, and to explain to the public every development as it took place. The attitude of the Daily News was such as to make it sufficiently critical of the measures of the English Government, and its policy had always been favorable to liberty and humanity. Mr. Cook should therefore be qualified to judge of the merits of the contestants as well as any English- man, and we can testify that he tries con- scientiously to be impartial. In this en- deavor, however, he becomes tedious. He justly thinks that dispatches must be set forth at length in order to be clearly under- stood; but dispatches are unreadable. Hence we cannot commend this book to or- dinary readers. They would not do it jus- tice. But historians, and those who like to go to the bottom of a subject, will prize it as a repertory of information, and as a temperate but earnest argument in support of the proposition that Great Britain has, on the whole, been in the right. Yet we doubt if so elaborate an array of facts is required to maintain this proposi- tion. Mr. Cook dwells on the different ideals, the varying civilizations, of the Beers and the English. He points out the inevitable result of establishing a mining camp in a pastoral community, and shows that Jameson's raid was rather an effect than a cause. But, after all, the funda- mental question of right involved is the right of the Transvaal republic to inde- pendent existence. If it was rightfully in- dependent, then England had no right to make demands which international law did not sanction. Otherwise, England had a right to make the demands which she did, and the Transvaal Government should have conceded them. But Mr. Cook takes it as settled that the Boers were not of right in- dependent, and thus he has an easy task of it. A comparatively easy task, we should say; for on his own showing the English diplomacy had a seamy side, and it is hard to decide on the relative blackness of the pot and kettle. The Jameson raid and the course of the English Government in its inquiry, or rather in stopping its inquiry, into it, will seem to the unbiassed mind to justify the Boers in thinking that the over- throw of their Government would please the English. The various proposals made for admitting aliens to citizenship could not fail to alarm those who had this con- viction. They were proposals for political suicide; for the aliens outnumbered the Boers. The English were willing to dis- cuss with the Boers the sauce with which they would prefer to be cooked; but the Boers did not wish to be cooked at all. To the ordinary Briton, this is such a wandering from the point as to justify the use of force; but the rest of the world is not so sure of it. It would be vain for us to attempt to consider severally Mr. Cook's arguments. In spite of his determination to be fair, his bias appears from time to time, and makes him take care that the Dutch dogs get the worst of it. To be free from all prejudice, under the circumstances, would be superhuman, and Mr. Cook is as free as could be expected. He reproduces many of his editorials, which are of excellent quality, and are history in a more assimila- ble form than the dispatches of the Co- lonial Office. It must be said, however, that the dispatches of the Transvaal Gov- ernment are very skilfully prepared, and prove that the Boers were not overmatched in diplomacy. Mr. Cook shows the mischief of Chamberlain's blundering brutality, by letting it speak for itself. Whatever the rights and wrongs of the war, Mr. Cham- berlain's action will be one of the wrongs. Mr. Cook has done well to gather and ar- range these materials. His book has a full index, and tables of reference to blue- books and dispatches. Peter AUlard. By Joseph McCabe. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1901. Mr. McCabe's 'Abfilard' is a virile and dramatic piece of biographical composition. Written from a point of view the reverse of Catholic apologetic, informed by an ex- tensive knowledge of the religious and sec- ular literature of Abfelard's time, control- led by a peculiarly vivid historical imagi- nation, and lighted here and there by flashes of grim humor, it is an exceptionally sat- isfactory and stimulating account of one of the most fascinatingly human personali- ties in the history of mediaeval thought. After the Lives by Remusat, by Deutsch, and by Hausrath, Mr. McCabe pretends to add little to our information concern- ing the actual facts of Abelard's career, but he does in many cases bring to the recorded fact a new, lively, and con- sistent interpretation. The romantic unc- tion of manner, which sometimes strikes the reader a little strangely in a work of this class, is certainly to be justified by the consideration that the charactei depicted was so essentially revolutionary and romantic. The story of the early life of Aboard is vigorously told. We know him, a youth of noble birth, beautiful and brilliant, tal- ented in music and song-writing, yet a seeker after remote and difficult wisdom; soon to be the most formidable dialectician of a disputing age, and the idolized master of thousands of ragged, brawling scholars. Then comes, in Mr. McCabe's phrase, the "Dead-Sea fruit" of Abelard's life. He meets Heloise, and the liaison which has immortalized them ensues. This familiar but exceedingly delicate episode is retold with much sane analysis and with com- mendable discretion. There is rather more insistence than usual upon the ethical and intellectual graces of Helo'ise's character, and rather less upon that wealth of hu- man passion which has made her almost the elect divinity of a certain sect of ro- mantically inclined persons. Abelard's conduct, likewise, is treated with un- usual sympathy. Unfailingly opportun- ist he undoubtedly was, but Mr. McCabe defends him successfully against the op- posing charges of licentiousness and cold, unfeeling calculation; and in the epitome and analysis of the famous letters, with- out the usual painful emphasis upon the fact and effect of mutilation, makes out an excellent case for the warmth and per- manence of Abelard's affection for his wife. The final summary of the character of Heloise is sufficiently notable to deserve quotation here: "Cousin once suddenly asked, in the mid- dle of a discourse: 'Who is the woman whose love it would have been sweetest to have shared?' Many names were suggested. . . . But he answered, 'Heloise, that no- ble creature who loved like a Saint Theresa, wrote sometimes like Seneca, and who must have been irresistibly charming, since she charmed St. Bernard himself.' It was a fine phrase to deliver impromptu, but an un- critical estimate. It is a characteristic paradox to say that she loved like a Saint Theresa, and an exaggeration to say that she ever wrote like Seneca. As to her charming St. Bernard — the 'pseudo apostle,' as she ungraciously calls him — they who read the one brief letter he wrote her will have a new idea of a charmed man. Yet with her remarkable ability, her forceful and exalted character in the most devital- izing circumstances, and her self-realiza- tion, she would probably have written her name in the annals of France without the assistance of AbSlard. It must be remem- bered that she had a very singular reputa- tion for her age before she met Abelard. She might have been a Saint Theresa to Peter of Cluny, or, as is more probable, a Montmorency in the political chronicle of France." The chapters in Mr. McCabe's book which deal with the love passages In the life of Ab€lard are likely to find most favor with the wayfaring man; but to any one caring for the history of religious opinion the concluding chapters, treating of AbSlard's struggles in the theological arena, are of more momentous interest. Mr. McCabe has not been careful to give much account of Abelard's position in the court of pure philosophic speculation, or much attention to his significance as one of the earliest leaders in educational reform; but of Abe- lard's tragic struggle on the treacherous field of dogmatic theology, he presents an instructive and profoundly moving narra- tive. It is a matchless instance of the irony of events that, some centuries after Peter Abelard the heretic had been driven to the wall by Pope and Curia at the impulsion of pious St. Bernard, the doctrines for .which he stood should have become not only the core of most larger faiths, but actually in- corporated in the teaching of the Church by

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Nov. 14, 1901] The ISTation. 385 which he was persecuted. As Mr. McCabe cautiously insists, there is little documentary evidence of the literary influence of Abe- lard upon the theological developments which followed not long after his death. But when one recalls his thousands of eager pupils, among them reformers like Arnold of Brescia, teachers like Bernard Sylvester of Chartres and Gilbert de la Poiree, even Pope Alexander III. himself, it seems hard to overestimate AbSlard's actual oral in- fluence. The chief advocate of the ration- alization of theology before Roger Bacon, he certainly encouraged many more inde- pendent minds to hale to the court of rea- son doctrines up to that time held to be exempt from its law. As Mr. McCabe mod- estly concludes: "He had no particle of the political abil- ity of Luther. But, such as he is, gifted with a penetrating mind, and led by a humanist ideal that touched few of his con- temporaries, pathetically irresolute, and failing because the fates had made him the hero of a great drama and denied him the hero's strength, he deserves at least to be drawn forth from the too deep shadow of a crude and unsympathetic tradition." BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbott, Lyman. The Rights of Man. Houghton, Mirfliii & Co. $1.50. Bowker, K. K. Of Business. (The Arts of Life.) Houghton. Mifflin & Co. 50 cents. Chenery, Susan. As the Twig Is Bent. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1. Daskam, Josephine Dodge. The Imp and the An- gel. Scribners. $1.10. Farquharson, A. C. St. Nazarius. Maemillan. $1.50 Howells, W. D. pers. $3.75. Jefferson, C. E. Crowell & Co. Lefevre, Edwin. Phillips & Co. May, Joseph. Testament. Heroines of Fiction. 2 vols. Har- Thomas Y. Doctrine and Deed. $1.50. Wall Street Stories. McClure, $1.25. The Miracles and Myths of the New Boston: George H. Ellis. $1. 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Bible Stories. London: Ernest Nister; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. What is Worth While Series: (1) Hoar. G. F. Con- ditions of Success in Public Life; (2) Trent. W. P. War and Civilization; (3) Miller. J. R. How. When, Where? Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. 35 cents each. Wiggin, Kate Douglas. A Cathedral Courtship. New ed. Houghton. Mifflin & Co. $1.50. Windle, B. C. A. The Wessex of Thomas Hardy. John Lane. $6. I A MANUAL OF THE FLORA OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA. By Prof. N. L. BRIT- TON, Director of the New York Botanical Garden. 1080 pp. 8vo. $2.25 Ed. net. Henry Hok& Co.,N.Y. TO BE PUBLISHED SHORTL Y: The Oxford India Paper DICKENS. COMPLETE, WITH ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS. SEXD FOR PROSPECTUS. Oxford University Press, American Branch, 91 & 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. BOOKS When calling please ask for AT MR. dRAMT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUINTS. address Mr. Grant. Before buying books write for quotations. An as- sortment ot catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 10-cent stamp P. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 4!2d St. NEW YORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers In Old and Rare Books and MSS. CATALOGUE 97 just published, fully illustrated, and sent post free on application . Rare Editions. Early Printed Books, Illuminated Manu- scripts, Fine Bindings, ancient and modern, etc., etc. 20 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors;, 429 5th Ave., bet. 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books, Agents for the leading Paris publishers; Tauchnitz's British authors, Teub- ncr's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. RARE PRINTS, XVI. & XVII. Century Armor, Old Delft Ware, etc. Illustrated Catalogues sent free on application. HENRY T. COATES & CO., 1222 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 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386 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1898 Financial. SECURITY FIRST, Profit the Next Consideration Our experience in and near Duluth as Real Estate and Loan Agents should make our judgment worth something to you when considering a conservative investment. W. M. PRINDLE & CO., Duluth, Minn. GEORGE AND COMPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite Investigation of their methods of conserving the interests of Investors. A successful record In the selection of income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds in substantial productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for Investors who appreciate skill and conservatism in se- lection and administration. PVLFORD, HOW i Tennessee, will begin closing up Its affairs on December :sist L901. All note-holders and other creditors of said association are therefore hereby notified to present the notes and other claims agalust the said association for payment. October 1st, 1901. N A. CROCKETT, Cashier. Registered Trad* Mark. Table Linen At "The Lioen Store." Beginning at $2.25 for a ser- viceable 2x2 yard Scotch Damask, the prices range up to $150 for a magnificent banquet cloth 5}^ yards square. The finer cloths may be had round, square, or oblong, and in designs to harmonize with the style and decoration of almost any dining-room. Napkins follow at $1.50 to $75 a dozen. Doylies in all sizes, Centerpieces, Tray Cloths, Tea Cloths, Scarfs, and lace and embroidered linens of all kinds in a very wide range of designs and prices. Mail orders have prompt attention. James McCutcheon & Co., 14 West 23d St., New York. tAoxmcyw Men's Furnishing Fall Neck Wear, Handkerchiefs, Mufflers, Lounging Gowns and House Coats, Pajamas, Night Shirts, Dress Shirts, to measure. Handkerchiefs. Gloves. NEW YORK. R E MING TON Standard Typewriter 327 BROADWAY, MEW YORK Reading Case for the Nation, To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with Hie Nation stamped on the side in gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of 75 cents.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 899. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. T&vo Holiday HooKf BY WILLIAM J. LONG, Author of " Ways of Wood Folk," " Wilderness Ways," and " Secrets of the Woods" {30,000 COPIES SOLD) Sq\ia.re 12mo, cloth, $1.75 per volume. Neatly boxed together, $5.50 SY. All of Mr. Long's Animal and Bird Stories in two companion volumes with the titles "Beasts of the Field" and "Fowls of the Air." Besides 22 full-page illustrations each page of type is decorated with one or more delightful marginal sketches, making them two of the most fully illustrated books of the year. About 350 pages in each. Bound in satine cloth, stamped in full gold, with a cover design by T. B. Hapgood. Gold. tops, $1.75 per volume. Neatly boxed together, $3.50. GINN ® COMPANY Trade Department Publishers BOSTON

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11 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Thb Week 387 Editorial Articles : Cuban Problems 390 The Irrepressible Tariff 390 Black and White Ratios for Eleven Decades 391 A Century of the Evening Post 392 Ousting an Italian Tammany 393 Special Correspondence : The National Academy at Philadelphia 393 The Irish Literary Theatre 395 Notes 390 Book Reviews: Aulard's Political History of the French Revolution .' 399 Brownell's French Art . 400 The Wessex of Thomas Hardy.— Travels Around Our Village 401 The Print-Collector's Handbook 402 Wild Life Near Home 403 The Stars 403 Anna Karenin 404 Books of the Week 405 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $t,.00. 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NOV. 2 1, 1 90l] The IsTation. 111 cA Book of literary and artistic distinction. MASQUES 0/ CUPID By EVANGELINE WILBUR. BLASHFIELD I. A Surprise Party. II. The Lesser Evil. III. The Honor of the Crequy. IV. In Cleon's Garden. With 35 drawings by E. H. Blashfield T70UR short comedies, three in one act each and one in two, the subjects being taken respectively from modern, mediaeval, and antique life, and the treatment preserving, throughout the varied and at times intensely dramatic movement, the spirit of true comedy. Mr. Blashfield' s delicate and decorative drawings interpret the vivacity and grace, the gay- ety and archness of the text with genuine sympathy and add to the literary distinction of this dainty volume the element of artistic distinction as well. $3.50 net {postage 26 cents) FRENCH ART Cla.ssica.1 a.nd Contemporary Painting and Sculpture By W. C. BR.OWNELL New and Enlarged Edition, reset in larger type, with 48 illustrations. HP HE author has added a chapter on the work of the sculptor Rodin, making a measurably complete and abundantly illus- trated record of French plastic art from the time of the Renaissance to the present. A VALUABLE WORK $3.75 net {postage 20 cents) A HERMIT OF CARMEL AND OTHER. POEMS By GEORGE SANTAYANA Author of "The Sense of Beauty." $1.25 net (postage 9 cents) THE CATHEDRAL AND OTHER- POEMS By MARTHA GILBERT DICKINSON Author of " Within the Hedge," etc. $1.25 net (posta.ge 8 cents) CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 SOME OF THE MCMILLAN COMPANY'S LATEST BOOKS. ^Miscellaneous Hooks. The Making of an American An Autobiography By JACOB A. RIIS, Author of " How the Other Half Lives," etc. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $2 00 net. Postage 25 cents. He tells the romance of his early struggles as graphically as he pictured in his first famous hook the lives of " The Other Half ." Mexico as I Saw It By Mrs. ALEC TWEEDIE, Author of " Through Finland in Carts," etc. With water-color sketches by the writer and over 100 other illustrations, Cloth, gilt top, $5 net. Mrs. Tweedie was present at the latest Aztec ex- cavations, which resulted in one of the richest finds ever made in Mexico. She was the guest of President Diaz, of whom she lias much to say, while her ex- periences in travelling ranged from riding with an escort of soldiers in out-of-the-way places to being conveyed in the height of comfort as a magnate's guest In a private car. French Furniture and Decoration of the Eighteenth Century By LADY D1LKE, Author of "The Renaissance in France," " French Painters of the Eighteenth Century," etc. Illustrated with about 65 gravures and half tones Cloth, 8vo, $10.00. The third portion of Lady Dilke's work on French Art in the 18th Century. Pieces in private c ..ll.-.- lions in Paris and England, as well as the Garde- Meuble-Natlonal, and over twenty of the finest in the Wallace collection at Hertford House have been reproduced. Old Time Gardens A Book o' the Sweet of the Year. Newly set forth by ALICE MORSE EARLE, author of "Home Life in Co- lonial Days," " Stage-Coach and Tav- ern Days," etc. Profusely illustrated from photographs collected by the author. Cloth, cr. 8vo, $2.50 net. A very attractive book, with Its many interesting pictures, fair typography, and quaint binding; a de- lightful excursion Into the lore of flowers and gar- dens. Limited Edition de Luxe, of 350 copies on large paper with many photogravure plates, and handsomely bound. 8vo, $20.00 net. William Shakespeare: Poet, Dramatist, and Man BY HAMILTON W. MABIE. Author of "Under the Trees," "My Study Fire," etc. With 8 full-page and 100 text illustrations. Cloth, l2mo, $2.00 net. Postage 20 cents. New and cheaper edition. George Washington A Biography By NORMAN HAPGOOD, Author of " Abraham Lincoln : The Man of the People," etc. Illustrated with a frontispiece in photogravure, interesting portraits and facsimiles. Half leather, gilt top, crown 8vo, $1.75 net ; postage 12 cents. Also in box uniform with " Abraham Lincoln : The Man of the People." Mr. HapgOOd has tried to put into a volume of handy size a life of the first President which shall nay an attention to his human side in due propor- tion to that of his already well-known political life. The Isle of the Shamrock By CLIFTON JOHNSON, Author of " Along French Byways," "Among English Hedgerows," etc. Illustrated from photographs by the author. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net. Postage 15 cents. The rustic life of Ireland from the Lakes of Kll- larnev to the wild crags of the Giant's Causeway, as seen by a strolling artist. George Washington And Other American Addresses By FREDERIC HARRISON, M. A., Hon. Fellow of Wadham College, Ox- ford; President of the English Histori- cal Society, etc. Cloth, crown Svo, $1.75 net. Postage 1 3 cents. Addresses delivered In Chicago, New York, Boston, and various universities early In 1901. The Life and Letters of John Richard Green By LESLIE STEPHEN, Author of " A History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century," " Life of Henry Fawcett," etc. Some- time editor of " The Dictionary of National Biography." Cloth, 8vo, $4.00 net. Postage 20 cents. " The letters in this delightful volume date from his Oxford days to a short time before liis death. They are unaffected, thoughtful, playful, often pic- turesque, full of testimony to his ardent interest in the human Bide of things. . . . We heartily com- mend these fascinating pages to the reader."— New York Tril/iin, . New Novels* God Wills It: A Tale of the First Crusade By WILLIAM STEARNS DAVIS, Author of "A Friend of Caesar." Illus- trated by Louis Betts. Cloth, $1.50. Full of striking contrasts, a strong and brilliant story of western feudalism, chivalry, and devotion, of Oriental gold and glitter, and of a fanaticism both Christian and Moslem. The Real World By ROBERT HERR1CK, Author of " The Gospel of Freedom," " The Web of Life," etc. Cloth, $1 .50. The underlying idea is eternal ly old ; that the world does not exist until created afresh for each person : and what a world Jack Pemberton created from somewhat unpromising beginnings is the pith of the story. Marietta: A Maid of Venice By P. MARION CRAWFORD, Author of " Saracinesca," " In the Palace of the King," etc. Cloth, $1.50. "A loye story and one of the best he has ever pro- duced . . . picturesque and exciting. It is all de- lightful."— New York Tribune. Calumet "K" By MERWIN=WEBSTER, Authors of " The Short Line War," " The Banker and the Bear." Cloth, $1.50. "As a tale it Is swift, simple, and absorbing, and one does not willingly put it down till It is finished." — Commercial Advertiser. New York. "An inspiration to success."— Republic, St. Louis. The Garden of a Commuter's Wife Recorded by the Gardener Crown 8vo. With eight photogravure illustrations. Cloth, $1.50. " Delightfully sketchy and chatty, thoroughly feminine and entrancing." — Providence Journal. New Canterbury Tales By MAURICE HEWLETT. Author of " The Forest Lovers," " Richard Yea and Nay," etc. Cloth, $1.50. The Athfiiaum, London, writes of Mr. Hewlett as " the prince of literary story-tellers." The New Americans By ALFRED HODDER, Author of " The Sceptic," etc. Adversaries of the Cloth, $1.50. The story turns on the characteristic clashing of the new generation oi Americans with their elders, both in thought and act. "Woman is handled fearlessly but with gloves . . . Evidently by a very acute thinker."— Com- mercial Advertiser. Books listed at net rates are sold by booksellers everywhere at net prices; from the publishers, carriage, by post or express, is an extra charge. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 66 Fifth Avenue, New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1001. The Week. There is no doubt that a new canal treaty was signed on Monday at Wash- ington. Coincidently with the text, it is expected that the final report of our Canal Commissioners will be published. Their preliminary report distinctly fa- vored the Panama route, on technical grounds, but declared that no satisfac- tory arrangement could be made for the acquisition of the Panama franchises and property. It is known, however, that prolonged and serious negotiations have since been carried on between our Com- missioners and the French company. What our engineers very properly de- manded was a definite offer from the Panama people — purchase price named in dollars and cents. This, we understand, has not been forthcoming. Our informa- tion is that President Hutin has been playing too subtle and time-wasting a game. He has hoped to secure an of- ficial endorsement by the United States of the Panama route as the better one, without actually completing its sale. Then he would be, he thought, in a po- sition to do one of two things: he could either name a high price for the route to which he had got our Government to commit itself, or could go home to fin- ance his company on the strength of the endorsement he had obtained in Wash- ington. But it appears that he has ut- terly failed in this plan, too sly by half, and has worn out the patience of our Commissioners, who mean simply to put him and his route wholly out of the reckoning. We think this a thousand pities, since the weight of expert opinion so clearly leans to the Panama route as the preferable one. President Roosevelt's declaration of purpose regarding appointments, last week, was most encouraging. Mr. Clin- ton Rogers Woodruff, Chairman of the National Civil-Service Reform League's Committee on Dependencies, called upon him, and was assured by Mr. Roosevelt that he should exclude political interest of every sort, direct or indirect, in three branches of the public service — the army, the navy, and "the colonies." As to do- mestic offices which have a political character, his rule would be, first of all, to make certain of fitness, and then, other things being equal, to allow politi- cal considerations a legitimate weight; but in the army, the navy, and the colo- nial service he declared that "there should not be one iota of a concession to politics while he remained President, for the intrusion of such an element would be nothing short of a taint." The President further expressed to his caller the hope that this statement of his pur- poses might be spread everywhere, and there could hardly be news that civil- service reformers would better enjoy spreading. To another statement made by the President last week civil-service reform- ers will also enjoy giving a wide cir- culation. Mr. Roosevelt recently forc- ed the resignation of the Collector of Internal Revenue in the Louisville (Ky.) district, because he had shamefully abused his official position by using his power and patronage in favor of one side in a factional controversy. When the man whom he had picked out for the vacancy called at the White House, Mr. Roosevelt improved the opportunity to caution him against falling into his pre- decessor's error, and advised him to observe rigidly the Civil-Service Law. There is nothing like an object-lesson, and this Louisville incident will open the eyes of a great many Federal offi- cials to the fact that there has been a change at Washington, and that the day for condoning "offensive partisanship" is past. President Roosevelt well Illustrated the right principles of selection in the appointment of a negro to office on Thursday week. He named a colored man for Justice of the Peace in the Dis- trict of Columbia, and his choice was a graduate of Harvard University, who has become principal of the colored high school of the District. The ap- pointee was vouched for by Booker T. Washington as representing the highest attainments of his race, and the selec- tion is one which must be approved by every candid white man as eminently fit to be made in a city with so large a colored population as Washington. It is safe to say that the principles which Mr. Roosevelt applied to the filling of this office will govern his course in con- sidering the appointment of negroes to more important positions in the South; in other words, that he will name only men fit for office, and men whose ap pointment will be satisfactory to the communities in which they are to serve. As in former years, Secretary Long has declined to endorse in his annual report the extravagant and indefensible recom- mendations of the Naval Board of Con- struction for an increase of the fleet. He asks for three battle-ships, two large cruisers, three gunboats, three picket- boats, one collier, four tugboats, and three sailing training-shps. This last recommendation ends for the present an interesting conflict between the officers who believe in training the modern sail- or upon a sailing-ship, and those who ad- vocate modern steam vessels of war for this purpose. The battle-ship con- troversy Mr. Long puts aside for the present, contenting himself with an- nouncing that the designs ordered by Congress will be duly forthcoming. As was expected, Mr. Long asks for 460 more officers and 3,000 additional men, despite the fact that the Department finds it impossible to recruit the ranks of the enlisted men to the limit now allowed by law. One of Secretary Long's rec- ommendations should win him much praise, particularly from the scientific world. It is that the Naval Observatory be given the best qualified civilian head to be obtained in the country, and that the law requiring a naval head be re- pealed. Secretary Long truly says that the existing statute might as well re- quire that "the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries should be selected from the line of the Marine Corps, or the di- rector of the Geological Survey from the line of the Army. There is no vital re- lation between the Navy and the Obser- vatory." The Northern Pacific settlement, whose terms are now, for the first time, authoritatively given to the public, closes a contest of great interest. The strug- gle began last spring with the effort of President James J. Hill of the Great Northern, in conjunction with Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, virtually to gain con- trol of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul as a link between the Great North- ern and Northern Pacific and some roads running east from Chicago in which they are interested. Opposition to the plan on the part of some large holders of St. Paul, however, forced them to give up the effort to secure control of that road, and to make the same effort for the con- trol of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy system, which would answer the purpose about as well. The nature of the enterprise was not discovered until it was very far advanced. It finally be- came clear to the owners of the Union Pacific — a road paralleled at most points, and likely to be paralleled at all, by the Burlington. With the Burlington in the hands of transcontinental rivals, the owners of Union Pacific could expect no mercy. When the situation became fully known, it was too late for the owners of the Union Pacific to make direct resis- tance. They therefore resorted to the plan of buying a control in the Northern Pacific itself, and so quietly and astutely did they work that their operations did not become known until the plan was very far advanced. The offer of Mr. Harriman, representing the Union Pa- cific interests, to give up his large hold-

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The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 ings of Northern Pacific for a share in the Burlington, had been rejected by Mr. Hill, and the effort of that interest to purchase as much stock as was held by their opponents led to the cataclysm of last May, from which the Union Pacific emerged with a controlling interest in the Northern Pacific. Since that time efforts have been constantly in progress to settle the affair. The formation of the so-called North- ern Securities Company, which has now received a New Jersey charter, follows the complete victory of the Union Pa- cific interests, as regards the Burlington, and guarantees them more protection than they asked last May, before the final stock-market struggle. The new company, with its large capital of $400,- 000,000, will control the Northern Pacific and Great Northern Roads, and through these the Burlington. In the latter road, however, one-half the voting power is guaranteed to the owners of the Union Pacific, who are completely protected against any undue competition or antag- onism through the Burlington, or in the Northwest. The new company thus rep- resents an immense railway mileage, and it is quite possible that it may engulf other lines. It stands for the idea of "community of interest," but only in a Pickwickian sense, since its formation was really a case of "Hobson's choice." In its general nature it closely resembles the old Oregon and Transcontinental Company, organized just twenty years ago by Mr. Henry Villard, which con- trolled the Northern Pacific, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company (now in possession of the Union Pacific), and other roads. While these two security- owning companies were formed for dis- tinctly different reasons, it is interest- ing to note that they represent the solu- tion of a difficult transportation question by substantially the same method. This outcome of a protracted struggle seems to mean another long step toward rail- way consolidation, and may lead to even more far-reaching changes than have yet been produced. The announcement by the Governor of Minnesota that he intends to use all the powers of his office to prevent the consolidation of the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern Railways was certainly usable for the purpose of raid- ing the stock market, as any other bear- ish news might be employed. We do not imagine for a moment that the Govern- or had any such thought or intention. There were reasons enough for his action apart from that. The people of Minne- sota are and always have been intense- ly hostile to the union of the two great lines running through their territory. They demand the competition in freight rates which they conceive to be implied in separate ownership and operation. When, therefore, the Governor says that he intends to exhaust his powers to pre- vent consolidation, he is merely con- forming to the public opinion which placed him in office. It does not follow, however, that he can undo what has been done in the formation of the Northern Securities Company. It must be pre- sumed that the lawyers who have given their minds to this work for months have anticipated all the objections that can be raised to it by the Attorney-Gen- eral of Minnesota, or even by the Legis- lature of the State. It would be presump- tuous and futile, however, for a newspa- per to predict the outcome of a conflict which may eventually take on larger proportions than those now measured by State lines. The exportation of seven millions of gold on Tuesday by one steamer has caused some perturbation in Wall Street — not among bankers, but in the minds of stock speculators. The banker keeps his eye on imports and exports, and on the rate of exchange, of which international trade is the sure index in the long run. He knows, or ought to know, how much gold is coming out of our mines, and how much is brought in at the Pacific ports. So the banker, if he understands his own trade, need never be taken by surprise when gold is exported, and need never be alarmed by the amount taken from us at any one time. The spec- ulator in stocks looks only at the prob- able effect of gold exports upon the ima- ginations of other speculators, and upon the rate of interest for call loans. The slight effect which the present gold movement has had on the financial mar- kets betokens the better understanding of cause and effect and the greater stea- diness of public opinion since the dis- pute about the monetary standard was settled. It is no longer necessary to ask ourselves whether the exportation of gold implies a premium on that metal and a possible fall to the silver stan- dard. We shall learn in due time that the exportation of gold is as natural and necessary as the exportation of anything else of which we have a surplus and other countries a deficiency, and we shall look upon it as a sign of financial health and not of disease. The amount of gold in the country, after making ample de- ductions from the official tables of sta- tistics, cannot be less than nine hundred million dollars, and is probably one hun- dred millions greater than that sum. Renewed charges of fraud perpetrated in the recent election on the acceptance of the new Constitution come from Ala- bama, and the information sent out con- cerning the vote there seems to sub- stantiate these claims. In view of the expected opposition to the instrument, it seems almost incredible that the ma- jority in its favor could reach 30,000 by any legitimate means. There are several features of the Constitution that were calculated to arouse objection. Not only is the suffrage clause of such a character as to make it possible to exclude from the ballot many poor whites, should it ever be desired to get rid of their votes, but the penalties imposed upon sheriffs who should permit prisoners to be taken from them by lynchers were not favor- ably regarded. There were also certain obnoxious provisions on local legislation. For all of these reasons, a fairly heavy white vote against the Constitution was to be expected — to say nothing of the negroes, who made up from 40 to 50 per cent, of the qualified voters of the State under the old Constitution. These facts render it easy to give credence to the statement that a decided majority of those who cast ballots at the election voted against the Constitution. The barefaced character of the frauds per- petrated appears from the charge that in Montgomery the majority in favor of ratification was twice the whole actual turn-out of voters, and that in other counties the disproportion was even greater. The new Constitution was avowedly frama.l largely to avoid the necessity of manipulating elections. Yet in order to secure its adoption, more manipulation has been necessary than at any election for years. Mayor-elect Low has announced his first selection for office, and he has there- by set a standard for his Administration. The office is that of Corporation Counsel, and the choice is George L. Rives. With- out derogation of other eminent citizens and able lawyers, it may truthfully be said that this is the best possible ap- pointment to the place. Mr. Rives not only is in the front rank at our bar, and conspicuous for his public spirit, but he was the Chairman of the Commission which was appointed last year to revise our city charter, and he consequently has that fund of intimate knowledge regard- ing the instrument which the law officer of the municipality needs at this time. The city is to be congratulated upon "getting the best." It has become so- much the custom of our "prominent citi- zens" to decline a call to the public ser- vice if a man can "do better" by sticking to his private business, that we are really surprised when one is ready to make a sacrifice for the good of the com- munity. If Mr. Low has set a standard for the new Administration in offering this place to the man most conspicuously qualified for it, Mr. Rives has also set a standard for citizens In accepting the call to duty. The man best fitted for a high office will often be a man who must make a sacrifice to take it, but every such man whose aid Mr. Low seeks must un- derstand that he owes the city the obli- gation of his service. The Citizens' Union has kept its prom-

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Nov. 21, 1901] The HSTation. 389 ise to deal openly with the public. It has published a statement showing the total amount of money received by it in the city campaign — $185,402 — and has given also an account of the ways, all legitimate, in which it was expended. We presume that the exact sums laid oiu under each of the seven different heads mentioned could be ascertained on appli- cation to the Finance Committee. They should be printed, to make the exhibit complete. Even as it stands, this frank opening of its books to public inspection is one of the most useful things which the Citizens' Union has done in the whole campaign. It blazes the path for future amendments of the various corrupt-prac- tices acts in the States, and for the need- ed introduction of their principle in na- tional elections as well. Any one can see how our existing laws fall short of securing full and due publicity in elec- tion expenditures. The candidates file a statement of their individual outlay, but this is often only as cents to dollars of what is actually spent. Party com- mittees collect vast sums in secret, spend them in secret, and religiously burn their books afterwards. They render no ac- count even of the money they receive from candidates. In Mr. Shepard's ad- mirably itemized statement of his ex- penses, for example, we find a contribu- tion of $1,000 to John McQuade, Trea- surer of Tammany Hall. Will that gen- tleman ever tell us what he did with the money? Not he. Nor will Piatt reveal either the sources of his campaign col- lections or the ways in which they were laid out. we complain of would be cut away at a stroke. This whole question is closely related to the other subject now so much in agi- tation—namely, an enforced publicity in the accounts of corporations. Some States have passed laws making it a fel- ony for a corporation as such to give money to a political party. The aim of such laws is good. Whatever contribu- tions a corporation makes to a political boss or a party manager are presumably made with corrupt intent. A corporation has no politics. If it pretends to have, the politics is clearly only a form of business, and gifts to the party war-chest are merely an investment. Let the con- stituent members of a corporation have what political affiliations they choose, and give money to what committees they please; but it would be a perfectly prop- er law, we believe, which should forbid a corporation, under heavy penalties, to subscribe any sums whatever to any par- ty fund. Our present point is, however, that entire publicity on either side — in the accounts of the corporation and in the accounts of the political committee- would of itself shut up the corporate purse. Let the principle be once estab- lished in law that the monetary transac- tions of both corporations and party managers are to be spread out to the light of day, and a good part of the evil It is not an easy task to draw the line between freedom of speech and of the press and license. If a newspaper can pay with impunity what the Chicago American said of Judge Hanecy's deci- sion in the gas case, it may say of his next decision that he was evidently brib- ed by the successful litigant. It would be no long step to say that all of his decisions were bought; and, of course, the litigants would be privileged to say ■what a newspaper might say. The end of this kind of freedom of speech and of the press would be the subversion of the judiciary altogether. As Judge Hanecy said in his decision: "If such attacks are permitted and allowed to go unpunished, the judicial department of cur Government cannot long survive; and when it falls, the whole structure of our Government will go with it." Probably Gov. Altgeld himself would not dispute this, but would maintain that it is a question for a jury to de- cide whether the article published or the words spoken were really calculated to bring the administration of justice into contempt. He argued in this case as though there were a similarity be- tween it and the Debs case, and as though the punishment of the newspaper men would be something like "govern- ment by injunction." The report of Major Gorgas, Chief San- itary Officer at Havana, says that there was not a single case of yellow fever ii: that city during the month of October, whereas that month in previous years has usually furnished the largest num- ber of cases. In the year 1900 the num- ber of cases was 308, and of deaths 74. The reason for this remarkable change is that the cause of yellow fever has been found. A certain variety of the mosquito, now well identified, is the purveyor of this malady to human be- ings, and all that the health officers need to do, in order to prevent yellow fever, is to prevent the existence of these insects, or at all events to prevent them from biting human beings. "In Havana this year," says Major Gorgas, "we have worked upon the hypothesis that the mosquito is the only way of transmitting the disease." Disinfection and quarantine as means of "stamping out" the disease have been wholly discontinued. This is a boon conferred upon the island of Cuba, and, indeed, upon the civilized world, by the medical staff of the United States army. These men were not the first to perceive the truth — that honor belongs to Dr. Charles Finlay — but they were the first to demonstrate it and bring it into general acceptance. About six weeks ago, the time limit set for the authorization of the religious orders by the French Associations Act expired, and the exodus of whole com- munities to Belgium, Italy, and the Channel Islands gave to the law some- thing of the appearance of persecution. How far this is from being the case is shown in the fact that nearly every or- der has contrived to keep alive at least one establishment under the law. Thus the Carthusians of the Grande Char- treuse remain, while all their other com- munities have scattered. The fact, too, that more than half of the 16,468 reli- gious establishments in France have applied for authorization, shows clearly enough that M. Waldeck-Rousseau was not attacking the religious establish- ments as such. That the anti-Repub- lican orders — Jesuits, Passionists, and Assumptionists — should very generally have refused to undergo the scrutiny of the Government, choosing rather exile, was only natural. The new law, in fact, was aimed chiefly against them. In bringing more than half the independent communities of France under the direct supervision of the Government, and thus assuming over the irregular clergy the kind of control which the Government has long exercised over the bishops and parish priests, M. Waldeck-Rousseau has gained a moral victory. The general ac- quiescence of the charitable orders in the new law proves that, notwithstand- ing the vaticinations of clericals like the Comte de Mun, neither general confisca- tion nor an anti-religious campaign was involved in a law which attacked certain anti-national forms of religious organ- ization. Turkey is finding out the wisdom of that old maxim of spendthrifts and bankrupts— that to pay one debt only en- courages the other creditors. The Sul- tan strained a point to pay the claims of the United States, only to bring the French fleet down upon him with a demand for instant settlement with France. That debt painfully squared, Russia was next with pressing remind- ers about her own little bills, and now comes the faithful old friend, John Bull, to say that his account cannot be any longer put off. The British Ambassador at Constantinople is pressing the Eng- lish claims, and will observe to the Porte, if necessary, that England has a fleet as well as France. Thus does the Turk sadly discover that to be honest with one creditor has a most unhappy influence upon the others. His new- found friend, the Emperor William, stood him in good stead for a time. The Sultan walked arm in arm with the Kai- ser, just as Capt. Costigan used to go down the street with a rich young fellow, tipping the wink to his creditor-trades- men: "Moind the company I'm in; I'm sure to pay ye." But that would not last for ever, and the eagles are now gathering about the Turkish carcass.

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390 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 CUBAN PROBLEMS. Recent dispatches from Havana re- port that Maso is making great gains in his canvass for the Presidency. That there is even to be an election of a Cu- ban President will come as a piece of news to most Americans, busied as they are about farm and merchandise, and already thinking of Cuba more as a nuisance than as an isle of the oppress- ed to be made one of the blest. Yet if present plans hold, the Cubans will choose a President and other officers of their so-called independent government next February; and the thing to make note of just now is that Maso's candi- dacy, with its probable success, repre- sents a serious derangement of what is understood to be the "official'' pro- gramme kindly prepared for the Cubans by our military authorities. Estrada Palma was plainly ear-mark- ed as the candidate favored by Gen. Wood and by our War Department. Maso was to be induced to accept the Vice-Presidency. The two were expect- ed to be the docile team which the Mili- tary Governor could drive whithersoever he listed. But suddenly Maso kicked over the traces. On October 31 he is- sued an electoral manifesto, to explain why it was a "patriotic duty" for him to stand for the Presidency of the Cuban republic. He declared that he had been appealed to from all parts of the island to lend his name to a candidacy which would represent the "genuine Cuban tradition," and which would aim at "saving from the general shipwreck at least the political life of the country, the principles of the revolution, and the honor of Cubans." In his appeal for popular support, Mas6 did not think it necessary to pay any compliments or show any gratitude to the American Government. He round- ly declared that the American interven- tion in Cuba had been "perverted into a military occupation approaching a con- quest"; and frankly admitted that Cuba could not be, under the terms of the Piatt amendment, a really independent state. Yet, within the limitations imposed upon them, he thought that the Cuban peo- ple should proceed with firmness and prudence to set up a Government which should represent all elements and be able to maintain cordial relations with the United States. Mas6 appealed openly to the negro vote, asked for the support of his fellow-veterans of the Cuban army, and addressed himself also to citizens of Spanish antecedents, who are, he assert- ed, the "very nerves of our national life." It is easy to see why the candidacy of such a man on such a platform should alarm the American foster-fathers of Cuba. In Mas6's bold appeal to colored voters, they discern the threat of a war of races in the island; and it appears that the negro citizens in Santiago and else- where are, in fact, flocking to his stan- dard almost in a body. His adroit an- gling for the votes of soldiers and Span- iards must be a source of nearly as great uneasiness to Gen. Wood. If Maso suc- ceeds, the whole carefully arranged plan for gently leading the Cubans along un- der Palma into whatever course their American rulers might finally decide to be good for them, will be in danger of being shattered. The National party, which our military Government coddled and nursed, has been rent into frag- ments, most of which have fallen into Maso's basket. All told, the political outlook in Cuba has radically changed within the past month, and in a way necessarily disquieting to Gen. Wood and Secretary Root. But the main question in Cuba is, after all, economic rather than political. Even Maso recognizes this. With what- ever insubordination he may propose to cut loose from Gen. Wood's leading- strings, he does not neglect to empha- size the importance of speedily securing a treaty with the United States which shall give life to Cuban industries. How commercially to rescue the islands we have rescued by force of arms, is now the great and pressing question in Cu- ban administration. All accounts agree that the industrial and commercial sit- uation in Cuba is bad, and rapidly grow- ing worse. There will be a large sugar crop, but no market for it. Neither capital nor labor is freely entering the island. A committee of representative merchants and planters is en route from Havana to Washington to lay all these urgent matters before President Roose- velt. What should be done? Well, for one thing, we ought to treat Cuba decently. Having cut her off from her old market, we ought to provide her a new one. Nor should we forget that we have prom- ised to do so. We ought to keep that promise. The case of Cuban reciprocity stands by itself. Senator Spooner says that he does not know what reciprocity means — at least, he wishes some one would define the word for him. But he ought to know exactly what Cuban reci- procity means. He was one of the Sen- ators called into conference with the Cuban delegates last spring, when it was agreed that, if the Piatt amendment were accepted by the Convention, a con- siderable reduction in our tariff on Cu- ban sugar and tobacco should be made as speedily as possible. Of course, that agreement is not legally binding upon us; but it is morally binding. The Cu- bans fulfilled their part of the bargain; we must live up to ours. Whatever else President Roosevelt urges Congress to do, he should not fail to advise it ear- nestly to do something for Cuba at the earliest possible day. Other reciprocity proposals may fail, but to establish re- ciprocal trade with Cuba we are in hon- or bound. Having done that, and having left the Cubans to govern themselves, we may withdraw our troops and our con- trol with as comfortable a feeling as that which Sancho Panza had in leaving Barataria, and may even come away as convinced as he was that our talents do not lie in the direction of governing isl- ands. THE IRREPRESSIBLE TARIFF. Many wise men, not to say wiseacres, are declaring at Washington that Con- gress must not touch the tariff. No one really thinks of disturbing it, is the first thing they assert. Then they add that it would be absurd to revise the tariff; that it could not be done without much difficulty; that they will do it themselves all in good time if you will only let them alone now; and they wind up with an agonized cry for help: "Men and brethren, come, in heaven's name, to prevent reckless agitators for tariff revision from clouding prosperity and ruining business!" Well, who are these impious men who would lay a sacrilegious hand upon the sacred ark of protection? They are, most of them, lifelong protectionists. First among them we rank William McKin- ley, who, being dead, yet speaketh in favor of tariff revision. His last public utterance was an earnest call to his par- ty and to his countrymen to "extend and promote our markets abroad" by doing away with "some of our tariffs that are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage and protect our indus- tries at home." There can be no doubt that, if President McKinley had lived, he would be to-day the leader in the movement which excited protectionists are foolishly denouncing as treason to his memory. Another of the pestiferous agitators is Congressman Babcock, hon- ored Republican, convinced protection- ist. He announced last week that he should push from the first day of Con- gress his bill for putting upon the free list all the manufactures of the Steel Trust. His ground is precisely that tak- en by McKinley. The duties on iron and steel are no longer needed. There are practically no imports. Exports go to foreign countries, and are there sold at lower prices than those demanded of the American consumer. President Schwab admitted this in his testimony before the Industrial Commission. Very well, says Mr. Babcock; duties that not only are not needed, but furnish a barrier behind which a giant Trust can take refuge and make exactions from the American people — such duties must be repealed. It is not a question of fiscal policy, but of simple social justice. In addition to these cantankerous Re- publican revisers of the tariff, we have the Chambers of Commerce, all over the country, meeting to resolve that tariff obstructions to foreign trade ought to be removed at once, and sending large delegations to Washington to urge their views upon the President. In other

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Nov. 21, 1901] The Nation. 391 words, the very business men who are to be ruined by so much as a discussion of the tariff, are foremost in agitating its revision! It is a wise business man that knows his own interest better than a frightened Congressman. Right un- der Senator Hanna's nose, the Cleve- land Chamber of Commerce rises up to advocate a large measure of reciprocity with Canada. That city has become a great manufacturing centre, and is looking about for markets. What mar- ket so natural or alluring as the one jusl across Lake Erie? But mutually repel- lent tariff laws prevent the exchange of raw materials and finished products across that international border; and Cleveland business men are clear-head- ed enough to see that a lowering of the barriers would promote a flow of com- merce advantageous to both countries. So they are for reciprocity— that is to say, for tariff revision. The contending forces in this latest struggle over the tariff are aligned in a novel way. It is no longer political party against political party. The tariff sword has gone into the Republican vi- tals, and that party sees itself divided on the issue. It may be that the Demo- crats are as sharply divided, but they can count as little more, just now, than spec- tators of the contest. It is interest against interest, manufactures against raw materials, which the present contro- versy has arrayed. Historically, of course, the manufacturers have been the great upholders and beneficiaries of the tariff. From time to time they threw a sop, as a rule wholly unsubstantial, to agricultural interests, to keep them quiet, But now the day has arrived when the manufacturers, as a whole, want a modi- fication of the tariff, which they no longer need (they never did need it, really), and lo! it is the despised pro- ducer of raw materials who now rises up to say them nay. If the great manufac- turers of the country could now have their way, we should have a revised tar- iff, and that right early; but the sugar- growers and the wool-raisers, the tobac- co-farmers and the fruit-growers, sul- lenly say, "No, you don't! Our inning has come, and we mean to make the most out of it that we can." It is the spectacle of this quarrel be- tween old friends, the fear that battling interests will prove irreconcilable and only do each other harm, that leads timid counsellors to recommend sooth- ing-syrup and silence. "Let the old man sleep," says Senator Mason elegantly, "for there is always trouble when you arouse him." Yes, but suppose the old man is already suffering from colic, and has a nightmare, and will soon get up and begin to smash the furniture unless something is done to relieve him? It is a counsel of folly as well as of cow- ardice, this renewal of Lord Melbourne's impatient cry, "Why can't you let it alone?" The trouble is that it won't let you alone. Time and the course of our industrial development and the march of commerce and the competition of na- tions have set the movement for tariff revision running like a strong tide; and all the mops of all the Mrs. Partington^ in Washington cannot keep it out of the Republican house. The alarmed or the greedy may cry, Down with tariff revi- sion! but it will not down. It is as ir- repressible, as pitiless of our repose, as any other unsettled question. BLACK AND WHITE RATIOS FOR ELEVEN DECADES. An analysis of the relative numbers of the white and of the negro population of the several sections of the United States at different periods in our nation- al history reveals some facts of interest and importance. For the purposes of such an analysis the country may be conveniently divided into seven groups of States and Territories. Three of these comprise that portion of the country in which, in 1860, slavery was either legal- ly or practically non-existent. The North Atlantic group covers the section north of Mason's and Dixon's line and east of the State of Ohio. That is, it is made up of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The Northern Central group includes all the old free States from Ohio to Kansas, inclusive, and from the Ohio River and the northern boundary of Missouri to the Canadian border. The States and Territories of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast make up the Western group. This grouping is the same as that used in the official census publica- tions, except that Missouri, which the Census Office considers as one of the Northern Central group, is not so dealt with in this discussion. It is excluded because, in 1860, it was a slave State. Of the sixteen slave States Delaware, Maryland, the Virginias, North Caro- lina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, together with the District of Columbia, lie to the north of the States in which the negro population is relatively the most numerous. Before the war, the phrase "Border States" was sometimes used so as to include all this region, al- though in its more precise and accurate definition that term excluded North Carolina and Tennessee. No one of the States which we here class as "Border States" had, before the attack upon Sumter, passed ordinances of secession. The Border States may be divided into two groups — the eastern, made up of Delaware, Maryland, the District of Co- lumbia, the Virginias, and North Caro- lina; the western, of Kentucky, Tennes- see, and Missouri. In Texas and Arkan- sas, two of the remaining eight slave States, the whites have always been in an overwhelming majority. These two States, together with Oklahoma, make up the group which is here styled th« Southwestern. The other six States, viz., South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, contain about one-half of the negro pop- ulation of the entire country, and their inhabitants are divided between the two races with approximately numerical equality. This group is referred to as the Southern. The following table shows the num- ber of negroes in every one thousand in- habitants of the country as a whole, and of each of the groups as above de- fined at each census from the first to the twelfth : 1900. 1890. 18S0. 1870. 18G0. 1850. 1840. 1830. 1820. 1810. 1800. 1790. w ■o a. a D 116 119 131 127 141 157 168 181 184 190 189 193 o pq a 8 a 501 506 519 505 496 488 486 486 477 468 414 418 9 O W2 211 234 252 288 2S3 252 209 155 118 2 a a Z tn V "t*. W a * J-5 Z S= 264 127 18 14 7 283 135 16 14 9 310 153 16 16 7 308 154 15 14 6 323 185 15 8 7 345 209 17 10 7 368 220 21 10 386 226 23 11 386 212 25 10 385 191 29 13 366 168 32 12 352 149 34 In the country as a whole, the whites have increased more rapidly than the negroes in nine of the eleven decades ba- tween 1790 and 1900. The defective cen- sus of 1870 probably explains the ap- parent exception of the decade between 1870 and 1880. The fact that the slave trade was not prohibited until 1808 may account for the greater increase of ne- groes than whites in the decade between 1800 and 1810. That was the period of the Napoleonic wars, when European immigration to this country was very small. In the last twenty years, at all events, the more rapid increase of the whites has been due entirely to the com- ing in of immigrants from Europe. The rate of natural increase of the two races has been substantially the same in the country as a whole. In the region lying between the east- ern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains and the western ocean there never have been many negroes. The slight changes in the proportion they bear to the total population, which the table shows to have taken place from time to time, are without significance. In the great North- ern Central section the negroes consti- tute a very small part of the inhabitants. In the half century immediately preced- ing the civil war, the white population increased by leaps and bounds, while the incoming of negroes was, in several 0/ the more accessible States, checked by the so-called Black Codes then in force. When, as a result of the war, the negroes became free to go where they pleased, the relative numbers of the negro population of the Northern Cen- tral States very nearly doubled in the single decade between 1860 and 1870. Since 1880 there has been no apprecia-

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392 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 ble change in the proportion of negroes to whites in this section, although in the last ten years there seems to have been a very large negro emigration from other States into Illinois and Indiana. In the North Atlantic group, the negroes constituted numerically a more impor- tant part of the population in 1790 than they have ever done since. For nearly three-quarters of a century the propor- tion they bore to the entire population steadily declined, and in 1860 it was not half as great as it had been seventy years before. In this part of the coun- try no such sudden increase of negro population followed emancipation as took place in the Northern Central sec- tion. From 1860 to 1890 there was no substantial change in the proportion of negroes to whites. In the last ten years the number of the former in New York and Pennsylvania, and in some of the other States of the North Atlantic sec- tion, has greatly increased, and the ne- groes are now relatively more numerous in this section than they have been at any preceding period for more than half a century. They do not even now, however, constitute so large a proportion of the inhabitants as they did in 1840 before the great rush of European immigration set in. The fig- ures for the three Northern groups sbow that so long as slavery lasted, the pro- portion of negroes to the total popula- tion of the free States grew less and less, and that since emancipation the tendency has been in the opposite direc- tion. When we pass to the Border-State groups, we find that in each of them the relative numerical importance of the negro population increased for the first four decades; that is, from 1790 to 1830. During this period the increase of the white population of the Eastern Border States was but small. There was then a large white emigration from those States to the South, to the West, and to the Northwest. It was at that time that southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were settled, principally by natives of Vir- ginia and Kentucky. The business of shipping Virginia and Kentucky slaves southward had not then attained the magnitude it afterwards reached. Since 1830 there has been a steady decline in the proportion of negroes to the total population of the Border States. The slight increase shown in the table in that proportion in the eastern Border States between 1870 and 1880 was doubt- less due entirely to the defective enu- meration in 1870. From 1830 to 1860 the negro population of the border was de- pleted by the sale of slaves South. Be- tween 1845 and 1860 an appreciable por- tion of the foreign immigrants to this country, then so numerous, found their way to the more northern of these States. It was at this time that there grew up a so-called "Limerick" in Baltimore and a great German city in St. Louis. Since the war the foreign-born popula- tion of these States has received con- stant accessions, while the Border-State negroes have moved in considerable numbers to the Northern States and in a less degree to the States further South. In 1860 slavery still existed in six of the original thirteen States. Four of the six are in the group of Eastern Border States. In 1790 these four States con- tained more than two-thirds of the en- tire negro population of the country. The steady decline for nearly three-quar- ters of a century in the relative numbers of the negro population of these States proves how unnecessary in their climate negro slavery ever was. How different the history of the country would have been had no negro slaves ever been brought into them! How unfortunate it was that the Ordinance of 1787 could not have been extended to the territory southwest of the Ohio and subsequently to Missouri. There can be no question that to-day the Border States would have been more wealthy and prosperous, and doubtless would have contained a larger population, if slavery had never been established in them. If they never had been slave States, their negro popula- tion at this time would probably be rela- tively little more numerous than is that of the North Atlantic States. As it is, the negro problem in all the Border States is steadily becoming, in fact, less important, no matter how much agita- tion the politicians of those States may for their own purposes now or hereafter stir up. Substantially the same thing may be said as to the Southwestern group. Although the negro population of Arkansas has for many years in- creased faster than the white, it still numbers less than three-tenths of the whole. Since 1870 the proportion of negroes in the Southwestern group as a whole has steadily declined. The negroes now number little more than one-fifth of its entire population. It is only in the Southern group of States that the ne- groes are so numerous that they can be regarded by even the most prejudiced of sensible men as in any aspect a source of possible danger. For eighty years, from 1800 to 1880, they steadily gained in numbers upon the whites. In the last-named year, out of every one thou- sand inhabitants of these States, five hundred and nineteen had African blood in their veins. So long as slavery con- tinued, or the economic and industrial conditions resulting from slavery re- mained substantially unchanged, the whites became relatively less and the negroes relatively more numerous in both the Southern and Southwestern groups of States. This was not due to any greater rate of natural increase among the negroes of these States than among their white inhabitants, for probably the reverse was the case. In the country as a whole, the negro rate of natural increase is as great as that of the whites, but it is as great because, while it is less than that of the South- ern, it is greater than that of the North- ern whites. While slavery lasted, the failure of the superior race in the South and Southwestern groups to maintain its relative proportion of the population was due to the constant emigration from those States of the more active and en- terprising of the non-slave-holding whites. Had slavery not been abolished, it is probable that the negroes would have continued to gain. The tide turn- ed when manufacturing and mining in- dustries began to spring up in the South on a large scale. Home employment for the surplus white population was thus created. The negroes now constitute a smaller proportion of the population of the Southern group than they did twen- ty years ago. This is true not only of the group as a whole, but of five of the six States which compose it. It is sig- nificant that Mississippi, the single ex- ception, is the very one of those States in which there has been least of that industrial development which we have in mind when we speak of the "New South." A CENTURY OF THE EVENING POST. As merely to have lived through the Reign of Terror was achievement enough for Sieyes, so a newspaper, when asked what it has done in the course of a hundred years of continuous exis- tence, might simply reply with the French abbe, "I have lived." But a cen- tury of life for an institution means something different from what it does for a man. Dean Swift once broke out violently, as Sir Walter Scott relates, when some one spoke in his presence of a certain "fine old man." "If the man you speak of," cried he, "had either a mind or a body worth a farthing, they would have worn him out long ago." But a centenarian newspaper is not open to that reproach. The processes of decay which go on in the human organism as age increases are, in an institution, continually made good by the processes of repair. Just as the individual withers but the world is more and more, so the successive editors of a daily journal pass away only to leave it flourishing in perpetual youth. Yet it is perhaps more strikingly in a newspaper than in any other form of collective activity persisting from gen- eration to generation, that the power and impress of strong personality abide. Editors live in their successors, as an- cestors do in their descendants, whether the latter will or no. The unconscious formation of a newspaper's style is seiz- ecl upon by Walter Bagehot, in his 'Physics and Politics,' as an excellent il- lustration of the way in which a type is created. "A certain trade-mark," he writes, "a curious and indefinable unity,

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Nov. 21, I9Ol] The ISTation. 393 settles on every newspaper." How the thing is done he explains by a story of the founder of the London Times, who replied to the query why all the arti- cles read as if written by one man, "Oh, there is always some one best contribu- tor, and all the rest copy." It is an honorable line of "best con- tributors" to which the Evening Post can point in the persons of its editors from 1801 down. There may have been more vivid personalities connected with the American press; other names may suggest more of sound and fury; but what other newspaper numbers, among those who have shaped its policy and wielded its leading pen, men whose names stand for so much of culture and power and fire and integrity as do those of William Coleman, William Leggett, William Cullen Bryant, Parke Godwin, John Bigelow, Carl Schurz, and Edwin L. Godkin? Of marked diversity of gifts, these editors of the Evening Post were one in devotion to the highest stan- dards in journalism and in public life. All of them helped to give to their news- paper a certain tone which was recog- nized by Charles Sumner when he wrote to John Bigelow in 1850, "I cannot for- bear expressing the sincere delight with which I read your paper. Its politics have such a temper from literature tnat they fascinate as well as convince." Bryant, of course, was the editor who most closely fixed, in the public mind, the association of the Evening Post with literature. It was as "The Man of Let- ters," not the editor, that he was com- memorated in its columns, after his death, by Edmund Clarence Stedman. But there were other brave writers, both before and after that Agamemnon. Of the anti-slavery writing in the Evening Post in 1835-37, done by William Leg- gett, an historian of the time says that it was a "really noble series of edito- rials"; and Bryant himself paid tribute to the memory of his brother-editor, by writing of him after his untimely death: "The words of fire that from his pen Were flung upon the fervid page, Still move, still shake the hearts of men. Amid a cold and coward age." As for the pen of Mr. Godkin, which so lately ceased to adorn the pages of the Evening Post, what newspaper ever matched it for satire that read like a page of Swift's, for Olympian humor, for fearlessness and fervor, for clarity of moral perception, and for a broad ac- quaintance with the best that has been thought and done in the world's history, brought to bear upon the endless and apparently petty problems of the day which confront a writer for the day? A man has mingled feelings, remark- ed Phillips Brooks, when he walks through a gallery of his ancestors. Their fame is his, yet not his, unless he repro- duces and continues it. To its editorial ancestors the Evening Post paid on Sat- urday its just acknowledgments, joining reverence to those who are dead witn greetings to those who are still among the living, and ending with the devout hope, Sicut patribus, sit Deus nobis. OUSTING AN ITALIAN TAMMANY. If ever the appeal to the ballot looked hopeless, it was in the case of Naples, and news that the political Camorra was defeated last week by a narrow ma- jority will surprise not only general stu- dents of municipal problems, but the Italians themselves. Conditions had seemed too bad to be immediately rem- edied. More than a year ago the Ital- ian Government was forced, by the ac- cumulating proofs of corruption in Na- ples, to suspend the municipal govern- ment and to place the city in the charge of a Royal Commission of Inquiry. The bulky report of this Commission, which was recently published, gives what should for the future remain a veritable encyclopaedia of municipal pathology. The situation was not one to encourage reformers. Unscrupulous political lead- ers had been allowed to grow into great power, because they were necessary, or made themselves appear so, to the suc- cess of the national parties. The in- famous Casale and Summonte may have seemed as necessary to Giolitti's lead- ership as Croker seemed indispensable to Mr. Bryan's canvass. The Commis- sion of Inquiry followed the matter fur- ther, and found that the voting-lists were scandalously stuffed, and that, short of a popular uprising, the candi- dates of the Camorra could always be counted in. The business of the city was found to be in frightful disorder. In many departments no pretence of ade- quate bookkeeping had been made, and the heads were only able to say that the money had been spent in some unex- plained fashion for the good of the city. Wherever the Commission followed the city's transactions with holders of fran- chises, or its conduct of public utilities, it found evidences of wastefulness and of corruption. Light, water, and trac- tion companies paid tribute to the ma- chine; the Department of Sanitation showed the same taint. There was no doubt about the disease; the question was as to the cure. To many it was discouraging that the Commission made no positive recommen- dations. Conservative editors deplored the fact that the prosecutions which must follow the exposure could be un- dertaken only after considerable de- lays. Many feared that the decision to hold a city election in November, and to restore the control to a demoralized people, was at least premature, and might turn out to be disastrous. There were, in fact, many reasons ror fearing that the political health of the city had been so completely sapped that the pow- er of reaction was lost. If the political abuses of Naples are of the kind which we know in most of our American cities, the relation of the machine to the aver- age citizen is of a sort not only to de- spoil, but to humiliate. Imagine a con- dition of things where one may not dis- charge a Camorrist servant without in- curring threats and personal peril; where the agents of the "High" Camorra may demand to inspect your books, so that you may be mulcted intelligently on the basis of your profits. A terror- ism which in the worst days of Tam- many was chiefly directed against the vicious, the miserable, and the poor, has been in Naples systematically employed against the well-to-do; so that to arouse civic courage to revolt against extortion was vastly more difficult in Naples than it was in New York. Believing that the whole community was honeycombed by the system or blackmailing, many of the North Ital- ian journals feared that a great mis- take had been made in appealing to the voters. It would have been safer, tney felt, to keep the city under the Commis- sion until the voting-lists had been thor- oughly revised, the bosses tried and pun- ished, and a better public spirit aroused. From this prudent, if rather timid, opinion the Committee dissented utterly, and, whether moved by questions of min- isterial expediency or by a sole regard for the matter in hand, held to the de- cision that the city must settle its own political future — and promptly. The result will show to doubters that it is unwise to think too meanly of the people. The victory over the Camorra, it should be noted, was won in the nor- mal way, by a non-partisan coalition which had frankly no other aim than to "destroy an historic organization." To this end, parties as different as Social- ists and Monarchists, as Catholics who had long abstained from political activ- ity and the members of the influential Merchants' Association, who had long suffered from the blackmail system, all united. Against this improvised move- ment the most desperate efforts of the bosses failed. That it was an neroic " cleaning up, those who have fought long- est against our Tammany will be freest to admit. Such a victory gives hope to all who are working for decent civic housekeeping. Even Philadelphia need not despair of shaking off her present unenviable distinction of being the worst governed of civilized cities. THE NATIONAL ACADEMY AT PHILA- DELPHIA. Philadelphia, November 15, 1901. The National Academy of Sciences has just closed here one of the most successful of its autumn meetings, and one of the most agreeable and interesting as to its recep- tion. It met on Tuesday forenoon, Novem- ber 12, in Houston Hall, which is the gen- eral students' club of the University of Pennsylvania. The first paper was a bi- ographical notice of the late Dr. Genth,

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394: The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 who was eminent as a chemist. On Wed- nesday Gen. Comstock read a notice of the life of Gen. John Newton. The list of papers promised that chemistry would oc- cupy the attention of the Academy more than any other science. But the chemists seem to think — mistakenly, I fancy — that scientific men outside their own fraternity cannot be expected to care for questions of the chemical constitution of this or that class of bodies; and the consequence was that some papers in this department went unread, as did two by Dr. Barus, one of which, on Nuclear Condensation, we were particularly sorry to miss. One of the most important contributions was made on Thursday, by Prof. James M. Crafts, on the "pseudo-catalytic action of concentrated acids." It related to that branch of chem- istry, to-day almost the dominating one, which considers the rapidity — or, as the chemists phrase it, the "velocity" — of chemical action. This, we know, in a gen- eral way, depends upon the concentra- tion of the different reagents. But how should "concentration" be defined? Hitherto, only extremely dilute solutions have been, em- ployed in such researches; and as long as study was confined to them, it was suf- ficient to define concentration as the num- ber of molecules, or of ions, per unit of volume. It has been well known that this definition would not lend itself to any sim- ple expression of the action of concentrated solutions; but in what manner it ought to be modified has not hitherto been satisfac- torily made out. Professor Crafts has found a definition which answers to perfection for certain concentrated solutions, at least. He has selected for study the action of "strong" acids — namely, those which are unable to re- sist the ionizing action of water — in de- composing many substances, without them- selves entering into any chemical combina- tion. This fomenting of discord is what is called, in a general way, catalysis, or pseudo-catalysis when it is suspected that the fomenters are not really quite so dis- interested as they pretend to be. Professor Crafts has had the happy idea of adopting for subjects of decomposition a class of bodies called sulphonic acids, which, for certain reasons, are particularly available for the purpose. In these cases, the proper definition of concentration was found to be that it is the ratio of the number of active ions present to the total number of mole- cules. Experiments were also made with muriatic acid as the catalyzing agent, with the result that its effect is an exponential function of the amount. This is a fact perhaps as important as the definition of concentration. Although the mass of ob- servations already obtained by Professor Crafts is large, it is likely to be greatly increased. Another very interesting chemical paper was presented on Tuesday morning by Prof. Edgar F. Smith. Everybody who has read a treatise on chemistry within the last twenty years is aware that the interest in the precise value of the atomic weights of the elements has been immensely height- ened by the discovery of the periodic law. All the elements, from atomic weight 39 up, are arranged, according to their chemical properties, in eighteen vertical columns and five horizontal rows; and the atomic weights increase downwards and to the left, the left-hand element in each row (having the lowest atomic weight in that row) being of higher atomic weight than the right-hand (or highest) atomic weight of the row above it. There are two excep- tions only. The atomic weight of Nickel, 58.7, ought to be higher than that of Cobalt, which is 59.0; and the atomic weight of Iodine, which is 12G.8, ought to be higher than that of Tellurium, which is 127.5. But while the atomic weights, with those ex- ceptions, always increase, and although upon this table have been based successful predictions of the existence and chief prop- erties of four elements, at least — Gallium, Germanium, Scandium, and Neon, while Crypton and Xenon were virtually predicted — yet there seems to be no exactitude or strict regularity in the amount of difference between two successive atomic weights. This may very well be because many, If not most, of the elements are so impure as to falsify their atomic weights, and In that way completely to mask the law of progression, which is probably itself pe- riodic. This hypothesis is somewhat confirmed by the fact that there is a gap in the table, which is supposed to represent six- teen successive elements hitherto undis- covered or unlocated; and nearly all the elements which appear in the table just above these undiscovered elements have their atomic weights heavier than we should expect from the periodic law; while all those just below any of the undiscovered elements have their atomic weights lighter than we should expect. This would be just the effect that would be pro- duced if these elements were contaminated with the undiscovered elements. Among the elements whose observed atomic weights are lighter than we should expect them to be, none is quite so remarkably so as Tungsten, which is set down as 184, although we should expect it to be between 186 and 187. Professor Smith has under- taken a new determination of this atomic weight, and has ascertained that there Is no known process which will free Tungsten from Vanadium, the atomic weight of which, being only 51.4, must have lowered the ap- parent atomic weight of Tungsten by a con- siderable amount. The patience of an in- organic chemist needs to be inexhaustible, and thus far Professor Smith has not him- self succeeded in effecting the necessary purification of Tungsten. Meantime, since he has proved that all the hitherto sup- posed pure Tungsten contained Vanadium — say, perhaps, about 1 per cent, of it — It Is probable that the true atomic weight is about what the periodic law would lead us to expect it to be. Another paper approaching a chemical subject, if Mr. Brush's announced etherion of several years ago can be called chemical, was read by Prof. Edward W. Morley, on the transmission of heat through the vapor of water at low pressures; the name of Mr. Charles F. Brush being associated with his own as collaborator. Mr. Morley proved conclusively that, at certain very low pres- sures, the transmission of heat through aqueous vapor is very considerably more rapid than through air, though it is always much less than through hydrogen. This paper was read on Wednesday. There were very few physicists at the meet-ius, and one may say no astronomers, who were doubtless kept at home to wel- come the Leonids. But a geologist, Dr. George Ferdinand Becker, brought out, on Thursday, a physical phenomenon which one can hardly believe to be absolutely new, although it would probably be difficult to find any record of it. Namely, it is not uncommon to find laminae of slate separat- ed by crystals; but it has hitherto been supposed that the laminae were first sepa- rated by faulting or otherwise, and that subsequently the crystals were deposited. An instance in which a crinkle affecting several successive laminae lay in a line perpendicular to all of them led Dr. Becker to cause the following experiment to be made. Horizontal plates of glass, kept from one another at a fifth of a milli- metre, were immersed in a strong solution of alum, which was permitted to crystallize. The result was that the crystals forming between the plates forced the latter apart nearly to the distance of a millimetre. Now, since there seems to have been no- thing but friction to oppose lateral ex- pansion, it seems that the growing crystal is capable of stresses like those of the solid. Another note by Dr. Becker was geologi- cal in its aim; but its reasoning was pure- ly dynamical. This was a refutation of the orogenetic theory of tilted blocks. Accord- ing to this theory, the crust of the earth, floating upon a magma, becomes broken ' up into blocks which are then tilted, so as to lean in oblique positions one against another, thus forming mountain ridges with intervening valleys. But Dr. Becker showed that masses so great as would be required thus to account for mountain formations would, even if each was a block of flawless granite, be broken by its own weight into pieces, some of which would be so thin as to turn quite over upon their sides, so that a sort of discontinuity would result, very different from anything seen in geology. There were two interesting and brilliant exhibitions by Prof. George F. Barker: one, of the five new gases and their light — helion, neon, argon, crypton, and xenon — neon showing a most extraordinary scarlet light, and argon, with a condenser, a magnificent deep blue; the other, of two of the new in- candescent electric lights, (1) that one in which the filament is composed of that same mixture of 99 per cent, thoria and 1 per cent, ceria which shines in the mantle of the Welsbach burner; and (2) that one in which the filament is composed of metallic os- mium. Presumably, the hindrance to the ex- tensive use of the latter would be the im- possibility of obtaining osmium in large quantities. The method of making the fila- ment of this excessively refractory and hard metal is a secret in possession of the Wels- bach Company. Otherwise, since it requires but half the voltage of the carbon incandes- cent light, there would be very great econo- my in it. The ordinary voltage would presumably destroy the filament. On the biological side there were half-a- dozen papers of a high average order of merit; especially two in physiology. The best was on "Snake Venom in Relation to Hemolysis.. Bacteriolysis, and Toxicity," by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell and Dr. Simon Flexner, the latter not yet a member of the Academy. It is generally known that Dr. Weir Mitchell wag the first to study snake-venom scientifically, but it was not until long after his first re- searches had been laid aside that, by some subconscious process, well illustrating Whewell's theory of scientific ideas, he was brought to the hypothesis that venom con-

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Nov. 21, I90l] The Nation. 395 sists of a mixture of two distinct poisons. When Dr. Weir Mitchell had conceived the hypothesis, he called upon a friend to collab- orate with him in putting it to the test of experiment; and it was not until many- months had been devoted to patient work, and discouragement was setting in, that the investigators found that the two poisons could be separated by a dialyser, the one acting intensely upon the higher nervous centres, the other disintegrating the blood. Circumstances then again long arrested the further prosecution of the inquiry, during which time it had been somewhat advanced by European physiologists, until last year Dr. Weir Mitchell proposed to his student, Dr. Simon Flexner, to take up the investigation anew upon certain general lines which he formulated. Dr. Flexner seems to have per- formed his task with distinguished ability; and he certainly presented the somewhat complicated matter with unusual lucidity and fluency. Another interesting investigation, by a young physiologist. Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Jr., introduced by Professor Barker, had been read on Tuesday and was illus- trated by photographs and sphygmo- graphic traces. The problem could not be more important from an iatric point of view, being that of the peculiari- ties in the supply of the lungs with vaso-motor apparatus of nerves, and the consequent specific effects of various drugs in incipient pneumonia, etc. The ex- periments were performed upon dogs, whose chests were opened by median in- cisions. It was evident that the physi- ologists of the Academy thought this the weakest link of the work; for when the lungs were so exposed to the air, care- fully as the temperature and humidity might be attended to, they were under most abnormal conditions. One of the stronger of the young biolo- gists, Prof. Henry F. Ostorn of Columbia University, put forward an hypothesis of what he called Latent, or Potential, Ho- mology, which he illustrated by a peculiarity in the growth of teeth. When we study the design of the most developed grind- ing teeth and compare with it the teeth of "recent" horses on the one side and of primates on the other, we find commenc- ing in both these widely separated groups a development of certain folds which are evidently destined to take a cer- tain future development, alike in the two cases. But horses and primates have had no common ancestor for upwards of a million years back, if we accept a chro- nology whose possible errors can be of no consequence for the present purpose. We appear, therefore, to be confronted with a feature of development which has been lying in posse for a million years. What could have been its mode of being during that time? Professor Osborn had two other papers full of interesting ideas. In one of them he proposed to use the features of dolichocephaly and brachycephaly (long and broadheadedness), which have had per- haps an exaggerated esteem among anthro- pologists, and have been confined to their science, as important factors in the tax- onomy of different families of vertebrates. A paper by Dr. Caswell Grave, intro- duced by Prof. W. K. Brooks, was read by the presiding officer. It related to an im- proved method of rearing marine larvae. Finally to be mentioned Is a paper by Mr. C. S. Peirce upon the logic of the pro- cess of drawing historical conclusions from ancient testimonies. This was an elabo- rate memoir, in which the method of bal- ancing probabilities was combated as be- ing, in most cases, illogical; a different method being developed and defended, with full details of the different conditions to be fulfilled. Three examples were given to illustrate the new method and contrast it with that in vogue among the higher critics. The first related to the Scepsis story concerning Aristotle's manuscripts; the second to the chronology of the Dia- logues of Plato (where the data accumulated by Lutoslawski were employed) ; and the third to the life and character of Pythag- oras, this being selected as showing how to deal with the least trustworthy testi- monies. The Academy received the most charm- ing attentions from the Philadelphians. Provost and Mrs. Harrison gave a recep- tion on Wednesday evening in the Museum of Science and Art. A New Yorker would do well to devote a day to going to Phil- adelphia to visit that museum, one of the most deeply interesting that the whole world contains, if only for these three de- partments— the Babylonian remains, In- cluding those from Nippur; the Japanese Buddhistic temple; and the Matthew Stew- art collection of gems, which is unrivalled in interest by anything of the sort your correspondent has ever seen. On Thursday Dr. Weir Mitchell entertained the Academy at dinner, where were gathered many of the most interesting men in Philadelphia. M. D. THE IRISH LITERARY THEATRE. Dublin, October 31, 1901. The past week in Dublin has been in many ways one of very great interest. There have been exhibitions of paintings by Irish artists (Mr. J. B. Yeats, Mr. Nathaniel Hone, and Mr. J. B. Yeats, jr.), and frequent meet- ings of those interested in the "Irish reviv- al"; and the Irish Literary Theatre has given its third annual performance. The plays of this year were two, one in English— "Diar- muid and Grania" — by Mr. George Moore and Mr. W. B. Yeats; and one in Gaelic — "Ca- sadh an t-Sugain" — by Dr. Douglas Hyde. To the latter an altogether special interest attaches, as it is the first Gaelic play pre- sented in a Dublin theatre. Both plays re- ceived the fullest serious consideration, and the fact that the performances aroused even heated discussion shows pretty clearly that the movement they represent is one of no little significance. The Irish Literary Theatre was started three years ago by Lady Gregory, Mr. Yeats, and Mr. Edward Martyn, who were after- wards joined by Mr. George Moore. It had for its immediate object the development of Irish dramatic art, through the presentation of original plays on Irish subjects, whether in English or in Gaelic. The movement has had a valuable ally in the Gaelic League, under the Presidency of Dr. Hyde; the aim of the League being to bring about the re- vival of the Irish spirit, chiefly through the fostering of the Gaelic language. The whole "Gaelic movement," however, aims at no- thing short of making Ireland a self-sufficing nation, through the encouragement of all the forces that mean, in the broadest sense of the words, a national culture. It is an appeal to the native spirit to awake to ita own and to recover its treasures of legend and language before they are lost. How far the Irish speech and tradition may be restored to the Irish people, and how far the Irish Theatre has stimulated the Irish intel- lect, are at present, of course, matters of speculation; but this is certain, that the League is a flourishing organization, and the Theatre has proved that people will come with a keen and critical interest to see an Irish play. The guarantors of the Theatre proposed that it should continue for three seasons, at the end of which period it would at least be possible to determine whether or not the movement was hopeless, and, if it were not, what steps should be taken to carry it on. Six plays have now been produced: "The Countess Cathleen," by Mr. Yeats; "The Heather Field" and "Maive," by Mr. Mar- tyn; and "The Bending of the Bough," by Mr. Moore, besides the two plays of last week; and the purely tentative part of the project has come to an end. The following steps must, in the nature of things, be ex- perimental, for although the three years have shown that the project is too sig- nificant to be sneered at, and too good to be extravagantly praised, yet they have not shown the precise direction that should now be followed. Municipal endowment of the Theatre has been urged, but this is a hardly probable outcome; doubtless it would be unwise at present to guarantee publicly a scheme that must undergo still a good deal of shaping before it can, in the nature of the case, hope to become wholly national. It would seem to an outsider better to continue, if possi- ble, on pretty nearly the same basis, but increasing the number of performances as circumstances permit, until the movement shall be fairly established as a factor in Irish life. It would be more than a pity if the plan so effectively begun should be al- lowed to languish. There is in Dublin, not to speak of the rest of Ireland, a public suf- ficiently interested in dramatic art to make of the Theatre a real institution, provided the plays chosen be not polemic, or didactic, or anything but cleanly dramatic. Mr. Yeats's desire to present also some of the masterpieces of foreign drama, French, Spanish, Scandinavian, and perhaps Greek, would, if carried out, have the effect of lifting the project out of the reach of faction. For it may in Ireland be difficult to keep the Theatre quite clear of the polit- ical and religious strife that enters so vitally into all Irish questions of the pres- ent day. To illustrate several different as- pects of the reception of the plays, it may be noted that the Roman Catholic Archbish- op of Dublin bestowed his episcopal sanc- tion upon them, some people opposed the Theatre because it was called Irish and not Gaelic, some refused to go to see the lead- ing actor in "Lear" later in the week be- cause he had previously acted in the Irish play, and the gallery gods drowned out with Gaelic songs the entr'acte "Funeral March of Diarmuid," because it had been composed by an Englishman. And yet the Gaelic League, which is overwhelmingly Catholic, has several times reelected to its Presidency a Protestant, Dr. Hyde. The total combi- nation of harmonious and discordant ele- ments is not altogether an easy one to deal with. "Diarmuid and Grania," presented by Mr.

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396 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 Benson and his company (there is at pres- ent no company of Irish players capable of producing a long drama effectively), came in for hostile discussion as well as praise. As a drama written in collaboration by a novelist and a poet, it could hardly be ex- pected to show the same power of dramatic construction as a play put together by a practical playwright. The second act goes veil, and rises to an effective climax, but the beginning and concluding acts lack the forceful movement that the tragic story de- mands. But it is not upon this point that objections have centred; it is upon the dramatists' treatment of Grania's charac- ter. The drama contains as heroine what some have termed the only evil woman in Irish legend. Be that as it may, Grania, in the play, is not an attractive character, al- beit an interesting study in psychology. The old legend itself tells the story of the wandering lovers who slept in the crom- lechs, Diarmuid, warrior of the Fianna, and Crania, daughter of Cormac, King of Tara, and their hunting, for seven years, by Finn MacCumhail, Chief of the Fianna. Cormac has bestowed upon Finn the hand of Grania but she will have none of him, for he is growing old, and she sets her heart upon Diarmuid, young, beautiful, and a great lover of women. At her wedding-feast she puts witchcraft into the ale of Finn, and flees with her lover. Then for seven years Finn pursues them, but at last a peace is declared. Then, in a great boar hunt, Diarmuid, as had long ago been foretold, receives his death-wound from the boar, and Finn, who brings in his hands water to the dying man, thinks of Grania, and lets the water slip through his fingers, and Diarmuid dies, and Finn marries Grania. As the legend stands, it would be possible, dramatically, to make the marriage of Finn and Grania an event brought about by ac- cident, or by the machinations of Finn, or by those of Grania. The authors have chosen the last instrumentality. The drama presents three main moments In the story— the love of Diarmuid and Grania and their flight, the reconciliation of the two heroes, and Diarmuid's mys- terious death; and makes out of Grania not the striking figure of the legend, but an almost modern woman, discontented with her environment, whose love for Diarmuid wanes on account of the monotony of their pastoral existence, and who craves too late the excitement of life with the gray and battle-stained warrior, Finn. And thus in the drama the dulness of the shepherd's life in the valley is emphasized, and not the thrilling escapes from Finn's early pursuit; and thus it is Grania herself who faith- lessly brings about the reconciliation that she may be near Finn. The spectators of the play were very prompt in attributing to the author of 'Evelyn Innes' the choice of a legend involving a character that pre- sented such possibilities of treatment; but whether or not this ascription was correct, there can be no doubt that a drama not containing an immoral woman would have been more acceptable to an audience proud of all that is beautiful in Irish legend. The drama will certainly read better than it acts; the absence of a strong moving cha- racter to dominate the scene, the dialogue that In reading is appropriately explana- tory, but that in acting retards the move- ment—these are things which point a dis- tinction between literary and dramatic that the play as a play does not sufficiently ob- serve. But, in spite of all this, "Diarmuid and Grania" is an interesting piece of work, with many moments of unusual poetic beau- ty. Regarding Dr. Hyde's Gaelic play, "The Twisting of the Rope," there seemed to be one verdict — charming. There Is no way of determining how many understood the lan- guage— there must have been many, to judge from the quick response to the good points in the dialogue; and fortunately for those to whom Gaelic was Greek, Lady Gregory's translation had appeared a few days before. Although a dramatic incident rather than a play, Dr. Hyde's little sketch was full of Celtic color, vivacity, and good humor. The scene is in a Munster farm- house a century ago, where a dance has been going on. Hanrahan, a wandering poet out of Connaught, has come in, and with his sweet speech has won the ear, and perhaps the heart, of Oona, betrothed of Shamus. Except to Oona, Hanrahan is no welcome guest, for, in addition to making love to another's sweetheart, he has con- temptuously broken up the dance, since no one in Munster but himself, the Connaught- man, and the peerless Oona can dance prop- erly. Shamus and Oona's mother plot to get Hanrahan out of the house, and it must not be done by force, for the poet "has a curse that would split the trees." By the lively stratagem of declaring that a stage- coach on the road has just been overturned and is in dire need of a rope, which no oue has or can make, they induce Hanrahan to begin to twist a hay rope, and as at last in the process he walks backward through the door, they bang it shut, and the poet, outside the threshold where his curses are futile, is left to howl terrific anathema while the gay dance begins again to the music of the Irish pipes, and Shamus chuckles, "Where's Connaught now?" Given by amateur actors of the Gaelic League, Dr. Hyde himself acting Hanrahan with great charm and fervor, the little play was a thorough success. Martin W. Sampson. Notes. Doubleday, Page & Co. have undertaken a "variorum and definitive edition" of the verse and prose works of Edward FitzGer- ald, in seven large volumes, with a complete bibliography and personal and literary notes by George Bentham, and a preface by Ed- mund Gosse. The Merrymount Press will manufacture it in three limited editions. The same firm announce 'Camera Shots at Big Game,' by A. G. Wallihan. 'John Chinaman,' by B. H. Parker, is promised shortly by E. P. Dutton & Co. 'Thomas Wolsey, Legate and Reformer,' by Ethelred L. Taunton, is in the press of John Lane, together with a new volume of 'Later Poems,' by Alice Meynell, and still another edition of White's Selborne, edited by the late Grant Allen, and with upwards of 200 illustrations by Edmund H. New, for the topography and natural history alike. 'Nanna: A Story of Danish Love,' by Hol- ger Drachmann, and a life of Herbert Spen- cer by President Jordan of Leland Stan- ford University, are announced by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. Numerous, as usual, at this season, are the reprints of standard works, some made more "popular" in style and price, others beautified or glorified. In the first category stands Motley's 'Dutch Republic,' in two volumes (Crowell),for, In spite of many por- trait and other illustrations, the thin paper and rather condensed typography make unattractive pages. The Dent-Lippincott three-volume edition of 'Vanity Fair,' in the series of Thackeray's prose works, is exter- nally and internally in simple good taste, the print liberal, and Mr. Charles E. Brock's il- lustrations, partly in sanguine, partly pen- and-ink in the text, are clever and orna- mental. The books are of handy size. In- termediate between the foregoing in quality of presswork are Charles Lever's 'Tony Butler' and 'Fortunes of Glencore, and A Rent in the Cloud' (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.). The full-page illustrations are from drawings by E. J. Wheeler and W. Cubitt Cooke; not remarkable in themselves, they lend something to the good appearance of the two volumes. From Doxey's, in San Francisco, we have a box of eight flexible leather-bound "Lark Classics" fitted for the pocket — the inevitable Omar, Shakspere's Sonnets, the Love Sonnets of Proteus, Mackay's Love Letters of a Violinist, Swin- burne's Laus Veneris, Kipling's Depart- mental Ditties and Barrack-Room Ballads, and (alone in prose) Richard Jefferies's 'Story of My Heart.' They recommend themselves without pretension. Mrs. Jameson's 'Shakspere's Heroines' has a proper place in Dent's "Miranda's Libra- ry" (New York: Dutton). Rubrication and illustration have not been spared in fresh- ening up this old favorite, and the result is a very pretty book save in the squareness of the back binding. The same domestic firm, in conjunction with Ernest Nister, London, reproduces once more Lamb's 'Tales from Shakspere,' with illustrations of good quality by W. Paget, some in color. The typography is open, and the general ap- pearance handsome. After ten years, Mr. Edmund Gosse has prepared for the press a new edition of his 'Gossip in a Library' (Dodd, Mead & Co.). It is not important to make new comment upon Mr. Gosse's discursive way as it is exhibited in this collection of critical, biographical, and bibliographical notes. In order to give his reprint "a certain char- acter of freshness," he has added, for America only, an account of the first edi- tion (1789) of White's 'Selborne.' From this paper the bibliophile with a quick eye for the essential fact, however enwrapped in rhetoric, may gather the information which shall save him from the purchase of a mutilated or spurious copy of that ra;e edition of a charming book. Percy Bate's 'English Pre-Raphaelite Painters,' originally issued in quarto form, now reappears in octavo (London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan); but, if less sumptuous, more valuable for ref- erence, as the text has been revised and brought up to date, and the illustrations increased. The Phonographic Institute Company of Cincinnati issue once more 'The Phono- graphic Dictionary and Phrase-Book' of Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard. Un- like Munson's Dictionary, which substi- tutes literal signs for the shorthand char- acters of his system, this work displays the characters themselves; ingeniously gaining

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Nov. 21, 1901] The ISTation. 397 space for them by grouping words in trip- lets. The value of these works for soli- tary study and practice is too obvious to need insisting on. The extent to which philanthropy has be- come an occupation, not to say a business, is proved by the appearance of a second edi- tion of Prof. C. R. Henderson's 'The Social Spirit in America' (Chicago: Scott, Fores- man & Co.). Two more volumes are added to Professor Bailey's "Rural Science Series," published by Macmillan. One of them, 'The Feeding of Animals,' by Whitman Howard Jordan, consists so largely of technical matter as to make it useless to the ordinary farmer. The other, 'Farm Poultry,' by George C. Watson, is more popular in character, al- though not superior to many other treatises on the subject. The later volumes of this series do not compare favorably with some of the earlier ones, and for practical pur- poses its value decreases as its numbers en- large. Farmers need to have their sourcos of information few and easily reached. The sixth volume of Harper's "Portrait Collection of Short Stories" is entitled 'Over the Plum-Pudding,' and contains a number of tales by Mr. J. K. Bangs, gather- ed from the various periodicals in which they first appeared, and characterized by his well-known vein of humor. The popular curiosity about men of let- ters and their belongings has of late been fed less by books than by innumerable items and articles in magazines and news- papers. Twenty-two sketches of this sort, "personal descriptions and Interviews," duly supervised and brought down to date, with an introduction by the editor, Francis Whiting Ha.sey. make up 'American Au- thors and their Homes' (James Pott & Co.). Except John Fiske, to whom a brief tribute is paid, all the subjects are still with us. The collection is not exhaustive; thus, Mr. Winston Churchill is not includ- ed, nor Mr. R. H. Davis, nor Mr. Clemens, nor any ladies. The youngest man here presented is Mr. Paul L. Ford; the latest to become celebrated is Mr. Seton, hitherto known as Seton-Thompson. The oldest in years and fame is he who wrote 'Reveries of a Bachelor,' more than fifty years ago; next to Mr. Mitchell come Co'l. Higgin- son and Mr. Stoddard. Between these patriarchs and the recent recruits are Mr. Stedman, Mr. Stockton, Mr. Aldrich, Mr. Howells, Mr. Burroughs, and a dozen oth- ers. To each notice is prefixed, as a sub- stratum of solid information, the year and place of birth, with a partial list of pub- lications. The sketches are necessarily genial; they afford a few amusing points, as that 'The Hon. Peter Stirling' "lay on the shelves practically unsold for four months," and was read in California, Michigan, and Wisconsin before it took hold nearer home; also, that Burmese anxiety as to 'The Lady or the Tiger' cannot be assuaged, since Mr. Stockton has "no earthly idea" which door was opened. The eighteen illustra- tions mostly show rooms or houses in con- trast with the humbleness of Poe's cottage at Fordham. 'The Reminiscences of a Mississippian in Peace and War,' by Lieut. -Col. Frank A. Montgomery (Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co.), consist of personal recollec- tions of the men and services of the First Mississippi Cavalry, which the author led through most of the civil war. The op- erations of the regiment were largely in the department of the Mississippi until the Atlanta campaign, when it formed a por- tion of the flank protection of Johnston's Confederate forces. The writer stayed in the war until the end, being taken pris- oner in April, 1865, by Gen. Wilson's com- mand at Selma. His devout loyalty to the ieracy makes him extremely chary of unfavorable comments upon any of his su- periors, however clear it may be that he laments their conduct, while, after the old-school Southern manner, his regimen- tal associates are uniform'.y if somewhat monotonously praised for gallantry and patriotism. Slavery is regretfully recalled as the idyllic period of a race of leaders of men of stainless integrity, when for wrongs, real or fancied, satisfaction was sought, "not by the deadly pistol, conceal- ed in the hip-pocket, but by a meeting upon the field of honor, w-ith mutual friends to sec fair play." Noteworthy, in the course of the history, is the number of instances of military acquaintances killed in "per- sonal difficulties," as if war's maw were not exacting enough. But the author has no bitterness, but only respect for his old adversaries, and, if he thinks the negro impossible as a citizen, the conviction is not accompanied with any expression of desire to reverse the fate which befell the ancient social order of his beloved South. Mr. J. H. Slater's English 'Book-Prices Current' (London: Elliot Stock) reaches its fifteenth volume, with contents expanded by minute description of an unusual number of books never seen in auction-rooms since this record was started. The amount real- ized on sales during the season of 1900- 1901 was £130,275, of which sum not less than £4,745 was obtained for three books — a First Folio Shakspere, Caxton's 'Ryall Book,' and 'Pilgrim's Progress.' The editor notes the fluctuations of appreciation and q'jest: "The original editions of Mr. Kip- ling's various stories are now neglected; the Dickens - Thackeray-Cruikshank collectors still sleep; the Badminton books have fallen away; and the works from the Kelmscott Press are apparently resting, all except the Chaucer, which has now advanced to eighty- three pounds." The admirable index shows by year the edition of each reference. We remark that the first edition of Dante with Landino's commentary (1481) fetched but £1 more than Edward FitzGerald's 'Salaman and Absal' (1856)— £32 and £31. 'Longmans' New School Atlas' is edited anew by George C. Chisholm of the Royal Geographical Society and C. H. Leete of the American. It is a tall octavo, comprising forty maps indexed in the margin. One pe- culiarity of this work is that the index of place names is fuller than the maps, loca- tion being achieved by latitude and longi- tude, and also, where practicable, by crosses upon the map. Again, the maps have been drawn on one scale or fraction of a scale. A uniform system of coloring for elevation has been adhered to. Seveu sheets are devoted to the United States, whose territorial development, geology, rainfall, commerce, density of population, etc., are represented. Great compactness has been obtained in F. W. Putzger's 'Historischer Schul-Atlas zur Alten, Mittleren und Neuen Geschichte' (Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing; New York: Lemcke & Buechner), by means of folding sheets of which the wings (so to speak) are utilized as regular pages. The New World is neglected, except for the charts of dis- covery, and the three (on one page) exhibit- ing our Atlantic Coast down to 1763, the United States at the outbreak of secession, and since 1776. The present edition of this excellent work is the twenty-fifth, and re- vision has been extensive; nearly one hun- dred maps have been added. The book-plate fraternity will not over- look Walter von Zur Westen's 'ExlibrH (Bucheignerzeichen),' published by Velhagen & Klasing (New York: Lemcke & Buechner), one of the "Sammlung Illustrierter Mono- graphien" of the Leipzig firm. It is pro- fusely illustrated for all ages and coun- tries, the author's own plate (at p. 49) be- ing among the best — a satyr on a pile of law- books watering the roses that spring from their dusty leaves. North America is rel- egated to the very end, and gets a scant page. There is an index of designers and engravers. Many of the plates are full- page, some colored. The public libraries of Chicago and Evans- ton, with two rather important exceptions, united in the compilation of a List of Se- rials, complete and current, which has just been published by the Chicago Library Club. It is brought down to the close of 1900, and embraces nearly 7,000 serials. "The unu- sually distinctive character of the larger li- braries of the city," we read in the preface, "is shown by the comparatively small amount of duplication." Sixty-five per cent, of the total are to be found in only one library. The edition of this List is limited, but a few copies are obtainable, at $1.00 each, by ad- dressing Mr. C. R. Perry, Chicago Public Li- brary. It is gratifying to be able to add that this labor of love will be continued in an annual cumulative supplement by the John Crerar Library. The Library of Congress has just assumed a function that rightfully belongs to it, namely, of effecting a great economy for all other libraries by furnishing "a copy or cop- ies of any of the catalogue cards (a) which it is currently printing; (b) which it has heretofore printed, so far as copies of these can be supplied from stock." The Library has now within its walls a branch plant from the Government Printing-Office, and it is capable of meeting the demand for author cards without entailing any extra expense upon the cost of administration. The charge will be not more than two cents a card to subscribing libraries, in place of the average cost of from 25 to 35 cents per book. The library is now printing cards at the rate of 200 titles a day. In the case of copyright- ed books, its early receipt of them enables it to list them in its Weekly Catalogue in time for checking and ordering the desired cards. In certain groups subject headings will be suggested upon the cards. Details of ordering, subscription, etc., are set forth in a circular dated October 28, 1901. It is good news that the next edition of the 'Publishers' Trade-List Annual' will contain an index to the several catalogues which compose it. This index, based on the Annual of 1901, is already in a forward state of preparation, and will be completed by the new books of 1902 as soon as the later cata- logues are available. The third Bulletin of the Free Library of Philadelphia consists of Indexes to the First Lines and to the Subjects or the Poems of Robert Herrick, prepared by Mr. Richard E.

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398 The Kation. [Vol. j$, No. 1899 Wilson; and a glossary supplied by Mr. John Ashhurst — the whole under Mr. John Thom- son's direction. This labor professes to have been undertaken primarily in the in- terest of librarians plagued with inquiries for poems remembered only by a (first) line; but it will serve other ends. Lines begin- ning with "God" fill two pages; those with "I" nearly as many, but we may not infer conceit from this, remembering the essential subjectivity of poetry. "Love" is rather seldom found at the fore, but "If," "What," and "When" are favorite openings. The Mayflower Descendant (Boston) begins its projected Maxjflower genealogies with "Stephen Hopkins and his Descendants" in the October number. The second, "George Soule and his Descendants," will, it is hoped, appear in the January number. The proposed new German tariff is given in the Consular Reports for November, the tables showing also the present rates. From a comparison of these it appears that the duties on food products are about doubled, and this notwithstanding the fact that the number of persons in Germany engaged in agriculture has decreased in twenty years from 43 per cent, to 33 per cent., though the population has increased in the same time more than ten millions. Low average harvests are reported from the larger part of Europe, but in Portugal there has been such an exceptionally large vintage that a provisional suppression of the tax on in- ternal consumption has been asked for in order to decrease the stock on hand and make room for the new wine. Among other subjects treated are the electrical high-speed and waste-heat auxiliary en- gine experiments at Berlin; and Chambers of Commerce in foreign countries. The United States have these now only in Paris and Brussels, and their establishment is recommended in all the great cities as be- ing of "immense advantage in furthering the expansion of American commerce." Seoul, once one of the filthiest cities in Asia, has so far made progress in the virtue which is next to godliness, under the di- rection of Koreans who have lived in Washington, that now the construction of a system of water works for the Korean capi- tal is assured. The 659 hydrants, reservoir holding about 10,000,000 gallons, street mains, and crib in the River Han are to benefit especially the common people. The Emperor's fiftieth birthday, on August 7, was celebrated with national rejoicings, banquets, and music by the palace band, playing European instruments and music. A handsome Japanese post-office building was opened in Seoul on September 1. An important paper on the geographical and political aspects of the Seoul-Fusan Rail- way, which passes through the richest part of Korea— 287 miles long, with forty sta- tions—on which work has begun at both ends, and valuable chapters on Korean proverbs and mediaeval history, with news notes, make attractive the September num- ber of the Nana Review. The Librarian of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., will be grateful to any reader of the Nation who can aid him in finding a copy of the following book: J. Carpentier, 'Histoire Gen£alogique de la tres-ancienne et tres-nobile famille de Her- lin,' Leyden, 1669, folio. —Dr. Richard Garnett's 'Essays of an Ex-Librarian' (Dodd, Mead & Co.) furnish some admirable examples of serious con- temporary criticism. The essays on "The Poetry of Coleridge," "Beckford's Vathek," "Thomas Moore," "Thomas Love Peacock," and "Matthew Arnold" have served as in- troductions to reprints of the work of these authors. The fine texture and full color of the criticism in them are already known to many readers. Seven other papers — six reprinted from various periodicals, and one from the Warner Library — combine to give the collection readableness and distinc- tion. The essay "On Translating Homer" affords some fine specimens of Homeric translation in a rather untrammelled, sonorous, and swift pentameter couplet. Metrically speaking, there are excellent grounds for Dr. Garnett's plea for the adop- tion of this form. It is, however, more likely to be successful in the translation of episodic selections from Homer than in a complete version. The clear metallic ring and endlessly echoing rhyme of Pope's couplets have so dinned our ears that it is exceedingly difficult to keep the sing- song out of any long poetical composition in this form. Dr. Garnett has not always kept it out. There is even better poetry in his renderings of some remarkable Italian sonnets, in the sketch of "The Love Story of Luigl Tansillo." The range of scholar- ship which an "ex-Librarian" may possess is exhibited in a close historical criticism of "The Story of Gycia," sometime queen of the Chersonites; in a searching discus- sion of "The Date and Occasion of 'The Tempest'"; and in an unusually (in this decade) sensible and sympathetic study of Emerson. Not the least interesting essays in the volume are "Shelley and Lord Bea- consfield" and "Shelley's Views on Art." The well-known catholicity of Dr. Garnett's literary taste is displayed in the above titles. The soundness of his judgments may be felt by any one who will read his work in connection with that of almost any of the so-called "suggestive" critics. The 'Essays of an Ex-Librarian' are bookish es- says of the best class, by a writer who is more than a bookman. —One of the penalties of sudden literary fame, especially when it falls to a clergy- man, is that he is asked to undertake work for which he has no special fitness. It was so with Dr. John Watson (Ian Maclar- tn), when he was asked to write the Life of Jesus, which is now republished by McClure, Phillips & Co. It is a far cry from Dr. Watson's 'Life of the Master' to the critical study of the Gospels in the 'Encyclopaedia Biblica,' and it was hardly to be expected that Dr. Watson would adopt the results formulated in that study. Had he done so, it would have shortened his story by two-thirds of the three hundred pages that it covers. But he has simply parted company with the critics altogether, and his chapters are little more than a series of edifying homilies upon the life and character of Jesus. They smell of the lamp as they do not of Palestine. If easy writing makes hard reading, these labored paraphrases of the New Testament story should be easy reading. Yet they are not particularly so. An occasional critical judgment is convincing that Dr. Watson would not have been more helpful if he had In en more critical. The colored illustra- tions are based on drawings made in Pales- tine. One fears that the exigencies of the process have accentuated certain colors at the expense of truth. Mr. Clifford How- ard's 'Story of a Young Man' (L. C. Page & Co.) sins much more grossly than Dr. Wat- son's in the direction of rhetorical excess. The writer's dissatisfaction with the New Testament simplicity is shown by his at- tempt throughout to make a paraphrase of it in pretty words. He professes to have written a sketch of the human Jesus, but this does not imply any diminution of the miraculous element except as the story ends with the death of Jesus and does not in- clude his resurrection. —'The Fallen Stuarts,' by Mr. F. W. Head (Macmillan), is a dissertation which gained the Prince Consort prize at Cam- bridge, and has recently been published with some modifications of its original form. From the dethronement of James II. until after the Forty-five, the exiled Stuarts had a wide range of experience at the different courts of Europe, and were frequently a factor to be reckoned with by sovereigns and Prime Ministers. Taken alone, the title of this volume might mean almost anything, but Mr. Head's main sub- ject is the part which was occupied by the later Stuarts in the wars and diplomacy of their period. The study is not in the least biographical or local. It is widely com- parative, and the analysis of individual character plays a small part beside the de- velopment of international intrigue. Mr. Head takes care to explain that certain portions of his work represent original re- search, while others do not. "The plan adopted was to obtain, so far as may be, first-hand information for the occasions in which the Stuart House came prominently forward in the diplomacy and wars of the time. For the rest, I have tried to show how far the great courts of Europe were busy in different parts of the Continent, in order to explain why they made use of the fallen dynasty at the particular times that they did. But this has required the use of well-known authorities rather than original work." The most important source of in- formation which has been employed is the correspondence of Cardinal Gualterio, the papal nuncio in Paris under Clement XI. This now belongs to the British Museum, and is undoubtedly an authority of high value. The numerous passages cited from it in the appendix (amounting altogether to thirty-five pages) show how varied are its contents, and how thoroughly it dis- closes the course of Stuart diplomacy in the days of James III. Mr. Head takes the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle as marking the close of Stuart influence upon the affairs of Europe. "Neither as Catholic, nor as Pre- tender, nor as tool against the naval ty- ranny of England, was there any hope for James or Charles Stuart after 1748." The chief interest of this essay lies, perhaps, in its illustration of the prominence which religious politics might assume as late as the eighteenth century. Viewed thus, the financial aspects of the Jacobite movement are worth examining. Mr. Head's investi- gations are of a kind to invite detailed comment. However, we can only say of his book that, besides embodying the re- sults of faithful research, it is well ar- ranged and well written. —The contribution of the Latin Depart- ment to the Yale Bicentennial Publications ('On Principles and Methods in Latin Syn- tax,' by E. P. Morris; New York: Scribners) is a severe indictment of current methods

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Nov. 21, 1901] The Nation. 399 in the investigation of the principles of Latin syntax. Professor Morris contends, and with reason, that the "results" obtain- ed by present methods are largely based upon assumptions either demonstrably false or, at any rate, incapable of proof. A presupposition of regularity and system has held sway over the minds of most students in a field where the regular is really the exceptional, and absence of system a fun- damental characteristic. Livy, for instance, may express four successive acts, no one of more Importance than another, by a cum clause, a perfect participle of a de- ponent verb, an ablative absolute, and an indicative; or, again, three entirely sim- ilar qualities may be described by an ad- jective, a genitive, and a relative clause. For convincing illustration of the predom- inance of the irregular in language, Pro- fessor Morris cites the masses of unclassl- fiable facts brought together in such works as Brugmann's 'Grundriss' and Lindsay's 'Latin Language.' The attempt to trace words and constructions back to their ori- gins, as exemplified, for instance, in Ben- nett's Latin Grammar, has assumed an un- due importance, the author thinks. "The origin of an, if it could be determined with considerable probability, would contribute but little towards the correct theory of the use of an in single and double questions." Amid the host of contemporaneous elements entering into linguistic structure at any given period, origins may count for very little. One goes astray in assuming for a group of apparently related phenomena a single definite germ. We must not expect to trace to a single original conception the various relations expressed in extant Latin by a case-ending or a mood form: the prog- ress of language has been from the vague to the definite, not the reverse. Contrary to the usual assumption, inflectional ter- minations do not give definiteness to an inflected form; the ending is altogether vague, and the combination gets its measure of definiteness from the stem. With the same adjective termination, for instance, Romanus and humanus vary greatly in defi- niteness because of the difference in the stems. We have given enough illustrations, perhaps, to indicate the tendency of the book. The formulation of a system of syn- tactical principles is still impossible, we are told, because the principles are still so largely undiscovered. The book contains much In the way of positive suggestion towards the most promising methods for their discovery, and we predict for It a deep influence upon the work of American Latinists, however serious may be the dis- sent which many of its propositions are likely at first to call forth. — Those who recollect the consternation with which well-born New Englanders heard that the President of their oldest historical society believed that John Win- throp and the other leaders in the founding of Massachusetts were no better, whether judged by moral or by intellectual stan- dards, than Philip II. of Spain, can guess the feeling with which conservative Mexi- can scholars have received the publication, with the semi-official imprint of a Govern- ment press, of a work which shows that the conquerors of the Spanish-American em- pire were brutal and unprincipled rascals, a disgrace to civilization and a shame to their race. The author, Sr. D. Genaro Gar- cia, bears the name of one of the best families in Mexico, with a longer and not less worthy record than that of Adams in Massachusetts; and his volume, entitled 'Caracter de la Conquista Espaiiola' (Mexi- co: Oficina Tipograflca de la Secretaria de Fomento), is a most careful and scholarly attempt to throw light upon the real mo- tives and character of the Conquistadores. In form it is a patchwork of extracts from the contemporary narratives embodying the evidence from which the author derives his opinions. Fortunately, Sr. Garcia pos- sesses literary as well as historical in- stincts, and his work, although inevitably hard reading for those who are unaccus- tomed to the vagaries of sixteenth-century scribes and printers, is, despite its anti- quated spellings and old-time phraseology, a surprisingly successful weaving together of the different accounts into a readable and coherent narrative of the events of the conquest of Spanish America, and especially of Mexico, as described by the men who knew the details at first hand. Sr. Garcia has very decided opinions, but he leaves the expression of them to those whom they most affect. Out of their own mouths he convicts the soldiers, priests, and adminis- trators who gave to Spain her power in America, of revolting and reckless disre- gard of everything that ought to character- ize civilized men in their dealings with what we call the inferior races. Naturally, such an attack upon the fair fame of the heroes of Spanish America could not pass unchallenged. Several eminent Mexican writers rallied promptly to the defence of the accepted version of their history, and replies and counter-attacks have fol- lowed. Out of it all comes one very promising result. Sr. Garcia has joined with another of the younger school of Mexican historians, Sr. D. Luis Gonzalez Obregon, in establishing a Boletin Historico Mexicano, in which they promise to print, in addition to their contributions to the discussion, the original narratives and documentary sources, accurately and with- out abridgment. They will begin with a new edition of Bernal Diaz's 'Verdadera Historia,' of which they have secured a fresh transcript from the author's manu- script, still preserved in Guatemala. AULARD'S POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. Histoire Politique de la RSvolution Fran- gaise. Origines et Developpement de la Democratie et de la Republique (1789- 1804). Par A. Aulard. Paris: Armand Colin. 1901. Every one who attempts to write an im- portant work upon a period or a movement of modern times is sore beset by the bulk of his materials. He has one hard prob- lem in choosing what he shall read, but it is less critical than the other problem of choosing what he shall present after his twenty years of research are ended. Mr. Charles Francis Adams has expressed his views regarding the limitations which are placed upon the modern historian, and the way in which the best results can be se- cured. The scholar who is preparing for his great book should explore the inner re- cesses of his subject, publishing from time to time critical essays or monographs on special topics. Then, after he has finished his preparation, let him offer to the public in concise form, and without parade of In- termediate processes, the fruit of all his diligence. His mature opinion, his sum- ming-up, after he has mastered a certain portion of history, will be his profitable ad- dition to existing literature. We mention this standard because M. Aulard can fairly claim to be tried by It. No movement in ancient or modern times has been the theme of so many books as the French Revolution. Even if we accept the dates taken in the present volume, 1789- 1804, and leave aside the military annals of the Empire, it embraces such an enormous amount of writing that first-hand investiga- tion at every point becomes a task beyond human attainment. M. Aulard has there- fore confined himself to the political prog- ress of France from the meeting of the States-General to the end of the Consulate. 'L'histoire economique et sociale de la Re- volution est dispersee en tant de sources qu'il est actueliement impossible, dans le cours d'une vie d'homme, de les aborder toutes ou meme d'en aborder les principales." But while the social and economic aspects of the Revolution are thus baffling to the his- torian who uses only original authorities, the course of politics can be followed out by one man, if, like M. Aulard, he be a giant of industry. "J'ai commence, en 1879, par fitudier le3 discours des orateurs, et, depuis quinze ans, dans mon cours a la Sorbonne, j'ai etudie les institutions, les partis, la vie des grands individus. J'ai done eu le temps materiel d'explorer les sources de mon sujet. Si la forme de ce livre sent l'improvisation, mes recherches ^ont ete lentes, et je les crols completes dans l'ensemble. Je ne pense pas avoir omis une source importante, nl avoir emis une seule assertion qui ne soit directement tiree des sources." The last statement is a bold blast, but It is not boastfully intended, nor will it seem incredible to those who have for years watched the editorial labors of M. Aulard and his frequent articles. He makes no se- cret of thinking his "documentation" per- fect, and probably no man of our age is so well equipped by knowledge to sketch the political history of the French Revolution. His chapters in the 'Histoire Generate' have already extended his reputation beyond France, and paved a way for the volume in which he gives, without a show of pedantry or effort, the results of his long reading. Like Mignet, Louis Blanc, Thiers, Lamar- tine, Carlyle, Taine, Sybel, and all the others, M. Aulard has his point of view and his method. Or, rather, his method is that which every critical historian of our day seeks to observe. He makes an honest and impartial study of the texts the ground- work of his opinions, and keeps his per- sonal preferences out of sight, so that he can concludes his preface with such words as these: "Quant a l'etat d'esprit ou je me suis trouve' en gcrivant ce livre, je dirai seulement que j'ai voulu, dans la mesure de mes forces, faire ceuvre d'historien, et non pas plaider une these. J'ai l'ambition que mon travail puisse etre considGre comme un exemple d'application de la methode his- torique a l'Stude d'une Spoque defigurge par la passion et par la legende." To have worked since 1879 on the French Revolution without meeting views which one would take pleasure in confuting would be an un- heard-of experience, and M. Aulard holds strong opinions. Yet we have seldom found him departing from a tone of strict impar- tiality towards individuals. By way of ex-

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400 Tlie ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 ceptlon, he alludes sharply, on page 46, to Saint-Rene1 Taillandier's 'Les RenSgats de 1789,' and on page 115 he says that the criticism of the Constitution which Louis XVI. drew up after his return f rom Varennes was much more subtle than Taine's. M. Aulard sympathizes with the ideals of the Revolution, and is attached to the aims which are foreshadowed in the Declaration of Rights. The Revolution, properly defin- ed, is the endeavor to secure equality of rights and national sovereignty. On the 4th of August, 1789, after the seance royale and the storming of the Bastille had laid bare the weakness of the crown, the whole feudal fabric was destroyed by the abolition of privileges. During the construction of the new state, the two principles of equal rights and national sovereignty were more often invoked than any others. Voltaire used the words democracy and republic as though they were synonymous. M. Aulard distin- guishes sharply between them. He asso- ciates "democracy" with the idea of equal rights, and "republic" with the idea of na- tional sovereignty. Neither of the two con- ceptions was realized at once — that is, in the autumn of 1789 — for the constituent As- sembly required a property qualification from voters, and stopped short when it had changed an absolute into a limited monar- chy. The political history of the Revolution is, according to M. Aulard, the story of the vicissitudes through which the principles of equal rights and the principle of national sovereignty passed between the meeting of the States-General and the establishment of the Empire. His division of these fifteen years is conformed to four separate stages in the development of the democracy and the republic. The first covers the period of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, when the democratic and republican party was being formed. The second coincides with the sessions of the National Conven- tion, when the Monarchy was overthrown by the Republic and the true spirit of the Revo- lution triumphed over the obstacles erected by the Constitution of 1791. The third is the age of the Directory and of the bour- geois Republic. The fourth is the period of the Consulate, which M. Aulard terms "le r^publique plSbiscitaire." There are no di- gressions into the social, economic, or mili- tary history of the Revolution, and one seeks in vain for any love of picturesque events. The storming of the Bastille is sim- ply an affair which had profound political consequences, the march to Versailles is dismissed with two lines, and the coup d'etat of Brumaire is described with the same baldness which the London Times ob- serves in reporting a common burglary or murder. By far the greater part of M. Aulard's work Is occupied with an account of the changes through which the Revolution ran prior to the beginning of the Directory. In- deed, the interest centres in the years 1792- 95, or between the suspension of the King on the 10th of August and the repeal of universal suffrage. The Constituent Assem- bly and the National Convention stand for such different conceptions of the political sutnmum bonitm that we are led to ask how M. Aulard regards each, in itself and in its relation to the progress of the Revolution. He applauds the Convention rather than the Constituent. The men of 1789 failed to grasp the meaning of the forces which they arous- ed, or, worse still, they played false with their avowed principles. While they pro- fessed the most democratic sentiments, they distrusted the common man, and, by draw- ing their false distinction between active and passive citizens, they gave the lie to the Declaration of Rights. They acted be- hind a veil, and it was the boast of radical orators that they would tear away this em- blem of bourgeois selfishness. The rapid spread of democratic doctrines among the masses through the clubs and by the news- papers brought the middle class face to face with a fact which its representatives in the Constituent unduly neglected. The folly and bad faith of Louis XVI. prevented the crea- tion of a strong national monarchy. The bourgeoisie hastened to snatch political privilege for itself. The masses were at the same moment stirred by the fierce onset of events and by the proclamation of equality. Accordingly, the legislation of the Constit- uent was but a stop-gap, and for M. Aulard's purpose the main fact of this opening era was the rise of a democratic party which re- fused to be satisfied with limited citizenship and unequal rights. Nevertheless, the cry for a republic was not raised until a surprisingly late date. M. Aulard distinguishes between republican sentiment of a loose kind and an active propaganda. He claims to have investigated the matter minutely, and he can find no trace of a republican sect or group when the Revolution began. There were those who felt stirred by republican aspirations, but they believed that the dimensions of France excluded her from comparison with the city states of Greece and mediaeval Italy. The Monarchy, too, had always been asso- ciated with the rise of the nation, and the embryo republicans were all nationalists. Camille Desmoulins was an avowed repub- lican of the theoretical stamp before Robes- pierre or any other prominent leader de- clared against the monarchical regime. How- ever, he stood alone, and not till the autumn of 1790 did a republican party come into existence. It was small at first, and some- what obscure until the flight to Varennes brought it recruits. Even after the war with Austria broke out in 1792, the destruc- tion of the throne was not a certainty. Measured by M. Aulard's conception, the 10th of August was the culminating day of the Revolution, for universal suffrage was then decreed, and, on the suspension of Louis XVI., monarchy was virtually abol- ished in favor of the Republic. The lines of equal rights and national sovereignty con- veige to the summer of 1792, and then the Republic enters at birth upon its struggle with Europe and the royalist districts of France. Although the Girondists disavow- ed all share in the scheme for establishing federalism, they were thought to accept it privately, and after their arrest nearly twc- thirds of the departments rose against Faris, the Convention, and a system of cen- tralization which reduced them for a time to nothingness. M. Aulard defends the Terrorists against the charge of having de- serted the Declaration of Rights when they violated the liberty of the press, private freedom, and the principle of popular elec- tion. He recalls the critical circumstances of 1793, and praises the Convention more for having proclaimed liberty of conscience, and separated Church from State, than he blames it for having resorted to emergency measures. A passage from his criticism of the Terror will go far towards showing the trend of the whole book: "Les chefs de ce gouvernement violfirent souvent le principe de la liberty indivi- duelle; lis firent couler le sang; ils persGcu- terent des Francais; ilsetouft'erent la liberty de la presse; ils gtablirent une dictature tyrannique; ils en vinrent, ces democrates, a supprimer presque toutes les elections populaires. Mais ils ne se resignerent a ces violences que forces par les evenements, que pour amener le triomphe ult§rieur de ces principes de 1789 dont l'Europe mo- narchique poursuivait la ruine. . . . Cette victoire une fois remportee, ils avaient tous l'intention, qu'ils annongaient sans cesse, de faire le contraire de ce qu'ils firent en l'an II., c'estadired'organiser la democratie republicaine dans la liberty, l'6galit6 et la fraternite. Les plus violents d'entre eux s'accorderent a presenter & l'opinion co regime terroriste comme un expedient pro- visoire." Into M. Aulard's history of the Directory and Consulate we are unable to enter, but we can, at least, present one or two of the gen- eral statements regarding the Revolution which he places at the end of his last chap- ter. The Revolution, he thinks, was not caused by any individual hero, by Mirabeau, Danton, or Robespierre. It was largely anonymous, or one can better say that the French nation was the hero. The personnel of the period — Mirabeau perhaps excepted — was not higher than that of political life in France to-day, and the decline of talent after the Terror was an accident which as- sisted Bonaparte. The secret of his suc- cess was the Imperfect education of the French. They were not far enough ad- vanced to exercise their sovereignty. The leaders of the Convention saw this, and in- struction of the people was their pro- gramme. Napoleon, on the contrary, fear- ed the spirit of enlightenment, and as des- pot did all in his power to retard it. Yet, despite the imperial reaction which abolish- ed liberty for the time, and equality in part, the social effects of the Revolution remained and were diffused through Europe. "Et c'est ce qui explique qu'apres sa chute, quand ses rSsultats furent contested par les royalistes revenus d'emigration, ce Napo- leon Bonaparte qui avait disorganise l'ceuvre politique de la Revolution autant qu'il l'avait pu, parut etre et put se dire l'homme de la Revolution." M. Aulard's 'Histoire Politique' equals a volume of the 'Histoire Generale' in size and length. We have accordingly touched the fringe of it, and no more. It, in turn, touches only the most important subjects among thousands which the study of the French Revolution suggests and involves. M. Aulard, having devoted years of un- stinted labor to the political history of the movement, selects its two largest aspects, and keeps them before him from first to last. The book is finely proportioned, and in learning it is the work of a master. Its attitude towards the political problems of the Revolution will not appeal to every one. For ourselves, we must avow a higher ad- miration of the Constituent than M. Aulard professes. But he cannot be taxed with the vice of special pleading, and he rightly depicts the Revolution in the light of accom- plishment rather than of failure. BROWNELL'S FRENCH ART. French Art: Classic and Contemporary Painting and Sculpture. By W. C. Brow- nell. New and enlarged edition, with

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Nov. 21, 1901] The ISTation. 401 forty-eight illustrations. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. 1901. We reviewed this book at some length upon its first appearance, and while com- bating some of its doctrines, and pointing out what we conceived to be its errors of judgment, endeavored to do justice to its quality as a dignified and subtle piece of criticism and a- valuable addition to the literature of art. Apart from its enlarged and handsomer form and the presence of illustrations, the interest for us of the present edition is in what the author, after nine years, has chosen to add and not to add; and the light these things throw upon his point of view. What he has added is a supplementary chapter entirely devoted to Rodin, who had already been treated with an enthusiasm in somewhat marked contrast with the cool and analytical manner of the rest of the book. The result is a curious disproportion in what purports to be a general work, and this disproportion is clearly marked in the list of illustrations. Twenty-seven plates suffice to illustrate the whole of French painting, while thirteen are made to cover the whole of French sculpture from Claux Sluters to Rodin, no artist having more than one work reproduced. With the advent of "the new movement in sculpture" all is changed. There is one plate after Aube, there are two after Dalou, and no less than five illustrate the work of Rodin himself. To put it arithmetically, the importance of the "new movement" to the importance of the whole of French sculpture outside It is as 8 to 13, while the importance of Rodin is to the importance of all other French sculptors together as is 5 to 16. The number of pages of text devoted to the "new movement" and to the older sculp- ture gives a still more startling ratio. By this test the importance of the "new move- ment" is to the importance of all earlier works as is 52 to 49, and the importance of the work of Rodin to the importance of all other French sculpture together is as 44 to 57! At this rate one begins to feel that the book might be properly entitled 'French Art— Especially Rodin.' On the other hand, Mr. Brownell has no- thing whatever to add to his account of French painting, saying: "Except in sculpture, and in the sculpture of Rodin and that more or less directly influenced by him, there has been no new phase of French art developed within the decade — at least none important enough to impose other additions to the text of a work so general in character." The last chapter ot the section of this book which deals with painting is devoted to "Realistic Painting," and one of the last artists dealt with is Claude Monet. Now it is perhaps true thai no new and important phase of French painting has been developed since Monet, or no new phase of which the importance can, as yet, be measured; but it seems to us that French painting, o£ recent years, has shown a decided reaction against Monet, and a reaction the direction of which can be partially ascertained; and that the direction of that reaction does not bear out the prophecies for the future with which Mr. Brownell closed his account of French painting nine years ago. We gave, in our review of the first edi- tion of 'French Art,' our reasons for think- ing that Mr. Brownell had not entirely comprehended the true nature of the revo- lution wrought in the methods of painting by Claude Monet, and that he overrated the novelty of some aspects of Monet's prac- tice. We are still of that opinion, but— a more important matter — we think that these last years have clearly proved that he overrated, also, the intrinsic importance and the permanence of the impressionistic revolution. Monet is, as Mr. Brownell clearly recognizes, the latest in a series of naturalists— a series that begins, if you like, with Courbet, and includes Manet and Bastien; and Monet's contribution to art is really a contribution to science — to the science of visible aspects. This, we say, Mr. Brownell clearly recognizes, and he therefore sees that "whatever the paint- ing of the future is to be, it is certain not to be the painting of Monet," because art cannot permanently rest in the scientific alone, but must "again become creative, constructive, personally expressive." Yet he thinks that Monet's method must to some extent be followed. "No one hereafter," he says, "who at- tempts the representation of Nature — and. so far ahead as we can see with any con- fidence, the representation of Nature . . . will increasingly intrench itself as the painter's true aim — no one who se- riously attempts to realize this aim of now universal appeal will be able to dis- pense with Monet's aid. He must per- force follow the lines laid down for him by this astonishing naturalist. Any other course must result in solecism; and if anything future is certain, it is certain that the future will be not only inhospita- ble to, but absolutely intolerant of, sole- cism." He even hints that "the future is preg- nant with some genius that will out-Monet Monet, and that painting will have to sub- mit hereafter to a still more rigorous standard than it does at present" — suggest- ing "the claims of binocular vision." What light has the experience of ten years past thrown upon the truth of these prophe- cies? It is notorious that the visible in- fluence of Monet has almost entirely dis- appeared from the walls of French exhi- bitions, and even from cur own; that to- day Whistler is infinitely more influentia1 than Monet; that blackness rather than light is the fancy of the hour, and that "tone" is elevated to the position of the one thing needful. Whistler's principles and practice have ever been purely aes- thetic, ever anti-scientific; and Whistler is the hero of the day. We do not believe that the Whistlerian gospel, any more than the gospel according to Monet, will prove permanent — both are phases of the rest- lessness and the experimental temper of modern art; but the suddenness and the completeness of the reversal are certainly significant. What we believe them to sig- nify is, that the long reign of naturalism is at last at an end; that photography and Bastien-Lepage have at last taught us that the representation of Nature is not the painter's true aim; that "solecism" will not be the bugbear of the painter of the future. When the dust of the bat- tle of the "movements" has cleared away, we believe it will be found that the great painters of the latter part of the nine- teenth century are not the Manets and the Monets and other semi-scientific experi- menters, but Corot and Millet, Rossetti and Watts and Bbcklin, and our own La- Farge— men who have been content, out- side of all schools and movements, to cre- ate something beautiful, or to express something significant, using just so much science and so much Nature as they found fitted to their ends, and no more. Mr. Brownell takes great pains to ex- plain style and to be just to the classic spirit, but we think it is evident that he takes so much pains precisely because he Is naturally unsympathetic to stylistic and classical art. He is distinctly cool toward Ingres, and admits Baudry to serious rank only on account of the opinions of others. He tries to be fair to Paul Dubois, but it goes against the grain. As painting and sculpture become, first more romantic, and then more naturalistic, he becomes more at ease with them and more enthusi- astic, and when he reaches Monet, he thinks a basis for all future painting has been established. Rodin is an absolute realist in theory, and in practice a prodigious modeller of the morceau; a master of anatomy, with occasional starts of Roman- ticism a outrance, which lead to formless attempts at pure expression, like his "Bal- zac." Therefore, to Mr. Brownell, his work is worth all the rest of French sculp- ture together. No one has written better of French art than Mr. Brownell, or has seen more clearly the fundamental importance in that art of the sense of form and measure; the desire of style; the classic spirit. Yet this admirable analysis of the nature of French art seems to have been written by a critic whose personal sympathy is with every- thing in that art which is least French. The Wesscx of Thomas Hardy. Written by Bertram C. A. Windle, F.R.S., F.S.A. Illustrated by Edmund H. New. John Lane. [1901.] Travels Round Our Village. By E. G. Hayden. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. [1901.] The topography of Mr. Hardy's novels has long been a favorite theme of magazine articles. His works are especially likely to allure the curious to such an inquiry because his fictitious names of places have just enough basis in fact to make their identification a pleasing exercise, while the research involves a number of agree- able excursions in a region of England lit- tle known to the tourist, and possessing certain peculiar and striking features. Mr. Hardy has recognized and made concessions to his readers' curiosity in his Wessex maps, such as were printed at the end of the 'Well-Beloved'; and in his preface to the last edition of 'Tess' he tells us that — "the description of these backgrounds . . . has been drawn from the real. . . . In planning the stories, the idea was that large towns and points tending to mark the outline of Wessex, such as Bath, Plymouth, the Start, Portland Bill, South- ampton, should be named outright. The scheme was not greatly elaborated, but, whatever its value, the names remain still. In respect of places described under fic- titious or ancient names — for reasons that seemed good at the time of writing — dis- cerning persons have affirmed in print that they clearly recognize the originals; I shall not be the one to contradict them; I accept their statements as at least an in- dication of their real and kindly interest in the scenes." Some men impose phrases on the world; Mr. Hardy has imposed a geography of his

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402 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 own. The whole of southern England has fallen under his spell. He has, as it were, recreated the old kingdom of Wessex; be- fore his novels the name was confined to the vocabulary of antiquarians; to-day we arc all familiar with such phrases as "a Wessex custom," "a Wessex peasant," so that "the dream-country has, by degrees, solidified into a utilitarian region which people can go to, take a house in, and write to the papers from." There will always be some difference o£ opinion as to Mr. Hardy's power to repre- sent faithfully the English yokel as he lives and, above all, talks; his touch of the fantastic, here, now and again, leads Mr. Hardy astray. But no writer of fiction has ever surpassed him in ability to call up vividly before his readers certain haunting types of scenery, such as "the swarthy and abrupt slopes of Egdon Heath," which he loves even better than the fertile valleys around it. "To recline on a stump of thorn in the central valley of Egdon, between afternoon and night, where the eye could reach no- thing of the world outside the summits and shoulders of heath land which filled the whole circumference of its glance, and to know that everything around and under- neath had been from prehistoric times as unaltered as the stars overhead, gave bal- last to the mind adrift on change and harassed by the irrepressible new. . . . Who can say of a particular sea that it is oM? Distilled by the sun, kneaded by the moon, it is renewed in a year, in a day, or in an hour. The sea changed, the fields changed, the rivers, the villages, and the people changed, yet Egdon remained." Though he gives us now and again smug smiling valleys with lush grass, countless cattle, and rosy dairy-maids, Mr. Hardy is more at home in the stony Isle of SUngers, or in those strange earthworks that abound in Dorset, which he makes the background for the gloomy side of Wessex life. Mr. Windle's tours in Wessex took as their basis Casterbridge, known on the or- dinary map as Dorchester. Starting thence in all directions, he tracks the roads, vil- lages, inns, and manor-houses that Mr. Hardy had in mind — the names he finds are often hardly changed at all. Mr. New's beautiful drawings reproduce tne charm, of- ten of a sombre kind, that haunts these wide downs with their Saxon barrows. He is one of the younger generation of illus- trators whose work is known as that of the "Hirmingham school," deeply influenced by William Morris. His work is accordingly more decorative and conventional and con- sequently more severe than that of such illustrators as Pennell or Railton, and to the untrained eye seems over severe. But no one could have been better chosen to reproduce the scenery of Wessex, and the architecture of the old Jacobean mansions and older churches that adorn that region. Mr. Windle is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquarians as well as of the Royal So- ciety, and it is seldom that a novelist finds so distinguished a devotee to expound his geography and antiquities. The book is one that will delight all antiquarians, and es- pecially those who love rural England and the novels of Thomas Hardy. The scene of Miss Hayden's studies in village life Is laid in Wessex. The name of the village is not given, but the descrip- tion of its surroundings and inhabitants would fit almost any Wiltshire or Dorset- shire hamlet. Miss Hayden's sKetches are devoted to certain village types, and the tales of their struggling lives are pathetic and interesting. Her book reminds one con- tinually of those articles on country life that are so dear to readers of the Spectator, and some of them are reprinted from that review. The attitude of the Wessex peas- ant to the Boer war which he so little un- derstands, his helplessness and pathetic, be- cause misplaced, reliance on "the Govern- ment," his weary and rheumatic old age maintained on two shillings a week and two loaves of bread, the hopeless atrophy of agriculture — all these features of that English peasant life which varies so little from Land's End to John o' Groat's, are faithfully reproduced by Miss Hayden, who writes with some humor and a pleasant style. Her recipes for Old-English dishes and wines will not appeal to the American palate, and the book as a whole Is likely to have more circulation in England than here. The illustrations are decidedly poor, though here and there we have noted an ex- ception. The Print-Collector's Handbook. By Al- fred Whitman. London: G. Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. 1901. Printer and publisher have done their best to give this book an attractive setting; heavy paper, large, clear type, ample mar- gins, full-page illustrations, attest the ap- peal made to the eye of the connoisseur in book-making. It was, however, with some curiosity, after the first brief glance over its pages, that we turned to the preface for a hint as to just the class of readers the book was intended to reach. The first lines state that it is meant for beginners in print- collecting, but also that it hopes to satis- fy "those who have devoted some time and attention to the pursuit of their hobby." It is divided into ten chapters, seven of which deal with processes, masters, and fa- mous examples of engraving, one with the money value of prints— in its place an In- structive and readable catalogue — one with the resources of the British Museum, and one with methods of housing a collec- tion of prints. These titles stamp the work as eminently practical in its design; it is not a history of engraving, nor to any con- siderable extent a criticism of the relative merits of schools, masters, or methods. The author conceals in great measure his per- sonal preferences. The advice which is given in the first chapter, "Hints to Beginners," is excel- lent, and is developed in logical sequence; but it would seem as if the bulk of the in- formation must have been already acquired by any one determined to be a print-col- lector, in the inevitable visits to print-shops before the determination had been reached; whereas the one great difficulty which con- fronts the collector of considerable experi- ence even, the selection of the best impres- sion, or the original impression as against the restrlke, is so inadequately treated as to leave the beginner with his perplexity scarcely diminished. Surely this treatment could have been improved, and made an actual help to the collector by specific il- lustration. Then, amid the warnings against traps for the unwary scattered through this first chapter, and given a spe- cial place at the end of the chapter on col- or-prints, we fall to find anything about the one which claims possibly the greatest num- ber of victims, the commercial device known as the "signed proof." It began with etch- ings, but has now been extended to litho- graphs, wood-engravings, color-prints, dry- points, mezzotints, photogravures, and even half-tone engravings; and the only reason why it is not found on line and stipple en- gravings is, that when these processes were most in vogue, the device had not been invented even for etching.' This device of the signature was supposed to furnish the buyer with a visible guarantee that his proof was one of the earliest pulled from the plate, or at least one which the artist considered a thoroughly satisfactory im- pression of his work in its best state. Yet few collectors have made much progress in acquiring prints that date no further back than 1860, without becoming aware that in many cases unsigned impressions are earlier and better than the signed and "remarqued" impressions in the hands of dealers. The writer remembers still the look on the face of an American etcher, whose plate had been sold to a dealer, when the eight-hun- dredth proof was sent in for signature, which was duly affixed with an exclamation that need not be repeated here, since it would open up a phase of the subject not now under discussion. The plain conclusion of all such warnings is, that until the amateur has acquainted himself with the history of the individual plate, and gained a precision of judgment that enables him to determine the quality of an impression on its own merits, inde- pendent of such factitious aids as signa- tures, remarques, lettering, and the like, he is more or less in bondage to those devices which often ensnare the expert. The own- er of that eight-hundredth proof may not have been so much worse off than his neigh- bor with the six-hundredth, but what value did the purchasers of sundry impressions from an actually ruined plate receive, all of which were duly signed and exposed in print- sbeps a few years ago? Our author's pro- test against so-called "states," which are really "progress proofs," has been made, before, and will bear repeating again and again. In connection with it a warning might have been added against that not In- frequent alteration of states which con- sists in rubbing out the indication of one, and substituting another that may be con- sidered more desirable. Here again knowl- edge of the plate is the single safeguard against deception. This can be obtained in most cases only from long and careful study in museums, or from accurate catalogues raisonnis. Such suggestion is, indeed, made in the pages of the first chapter, but what valid excuse can be brought for the omission of anything like a bibliography fiom a handbook for beginners? Is it real- ly a hand-book without this indispensable sign-post? The second chapter, on "Etching," con- tains references to Hamerton, Binyon, and Wedmore, with mention of two catalogues o; Rembrandt's etchings. The third chap- ter, on "Line Engraving," refers to Cust's 'Diirer Prints/ while Bartsch's name ap- pears occasionally, and Mrs. Frankau's mon- ograph on eighteenth-century color-prints winds up the list of designated authorities — a brevity hardly stimulating to the beginner. Nor do these chapters lead him far into a knowledge of the technical processes of the various kinds of engraving. The "pin and candle" illus-

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Nov. 21, 1901] The Nation. 403 tration does not explain very thoroughly the action of a tool upon metal, a matter of prime importance, though the enlarged illustrations (which are, by the way, the most valuable in the book) do something towards remedying this defect. Both the beginner and the amateur of ex- perience will find a certain consolation for the deficiencies that have been noted, in the admirable cescriptions of those particular qualities* In the prints selected for illustra- tion which rightfully arouse the enthusiasm of the lover of the art. These terse char- acterizations, woven into the threads of an equally succinct narrative of the historical development of engraving, form, togetbtr with the cliapler on the money value of prints, the real stuff of the book, and may well iuspire the beginner to pursue thu paths marked out for him, with just expec- tation of increasing pleasure. Of the illustrations we cannot speak with like commendation. The selection may be passed over, as the reason for giving the largest number to mezzotint is sufficiently clear. The enlargements have already been noticed with approval; the collotype renders fairly well the general effect of stipple and mezzotint engraving, without reaching in any way the quality of the original; it is even better for litho- graphs. But what is to be said of the or- dinary half-tone, in which method nearly seven-eighths of the illustrations are re- produced? The author, it is true, makes an apology for them on page 15, but the implied contention that the use of such re- productions will help to answer any of the questions rut by the would-be collector, is utterly futile — barring, of course, the ele- mentary one of composition. This, in more than half the examples given, belongs not to the engraver but to the painter whose work the former interprets. The purpose of merely suggesting the composition would have been attained more directly, if the half-tones had to be used, by inserting them in the text on a smaller scale, to the greater convenience in handling, since the brief text is now overwhelmed and hid- den by the mass of unserviceable illustra- tion. In 1880 Georges Duplessis published his popular history of engraving in a small quarto volume of 578 pages, adorned with just about the same number of illustrations (73) as that contained in Mr. Whitman's handbook; the price was also about the same. Most of these illustrations were done by the well-known Amand-Durand process. It is hardly too much to say that almost any one of these would be of greater ser- vice to the beginner than the whole batch of half-tones in the Handbook. Mr. Whit- man would be, we fancy, the last person to deny this, and we can only regret that his publishers failed by overmuch material dec- oration to make his work what it professes to be — a handbook. Doubtless the English collector is a very different being from the French and German student, and must be trained by different methods, but we can- not help feeling that the modest work of Lippmann, with its 110 illustrations, sold at the Berlin Museum for seventy-two cents, has fostered an interest in engrav- ing quite as far-reaching as that which will attend the use of the present work; if for no other reason than the practical one that it slips easily into the pocket. Wild Life Near Home. By Dallas Lore Sharp. With illustrations by Bruce Horsfall. The Century Co. 1901. This book, made up of original field ob- servations interpreted by a broad knowledge of biology, and graced by sentiment that does not outrage science, deserves to be singled out from the work of mere compilers and of enthusiasts who, intoxicated with country air, write what they feel instead of what they see. Mr. Sharp's sketches treat principally of the habits of birds and mam- mals, but also include those of certain rep- tiles, amphibians, and fish, thus embracing some types of all the groups of vertebrate animals. The text is illustrated by cuts that have happily caught the characteristic attitudes and diagnostic markings of their subjects. Altogether, the book gives some- what the same kind of sound and entertain- ing instruction about these animals that the work of the late Hamilton Gibson gives about plants and insects; though it is less ■valuable from the purely artistic standpoint, and, owing to occasional carelessness of style, perhaps also from the literary. It is unusually free from errors. The so-called "freezing" of crows' eyes, however, is really the effect of a germ disease, and the discovery of a nesting winter wren in South- ern New Jersey seems unaccountable. About a third of the space is devoted to l'irds. Mr. Sharp does not isolate them from their natural setting, but tells where to find them, and treats of their relations to other animals and to their surroundings. He believes that the encroachments of civ- ilization on rural neighborhoods and wilder regions do not necessarily banish birds, but that most birds have adopted man and seek his vicinity, forsaking deep woods to build along cart paths, in orchards, and some- times even in street railway poles. He has a pleasant chapter on bird morals vs. the Ninth Commandment, describing various de- ceptive actions by which parents try to protect their nest. "In the pines at this season one nevsr gets nearer a jay than field-glass range — near enough to hear him dash away, screeching defiance. But here were these two gliding among the branches above my head as cautiously and softly as cuckoos, searching apparently for grubs, yet keeping all the time to the one spot. ... At this juncture, I chanced to move my feet. The birds stopped instantly; but on my be- coming quiet, they went on scattering the needles and bark chips again. Then I raised my glass. They paused for a sec- ond, and continued, though now I saw that their picking was all at random, hitting the limb or not as might be. They were not hunting grubs; they were watching me; and more — they were keeping me watching tlitm. "It was a clever little ruse. But it was too good, too new, too unjaylike for my faith. There was a nest against one of these pines. . . ." The chapter on the buzzard is a contribu- tion to exact knowledge of this bird's habits. It contains a study of buzzards seen at their worst and at their best: scuffling clumsily together over the fragments of an unclean feast, and wheeling through the upper air in majestic flight. Mr. Sharp's sympathy with animals, and his sensitiveness to the aspects of inanimate na- ture, which is evident though not obtrusive, are intertwined. A stormy winter twilight in the fields is made more dreary by the pro- cession of crows beating wearily over to spend the bitter night in their pine roost, or by a solitary quail signalling to reassem- ble what may be left of the covey after a day's shooting. The strangeness that touch- es even familiar things under the moon- light and shadow of an October night is deepened by rustling and footsteps of wild creatures astir, and March is transformed by the voice of the earliest frog. "For me there is no clearer call in all the year than that of the hy'.as in the break- up days of March. The sap begins to start in my roots at the first peep. There is some- thing in their brave little summons, as there is in the silvery light on the pussy willows, that takes hold on my hope and courage, and makes the March mud good to tramp through." The book makes a good plea for interest in animals less attractive than birds. One sketch describes the lizard Sceloporus as it appears in the pine barrens of Southern New Jersey, an alert and not unfriendly little beast, pleasing in spite of its scales and reptile head. This is the best chapter on the lower vertebrates, as the sketches of the rabbit and the muskrat are on the higher. Mr. Sharp may not look into the souls of animals as Mr. Seton-Thompson does, but he writes in a straightforward, con- vincing fashion. He shows the rabbits threading their labyrinth of roads, couched in their lonely "forms," and playing at night in a clover field; and tells how he saw one mother defending her young from a cat by flashing blows dealt from her powerful hind feet as she bounded back and forth over his body. A little scene odd enough to be remembered shows several muskrats at sup- per one bright November night, on the edge of a pond containing a village of six domes. After a course of fresh-water mussels from the bottom of a deep pool, they brought from the meadow great mouthfuls of the mud-bleached ends of calamus stalks, and, climbing upon a bit of plank against the shore, proceeded to wash them for a salad. It was a pretty sight, the author says, to see the little fellows humped on the edge of their plank, sousing the calamus blade by blade in the moonlit water, and scrubbing it clean with their paws. Thoreau says, in reference to learning the art of seeing, that if you wish to find arrow- heads you must "think arrow-heads" before you can distinguish them among the stones of the ploughed field. Mr. Sharp's descrip- tions ought to give an attentive reader im- ages so clear that he will De able to "think" these common wild neighbors and recognize many of them when he meets them in the field. The Stars: A Study of the Universe. By Simon Newcomb. London: John Murray; New York: Putnams. 1901. Professor Cattell, editor of "The Science Series," in which 'The Stars' forms No. 9, could have made no choice of a writer on this most comprehensive of subjects better fitted than Professor Newcomb, whose life has mainly been spent in the study of these bodies. His book is well worth reading. Yet, past master that he is, he has found the task far from easy, so complex and ex- tensive is the general field of inquiry, and so wide-scattered through endless volumes of periodicals in a half-dozen languages are the original investigations that must be critically searched. While Professor Newcomb may be quite candid in saying that he has failed to sur-

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4:04= The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1899 mount these difficulties satisfactorily to himself, his shortcomings are far from ob- vious and abundant. One great charm of his book, especially to the investigator, is that he so often supplements the theories and researches of others by most valuable criticism, estimates, and suggestions of his own. Of the distribution of the stars in space, perhaps the most intricate problem of all, he says (p. 318): "One reflection may occur to the thinking reader, as he sees these reasons for deem- ing our position in the universe to be a central one. Ptolemy showed by evidence which, from his standpoint, looked as sound as that which we have cited, that the earth was fixed in the centre of the universe. May we not be the victims of some fallacy, as he was?" Professor Newcomb gives much attention to the labors of Sir John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope, and not less to the later Americans, Gillis and Gould. To the last he assigns highest rank as the "father of modern American astronomy." His 'Urano- metria Argentina,' now nearly a quarter century old, is a masterpiece of science. The unflagging energies of Sir David Gill, his Majesty's astronomer at the Cape, have raised the Royal Observatory there to the first rank; and modern stellar astronomy, in especial that of the southern celestial hemisphere, has been most significantly ad- vanced by his labors. Within recent years, while his unequalled researches into the distances of the stars and their positions on the celestial vault have been vigorously prosecuted, he has undertaken, also, with the able cooperation of Mr. Frank McClean, a spectroscopic census of all the bodies that are beyond the effective reach of the more abundant northern instruments. The work, too, has been carried on in such fashion as to supplement in an important degree th<» equally valuable and highly accurate work of the most active American observatories- Harvard, under Pickering's, and the Lick, now under Campbell's capable direction. Careful readers of 'The Stars' will not omit to thank Professor Campbell for his generous contribution to the embellishment of this important volume in the late Pro- fessor Keeler's marvellous photograph of the trifid nebula in Sagittarius, taken with Mr. Crossley's three-foot reflector. No bet- ter frontispiece was possible. The few half- tones scattered through the volume are in- variably excellent, and we wish it were pos- sible to say the same of the line engravings. But nearly all of them are, in the lettering particularly, so blurred as to constitute a decided blemish in a book otherwise per- fect in mechanical execution. The typogra- phy and paper are worthy of adoption as models — the latter especially for its absence of that eye-tiring gloss usually thought requisite for perfect half-tone impressions That Professor Newcomb has kept the lay contingent well in mind is evident from the very readable paragraphs here and there interspersed among those more substantial ones that will appeal chiefly to the expert in things stellar. Characterizing that al- most sensational innovation initiated by Sir William Huggins more than a third of a century ago, whereby the spectroscope enables us to measure the motions of stars toward the earth or from it, Professor Newcomb says (p. 11): "No achievement of the intellect of man would have seemed farther without the range of possibility to the thinker of halt a century ago than the discoveries of in- visible bodies which are now being made by such measurements. The revelations of the telescope take us by surprise. But if we consider what the thinker alluded to might regard as attainable, they are far surpassed by those of the spectroscope. The dark bodies, planets we may call them, which are revolving round the stars, must be for ever invisible in any telescope that it would be possible to construct. They would remain invisible if the power of the instrument were increased ten thousand times. And yet if there are inhabitants on these planets, our astronomers could tell them more of the motions of the world on which they live than the human race knew of the motions of the earth before the time of Copernicus." Among the best chapters in the book is that on the motion of the sun, in which the author concludes that the "apex of the sun's way," as it is often technically styled, or the stellar direction in which our sun and his family of planets are moving, is that of the constellation Lyra, and practically towards its brightest star, which everybody knows as Vega. And nearly twenty kilome- tres (or about twelve miles) in every sec- ond of time is the likeliest modern value of our speeding Vega-ward through space. Other lucid chapters treat entertaining- ly of variable stars; also of new stars and their causes, not neglecting Nova Persei, the latest addition to the list. Professor Newcomb accepts the hypothesis that these latter are due to "some cataclysm of a rather extraordinary kind." More statisti- cal are the chapters following, on the parallaxes of the stars, and on stellar sys- tems, including that epoch-making discov- ery known as the spectroscopic binary, of which about fifty systems are at present known. Though the companion stars can never be seen by any telescope, yet their existence is a certainty. Another excel- lent chapter, though brief, is that on nebulae; finely illustrated also from the re- cent photographs of Common, Keeler, and Roberts. Appropriately following are chapters on the constitution of the stars, critically dis- cussed in the light of the laws of modern physics, and on stellar evolution, or the life history of stars, concerning which Pro- fessor Newcomb says (p. 223): "The general fact that every star has a life history — that this history will ultimately come to an end — that it must have had a beginning in time — is indicated by so great a number of concurring facts that no one who has most profoundly studied the subject can have serious doubts upon it." The author follows the mature views of Sir William Huggins, based upon critical study of spec- tra. We may quote also these significant sentences from the chapter on stellar evo- lution (p. 225): "Facts are accumulating which converge to the view that forms of substance exist which are neither matter nor ether, but something between the two — perhaps pri- meval substance from which matter itself was evolved. In this ethereal substance is stored an almost exhaustless supply of energy, the withdrawal of which results in the condensation of the substance into mat- ter." We have left little space for the closing chapters, rather speculative and technical, on the structure of the heavens, the Milky Way, and the apparent clustering and dis- tribution of the stars. Answers in scien- tific form are not yet forthcoming to most of these great questions; but we may hope for more light when the completed charts of the International Astrographic Survey of the heavens shall have been carefully studied. Professor Newcomb makes a ju- dicial presentation of the consensus of modern opinion, though little more than the first step toward a definitive solution can yet be said to have been taken. The Kepler of the starry hosts is doubtless yet unborn. We note but few typographical lapses: triphid (pp. xi. and 182) should be as in the frontispiece {trifid); Sir David Gill (p. 47); p. 167, the first discovered spectroscopic binary is Mizar, or Zeta Ursa? Majoris, not Xi; p. 194, the algebraic formula lacks an obvious addition, while the last line on p. 257 also requires a small correction not so obvious. This admirable book would be bettered by a brief chapter summarizing the cosmogony; it is worthy, too, of a fuller index; and the addition of systematic bibliographies would have enhanced its value greatly, to the student and the inves- tigator especially. Anna Karenin. By Leo Tolstoy. Translat- ed from the Russian by Constance Gar- nett. In two volumes. McClure, Phillips & Co. 1901. There was room for a good translation of 'Anna Karenin,' which has not yet been sufficiently appreciated in this country be- cause previous translations were both awk- ward and careless. How far Mrs. Garnett's is an improvement upon the old may be gathered from a couple of examples. First, the Englishwoman (p. 177): " ' Well, master, when summer's here, mind you don't scold me for these rows,' said Vassily. " ' Eh V said Levin cheerily, already feeling the effect of his method. " ' Why, you'll see in the summer time. It'll look different. Look you where I sowed last spring. How I did work at it! I do my best, Kon stantin Dmitriteh, d'ye see? as I would for my own father. I don't like bad work myself, nor would I let anothi-r man do it. What's good for the mas- ter's good for us too.' " Mr. N. H. Dole has thus translated the same passage (p. 15S) : " ■ Nu! Sarin (Lord), I don't like to do slack work,' said Vasili in his muzh k dialect. 'What is good for the master is good for us.' " Either through want of familiarity with the "muzhik dialect," which, by the way, Tolstoy does not mention here, or for some other reason known to the translator alone, Mr. Dole abridged Tolstoy in this passage. But here is another in which he also per- verted Tolstoy's ideas (p. 168)): "'Why wasn't the field harrowed?' demanded Levin. " ' Oh, it'll come out all right,' replied Vasili, tak ingupa handful of seed and rubbing it between his fingers. "It was not Vasili's fault that the field had not been harrowed or the seed sifted; but Levin was not less provoked." The new version has the following in- stead (p. 177): "'Why is it you have earth that's not sifted?' said Levin •'Well, we crumble it up,' answered Vassily, taking up some seed and rolling the earth in his palms " Vassily was not to blame for their having filled up his cart with unsifted earth, but still it was an- noying." Because Mr. Dole's translation is faulty, however, it does not follow that Mrs. Gar- nett's is impeccable. It is certainly closer to the original than any that has come to

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Nov. 21, 1901] The ISTation. 405 our notice, yet it can hardly be called a "literal" translation, though the English, in many places, is clumsy enough for that. The magical simplicity of Tolstoy's style in 'Anna Karenin' evaporates, and the smooth polish is lost, in her English. A number of blunders, too, have crept into the work, in spite of the great care with which Mrs. Garnett apparently approached her task. We will give a few instances tak- en at random: "Zaiskivaya," which means "courting favors," is translated "hesitat- ing" (page 177). "Tatars" is, in Mrs. Gar- nett's English, "waiters." It is quite true that many of the waiters in Russian res- taurants are Tatars, but a Tatarin is not necessarily a waiter. Where Tolstoy speaks of "life" Mrs. Garnett prefers to have him speak of "daily life," and where Tolstoy says the coachman was washing the car- riage near the well, Mrs. Garnett has the coachman "washing the carriage wheels" (p. 174). The Russian text of what follows is perfectly simple and clear, but it sounds ridiculous in the new translation: "You're very much of a piece . . . You have a character that's all of a piece, and you want the whole of life to be of a piece, too ..." (p. 47). The Russian reads thus: "You are a very pure man . . . Yours is a pure character, and you want factors of purity to constitute the whole of life. ..." With all its shortcomings, this is a con- scientious translation pi Tolstoy's master- piece, and if all the works of the great Russian were to be rendered as scrupulous- ly as this, it would be a great boon to Eng- lish readers. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Aide, Hamilton. The Snares of the World. E. P. Dutton & Co. A Modern Antseus. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50. Andrews, Charlton. A Tartu Gentil Knight. Chi- cago: A. O. McClurg & Co. $1.50. Archer, William. Poets of the Younger Genera- tion. John Lane. $6. Arnold, Matthew. Sweetness and Light. II. M. Caldwell Co. Babeoek. M. D. 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406 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1899 Henry Holt & Co., N.Y. HAVE READY: ENGLISH ROMANTICISM.— XIX. CENTURY By PROF. HENRY A. BEERS. Uniform with his "English Romanticism— XVIII. Century." 12rao. Gilt top. $1.75 net (postage 15c). A NEW VOLUME OF CHAMPLIN'S YOUNG FOLKS' CYCLOPAEDIA Literature and Art. Illustrated. 8vo, $2.50. AMERICAN POLITICAL HISTORY To the Death of Lincoln. Popularly told. By VIOLA A. CONKLIN. lamo, $1 .50, net (postage 14c). THYRA A Romance of the Polar Pit By ROBERT AMES BENNET. Illustrations by B. A. BLUMENSCHEIN. i2mo, $1.50. The extraordinary adventures of some explorers who find In a great depression of the earth near the Pole the hardy descendants of a lost expedition of Scandi- navians of many centuries ago, and still surviving In the earlier climate, and many animals known hitherto only to paleontologists. Romance ensues. The author very cleverly maintains an atmosphere of danger and suspense. SHOULDER STRAPS AND SUN BONNETS By EDITH ELMER WOOD, lamo, $1.50. 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Importers of Foreign Books, Agents for the lending Paris publishers; Tauchnitz's British authors, Teub- ncr's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues 01 Stock mailed on demand New books received from Paris and Leipzig as BOOD as issued. rr\ p»rj y ^ Ad important iO UliVLo volume of plain spoken letters by Heloise E. Hersry, of the famous school for girls in Boston. $1.00 net. Small. Ma.yrta.rd <& Company. Boston.. » By the Author of ESTHER WATERS [sister eresa L J. B. By GEORGE MOORE Cloth. £ ISO LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia. J Autobiography of a Journalist. By W. J • Stillmak. 2 Portraits. 2 vols., 8vo, $6.00. HOUQHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. The Great White Way ^/t Gale of the Tteepejt South By ALBERT BIGELOW PAINE Fully Illustrated. Cloth, gilt top. £1.50. "THE BEST THING of the sort I've seen since ' Gulliver's Travels.' " — Ca.pta.ip. JOSHVA SLOCVM. author of "Sailing Alone Around the XOorld." JUST R^ADY, A SELECT LIST OF Choice English and French Books FROM I HE RECENT IMPORTATIONS OF C. J. PRICE. (I M POUTER OF FOREIGN BOOKS) No. 1004 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Comprising Americana, Choicely Illustrated Editions of Standard Works In French aud English, many in Fine Bindings. Rare and Curious Books, Cruikshank- lana. First Editious of Dickens and Thackeray, Lever, Leigh Hunt, etc. RARE PRINTS, XVI. 4 XVII. Century Armor. Old Delft Ware, etc. Hlustr&ted Catalogues sent free on application. HENRY T. COATES & CO., 122a Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Music Lovers' Books. Get our Catalogue. L. C. PAGE & CO., Boston, Mass.

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Nov. 21, 1901] The Nation. Financial. 5% ALL THE TIME The Hudson River Water Power Co. Bonds for sale at 101 and Interest. Amply secured by first mortgage on two Immense plants, estimated at low valuation^ This is an investment for permanent investors. The character of this security recommends it to Trus- tees and Managers of Trust funds. Always accepted by banks for secur- ity. For particulars address, E. H. CAY& CO. Boston, 131 Devonshire St. New York, 1 Nassau St. Philadelphia, 421 Chestnut St Montreal, Canada Life Building. ARE YOU considering a new location or to Increase your present facilities of manufacturing? If so MILWAUKEE, WIS., offers you that chance. It is rapidly being recognized as the Philadelphia of the West. Many of Milwaukee's manufacturers have their offices in Chicago. Goods ordered by Phone or Wire as late as six o'clock in the evening are placed at the doors of the Chicago mer- chants as early as six o'clock next morning. Come and see for yourself. It is one of the handsomest residence cities of this country. It Is the city of homes. Correspondence solicited. BENJ. M. WEIL SONS & CO., Real Estate and Investment Brokers, Milwaukee, Wis. Pueblo, Colo. Is becoming the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of population employed in profitable production largest of any Western city. Superior in climate and commercial promise. My specialty the care of properties and mak- ing investments for non-residents. Home, Eastern, and Foreign references. Established in 1879. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Colo. Kansas City, Mo. The present condition of Kansas City is exactly suita- ble for purchase of city property. Prices of to-day guarantee appreciable increase. There is no surer city in the United States for investors to make money in real estate. We have been identified with the real-estate interests of this city during its steadily healthy growth and would like to tell a few Eastern investors how others have made money here, and how any one with a reasonably unprejudiced mind can do the same. Choice loans on hand for sale at 5 and 6 per cent in- terest. Our responsibility is unquestioned. Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co. "security firstT Profit the Next Consideration Our experience In and near Duluth as Real Estate and Loan Agents should make our judgment worth something to you when considering a conservative investment. W. M. PRINDLE & CO., Duluth, Minn. We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfers of money on Europe, Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available In all narts of the world. , International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. LETTERS OF CREDIT BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Financial. SAFE MARGINS for ihe most EXACTING INVESTOR! My life has been devoted to the study of property values In Minneapolis. Am in a position to give you t he benefit of expertneea In placing investments where both security and fair percentage mav be relied upon. An opportunity Is solicited of presenting facts which in- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wetmore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. LAWTOI & FEETIG Colorado Springs, Colo. An experience of twenty-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for in- vestment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. QEORQE AND COMPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite investigation of their methods of conserving the interests of investors. A successful record in the selection of income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds in substantial productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for Investors who appreciate skill and conservatism in se- lection and administration. PVLFORD, HOW <&CO. Mortgage Loans and Municipal "Bonds. MANAGE AND SELL REAL ESTATE DULUTH. MINN. Refer to Prominent Banks and Trust Cos. in the Bast, also Banks of Duluth. New York Security & Trust Co., Correspondents. CRDTCHER & WELSH have for many years demonstrated to a large clientele that money was to be made in Kansas City Real Estate if it be conservatively selected and administered. Every facility for the care of non-resident estates. Property wisely purchased now is certain of steady advance. Our purpose Is to serve faithfully and efficiently a few more Eastern clients. We are an essential part of the his- tory of KANSAS CITY, MO. Notice to Creditors and Note-Holders of The People's National Bank of Pulaski, Tennnessee The People's National Bank of Pulaski. Tennessee, located at Pulaski, In the State ol Tennessee, will begin closing up its affairs on December 31st, 1901. All note-holders and other creditors of said association are therefore hereby notified to present the notes and other claims against the said association for payment. October 1st, 1901. N. A. CROCKETT, Cashier. ^/l Handsome "Present. Monographs on Artists Fully illustrated, tastefully bound in cloth, $1.50 each. Raphael, Holbein, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Durer, Botticelli. BEST facilities for supplying American DAAI/ C German English BUUllJ Italian French Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Established over 50 years. 812 Broadway, New York. THE SALT-BOX HOUSE By Jane de Forest Shelton. Eighteenth Century Life in a New England Hill Town. New Edition, $1.50 net. Illustrated by JOHN HENDERSON BETTS. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., New York. BOOKS When calling please ask for AT MR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. I address Mr. Urant. Before buying books write for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 10-cent stamp F. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St. NEW i'ORK. {Mention thin advertisement and receive a discount.) Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray's Worksand Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper Large type, easy to read, size 4Mby6J4 inches-and only \4 inch thick. Bound In cloth, $1 00 each. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. THOS. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 18th St., New York. To receive tne current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Sub- stantially made, bound in cloth, with The Na- tion stamped on the side In gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent, postpaid, on re- ceipt of 75 cents. Financial. Denver, Colorado. Our earnest conviction is that this is the time to pur- chase selected property iu Denver. The underlying fac- tors which go to make permanent prosperity are con- spicuously present all over this section, and Denver's real estate will never again be purchasable at such at- tractive prices. Let us submit facts by correspondence WHIPPLE & REYNOLDS, Boston Bldg., Denver, Colo. The care of property for non-residents a specialty.

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VI The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1899 NEW LITERATURE POETS OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION By William Akcher. With 33 full-page portraits from woodcuts by Robert Bryden. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00 net. NOTE-The London Daily Chronicle says : "In short, the volume is a treasure-house of well-argued criticism, no less than a collection of much admirable and some little-known poetry. . . interest and profit every one who has any taste for the study of poetry and poetic methods. A book to JANE AUSTEN, HER HOMES AND HER FRIENDS By Constance Hill. With numerous illustrations by Ellen G. Hill. Together with photogravure portraits, etc. 8vo, gilt top, 16.00 net. NOTE— All who love the unique character-writing of Miss Austen's classic work will find in this volume a charming collection of her personal associations, breathing the atmosphere of her times. . THE WESSEX OF THOMAS HARDY By Bertram Windle, F.R.S. With upwards of 100 illustrations and maps by Edmund H. New. 8vo, gilt top, So.00 net. NOTE —In this handsome volume the author and the artist, aided by the famous novelist himself, con- duct us through those real landscapes of the lovely county of Wessex, England, which inspired the ideal scenes of the world-renowned Hardy novels. MEN AND LETTERS: Literary Essays By Herbert Paul. 12mo, §1.50 net. CONTENTS:— The Classical Poems of Tennyson; Matthew Arnold's Letters; The Decay of Classical Quotation; Sterne; Gibbon's Life and Letters; The Victorian Novel; The Philosophical Radicals; The Art of Letter- Writing; The Great Tractarian; The Father of Letters; The Prince of Journalists; Macaulay and His Critics; The Autocrat of the Dinner Table. FROn THE HEART OF THE ROSE By Helen Milman. Letters on things natural, things serious, things frivolous. With photogravure portrait of G. F. Watts, R.A. 12mo, ¥1.50 net. "Mrs. Crofton Is one of the writers who have the knack of turning out just the sort of book that is nice to give— and to receive. Her books are always pretty inside add out. The contents of this year's volume are more than usually miscellaneous. There is a paper full of interesting reminiscences of some hours spent in Mr. Watts's studio. There is a letter from Mrs. Ritchie telling how Thackeray wrote his books . . . Two letters of Gilbert White fill one chapter. Others from Linnell, Catharine Blake, Farren the actor, make up another."— The Spectator. RUBAIYAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM Rendered into English Verse by Edward FitzGerald. With introduction by F. B. Money-Coutts. Illustrations on vellum by Herbert Cole. Sumptuous Edition de Luxe limited to 350 copies. Only 100 copies for America. 8vo, $5.00 net. KING nONflOUTH Being a History of the Career of -James Scott, "The Protestant Duke," by Allan Fe a, companion volume to the same author's " The Flight of the King." Wi(h 14 photogravure portraits and over 80 illustrations by the author. 8vo, §6.00 net. NOTE.— The London Alhenceam says: '• In this book Mr. Allan Fea gives fresh and abundant evidence of the minute research and Indefatigable Industry which secured a warm welcome for his former work 'The Flight of the King.' . . . What he has re illy set himself to do he has done, as heretofore to ex- cellent effect." THOMAS WOLSBY: Legate and Reformer By Rev. Ethelred L. Taunton, author of "The Jesuits in England." With portraits lithographs, etc gi 8vo, |5.00 net NOTE —In the negotiations of Wolsey lie the seeds of many an ecclesiastical question now of gigantic •owth. It Is his activity in such matters that is especially emphasized in the present biographical volume. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE By Gilbert Wuite. Edited by Grant Allen. With nearly 200 illustrations by Edmund H. New. 12tno, §1.50 net. NOTE.— The reappearance ol Grant Allen's admirable Issue of this famous work in a cheap and con venient form, retaining the specially drawn illustrations or Mr. New, will make this the stand-in edition for years to come. nl EVELYN SHARP'S NEW BOOK OF FAIRY STORIES ROUND THE WORLD TO WYMPLAND #1.25 net. [Just Published.] The author's charming hooks for children are well known. The new volume Is adorned bv eieht illus- trations from the pen of Miss Alice B. Woodward. It will forma coveted companion eift to •• Wvmns " "All the Way to Fairyland," etc. ' p' MRS. SKRINE'S NEW BOOK THE WORLD'S DELIGHT 81.50. [Just Published.] . . . "The author knows the child intimately, and she evinces a faculty of observation which sup- plemented by sympathy and humor, gives her book character and distinction. The seriousness of children . . . their genlaT scorn for older people who cannot enter Into the spirit of their ■',,,aginai.le8 •-these ami other Hi' et forth with rare skill. . . ' Hyllls,' the grotesque Is turned to excellent effect llie book Is notable; and In one study, that entitled 1 it* Athena um. W. J. LOCKE'S NEW NOVEL THE USURPER 81.50. [Just Published.] Mr. Lane confidently predicts that in 'The Usurper" Mr. Locke has written the ereat bonk for whtcl, the readers of " The Derelicts," •• Idols." and ■■ The White. Dove '• have been prepared. for which OERTRUDE ATHERTON'S GREAT NOVEL THE ARISTOCRATS Tenth Thousand. £1.50 "One of the cleverest books of the year."— The Hook man M.S^Si'&i. • ' k" lnV"""* :'"""S lnt° the Amerlcan c,»™*' ™ ««te as well as " A book widely read of late; a book of singular brlllian Paul's Cathedral, RICHARD BAQOT'S NEW NOVEL CASTING OF NETS 1.50. I Just Published.] -Canon Scott-Holland, preaching in St. JOHN LANE, 67 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Hemstitched Towels, including Plain Damask, Huck- aback with Damask Figures, Plain Huck, and Fancy Weaves of every kind. All weights; all sizes ; pure linen. $6.00 9,00, 12, up to 21, doz. Towels of all kinds for ordi- nary everyday use $1.50 to $3.00 per dozen. Bath Tow- els, rough or smooth, as well as bath mats, bath straps, etc., in large assortment. Mail orders have prompt attention. ♦'The Linen Store." James McCutcheon & Co., 14 West 23d St., New York. Rieutcrtd TradtMmrh, One Trial of the Dr. Deitnel Linen Underwear and you will wonder how you were ever satisfied with the prickly, irritating wool. And you will enjoy a freedom from colds that is quite remarkable. Booklet giving tull information about these garments, and samples of the fab- ric, ou request. " The Linen Store. " James McCutcheon & Co., 14 West 23d St., New York.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 900. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. B&*w*&mimim!iiM»'imart£ An account of the stories that were told at a gathering of famous American authors, the story-tellers being introduced by PAUL LEICESTER. FORD Last spring plans were made by Messrs. Small, Maynard & Company for what may be called a literary " House Party." The idea was suggested by a casual discussion of the ear-marks of authorship. What is it that distinguishes the work of one writer from that of another? Is it style or a difference in the point of view ? Could you tell who wrote a story if the author's name were not given ? The questions were so interesting that it was determined to submit them to the reading public. Invitations to the '* House Party" were extended to the following distinguished authors: THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH, JOHN KENDR1CK BANGS, GEORGE W. CABLE, WINSTON CHURCHILL, F. MARION CRAWFORD, MARGARET DELAND, PAUL LEICESTER FORD, JOHN FOX, Jr., HAMLIN GARLAND, ROBERT GRANr, JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS, Mrs. BURTON HARRISON, W. D. HOWELLS, SARAH ORNE JEWETT, THOMAS NELSON PAGE, CHARLES G. D. ROBERTS, BERTHA RUNKLE, F. HOPKINSON SMITH, FRANK R. STOCKTON, RUTH HcENERY STUART, BOOTH TARKINGTON, OCTAVE THANET, MARK TWAIN, MARY E. WILKINS, OWEN WISTER. Each author was to contribute one story, the stories to be. published anonymously. The public was then to be invited to guess the authorship, and to add zest to the contest it was decided to offer a prize of $1,000.00 for the Right Guess Twelve of the authors above named accepted and have each told one story. These stories are all published together in our latest book entitled 'A HOUSE PARTY," which will appeal not only to every person of literary taste, but to every lover of good stories. THE CONDITIONS OF THE CONTEST are given in full in the book, together with a guessing coupon, which is to be detached and mailed to the publishers. If more than one person guesses the correct authorship of the twelve stories, the thousand dol- lars will be divided among the winners. If no correct answer is received, the nearest correct will win the prize. All guesses must be in by Dec. 31, 1901. Ask for it at any bookstore, or send $1.50 to the publishers: Small, Maynard & Company, Boston wmmiimikmmmmmmM!k#!i&msim^

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 40'' Editorial Articles : Facilitating Trade 410 A Shipping Trust 410 Politics in State Institutions 411 Special Correspondence : Tournebut 412 Correspondence : Mr. Charles F. Adams's Advice to the Boers. 413 The Southern Sympathizers with Tammany.. 413 Malahack and Ballyhack 413 Notes 413 Book Reviews: Scudder's Lowell 416 Recent Novels 417 Books for the Young.— II 419 Tolstoy and His Problems 420 The Practice of Typography 421 Women and Men of the French Renaissance —Women in the Golden Ages 421 The Gavel and the Mace — A Handbook on Parliamentary Practice 422 The Lore of Cathay 422 Other Worlds 423 Two Centuries' Growth of American Law.. 423 Books of the Week 423 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any partof the United Slates or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $l,.00. The date when the subscription expires is on the address label of -ach paper, the change of which to a subsequent date becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the risk of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by check, express order, or Postal Order, payable to " Publisher of the Nation." When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, S08 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insertion ; It, lines to the inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page, or top of column. A column, $20 each insertion; with choice of page, $21. A page. $t>0 each insertion ; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- peel. Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M, DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 per cent. 8 13 26 39 62 10 12^ 15 20 25 Amount— $100 within a year. 250 " •' 500 750 " 1,000 1,500 " 2,000 " 10 per cent. 12^ 15 20 25 30 33M The NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *»* Copies of the Nation may be procured In Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue do l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cros*. Educational. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. HTHE MISSES HEBB'S 1 Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. ~T?DGE WOR TH BOARDING and DA Y /T, School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre, Mies E. D. Huntley, f Principals. Massachusetts. Boston. DOS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. It Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. s Oregon, Portland, Park and St. Clair Streets. T. HELEN'S HALL. A School for Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts. Ph.D.. Prln. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. 1\/TRS. L UCIA P OL K CHA PMA N and IVl MISS JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GYS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. 1\/TISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St., Phila., Pa. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, flONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGill University. For conditions of entrance, schol- arships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given in both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. fc&| Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to Smith, Vas- sar, Wellesley, and Wells. Four acres for out- door sports. Golf, Basket Ball.Tennls. Address Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, M.A., Prln., Lowell, Mass. School Agencies. H^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Kverett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 158 Fifth Ave.. New York; 4 14 Cent. Bldg .Minneapolis; 533 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Bldg ; Oskaloosa; 203 Mich. Blvd.. Chicago; 525Siims'n Bk.. Los ADgeles; 420 Parrott Building, Pan Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, XJ. 8 L Chapel St.. Albany, N.Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French. Proprietor. (TCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. kJ Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huyssoon & Rockwell, Mgrs., 3 E 14th St., N. Y. A Useful Gift to a cPublic Library. HANSARD'S PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES In the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland, being the Speeches and Proceedings in both the House of Lords and the House of Com- mons, from 1066 to the end of 1891. Complete in 459 vols. Royal Octavo. THE LAST COMPLETE SETS Now Offered For Sale. Hansard's Parliamentary ) Bv COdbett History. j mlim Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. «< U u U U u it U U Messrs. P. S. KING and SON, having determined to clear their remaining stock of the above, now offer for SALE the last COMPLETE SETS (four hundred and fifty-nine volumes) at the greatly re- duced price of First Serie3, 1803-1820 Second Series, 1820-1830 General Index, 1803-1830 Third Series, 18301891 $500 The volumes are mostly bound in half calf, are in fair library condition generally, and although not newly bound or uniform throughout, are in large blocks of similar binding. Quotations for rebinding in half morocco or half calf at very moderate prices would be given if desired. Arrangements could be made to spread payment over a period of years. Also a large stock of various periods and runs of years to be cleared at very low prices. Write for particulars. Early application is advised. P. S. KING ® SON, Orchard House. Westminster, En.gla.nd A New German Reader for Beginners. GLUCK AUF By MA.RGARETHEMULLER and CAR- LA WENCKEBACH, Professors of Ger- man in Wellesley College. For Introduction, jj cents. GINN k COMPANY, Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago. Loudon. Teachers, etc. AN ENGLISH LADY, experienced /l Governess, seventeen years in America, desires reengagement, or position as companion, or to take charge of motherless children. Address E. B , (559 W. Lexington St., Baltimore, Md. Early Settlers of Nantucket Compiled ly Lydia S. Hinchman — Second and Enlarged Edition HPHIS work, first issued in 1896, and now offered to the public in a revised and greatly en- -*- larged edition, gives a brief history of the settlement of the Island and prominent events in the lives of the following settlers or their associates: Thomas Macy, Edward Starbuck, Tristram Coffin and his children, Christopher Hussey, Stephen Bachelor, John Wing, Stephen Green- leaf, Peter Folger, Thomas Uarnard, Robert Barnard, Thomas Prence, William Collier, Thomas Gardiner, Richard Gardner, John (iardner, Samuel Shattuck, Peter Hobart, Thomas Mayhew, Sr., Thomas Mayhew, Jr., Richard Swain, John Swain. Also some genealogical detail of the following Nantucket families and their descendants : Mitchell, Russell, Swain, Barker, Swift, Rotch, Bunker, Coggeshall, Wing, Hathaway, Newhall, Colcord, Wadley, Waterman, Stanton; and of the families of Lucretia Molt, John G. Whittier, Thomas Earle, John Milton Earle, Josiah Macy, Aaron C. Macy. Handsomely illustrated with twenty-five full-page plates, and numerous drawings and embellishments 0/ the text. For sale by all booksellers. 5.00 FERRIS & LEACH, Publishers, PHILADELPHIA

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Nov. 28, 1901] The Nation. 111 Victorian "Prose Masters By W. C. BROWNELL Author of " French Art." etc. The New York Times Saturday Review says: " Reason informed by emotion, expressed in beauty, elevated by moral earnestness, lightened by humor — this is the ideal that gradu- ally grows in the reader's imagina- tion as he follows this searching ex- amination of creative minds." Thackeray George Eliot Carlyle Matthew Arnold Ruskin George Meredith $£.50 net (postage 12. cents) The Mail and Express says: "What can be said about Mr. Brownell's essay on Carlyle, except that it is Mr. Brownell's, and therefore literature in the best, the highest sense of the word, a contri- bution to the criticism that makes for final judgments?" The Spectator {London) says : 6 4rPHE latter half ofMr- Ba!- four's second volume will always be indispensable to any judg- ment of Stevenson, for Mr. Balfour was closely associated with, and has excellently described, the man in what was almost a different incar- nation." The Life of Robert Louis Steveivson CRAHAM SALFOWR In Ttuo Volumes £4.00 net (postage 30 cents) Literature (London) says: ilA/\R' GRAHAM BAL- FOUR'S life of his famou, cousin is more than adequate, if one may say so ; it is a dignified, schol" arly, frank, and at the same time very loving piece of work, which is wholly worthy of its subject." The French B%^e*Oolution and eligious Preform. By WILLIAM M. SLOANE, L.H.D.. LL.D., Author of "The Life of Na.poleon." N. Y. Times Saturday Review says : " A very substantial and original contribution to our knowledge of wha£ has hitherto been a very vague and unfamiliar phase of the French Revolution." $2.00 net (postage 11 cents) CHARXES SCRJBNERJS SONS

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY Dr. Arthur H. Smith's life work Dr. W. A. P. Martin on the Intelle A of China rHINA IN v CONVULSION single firm rarely publishes within a month two first-class books on any one subject. LargeSvo. clotK. 2 vols boxed. ^^ Qn however, we have just re Superbly illustrated. $5.00 ^^ , ' ,,..,.. 1 nc/ . carriage extra.. ^^r ceivec> 'rom one firm two works of the highest rank. The' Fin&J Authority !. has scientific value."— /-.'n 111119 Post. For Sale by all NEW YORK 158 Fifth Avenue. Book rellers. Send for ovir Illustrated Holiday List — FREE CHICAGO TORONTO 63 Washington Street. 21 Richmond Street. West

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Nov. 28, 1901] The ]STation. The Atlantic Monthly A "Brief Outline for 1902 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PAPERS The following subjects will be touched upon during the coming year: RELIGIOUS TOLERATION IN THE TERRITORIES EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES DISFRANCHISEMENT AND THE RACE QUESTION COLONIAL LEGISLATURES ARMY REORGANIZATION THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OP THE NAVY THE LATIN-AMERICAN REPUBLICS THE ORGANIZATION OF LABOR WHAT PUBLIC LIBRARIES ARE DOINO FOR CHILDREN; THE REAL EMANCIPATION OF WOMAN LITER.ARY PAPERS The Atlantic will be particularly strong in contributions of distinctly literary interest. Among its writers under this heading may be noted Goldwin Smith, Harriet Waters Preston, William Roscoe Thayer, Henry D. Sedgwick, Jr., George McLean Harper, Henry A. Beers, and Edmund Oosse. RECOLLECTIONS Many interesting reminiscences will be published during the year, among others : The Memories of an Army Nurse By Emily V. Mason Recollections of Walt Whitman By John T. Trowbridge England and the War of Sscession By Qoldwin Smith BOOK REVIEWS Beginning in the January number, the Atlantic will contain a department of comment on Books, New and Old, conducted by H. W. BOTNTON. There will be continued stories by George W. Cable, Eugenia B. Frothingham, and others, Foreign Letters, Essays, Poems and the Contributors' Club. All subscribers enrolled before December 20 will receive the November and December, iqoi, numbers free on application SEND US A POSTAL CARD FOR THE ATLANTIC, 1902, PROSPECTUS HOUGHTON. MIFFLIN ® CO.. 4 Park St.. BOSTON Clarendon Press New Publications THE WORKS OF THOMAS KYD. Edited from the Original Texts, with Introduction, Notes, and Fac- similes, by Frederick S. Boas, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford; Professor of History and English Literature in Queen's College, Belfast. 8vo, cloth, $5.00. A STUDY OF THE ETHICS OF SPINOZA (Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata). By Harold H. Joachim, Fellow and Tutor of Merton College, Oxford. 8vo, cloth, |3.40. THE POLYPHONIC PERIOD. Part I. Method of Musical Art, 330-1330. By H. E. Wooldridge, M.A., Blade Professor of Fine Art in the University of Oxford. 8vo, cloth, $5.00. ASOKA : THE BUDDHIST EMPEROR OF INDIA. By Vincent A. Smith, M.R.A.S., Late of the India Civil Service. 8vo, cloth, 90c. THE WELSH WARS OF EDWARD THE FIRST. A Contribution to Mediaeval Military History, based on Original Docu- ments. By John E. Morris, M.A., formerly Demy of Magdalen College, Oxford. With a Map. 8 vo, cloth, $3.15. TETRAEUANOELIUM SANCTUM iuxta simphcem Syrorum versionem ad fidem codicum, Massorae editionum denuo recognituni, lectionum supellectilem quam con- quisiverat Philippus Edwardus Pcsey, A.M., olim ex Mde Christi auxit, digessit, edidit Georgius Henricus Gwilliam, 8.T.B., Col- legii Hertfordiensis Socius. Accedunt capitulorum notatio, con- cordiarum tabulae, translatio Latina, annotationes. (The Peshitto Version of the Gospels.) 4to, Cloth, $14.00. HOMER'S ODYSSEY. Books XIII.— XXIV. Edited with English Notes and Appendices, by D. B. Monro, M.A., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford. 8vo, cloth, $4.00. A MANUAL OF GREEK HISTORICAL INSCRIPTIONS. By E. L. Hicks, M.A., Canon of Manchester, Hon. Fellow and some- time Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute, and George F Hill, M.A., of the British Museum, Corresponding Member of the Austrian Archaeological Institute. 8vo, cloth. $3.10. For Sale by all booksellers. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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VI The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 FIVE BOOKS of SERIOVS VALVE The of Qvieen Victoria. By THE MARQVIS OF LORNE (JVoto "DuKe of Argyll.) This is the final history of the Queen's life and the Victorian period. The author as one of the Royal family has taken his material from the most intimate records. He is also a writer of rare ability. The volume is fully illustrated from authentic portraits and hitherto unpublished photographs. $2.50 net. NAPOLEON : The La.st Phase By LORD ROSEBERY In this study of Napoleon Lord Rosebery gives special attention to the period after St. Helena. It is a book of distinction both in style and thought and within the limits set thorough and comprehensive. $3.00. The Spa.rvish-America.rv Wa^r By GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER A history for every library. General Alger was Secretary of War during the entire con- flict. He is the highest authority. He has written the one complete story of the War. It is a great history — it reads like a romance. Illustrated. $2.50 net. Great Religions of the World By EMINENT BIBLE AUTHORITIES An estimate of the influence of Mohammedanism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity and other great religious systems upon the civilization of the world. The articles are written by authorities like Dr. Henry Van Dyke, T. W. Rhys Davids, Bishop Potter, Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis, Dr. Lyman Abbott, etc., etc. $2.00 net. The RJddle of the Universe By PROF. ERNST HAECKEL This is the " magnificent work" of one of the greatest scientists of the age. Prof. Haeckel summarizes present scientific knowledge in its bearing upon the " world's riddle." It is obviously from name and author alone a work of immense value. $1.50. HARPER ® BROTHERS, Franklin Square, New York

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Nov. 28, 1 901] The JSTation. . » Vll Autumn Publications The New Photogravure Books. London : Historic and Social. By Claude De La Roche Francis. Illustrated with 50 full- page photogravures from original negatives. Two volumes, crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, with cloth jackets, and in a cloth box, $5.00. In political importance, historic interest, commercial greatness, and social characteristics, London is the mistress of the world. Strange to say, there has been no book hitherto which thoroughly and fully describes this wondrous city. Mr. Francis, in undertaking this work, after exhausting the libraries of this country, has spent the last two years in Lon- don in research upon the spot, and has produced a work which will be an authority on this subject. Ireland: Historic and Picturesque. By Charles Johnston. Illustrated with 25 full-page pho- togravures and a map. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, with cloth jackets, and in a cloth box, $3.00. Although Ireland has been written about by many writers, it has never been done so effectually and sympathetically as by Mr. Johnston. Commencing with the dolmens and round towers of unknown history, Mr. Johnston has brought his subject down to the present time, omitting nothing which could add to the interest and charms of the Emerald Isle. Scotland: Historic and Picturesque. By Maria Hornor Larsdale. Illustrated with 50 full- page photogravures and a map. Two volumes, crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, with cloth jackets, and in a cloth box, $5.00. Scotland is the most interesting and picturesque country in Europe. Poetry and romance have made its lochs and mountains famous the world over. Miss Lansdale has entered fully into the spirit of her subject. Elizabeth Stoddard's WorkS (Mrs. Richard Henry Stoddard) Two Men: A novel. By Elizabeth Stoddard. i2mo, cloth extra, $1.50. Temple House: A novel. By Elizabeth Stoddard. 1 2mo, cloth extra, $1.50. The Morgesons: A novel. By Elizaeeth Stoddard. i2mo, cloth extra, $1.50. The above three volumes forming the "Library Edition" of Elizabeth Stoddard's works. l2mo, cloth extra, in a box or sold separately. A " library edition" of the three novels of Elizabeth Stod- dard (Mrs. Richard Henry Stoddard), "Two Men," "Temple House" and "The Morgesons," as Edmund Clarence Sted- man says, are " essentially modern and in keeping with the choicest types of recent fiction." They have not heretofore been obtainable in library form. Handy Dictionary of Biog= raphy. By Charles Morris. Crown 8vo. Size, 5%x8 in. 600 pages. Bound in half leather, gilt top, $2.00 Containing succinct accounts of the most eminent per- sons in all ages, countries, and professions. The aim of the present work has been to furnish in comparatively brief com- pass and at a moderate price a book of biographical reference sufficiently full for all ordinary occasions. MAX ADELER'S NEW BOOK CAPTAIN BLUITT By Charles Heber Clark (Max Adder), Author of "OUT OF THE HURLY=BURLY," etc. !2mo, cloth extra, illustrated, $1.50. " Persons with long memories and delicate sense of hu- mor will be delighted by the announcement of a novel by 'Max Adeler' (Charles Heber Clark). The author is almost the only humorist of twenty years ago whose books are still in large demand, and he is the only humorist of that period who has for twenty years refused to be funny — in print. 'Captain Bluitt' is a delightful compound of wit, wisdom, sentiment and sense." By the Higher Law. By jmiaHeien Twells, Jr., Author of " A Triumph of Destiny." Illus- trated by "PAL." l2mo, cloth extra, $1.50. "By the Higher Law" is a very dramatic novel of New York society life, written by one who is entirely familiar with the life of " the smart set." She writes with great power, her story turning upon a question of conscience, and holds the reader's attention and interest throughout. The Night=Sideof Nature; Or, Ghosts and Ghost-Seers. By Cathe- rine Crowe. New Edition, with a critical introduction, by Dr. Thomson Jay Hudson, LL.D., author of "The Law of Psychic Phenomena," etc. i2mo, cloth extra, $1.50. The subjects treated in this book are the various kinds of prophetic dreams, presentiments, second sight, and appari- tions; and in short, all that class of phenomena which appears to throw some light on our physical nature, and the probable state of the soul after death." 6TH EMTIO JV The Tower Of Wye. A Romance By William Henry Babcock. Illustrated by George Gibbs. 121110, cloth extra, $1.50. 5TH EMTIO/* By Lisle de Vaux Matthewman and Clare Victor Dwiggins. Square i2mo, with 100 full-page illustrative drawings. $1.00 Crankisms. I2TH EMTIO JV In Search of Mademoiselle By George Gibbs. Illustrated by the author. i2mo, cloth extra, ornamental, $1.50. HENRY T. COATES & COMPANY, Publishers, Philadelphia

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Vlll The ISTation [Vol. 73, No. 1900 6th Edition Now Ready. A Summer Hymnal, a ro= mance of Tennessee. By John Trotwood Moore. Illustrated by Stanley M. Arthurs. l2mo, cloth extra, $1 .25. Marion Harland says: " For we have in the « Hymnal ' one of the most exquisite pastorals of Ame- rican life ever written. It is an Idyll — a 'Reverie,' than which nothing more charming has been offered to our reading public since Ik Marvel founded a school of his own fifty-one years ago. . . . Our 'United Country' is proud of the State that has given us within a dozen years Charles Egbert Craddock and this later and gentler painter of Tennessee life." " There is in the philosophy of this novel some- thing deliciously sweet and comforting. ... A book of this sort occasionally is a delight and an inspiration." — Louisville Times, *' Mr. Moore displays more sentiment than does Mr. Allen, and a shrewder philosophy." — N. Y. Times Saturday Review. " Truly, this author of 'A Summer Hymnal ' has touched and sustained a high note in novel writing. We shall think of him and of his book-people as ten- derly as of summer days themselves. He has written for our hearts as well as our heads." — N. Y. World. Second Edition Now Ready With "Bobs" and Kruger. By Frederick W. Linger, War Correspondent of the London Daily Express with both armies. Illustrated with more than 1 50 Half Tones from the author's own Photographs in the field. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, $2.00. "The best of all the books published along the same lines. It is absolutely unbiassed. . . . We re- commend Mr. Unger's book above all others." — Public Opinion. " A concise and vivid statement of personal expe- riences with both Britons and Boers; more interesting to the general reader than a history of the war." — The Outlook. " The feeling of weariness with which the usual narrative of a South African war correspondent is taken up dissipates itself quickly in the case of Mr. Unger's enter- taining and instructive book. There are scores of enter- taining anecdotes in the book." — John J. Holden, in The Dial. "An absolutely truthful account." — New York World. " For stirring narrative, keen interest, and truth- ful detail it is the most distinctive book that has as yet been published concerning the war in South Africa." — New York Commercial Advertiser. HENRY T. COATES & COMPANY, Publishers, Philadelphia. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS The Musical Basis of Verse A Scientific Study of the Principles of Poetic Composition.* By J. P. Dabney. Crown 8vo, pp. xi.-269. Cloth, «1.60. CONTENTS: I— The Inherent Relation between Music and Verse.— II. The Arts of Sound— III. Differentiated Motion. — IV. Melody— V. Metric Forms —VI. Heroics.— VII. Beauty and Power.— Index. The Mind of a Child By Ennis Richmond, author of "Boyhood" and "Through Boy- hood to Manhood." 12mo, 176 pases. 11.00 net, By mail, n.oo. Trooper 8008, I. Y. By the Hon. Sidney Peel, late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. With numerous Illustrations from Photographs. Demy 8vo $2.50. Mr. Peel was among the first to enlist in the Imperial Yeomanry on its formation early in 1U00, and his volume gives a very amusing and out- spoken account of life on the march, in camp, and in hospital as viewed from the ranks. Side and Screw Being Notes on the Theory and Practice of the (lame of Billiards. By C. D. Locock. With numerous Diagrams. Crown 8vo. -SI. 50. The Marquis d'Argenson and Richard The Second Two Critical Essays. By Reginu.h Rankin, M.A., late Exhibi- tioner of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Author of "A Subal- tern's Letters to His Wife," etc. 8vo. f i .25. The Great Deserts and Forests of North America By Paul Fountain. With a Preface by W. H. Hudson, F. Z. 8., author of "The Naturalist in La Plata," etc. 8vo, pp. X.-295. £3. 75. This book embodies the author's observations on the Natural History of the Uiddle and Far West over a period of 35 years, and the freshness of the notes on the habits of the most interesting animals of North America gives the work its chief interest and value. Lamarck THE FOUNDER OP EVOLUTION : His Life and Work, with Transla- tions of His Writings on Organic Evolution. By AlpheusS. Packard, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Zoology and Geology iu Brown University, author of "Guide to the Study of Insects," etc. With Portraits and Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, pp. xiv.-451, $2.40 net. By mail, $2.60. This volume, the outcome of the author's special study during a re- cent residence in Paris, provides a more extended sketch of Lamarck and his theory, as well as of nis work as a philosophical biologist, than has yet appeared. It seeks to furnish opportunities for greater familiarity with Lamarck's real views and work, and should interest students in every department of natural science. Wagner's Nibelungen Ring Done into English Verse by Reginald Rankin, M. A., Barrister- at-Law. In two volumes. Vol. I. Rhine Oo'd and Valkyrie. Fcap, 8vo, $1.50. [Recently published.] Vol. II. Siegfried and the Twilights of th» Gods. Fcap, 8vo, $1.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Avenue, New York

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1001. The Week. Secretary Hay made the leading speech at the annual dinner of the Chamber of Commerce last week. To those who had kept account of his doings and say- ings as Minister of Foreign Affairs dur- ing the past three years, his words seemed very appropriate. They were the substance not merely of things hop- ed for, but of those already seen They were welcomed for the assurance they convey that the general policy with which Mr. Hay's name has been identi- fied in the McKinley Administration will be continued under that of his succes- sor. Upon that point he left nothing to be desired, and if his expression of it was rather more blunt than we usual- ly expect in a discourse on foreign af- fairs, it was probably made so by de- sign. It was perhaps not necessary for Mr. Hay to emphasize the fact that President Roosevelt is incapable of bullying a strong Power or of wronging a weak one; but since he has done so, we are bound to presume that he had the warrant of his chief in using just these expressions. They are more char- acteristic of the President than of the Secretary, and they will be welcomed, not because they were particularly need- ed, but because everybody can under- stand them. They are self-explanatory, and need neither gloss nor repetition. They apply first of all to the Powers of Europe, but they do not stop there. Mr. Hay paid marked deference to the re- publics of Central and South America, and reassured them, so far as words can go, that we have neither intention nor de- sire to encroach upon their territory or their rights, nor to overlook their claim to an equal place with ourselves in the community of nations. Perhaps the pleasantest impression left upon the minds of Mr. Hay's listeners was the be- lief that he would remain in the place which he has so acceptably and so hon- orably filled. The Ship-Subsidy Bill, which has not yet been divulged by Senator Frye, seems to be already in a staggering way. According to a Washington telegram in the Times, the decision of the Reciproci- ty Convention the other day against Reciprocity has recoiled with considera- ble force against the subsidy scheme. Any person having the sense of humor must see that it would be rather jocose to vote money to promote foreign trade after killing a measure whose object is to increase the- volume of our imports and exports. Aside from this inconsis- tency, however, it is evident that the Western Senators and Representatives are coming to Washington more decided- ly adverse to the subsidy scheme than they were in the last Congress. The fact is, that their constituents have found out that it is a measure to tax the many for the benefit of the few, and the poor for the benefit of the rich. The workingmen's organizations, in particu- lar, have recognized this feature of the scheme. They think that there are ways enough to accomplish this end by means of Trusts and combines, without tapping the national Treasury for the same purpose. The movement for free hides in Mas- sachusetts is a formidable one. Every argument of the commercial sort runs in its favor. We do not produce hides enough for our own use. About 25 per cent, of our consumption must be im- ported. The tax is a burden of $2,000,000 per year upon the tanning and shoe-mak- ing industries. It adds 5 to 8 per cent. to the cost of every pair of shoes worn by our own people. The duty (15 per cent, ad valorem) is not needed by the Government for revenue. In fact, it was not imposed for revenue. It was put into the Dingley tariff for the purpose of making the bill look more attractive to the farmers and cattle-growers. Hides had been free of duty for twenty-five years, and the American farmer had never imagined that he was injured by that fact. He had never raised an ani- mal for the sake of its hide, nor does he do so now. It is doubtful if he ever re- ceived one cent more for an ox by reason of the duty on hides. If there has been any gain from that source, it has gone to the large butchering and packing com- panies. On the other hand, the Ameri- can duty on hides has benefited the tan- ning interests of Canada by giving to the latter an advantage of 15 per cent, in the purchase of the raw materials. All the commercial and financial considera- tions point to a repeal of the duty as one of the steps to be taken by Congress. One political consideration, however, may outweigh everything else. If the tariff question is opened for one thing, it may be opened for any number of things. If free hides are a desideratum, is not free wool equally so? And what about lumber, iron ore, and coal? The terrors and costs of modern war- fare have been described with great fidel- ity by the Polish author Bloch, at whose instance, it is said, the Czar of Russia was moved to call the Peace Conference at The Hague. If M. Bloch had to write his book now, he would find some addi- tional material of great value in the cur- rent report of the American Secretary of the Interior, who tells us that our pen- sion list contains 4,000 names in excess of any previous year, and that the num- ber of claims pending at the beginning of the present fiscal year was 403,569. About one-half of these were claims for increase of pensions from persons al- ready on the rolls. The amount dis- bursed for pensions during the year (the thirty-sixth after the end of the civil war) was $138,531,484. Even more re- markable than this aggregate showing is the piling up of pension claims as a re- sult of disabilities incurred in the wai with Spain. About 20 per cent, of all the men enlisted have filed claims for a war that began only three years ago, whereas only 6 per cent, of the soldiers of the civil war had filed claims in 1872, eleven years after the beginning of that war. Many claims were filed for disability a few days after the claimants had been examined by army surgeons for dis- charge from the service, and had been found absolutely free from ailment of any kind. The history of one volunteer regiment which served six months is cited in the Secretary's report, where 477 claims for disability have been filed, out of a total enlistment of 53 officers and 937 men — 50 per cent, of claimants in three years, as compared with 6 per cent, in eleven years after the beginning of the civil war. These terrors of war do not come within the scope of M. Bloch's vol- ume because the nations of Europe do not tolerate fraud in their pension rolls. Mr. H. O. Havemeyer, after a delay of several months, has secured the official ruling of the Board of Classification on the question whether a bas-relief is a "manufacture," and taxable at 50 per cent., or "statuary" at 20. The piece in dispute was a bas-relief in marble, by Mino da Fiesole, one of the most charm- ing masters of the Italian Renaissance. Under a ruling of Appraiser Wilkinson, bas-reliefs were held by the Custom- house to be "manufactures," while sculp- ture wrought in the round, .provided it was "the professional production of a statuary or sculptor," was "statuary," in the eye of the Dingley law. The applica- tion of this principle would clearly pro- duce amazing results. In the eyes of Ap- praiser Wilkinson and of the Custom- house of the chief port of a civilized na- tion, the Parthenon frieze, for instance, would be a "manufacture." Again, Mr. St. Gaudens's superb Shaw memorial on Boston Common would be, so far as the horse and the main figure were concern- ed, "statuary"; but the noble background of marching negro troops, being a re- lief, would be a "manufacture." Fortu- nately, Mr. Havemeyer, though it must have amused him to find Mino's profes- sional status more than in doubt, and

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408 The IsTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 his work classified with "manufactures of agate, alabaster, . . . coral, ear- nelian, . . . jet, malachite, marble," took the situation seriously, and appeal- ed from the Appraiser's decision to the Board of Classification. Their decision that an Italian bas-relief of the best pe- riod is not a manufacture, but a work of art, is, if somewhat obvious, most com- mendable; for the Custom-house has, from beginning to end, shown a tendency to make the barbarous tariff on works of art doubly oppressive by unskilled and illiberal interpretation of its terms. A proper protest is entered by a Re- publican newspaper against the assump- tion by some representatives of the Re- publican machine that "the organiza- tion" polled fully five-sixths of the votes cast for Mr. Low in this county. The New York Press analyzes the votes cast for Republican candidates in New York County at recent elections, recalling that Roosevelt polled about 112,000 for Gov- ernor in 1898 and McKinley about 153,- 000 for President in 1900. It estimates that fully 5,000 voters not Republican cast their ballots for Roosevelt in 1898, while it supposes that even the machine leaders will admit that McKinley re- ceived tens of thousands of independent and Democratic votes. In 1897, when Tracy ran as the straight Republican candidate for Mayor, he received about 55,000 votes in this county. The Press concludes from all this that the Repub- lican machine vote is somewhere near 50,000, and that the rest of the 115,000 votes which Mr. Low received came from anti-Platt Republicans, Indepen- dents, Independent Democrats, and straight-out Democrats. The outside figure which it thinks can be claimed "with fairly decent grace" for the Re- publican vote this year, machine and anti-machine, is 115,000, which would leave fully 50,000 to the other elements in the Fusion movement. We do not see any sound argument which can be made against the appeal of the recent State Conference of Charities for an amendment by the incoming Leg- islature of the transfer or legacy tax, so far as it affects bequests to charitable societies. A general statute provides that "the real property of a corporation or association organized exclusively for the moral or mental improvement of men cr women, or for religious, Bible, tract, charitable, benevolent, missionary, hos- pital, infirmary, educational, scientific, literary, library, patriotic, historical, or cemetery purposes, or for the enforce- ment of laws relating to children or ani- mals, or for two or more of such pur- poses, and used exclusively for carrying out thereupon one or more of such pur- poses, and the personal property of any such corporation or association, shall be exempt from taxation." It was in pur- suance of the principles here enunciated that, when the policy of a transfer tax was adopted in this State, legacies in fa- vor of societies thus exempted from tax- ation were expressly freed from subjec- tion to the new tax. This exemption continued until a statutory revision of the laws in 1900 incorporated a provision that "the exemptions enumerated in section 4 of the tax law, of which this article is a part, shall not be construed as being applicable in any manner to the provisions of article 10 thereof." This provision has been found to remove the former exemption from the transfer tax of bequests to charitable societies. It is perfectly clear, however, that the public never supposed this change was being made by the Legislature of 1900, or an earnest opposition would have been pro- voked. No special attention appears to have been called to the amendment when it was pending at Albany, and certainly the people interested in charitable movements had no idea of what was being done. Some of them have con- tended that the change in the law does not require the imposition of the tax upon charitable bequests, but the ques- tion has been carried to the highest tribunal, which has decided that it does. The Court of Appeals has not concealed its judgment that the legislation is in- equitable, the prevailing opinion saying that "whatever we may think of such an assault upon charitable transfers, we must recognize it." One step forward in submarines is marked by the success of the Fulton on Saturday in keeping a crew submerged in perfect comfort for fifteen hours. This is probably unprecedented, though it has long been certain that life below water through the hours of daylight (at night, cf course, the submarine can safely come up to breathe) could be made tolerable. In some of the French experiments, how- ever, the men came up much distressed after being down only six hours. The officers on board the Fulton assert that they could have lived under water : week; though if machinery were being operated and the boat in motion, the conditions would be obviously different. And even if you can give your crew plen- ty of air to breathe, the chief problems connected with the submarine — equilib- rium, perfect control, and intelligible sight of the point of attack — yet remain to be mastered. The highest promise of this new naval construction is in connec- tion with harbor defence, in which it may well prove a potent aid, both ac- tually and in its moral intimidation of a hostile fleet. Certainly enough has al- ready been accomplished to justify the Navy Department in continuing its ex- periments with the submarines; thoup it must not be forgotten that we may soon have an automatically propelled torpedo, dirigible by wireless electricity — and then it would be good-bye to the present submarine type of boat Mr. Charles A. Conant, Special Com- missioner of the War Department, on Money and Banking, has just returned from the Philippines, where he has been investigating currency conditions. He announces that the monetary plan sug- gested by the Civil Commission a year ago will probably be recommended again this year. It will be recalled that when the United States first took over the islands, it found there a silver standard which had succeeded a nominal gold standard about 1875. Gold had been driven out by the Mexican dollar, and the use of such dollars was legalized in 1876, those in circulation being made a legal tender. At the time of the American oc- cupation, therefore, there was no gold in the islands, and the standard was an ar- bitrary one, fluctuating in value partly with the price of silver bullion, and part- ly with local demand and supply. The importation of Mexican dollars had been abolished in 1876, but after the American occupation this prohibition was abro- gated, and an arrangement was effected by the Philippine Commission for the ex- change of Mexican dollars against those of the United States at the rate of two for one. The dangers of such a situa- tion are obvious. If, as Mr. Conant ad- vises, the plan suggested a year ago should be adopted, the first step would probably be the issue of a silver peso of about the same content as the Mexican dollar, but redeemable at 50 cents in gold. This mode of reforming the cur- rency would be akin to that adopted by Japan under similar circumstances some years ago, which is probably the best so- lution of the currency difficulties in the Philippines. The fighting between Colombian fac- tions on the line of the Isthmian railway somewhat complicates the duties of our Government. We are bound by treaty to keep communication open between Colon and Panama. This is at present done by three detachments of United States marines, stationed, respectively, at Colon, Panama, and midway between. The situation is ticklish just to this ex- tent, that the attempt of our troops to prevent fighting on or near the line of the Panama Railway might result in a collision with either the Government forces or the revolutionists. But the danger of trouble with the Government troops is slight, for our marines have been landed with its full assent. Cap- tain Perry apparently feels that the bombardment of any town on the Panama line is constructively an ob- struction of traffic. It is on this prin- ciple chiefly that Lieut.-Commander Mc- Crea of the Machias has prevented a Colombian gunboat from shelling the in- surgents out of Colon. Such a position of strict neutrality is clearly a difficult one to maintain through a partisan war, and recurring acts of interference with the military movements of either party

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Nov. 28, 1901] The ISTation. 409 might result in serious complications. But, since the forces on either hand are small and the spectacular raid on Colon may any day end with the ejection of the insurgents, there will probably be little time for trouble to brew. The at- titude of the American commanders has been wholly correct and impartial. In their hands it is unlikely that a delicate situation will develop into a dangerous one. The London Spectator, in a spirit of friendship, proposes that England shall give her public instead of her tacit assent to the Monroe Doctrine, with the expectation that the other nations of Europe will follow her example, thus re- moving all cause for future irritation on the subject. But the Spectator knocks the whole plan into smithereens by the innocent requirement that the United States shall first define the Monroe Doc- trine. No American statesman is bold enough to attempt that feat. Some of cur greatest men have sought to define ii in the forum of debate where they were not responsible for any results to flow from their words, but no one has ever ventured to give it a definition ap- plicable to all cases; and we venture to say that no one living could be drawn by horse power to an inkstand where he should be compelled to write such a definition. Daniel Webster once gave a comprehensive statement of the Doc- trine by saying that a case for its ex- ercise (meaning a case for our interfer- ence in the affairs of another American state) "must be danger to our security, or danger, manifest and imminent dan- ger, to our essential rights and our es- sential interests." But if this were inscribed on parchment as our under- standing of the Monroe Doctrine, Eng- land and all the Powers would say: "We have always believed in that. It is a doctrine of universal application. \\ apply it to our own affairs daily. We could not keep house without it. We thought that the Monroe Doctrine was something peculiar to America — some- thing not known before Monroe's time — but now it appears to be as old as the hills and applicable to all ages, coun- tries, and climes." Then we should be just where we were before the Spectator conceived its happy solution of the dif- ficulty. The Spectator means well, but we want to keep not only the Monroe Doctrine in pickle, but all the defini- tions of it that the exigencies of politics may require. The permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague has decided that it is in- competent to consider the Boer appeal for intervention. No other decision was possible; for, In the first place, the Boers were not among the signatory Powers, to whom alone the Arbitration Convention applies. At the time of the Peace Conference, in fact, the Transvaal had, except with the consent of England, no international standing. Since that time Great Britain has become the de- facto administrator of the Boer terri- tory. Quite apart from the question whether the Boers had any standing be- fore the Court, that tribunal does not receive ex-parte pleas, nor any case of arbitration, unless "the object of the dispute" and "the extent of the arbitra- tor's powers" are agreed upon and duly formulated by both parties to the dis- pute. It will be remembered that dur- ing the session of the Peace Congress similar appeals from the Armenians, the Finns, and the Macedonian Committee were rejected as beyond the scope of the conference. The Hague Court, whatever may have been the private sympathies of the individual judges, had no choice but to follow this precedent and its own charter. The announcement that France has definitely invited the other European Powers to send delegates to a conference upon ways and means of suppressing the 'white slave" traffic is gratifying proof of a national and international awaken- ing in regard to this infamous system. The conference has been planned for some months, notice of the French Gov- ernment's intention having been given by Senator Berenger at the meeting of the National Vigilance Association in Amsterdam early in October. The plan of the French Government is that there shall be a general discussion of the ex- isting laws, with a view to suggesting methods of strengthening them from the international point of view. It is hoped that some uniform, drastic, and effective method of dealing with the agents may be devised, and as the German Emperor has taken a great personal interest in the matter, it is thought that in Ger- many, at least, some valuable results may follow. That the need for restric- tive measures is still great, is apparent to any reader of the Continental press. An organized exportation of Polish women to the Argentine Republic has lately been uncovered, and one or two of the criminals have been caught. In Hungary and Bohemia, too, the horri- ble traffic has been steadily carried on, while the luring of English girls of good family into Holland, Belgium, and France goes on as steadily as it did when Mr. W. T. Stead made his extra- ordinary revelations in the Pall Mall Gazette, years ago. For many years the selection of new plays for the Theatre Frangais was in- trusted, mainly, to a reading committee composed of sociitaires. Of late, and especially since the retirement of M. Got (now dead), there has been increas- ing dissatisfaction with the manner in which this committee has exercised its prerogatives. Complaints have been fre- quent among authors that the members of it were actuated chiefly by a desire for personal aggrandizement, and that a play had no chance of being accepted if it was not rich in opportunities for all the principal performers. In many cases pieces were so cut and mangled, to suit the leading players, as to be bare- ly recognizable by their original crea- tors. Only recently, a play that had been in the hands of the committee for years, and had been rewritten and re- modelled to a considerable extent, to meet the requirements of this one and ttat, failed so ignominiously upon its production — chiefly on account of the absurdity of some of the emendations — that the reputed author declined to be held responsible for it. This result was nothing more than might reasonably have been expected from the delibera- tions of actors, each of whom was in- tent upon his own individual interest. The wonder is that the system should have avoided an open breakdown as long as it did. Perceiving the folly and scandal r ~ it, M. Leygues, Minister of Instruc- tion, recently decreed that hereafter M. Claretie, the intellectual head of the theatre, a keen critic, an ele- gant writer and accomplished scholar, should have the sole power of choosing plays for performance, thereby putting an end to the jealousies and intrigues which had distracted the committee, and fixing the responsibility upon a single person, who could be replaced at plea- sure if he should prove incapable. In- stantly the actors were in revolt over this alleged invasion of their rights and reflection upon their acumen and integrity. The thought that they had been relieved from an irksome and dif- ficult duty, for which they were not fitted and which ought not to have been imposed upon them, never occurred to them. They could see nothing but the affront to their dignity, and think of nothing but the way to avenge it. Their final resolve is worthy of sulky children. Hitherto it has been the custom to ap- point certain members of the company, m rotation, to superintend the staging of new plays. Now the actors refuse their assistance. They say that, if M. Claretie is to choose the plays without help, he may have the privilege of stag- ing them also. And so matters are tem- porarily at a deadlock. If M. Leygues stands firm, however, the conflict can have but one termination. The players certainly will be beaten, as they deserve to be. Already there is a proposal that socivtaires shall be retired compulsorily at the end of twenty years' service, and more stringent measures of reorganiza- tion might be adopted, if necessary. There is no reason to fear that an in- fusion of new acting blood would do any permanent harm to the constitution of the Frangais.

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4=10 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 FACILITATING TRADE. How strong, and often malign, may be the prejudice connected with old bat- tle-cries, was shown again at the open- ing of the Reciprocity Convention in Washington on November 19. To some delegates, free trade was evidently a dragon hidden somewhere in the hall, and ready to rush upon them if they were unwary. So they got up to crush every argument in favor of reciprocity with the ready charge that it was only free trade in disguise. On the other hand, manufacturers like Mr. Farquhar, who are thinking earnestly of the for- eign market and how best to get to it, could regard their opponents only as the embodiment of a bigoted protectionism, "gorging itself on the spoils of the weak." So the Convention seemed at once to be in for a renewal of ancient battles and old recriminations. The lame and impotent resolutions adopted the next day mark the culmina- tion and failure of the movement to in- duce the Republican party to do some- thing this session for American trade. The resolutions themselves ought to be set as an example of bad logic to chil- dren in the public schools. It would cer- tainly be a poor student who could not pass with honor an examination requir- ing him to point out (1) how the tail of the resolutions eats up the head; (2) how the wrong conclusion is drawn from correct premises; and (3) how what is openly asserted in one resolution is co- vertly denied in its neighbor. The pro- cess appears to have been to allow the man who wanted foreign trade to write one clause, and the man who hated for- eign trade to introduce the amendments which nullified it. Thus, the Convention highly resolved that it was in favor of "opening up by reciprocity," and by "special modifications of the tariff, op- portunities for increased foreign trade," but "only where it can be done without rnjury to any of our home interests of manufacturing, commerce, or farming." There it is! You may do it, only on condition that you don't do it! We take it for granted that this sounds the death-knell of all the reci- procity treaties. Mr. McKinley nego- tiated them and believed in them; Presi- dent Roosevelt and Secretary Hay will urge their ratification; great manufac- turers and exporters will press their ac- ceptance by the Senate, but that body has the grave ready into which they are to be tumbled without even the rites of Christian burial. And the reason is clear. The Republican party is afraid of the discussion. It shrinks from reveal- ing its internal differences of opinion on this subject. Moreover, it knows that the clutch of selfish interests is upon its throat. It is of the nature of pro- tection to make its greed blind and an- gry, and protection is now renewing its old threats to the Republican party if any attempt is made to diminish its pound of flesh, nominated in the tariff, by the twentieth part of one poor scruple. In view of all this, the Repub- lican party has had the cowardice of its lack of convictions, and its leaders have practically said, "What, invite a party split when we are comfortably in the enjoyment of all the offices? No such folly!" The real folly, however, lies in the de- termination to do nothing. This is tan- tamount to serving notice on the coun- try that the power which it has given the Republican party is not to be used except in a timid, hand-to-mouth fashion. It is not to be employed to fortify the country against the coming of an evil day. But the evil day in trade and ag- riculture will surely come. Its arrival cannot, in fact, be much longer delayed, unless the fat years are to be multiplied by special miracle in our behalf. Let the chill fall upon our industry which the law of averages makes us certain will fall ere long; let scanty crops coincide with low prices for them, as may easily be the case next year or the year after; and then let it appear that we are cut off from our foreign market by the neg- lect of the Republican party to follow the advice and urging of President Mc- Kinley— and what will be the result? Who will look foolish then? The econom- ic effects will be disastrous, but the po- litical effects may be simply appalling. There are two kinds or' statesmanship — the far-sighted, and the bat-blind. Par- ty leaders may seek power for two ends — either to lie at ease in the patronage pen, with their snouts near the trough, or to put office and party control to large and creative use in inaugurating wise and far-reaching national policies. To the latter course the Republican party was invited by its unexampled opportu- nity, as by the utter demoralization of the Opposition, and was urged to it by the enlightened and progressive minds within its own ranks. It appears to have decided, for the present, upon the "great refusal." It will do nothing but enjoy the goods which it thinks it has laid up for many years. Its chosen watch- word is that of the lotus-eaters — "Let us alone." But the history of the rise and fall of parties has been written in vain if this somnolent statesmanship is not destined ere long to a rude awak- ening. If there were no Opposition party, it would be necessary to invent one, in order to enact at Washington a trade policy corresponding to the needs of the time and the demands of the country. The Governor-elect of Iowa, Mr. Cum- mins, gave fitting expression, at the New York Chamber of Commerce din- rer last week, to the sense of bound- less pride in our national resources and opportunity which pervades the Central West. Out there they are fully ready for a "fair field and no favors" in the world's competition. They know that they can feed the world and make ma- chinery for the world, and they look with growing impatience upon that cow- ering timidity of many interests in the East which dreads and hampers foreign trade. We are prepared to go out for the conquest of the world, yet we fall a- wrangling whether we shall reduce cur duty on pinchbeck jewelry by 5 per cent.! We are building bridges in Afri- ca and India, invading England, fright- ening Austria, and disturbing Germany with our expanding and victorious trade, yet we squabble over a few pairs of stockings! Well, it is all very petty and ridiculous, but we pin our faith to nat- ural forces which are sure to triumph in the end, despite the puny men who get in their way. And we confidently expect that rejoicing America, going forth like a strong man to run the race of industrial competition, will not much longer submit to the weights and clogs fastened upon its limbs by short-sight- en or selfish men. A SHIPPING TRUST. The gentlemen connected with the formation of Trusts do not habitually take the public into their confidence un- til their plans have been carried out. it was therefore not to be expected that any announcement would be made as to the persistent rumors that the control of the White Star Line has been acquir- ed by Americans. Whatever technical denials of particular statements may be made about the existence of a gigantic Shipping Trust, however, a report from trustworthy sources is current in ship- ping circles which throws more light on the actual situation than any number of denials of carefully selected rumors. It appears that, in order to carry out an agreement with the Canadian Grand Trunk Railway, a service of two steam- ers a week is to be maintained between Portland, Me., and Liverpool. This ser- vice, it is alleged, is to be made up from the fleets of the Leyland Line, the At- lantic Transport Line, the Dominion Line, and the White Star Line. In other words, here are four companies which do not openly admit that they are part of any shipping combination, but which are actually combining their fleets in order to form a connecting line between the Grand Trunk Railway and Liverpool, and to make a line of sufficient impor- tance to require two steamers a week. The fact that the Leyland Line takes part in this service indicates that it is in the syndicate, and the same may, per- haps, be said of the White Star Line and of the Atlantic Transport Line. But whoever is or is not in the syndicate, the important fact is that an interna- tional combination exists, including at least four hitherto independent lines. And this is the same Atlantic Transport Line whose President sent to the Com- missioner of Navigation a recently pub-

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Nov. 28, 1901] The Nation. 411 lished letter arguing for an American subsidy. It is interesting to note the relation between this combined line and the plan for a subsidy which was pressed so ur- gently in the last Congress, and which is to be brought up again in Washington within a few weeks. Here is a line of ships, all foreign-built, ostensibly en- gaged in our foreign commerce from the port of Portland, but really a part of a line of transportation from British America and Canada to England — that is, foreign ships engaged in foreign busi- ness. Yet the single device of putting the title to these ships in a company, and the putting of the nominal title to 51 per cent, of the stock of that company in the names of United States citizens, would require our Government to pay a heavy subsidy to every ship for every voyage under the plan of subsidy proposed. This Portland Line has an unmistakable con- nection with the plans of the subsidy seekers — just as unmistakable as the plan of a certain large ship-building Trust which was put before investors, a year ago, when the Subsidy Bill was be- ing pushed in Washington, but which was withdrawn when the bill was dropped in the Senate. The combining of the fleets of foreign companies in the Portland Line also shows that the for- eign steamship companies, which were said to be fighting an American subsidy, have merely been preparing to share in such a bonus as the American people shall find it in their hearts to donate. The contrast between the plans of this great shipping combination — which is inspired and controlled by Americans, if not wholly composed of Americans — and the pitiful cry of the same Americans for Government aid would justify most satirical comment. But there is a side oi the subject too grave to be treated lightly. Great business combinations are with us, for better or worse. They exist in defiance of the policy of the law, and in many cases in defiance of its letter. They avoid legal attack by mak- ing their most important arrangements through secret contracts on which no le- gal authority can lay its hand; but when their combinations have been effected, they can dictate terms to their competi- tors, and often to the public. Foreign commerce is a most inviting field for such combinations. If the great ship- building companies and the great ship- ping lines have not been drawn into a combination, or are not now drawing into a combination, they are throwing away opportunities which are being seized upon in every other field of busi- ness. But facts which leak out indicate that there has been no such neglect of opportunities, and that one of the chief reasons for secrecy is the plan that has been brewing to induce the United States Government to make an annual contribution to the profits of such com- binations. To accomplish this, the com- ponent American companies must con- tinue to act in the role of infant indus- tries until the Subsidy Bill has passed. Now, business combinations existing in accordance with law, or by avoidance of it, are one thing, and combinations made profitable by Government assistance are a very different and more serious thing. We cannot say, however, that we are surprised that combination should take the latter form. So many resolutions have been passed by political conven- tions, and so many speeches have been made by statesmen, in favor of some kind of subsidy, that capitalists who are alive to their opportunities could not fail to see the double advantages offered by a Shipping Trust. In our view, they are much less to blame for the subsidy scheme than the politicians who tell them that there is a large surplus in the Treasury to be applied to some vague public purpose, through the pockets of private individuals. The piling up of a surplus in the Trea- sury is perhaps the greatest menace to American institutions to-day. It offers a temptation to all the greedy and un- scrupulous characters in the nation to bring forward plans for disbursing it through channels which they control. River-and-harbor and slack-water nav- igation schemes are multiplying beyond precedent. Battle-ships and big guns are looming up in astounding number and size. We shall presently have proposals for new pensions and additions to old ones. The amount in the Treasury can never be so large that there will not be found sufficient outlets for it. All the schemers will marshal themselves be- hind the Ship-Subsidy Bill, and will claim that their plans for disposing of the surplus are just as good and just as much entitled to consideration as those advanced by Senators Frye and Hanna; and in this they will be quite justified. POLITICS IN STATE INSTITUTIONS. At the Charities Conference last week Mr. George F. Canfield, President of the State Charities Aid Association, read a paper on the influence of politics on State and city institutions. The con- clusions which he reached are founded upon reports received in answer to in- quiries sent throughout the State asking information on this particular point. It is gratifying to learn, from the an- swers received, that the charitable in- stitutions supported in whole or in part by the proceeds of taxation are, for the raost part, "free from the influence of bad politics." By bad politics is meant the kind which seeks places in these institutions for the sake of getting po- sitions for "henchmen" or making profits by supplying goods to the institutions. The other kind of politics, which finds its way into the boards of managers, and is considered by most people not very censurable, consists in the general practice of filling all vacancies as they occur in the boards with persons be- longing to the party in power, instead of reappointing, regardless of their politi- cal affiliations, those whose terms have expired. This kind of partisanship does not necessarily lower the standard of management of the institutions, but neither does it tend to elevate It. If nothing worse, it tends to lessen the in- terest of one-half of the community in the management; and this is a manifest harm to the State. The effects of partisanship in the ad- ministration of public charities have been exhibited within recent years in a striking manner in the State of Indiana. The political majority in Indiana has oscillated from the Republicans to the Democrats and vice versa ever since the civil war. Party spirit has been intense, sometimes to the point of riotous beha- vior, and as a consequence every scrap of political patronage has been utilized for all it was worth, and even much more than it was worth. With every change of the political control, there was a change of the officers, attendants, and laborers of the institutions— not all at once, because the institutions could not be carried on without a certain num- ber of experienced hands, but gradually and surely. Of course, the new appoin- tees were selected not for their fit- ness, not for their knowledge of the needs of the patients in the hospitals and asylums, but for their party service and their "pull." The result was a degradation of the service so infamous and a series of scandals so glaring and outrageous and continuous that both parties agreed to uproot and cast it out for ever. From time to time we have commented on this reform in Indiana, which put the administration of public charities on a non-partisan basis, and made the avenue to appointment, in all subordinate places, dependent upon com- petitive examination. Although the present Governor of In- diana has shown some signs of back- sliding, it is perhaps safe to say that its charitable institutions are now as free from partisan influence and contam- ination as those of any State in the Union. Those of New York, according to Mr. Canfield, are in very encouraging shape, but they are not beyond the reach of amendment. One of the local reports says that the superintendent of the alms- house is an inefficient saloonkeeper, and that his aim is to keep as many rela- tives and friends employed there as pos- sible. Another says: "No superintendent is elected for more than two terms. Partisan influence con- trols and out-door relief is also affected. Numerous instances have come to our knowledge in which voters undeserving of relief have made upon overseers of the poor demands upon the ground of past po- litical support and of threatened opposi- tion in the future in case their demands are not complied with. In purchasing sup- plies, they are compelled by political con- I siderations to distribute their orders to

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4:12 The ISTation* [Vol. 73, No. 1900 storekeepers who charge full retail prices and often supply inferior articles, when good supplies can be purchased in bulk of wholesale dealers at a large saving to the county. Most of the county superinten- dents of both parties have been in the habit in a greater or less degree of using the almshouse as headquarters for their po- litical followers, where expensive dinners and entertainments were furnished at pub- lic expense." In another place the practice existed, on the part of the superintendent, of dis- tributing favors in the purchase of sup- plies in return for votes. This practice had become established, and was ac- quiesced in as "a regular thing," but it happened that "a Christian gentleman was elected who served without fear or favor, purchasing goods where he could purchase them cheapest." The conse- quence was that at the next election he "got left." The politicians had no fur- ther use for him. In short, the finding of the investiga- tion is that the administration of pub- lic charities in New York is for the most part good, being free from partisan in- fluence, but that badness exists in spots, and that here it is due to the sluggish- ness of local public opinion. It is a no- ticeable fact that in the places where the superintendents and overseers of the poor are inefficient and dishonest, "it is more frequently the public and the tax- payers than the inmates who suffer." Reduced to percentages, it is found that the bad effects of politics in the institu- tions, so far as the welfare of the in- mates is concerned, is represented by 15 to 20 in the 100, and so far as extrava- gance and wastefulness of the public funds are concerned, by a percentage of 35. The conditions existing in the city of New York are susceptible of much im- provement, yet Mr. Canfield awards high commendation to Mr. Keller, the pres- ent Commissioner of Charities. Al- though a Tammany man and a pretty stiff partisan, he has given us the best administration of that department the city has ever had. But there still re- mains much to be done in the way of eliminating the baleful influences of politics. No radical changes are recom- mended in the methods of managing the State institutions, their condition being on the whole satisfactory. It is suggest- ed, however, that the boards of man- agers should consist of not less than seven members each, and that the term of office of not more than one member should expire in any one year; since, with a slowly changing body, no State administration can appoint a majority of the members, and thus there will be less political pressure for places under them. The civil-service rules should be extended to the county institutions, and means for enforcing them in those places should be devised. Finally, we need a steady and enlightened public opinion, for the creation and sustenance of which we have excellent organs in the State Board of Charities, the State Charities Aid Association, the charity organization societies existing through- out the State, and in various publica- tions devoted to the interests of charity. Altogether the outlook is cheering to those who give their time to charitable work without pay, and who find their reward in the happiness of the needy and the afflicted. TOURNEBUT. Paris, November 8, 1901. 'Tournebut' is a natural sequel to the 'Marquis de la Rouerie.' It is another chap- ter in the insurrection of Brittany against the Revolution, as painful, as interesting as the first. It is, so to speak, the dying flame of the revolt, as it extends from 1804 to 1809 in the time of the Empire. Here again M. Lenotre has found many inedited documents; he has, besides, had the good fortune to procure for his work, which has not a prepossessing title, a preface by the popular Victorien Sardou. Many people have, I suppose, been sur- prised by this title: "Tournebut." What is Tournebut? Explanation is at once in order, as the name hitherto has had no historical associations. There was, in the Department of Eure, on the left bank of the Seine, not far from Gaillon, an old castle, called the Chateau de Tournebut. Though its high fagade could be seen from the river, Tournebut was really not on the line of transit, either by water or by land, from Rouen to Paris; it was surrounded by woods and between the river and the bigh road, and therefore very isolated. In the first years of the seventeenth century it belonged to the family of the Marechal de Marillac, and tradition will have it that, in the course of the struggle between Ma- rillac and Richelieu, false money was fab- ricated in the castle. Marillac was execut- ed in Paris in 1632. At the beginning of the nineteenth cen- tury Tournebut was the perfect type of the old castles, where there was hardly any trace of luxury or wealth, with immense rooms and very little comfort, enormous walls, hiding-places, high roofs covered with tiles. It was inhabited in 1804 by the Marchioness of Combray, the daughter of a president of a court of law in Normandy. She was a widow, had two sons and two daughters; she possessed, besides Tourne- but, large domains in the neighborhood of Falaise. She was a very imperious and courageous person, and determined, even fanatical, royalist. Her authority over her dependents, farmers, servants, was bound- less. All the attempts of the royalists of the western part of France against the Revolution had ended in signal failure; some of thorn had submitted; but there re- mained still in 1804 a number of malcon- tents. The civil war had dwindled to the proportions of mere brigandage. There were still, however, constant communica- tions with the 6migr6a and the princes in England; but the chief exploits of the last leaders of the Chouannerie consisted in holding up and plundering, on the high road, the diligences which carried the bags of gold and silver of the collectors of taxes. M. Lenotre's new volume begins with the dramatic episode of the conspiracy of the famous Georges Cadoudal, the man of whom Napoleon was most afraid, and who had re- solved to take his life. All the details of Cadoudal's arrest in Paris, of his terrible de- force against the detectives who arrested him, of his trial, and of his execution are well known and belong to history. Cadou- dal had organized a plan of communication with the emigris In England, through Nor- mandy, by means of a series of hiding- places between Paris and the Channel Coast. After his death, the man whom the Chouans of Normandy considered as his successor, and whom in their communica- tions they called the "great Alexander," was the Viscount Robert d'Ache; he was hiding in Paris at the same time as Georges Ca- doudal. He had, like him, been denounced by a traitor named Querelle, but he suc- ceeded in escaping from Paris, travelling in disguise and changing his clothes several times, and finally took refuge at the house of his old friend, Madame de Combray, at Tournebut. He remained there fourteen months, under the name of Deslorieres, with- out attracting the attention of Foucae's vig- ilant police. In his retreat, however, ho never ceased to conspire against the Gov- ernment, and tried to remain in communica- tion with the royalists in England, exasper- ated by the death of the Duke d'Enghien, of Georges Cadoudal, and of Pichegru. Ma- dame de Combray led apparently the most quiet life. She played at cards or at tric- trac all day long, with friends or visitors, generally with her notary. Nobody could have suspected that her house had become a nest of conspirators. She was living with two daughters. Her two sons had emigrated; cne of them was serving in the army of the Frinces, the other living in England. In the year 1795, a certain M. Acquet, Chevalier de Ferolles, had come to Madame de Combray with a letter of recommenda- tion from a refractory priest (such was the name given to the priests who did not accept the civic constitution of the clergy). He gave himself out as "Agent General of his Majesty," cited Charrette, Frott€, Pui- saye, as his intimate friends. He was really a mere adventurer, and he colored with a royalist tincture his exploits, which consisted chiefly in robbing the tax-gath- erers on the high road. He was very well received by Madame de Combray, and se- duced one of her daughters so as to make a marriage inevitable. He was the worst of husbands; his wife left him, and insti- tuted proceedings for a legal separation. Acquet became the bitterest enemy of all the Combray family, and his active hatred found in time the most complete satisfac- tion. He knew very well that Madame de Combray was hiding royalists in her chateau. He became the voluntary spy of Fouch£, and followed eagerly all the move- ments of Madame de Combray and her friends. Madame Acquet became, after her separa- tion from her husband, the mistress of a certain Le Chevalier, an ardent royalist, a sort of "heros de roman," and she took part in all his enterprises, and dressed some- times in man's clothes. Le Chevalier seems to have been the chief organizer of an ex- pedition which resulted in a highway rob- bery in the wood of Quesnoy, five leagues from Caen, not far from the castle of Don- nay, where Madame Acquet was living at the time. The sum of 60,000 francs fell into

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Nov. 28, 1901] The Nation. 413 the hands of Le Chevalier and seven men, his accomplices. For a long time all the researches of the police were vain; but the arrest of Le Chevalier in Paris, where he audaciously paraded as an agent of the Princes, finally put FouchS's agents on the right track. A detachment of gendarmes was sent to Tournebut. Madame de Com- bray was arrested with her son and sent to the Conciergerie at Rouen. The police hoped to find D'Ache at Tournebut, but this extraordinary man discovered some se- cret refuge. For two days Madame de Com- bray was cross-examined by the Prefect. She avowed that she knew D'Achg, but de- nied knowing where he was. Tournebut was searched in every part, and it was ascer- tained that this venerable castle was in fact full of hiding-places and capable of re- ceiving an army of conspirators. D'Ache, however, could not be found. Madame Acquet had disappeared. She was, however, after many incidents, arrest- ed and sent also to the Conciergerie at Rouen. She had been denounced by one of her accomplices. Once in prison, she made a complete confession. She told all she knew of D'Ache's plans, of his journeys to England, of the organization of the plot. She formally accused D'Ache of having been the cause of all her misfortunes, of having advised and planned the robbery of the public funds in the attacks on the dili- gences. She accused her mother, Madame de Combray, of having transported some of the funds to Caen. She was prepared to die on the scaffold, and had already cut her hair. She tried to hang herself, but was prevented in time. It was decided that the theft at Quesnoy should be tried before a special court at Rouen. In 1807 there were as many as thirty-eight people, men and women, in prison during the preparation of the case. But D'Ache, the successor of Georges Ca- doudal, was still at large. A letter was sent to Madame de Combray, announcing to her the downfall of Napoleon and the ar- rival of the King, ending with these words: "Write at once to M. D'Ache a letter which he may give to his Majesty. I will see that it is put in his hands." Madame de Combray fell into the trap and wrote in answer that D'Ache was generally in the neighborhood of Bayeux. But D'Ache was not to be found on such vague information. He was still at liberty ten months after the robbery at Quesnoy. All his accomplices were in prison. He himself led the life of a fugitive, lived chiefly in the woods, found everywhere friends willing to conceal him for days, chiefly royalist ladies, till he became the victim of a certain Madame de Vaubadon, who, according to public opinion, was his mistress. D'Ache was killed by four gendarmes, after a great struggle, under circumstances which have remained mys- terious to this day. Madame de Vaubadon was obliged to leave Caen, as she was pop- ularly considered an accomplice of the gendarmes, if not their leader. Of all the other "dramatis persona?" of this truly horrible drama, the only inter- esting one is Madame de Combray, who never had any part in the highway rob- beries, and who was led away solely by her admiration for D'Ache and by her royalist fanaticism. Her daughter, Madame Acquet, died on the scaffold. Her family and her friends made incessant efforts to obtain pardon for herself, but she remained in prison till the return of the Bourbons in 1814. She went back to Tournebut and found it in a very dilapidated state. She never left her old castle till she died in 1823. She was eighty-one years old. Correspondence. MR. CHARLES F. ADAMS'S ADVICE TO THE BOERS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It seems unlikely that men who are fighting for national existence and who have been made more desperate by the burning of their homes and the deaths of their wives and children in prison camps, will lay down their arms in deference to any historical ex- ample, however apposite. But is the his- torical example adduced by Mr. Charles Francis Adams really apposite? Had the Confederates anything like such a field for guerrilla warfare as the Boers have? Were the Southern whites in general sustained by anything like the patriotic and religious spirit of the Boer? There is a third and a still more important point of difference. The demeanor of the Federal Government, its generals, and the Northern people gener- ally towards the vanquished Confederates was generous and magnanimous. They did not insolently insist on abject and humiliat- ing submission. Nor did the Federal press and platform pcur a torrent of bloodthirsty insult and menace on the fallen. There was no hanging for "disloyalty" or driving of friends and kinsmen to attend the execu- tions. Nor was Ben Butler sent to govern the conquered South with arbitrary power, though he could not have been more hateful to the Southerner than Milner is to the Boers. Milner avows that, as Governor of the. Cape Town Colony, he sided with the Brit- ish "Loyalists," as they call themselves, against the Dutch. Has he, then, a moral right to hang Dutch sympathizers with the Boers as traitors? Equity. November 25. THE SOUTHERN SYMPATHIZERS WITH TAMMANY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: While the good people of New York city are feeling jubilant over the result of the late election, that part of the Southern forces which gave its moral support to the Tammany candidate, and which urged "the Southern colony" in your city to vote the ticket that would perpetuate in power the present corrupt administration, are now, with some of the Southern politicians, mourning over the overthrow of their an- cient ally. Thus, according to the Savannah MomingNews, the State Treasurer of Georgia considers the result of the New York elec- tion as a national calamity; the Governor of Georgia, according to the same paper, ex- presses similar views, and gives it as his opinion that the worst Democrat is better than the best Republican. Such views are probably in harmony with the spirit that caused, at the late election in Alabama, the disfranchisement of 95 per cent, of its color- ed voters, on the assumption that a vote in the hands of the most ignorant and debased white Democrat is safer to the politician than one in the hands, for example, of a Tuskegee graduate. A Sojourner. Savannah, Ga., November 80. 1901. MALAHACK AND BALLYHACK. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In one city of New England, and more than half a century ago, the phrase "Go to Ballyhack" (or "to Balahack") was in use among the young, as a general re- joinder. It memory does not mislead me, the expression "Don't Balahack it now," seems familiar, too. Mallyhack, I never heard, but the discus- sion in the Nation reminded me of the old use, and I have waited, hoping some one else might recall what may be the older form. Balahack suggests an origin on this side, possibly. Old England. Wokingiiam, Ens., November 12, 1901. Notes. Mr. T. W. Higginson's speech at Winches- ter, England, as Harvard's representative, has prompted Mr. A. R. Waller to translate for Christmas publication, through H. Wil- ford Bell, Hastings House, Norfolk Street, Strand. London, Mme. Th. Bentzon's paper on Mr. Higginson, "Un AmSricain Represen- tatif," which appeared originally in the Re- vue des Deux Mondes, and afterwards in her "Questions Americaines." A small volume will be the result. Messrs. Scribner have nearly ready 'The Great Persian War and its Preliminaries: A Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical,' by G. B. Grundy, M.A., Lecturer at Brasenose College. Fresh announcements from John Lane are 'Jane Austen: Her Homes and her Friends,' by Constance Hill, with illustra* tions by Ellen Hill; 'A Field of Clover,' fairy tales by Laurence Housman; 'Later Poems,' by Mrs. Alice Meynell; and Ba- con's essay, 'Of Gardens.' The Elston Press, Pelham Road, New Ro- ehelle, N. Y., has lately suffered loss by fire of the entire impression of a folio edition of 'Piers Plowman.' The handpresses and type, however, having been saved, the work has been begun anew and completed in a limited edition of 200 copies. It is to be followed, before the holidays, by 'The Tale of Gamelyn' (fourteenth century), in as many copies, and the Sonnets of Shakspert. reprinted in the original spelling from the first edition of 1609. Forthcoming in Small, Maynard & Co.'s pocket "Beacon Biographies" are 'Hamil- ton,' by Prof. James Schouler; 'Longfellow,' by Prof. George R. Carpenter; 'Edwin Booth,' by Charles Townsend Copeland; and 'S. E. B. Morse,' by Prof. John Trowbridge. It never rains but it pours, and so al- ready we have the season's second edition of Lamb's 'Tales from Shakspere' (London and New York: Raphael Tuck & Sons). But it has a distinction quite its own, be- ing in two large octavo volumes elaborate- ly illustrated, and supplied by Dr. Furnivall not only with a general historic-bibliogra- phical introduction, and special introduc- tions for each Tale, but with supplementary "sketches" for "Love's Labor's Lost" and "The Merry Wives," as well as for four of

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4,14= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 the five tragedies not told by Charles Lamb. These sketches make no pretence to com- pare in literary form with the Tales, and are, in fact, hardly calculated tor the young at all, except so far as they have in mind "the young person" and eliminate what is objectionable. Perhaps this com- bination of talents may end in a reclassi- fication of the Tales out of "Juvenilia." There are two frontispieces — the Droeshout Shakspere and a photogravure of Dr. Fur- nivall; a portrait group of Charles and Mary Lamb; and numerous illustrations by Harold Copping, full-plate and in the text, above the average in quality, and the best very good indeed. The typography is bold and clear. There is a Lilliputian army of good books which can with difficulty be more than enumerated, such as the delectable series in embossed buff leatherette issued by the Century Co., now augmented by the 'Odes of Horace: Translations from the Latin by Various Authors, Selected and Edited by Benjamin E. Smith,' sometimes in duplicate or triplicate, as when Milton and Goldwin Smith compete over the Ode to Pyrrha; and by 'Lincoln: Passages from his Speeches and Letters, with an Intro- duction by Richard Watson Gilder' and a portrait. Then there is Mr. John Lane's purple and gold "Lover's Library," with its 'Love Poems of Robert Burns' and 'Love Poems of Mrs. Browning,' including the Sonnets from the Portuguese. On a larger scale, by the way, though still' handy, is the same publisher's reprint of Mrs. Brown- ing's 'Casa Guidi Windows,' with a rather chilling introduction by A. Mary F. Robin- son (Mme. Duclaux), and a view of Casa Guidi. Mr. Lane further extends his "Flow- ers of Parnassus" with Pope's 'Rape of the Lock,' with Aubrey Beardsley's gro- tesque illustrations; and Tennyson's 'Dream of Fair Women,' with illustrations by Percy Bulcock. Finally, he concludes his tiny edition of George Borrow with 'The Zincali,' an account of the Gypsies of Spain. Here the compression trenches de- cidedly upon the readability of the text. Scarcely up to the standard of the gener- ality of the foregoing, yet still presenta- ble, are Gray's 'Elegy [and Other Poems]' and Matthew Arnold's 'Sweetness and Light' proceeding from H. M. Caldwell & Co. ("Remarque Edition"), along with 'Se- lections from Fenelon' and 'Wit and Wis- dom of Sidney Smith,' this last in a very attractive limp chamois binding. In 16mo form is the new Oxford India Paper Dickens, begun with 'A Tale of Two Cities,' with Phiz's illustrations (H. Frowde) ; but the compact volume really embraces also 'A Child's History of Eng- land.' It is hardly to be believed that near- ly 850 pages are so compactly bestowed. The seventeen volumes contemplated in all will thus exact but a little more than a foot of space upon the shelf. Fleming H. Revell Company have thought Mrs. Sangster's 'Winsome Womanhood,' of which we spoke last year, worthy of a dress in keeping with gift-books, and have accordingly reproduced it somewhat sump- tuously, with pale tinted borders, and im- pressionistic portrait studies from life by William Buckingham Dyer. Mr. Howells has sat in judgment on his 'Italian Journeys' for a new edition with Mr. Joseph Pennell's illustrations (Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co.). He has pruned it of youthful faults of affectation, and offers it as much worthier of credence than before. Mr. Pennell's designs appear to have suf- fered at some stage in the reproduction, and are only occasionally at his best level. Flaubert's 'Salammbo,' translated by J. W. Matthews, has been attractively brought out by Doubleday, Page & Co., in the nine- teenth-century series of French novels ed- ited by A. R. Waller in conjunction with Arthur Symons. Flaubert's portrait serves as frontispiece. An anonymous translation of a once pop- ular set of stories by Eugene Sue is issued, under the title of 'The Seven Cardinal Sins,' by the H. M. Caldwell Company, in five pre- sentable volumes. Such an attempt at re- vival can hope for little better than a fee- ble succes d'estime with the few who still remember the vogue of Sue's greater novels some two generations ago. The ambitious pretensions of their special pleadings have long since been superseded; and the some- what vulgar bourgeois epicureanism of the present collection is equally out of date in tone, if not in spirit. Entertainment they may here and there present, as in the story of 'Gluttony,' with its descriptions of dain- ties even more appetizing than the Gar- gantuan feasts of 'L'Ami Fritz.' The lan- guage offers so few difficulties that a more perfectly equipped translator would easily have avoided the error of mistaking Luxure for Luxury; but the present traditore has possibly forgotten his catechism. Although not a book to be taken with great seriousness, yet the 'History of American Art,' by Sadakichi Hartmann (Boston: L. C. Page & Co.), is in some re- spects a better work than might have been expected. There is considerable catholicity of judgment shown in it, and there are a good many bits of shrewd Judgment and of acute characterization of individual artists. On the other hand, the arrangement is con- fused and confusing, the statements some- times reckless in the extreme, and there are pages of "wild and whirling words," not to say of absolute nonsense. Dignity, balance, and reserve are certainly not its qualities, but it might almost be recom- mended, in the absence of anything better, if it were not for certain passages with regard to the sculptor Saint-Gaudens which are not only untrue, but are calcu- lated to do the more harm as they are dis- guised under the semblance of praise. From the same publishers comes 'Beau- tiful Women in Art,' translated from the French of Armand Dayot by H. Twitchell. The plates show us many beautiful women, many pretty women, a number that are neither one thing nor the other, and some that are downright plain. Some are great works of art that are not portraits, some are portraits that are not works of art, and some are both at once. There is a run- ning commentary of text that need not be read with seriousness. The print and pa- per are good, the binding gay (not to say gaudy), and the whole forms a gift-book which to those who like that sort of thing will be just what they like. Both these books are in two volumes. So long as birds build nests will the thoughts of young married people in the cities turn to the making of country homes. This truth has been appreciated by Mr. J. P. Mowbray, who, under the title 'The Making of a Country Home' (Doubleday, Page & Co.), draws a pretty picture of an adventure of this kind. He declares that the story is the record of an ordinary man's successful efforts, and there is no doubt concerning the possibility of success under the conditions here given. At all events, Mr. Mowbray's story is probable. and told so agreeably as to justify his hope that it may "encourage and stimu- late other ordinary men who have the ca- pacity to long for a home." The arrangement of Mr. H. W. Hunting- ton's 'The Show Dog' (Providence, R. I.: Remington Printing Co.) is simple and ex- cellent, the dogs being described in their alphabetical sequence, beginning with the Airedale terrier, the biggest and certainly not far from the least desirable of its kind, and ending with the Yorkshire ter- rier. There is a good illustration (and often more than one) of every breed of dog described. The text begins with the origin and uses of each breed, followed by the "standard" and "scale of points adopt- ed by the specialty club of that particu- lar breed," concluding with the "Com- ments," which give the general informa- tion of use to the large body of mankind that takes no particular interest in "show dogs." There is, apparently, no dog that is not treated in the work, and the nu- merous illustrations, which are all por- traits, are very good, indeed. The last few pages contain excellent advice for the "treatment of the dog, in health and in sick- ness"— brief, sensible, and plain, and ap- plicable alike to the highest bred and most useless toy terrier and the cur of low degree. 'A Synopsis of the Mammals of North America and the Adjacent Seas,' by Daniel Giraud Elliot (vol. ii. of the Zoological Series of Publications of the Field Colum- bian Museum), an illustrated octavo of 471 pages, is a work of much interest for the mammalogist. Its text is entirely de- scriptive and technical; the illustrations are mostly of skulls and dentition. The volume is intended only for the expert, makes no attempt to bring up the synony- my, and contains nothing of popular in- terest. Absence of keys to the subdivisions of the mammalia makes it less available for those not well versed in the subject. Excepting minor errors, like Didpodomys for Dipodomys, Nycticejus for Nycticeius, and Stynegeri for Stejnegeri, the book makes a very good appearance. A stupendous mass of discoveries are made yearly in higher mathematics; but. for the most part, they may be wholly ne- glected, as far as any treatment of prac- tical problems is concerned. This does not seem to be the case with Hubert's new substitute for the calculus of variations, the application of which to simple problems of integral maxima and minima is explain- ed in Dr. Charles A. Noble's Gottingen doctoral dissertation, entitled 'Eine Neue Methode in der Variationsrechnung,' to which it seems worth while to draw at- tention. In the National Geographic Magazine for November is a suggestive study of the sex, nativity, and color of our people, il- lustrated by diagrams. There are numerous geographical notes, including two on Alas- kan names — Kodiak, as the Geographic Board now spells it, and Cape Nome, which is simply a draughtsman's interpretation of the marks ("? Name") put against the

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Nov. 28, 1 901] The Nation 415 cape on the original manuscript chart made on the Franklin rescue-ship H. M. frigate Huald in 1845-'51. The Geographical Journal for November contains an account of a journey in Oman in southeastern Arabia, which is interest- ing as showing the natural capacity of the people, especially in their admirable moun- tain roads and hanging gardens irrigated by artificial underground water-courses. A certain strength of character is also indi- cated by the fact that a feud exists between two tribes which had its origin in a horse race in 562 a. d. The name Green Moun- tain, which its now barren range bears, makes it probable that deforestation in an- cient times has desolated the larger part of the region. Mr. Archibald Little de- scribes a voyage in flood-time through the four great gorges of the Upper Yang-tse. Its most curious incident was the passing over the site of a manufacturing city "which is annually submerged each sum- mer and again annually reconstructed each winter as the water subsides." He men- tions also seeing a Government steamer which was carrying munitions of war from Shanghai to Chengtu, and adds — "of which a continuous stream, including machine-guns, has been flowing west for two years past." Other articles are upon the British Asso- ciation's geographical sessions, and Mr. Dickson's paper on the mean temperature of the atmosphere and the causes of glacial periods. In a note on progress in Rhodesia, it is stated that 2,734 miles of roads have been constructed. While Germany is still timidly experi- menting with the admission of girls to the secondary schools that open the way to the universities, and, of the twenty-five States that compose the empire, only three — namely, Oldenburg, Baden, and very re- cently Wurtemberg — have introduced co- education in institutions, Sweden is already celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the successful inauguration of this inno- vation. The famous Palmgren Gymnasium in Stockholm was founded in 1876 by Dr. Palmgren for the very purpose of demon- strating that boys and girls can be success- fully educated together in the secondary schools; it has become the model for many others in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. It is a complete classical Gymnasium, a semi-classical Realgymnasium, and a scien- tific Oberrealschule. The attendance ave- rages 200, about equally divided as to sex, in ages from six to twenty years. Not only are boys and girls taught in the same class, but they are seated together. The total teaching force is seventy-five, of whom half are women; the latter teaching in the higher as well as in the lower classes. Ori- ginally founded as a private undertaking, the school has gradually won the approval of the authorities, and in recent years has received some $2,000 annually from the state. The quarter-centennial of this, the first co-educational secondary school in Europe, has attracted the general attention of European educational circles. By a slip of the pen last week, we attri- buted otherwise than to Macmillan, for this market, the pretty Dent edition of Thackeray's 'Vanity Fair.' — The Life of Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, in the "Saintly Lives" Series (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.), affords an instructive, if not entertaining, glimpse of family life in the seventeenth century. As one of the fifteen children of Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, Mary Boyle, before her mar- riage with Charles Rich, passed her early girlhood in Ireland on Lord Cork's estate at Youghal. There, too, was born her brother, Robert Boyle, the most illustrious of the clan, closely associated with the rounding of the Royal Society. Of him we hear too little in this memoir. The Boyles were a scattered family, and their alliances and fortunes are a bewildering piece of his- tory. When Charles Rich succeeded to the Earldom of Warwick, the saintly life as practised by his wife was well begun. It is a most sober record, this life of a wealthy countess in the gay reigns of Charles the First and Second. The episode of the Protectorate did not affect the for- tunes of the Warwicks, whose sympathies were on the whole Puritan. They lived a well-ordered, peaceful existence at their beautiful house, Leighs Priory in Essex, and the surprising lack of incident in this volume proves how happy they were in standing aside from the making of the troublous history of the times. The Riches have died out, and Leighs Priory is a ruin; the great estates of those earlier Warwicks ivho had no stake in the Midlands having been divided and dissipated. The tale of their fortunes does not make exciting read- ing, but the antiquarian and historian of the seventeenth century might do worse than glance through these pages. Pious and eminently worthy of esteem as was Mary Rich, it is her father Lord Cork's fig- ure that gives force and value to the ear- lier chapters of the book, which fall off in interest when Mary usurps the foreground. — Persons who are in the way of writing French will find the 'Concise French Gram- mar' of Mr. Arthur H. Wall (Oxford: Clar- endon Press; New York: Henry Frowde) convenient, owing to its embodying the ef- fect of the Arrete of July 31, 1900, so that, for example, they not only must, as for- merly, write, "Cette dame est toute gra- cieuse," but may write, "Cette dame est toute aimable." We do not think, by the way, that the permission to write "Ces dames sont toutes aimables" for "Ces dames sont tout aimables" will be felt to be an advantage by anybody; but some of the old rules were certainly intolerably sense- less. We observe that Mr. Wall says that "neither rules nor explanations are of much practical value" in guiding us to the prepo- sition that ought to accompany an infinitive following a verb. That, perhaps, depends upon how much "much" means. We are certainly dominated in the matter by psy- chological principles of association which to a certain extent follow formulas. No rule can be given which will dispense with the necessity of learning the construction of each verb along with its signification. To trust to any rule would be much like trusting to the English or Latin for the precise import of the word. But as nobody would deny that the recollection of the Latin meaning does help us to remember the meaning of a corresponding French or English word, so rules can be given which will aid very much in retaining the French construction, even when it is exceptional. Without doubt, subconscious rules there are in the minds of people who talk French, sometimes without their being able to say two minutes later what preposition they had employed. The little volume of two hundred and fifty pages well deserves rec- ommendation, and is wholly free from the nonsense that fills the pages of Girault- Duvivier and even Bescherelles — nonsense not without its utility, however. — The sixteenth number of Cornell Studies in Classical Philology ('The Epi- giaphical Evidence for the Reigns of Ves- pasian and Titus'), by Homer Curtis New- ton (Macmillan), differs from other publica- tions in this series in that they are devoted mainly to questions of a philological charac- ter. The author has gathered more than three hundred and fifty inscriptions, which he has arranged under twenty-eight dif- ferent headings — as satisfactory a class- ification as we have a right to ex- pect in view of the diverse charac- ter of the material employed. The basis of selection is chronological. Twenty-nine inscriptions refer to the censorship; twen- ty-two to the Jewish War; thirty-seven are from mile-stones and bridges; twenty re- late to the erection of buildings. There are seven military diplomas which grant privileges of marriage and citizenship, and two state letters of the Emperor Vespasian. All these vary in length and in importance, from the text of the inscription of the Col- lege of the Arval Brotherhood and the fa- mous Lex de Imperio to the few words of trifling value on a tombstone or wall in- scription. The various classes are accom- panied by brief explanatory statements, and although there are abundant footnotes, there is n'o attempt at writing a commen- tary, or indicating what special value each inscription has in the study of the history of the period. The text is printed in ordi- nary type, but the abbreviations are not regularly filled out, and in consequence the Latin can be read only by one familiar with epigraphic symbols. The most impressive lesson of this excellent thesis is that epi- graphy holds an important place in the study of the history of Rome, inasmuch as it is seen to correct generally accepted the- ories, to determine with certainty many disputed points, and to supplement the knowledge we already possess by adding in- numerable facts which can be obtained from no other source. — When the dream-day of the American- ist comes true, and university students abandon the study of Assyrian cuneiforms in order to listen to the professors who will expound the meaning of the more picturesque Mexican hieroglyphics, there will be a place high in the list of American patrons of learning for the name of Joseph Florimond, Duke of Loubat. It is not easy to estimate fairly the value of services rendered, as his have been, to a branch of learning which has as yet attracted the at- tention of very few students whose work is recognized as worthy by other scholars. There have been more than enough of imaginative lovers of the curious and the uncertain who have printed books about American antiquities, and who enjoy the distinction of ventilating ideas which no- body can contravene. The subject, never- theless, remains worthy of investigation, despite the character of those whose pseudo-scholarship has made it a by-word. Whatever the significance of the puzzling picture-writings of Central America may be, so long as their meaning is not known, American scholarship, which has contribut- ed so freely to the solution of the prob-

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4=13 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 lems of the older world, will not have done Its duty to its own. It is, indeed, less than ten years since the materials for definite and satisfactory study of the earliest American records have begun to be ac- cessible to students in America. Of the pre- Columbian codices, all but one have now, however, been reproduced by chromo- photography, and, with a single exception, this has been done entirely at the expense of the Duke of Loubat, who has carefully placed his facsimiles in all the larger libraries. The next step is to find out what these eight or nine picture-books mean. A beginning has already been made, and it may confidently be stated that a few well- established facts have taken the place of the guesses and suggestions of a decade ago. Dr. Seler of Berlin, who occupies the chair of American linguistics, ethno- graphy and antiquities, endowed by the Duke of Loubat, has succeeded in show- ing how these documents should, in all probability, be read, and he has demon- strated the general character of their con- tents. His detailed analysis of the Aubin Tonalamatl, or 'Book of Good and Evil Days,' published in 1900 as an introduc- tion to the Loubat facsimile of that docu- ment, brought the discussion of these prob- lems forward to a point where the main principles of their interpretation may be considered as well established. He is now at work upon a similar examination of the Codex Fejervary-Mayer in the Liverpool Public Museums, the reproduction of which completes the facsimiles issued by the Duke, until such time as he can arrange with the Vienna Hofbibliothek for the use of the Codex preserved there, the only one not accessible in exact modern facsimile. Dr. Seler is slowly establishing the exact meaning, as well as something of the con- notation, of the separate symbols. Each new point means additional light upon the underlying significance of the whole, and this in turn gives the investigator a better appreciation of the habits of thought, the ways and the customs of the American peoples who evolved these most puzzling of human documents. — By the sudden death of Bernhard Getz, the Attorney-General of Norway, on the 1st of November, not only his own coun- try loses one of its foremost sons, but Europe one of its leading contempora- neous jurists. His name will for ever be linked with the reintroduction of the sys- tem of trial by jury into Norway, for during the union with Denmark the old talesmen system was entirely obliterated and a bureaucratic system, with judges (appoint- ed by the King) dispensing law both in jure and in judicio, replaced it, and it took many years of severe political fighting to bring about the establishment of trial by jury in criminal matters. Getz was the chief author of the jury law, and, by al- lowing himself to be transferred from the University, where he had since his twen- ty-sixth year been teaching law, and had been engaged in scientific labors of the highest merit in the field of criminal and civil law, he assumed charge of putting the new system in force. Nothing could more clearly prove his high standing in the estimation of his countrymen than the fact that, although belonging to the Conservative party, he was thus chosen to superintend the introduction of a re- form which the Liberal party had for years been striving for. Trial by jury once firmly established, Getz was relieved of his duties in connection with It in order to devote his time and efforts exclusive- ly to preparing new laws, more especially a criminal code, which is expected to be shortly approved by the Storthing, and a code of civil procedure, which as yet exists only in a draft. The former of these works, which not only embodies what is best in the criminal legislation of other countries, but also advances new and original ideas, places the Norwegian penal legislation in the front rank of the world's present de- velopment In that line. Besides these signal achievements, Getz was the prime mover in a great variety of criminal reforms in his native country; and this has influenced legislation both in the other Scandinavian countries and in Europe at large. He combined with scientific acumen and a judicial mind a noble character, and a sense of fairness often thought to be incompat- ible with the highest justice. He was a man of wide interests, and was a member of the committee appointed by the Nor- wegian Storthing which will shortly award the Nobel peace prize. SCUDDER'S LOWELL. James Russell Lowell: A Biography. By Horace Elisha Scudder. In two volumes. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1901. In advance of Mr. Scudder's biography it seemed hardly possible that he could make a life of Lowell so interesting and impor- tant as the book he has produced. For the very reason that Lowell's Letters as edited by Mr. Norton were so good, it seemed that, without drawing largely upon them (which presumably Mr. Scudder would not do), his book must suffer in comparison with Mr. Norton's. That it does so from one point of view is not to be denied. It does not give us another instalment of the same kind of pleasure. But it was not to be ex- pected that it would. It does, however, give abundant pleasure of another kind. It is an excellent biography. As such, it adds a considerable number to the letters pub- lished in Mr. Norton's volumes — many of them as good as any published there; some causing us to wonder much why Mr. Norton left them out. Here and there we have parts of the Norton letters which Mr. Nor- ton omitted, and which sometimes impress us as the best wool of the sheep. In gen- eral, Mr. Scudder does not so much appear to be gleaning after Mr. Norton as to be reaping new though narrower fields. But he has availed himself of many sources be- sides Lowell's Letters. Of these the most important are Lowell's published works, with an occasional foray, never once repre- hensible, on the unpublished things. To a large extent Mr. Scudder's biog- raphy is an intelligent comment upon these, while, by keeping them continually in our mind, and often sending us back to them for a fresh impression, he assures us a vol- ume of enjoyment that is extremely full and rich. Incidentally we have Lowell's writings related to the changes and vicissi- tudes of his life, and primarily we have the course of that life and the attendant spir- itual growth— if "development" would not be a more proper and less question-begging word. It is important to observe that Mr. Scudder's sympathies go out somewhat more cordially to the later and more con- servative temper of Lowell's mind than to the earlier and more radical, but in the main he makes himself remarkably translu- cent to the poet's personality and thought. Our confidence in the dominance of he- reditary traits has had its ups and downs since Buckle's flouting of it, but there was a good deal in Lowell's ancestry to prepare for him the sources of his various powers. The poet part was prophesied by his moth- er's love of ballads and old songs, and by strains of blood that came down from Orkney Islanders, with their salt wind to savor it. There are hints of possible con- nections with Sir Patrick Spens, whose distinction ballad-wise is of the best; and Minna Troil, who walks the pages of Scott's 'Pirate' like a thing of life. Had there been any truth in the charge of Anglomania brought against Lowell in his latest years, the disease would clearly have been in- herited from his grandmother Spence, who remained a Tory till her death, and on every Independence Day put on black, fast- ed, and lamented "our late unhappy dif- ferences with his most gracious Majesty." The child's paternity of his manhood in Lowell's case was not remarkable, or the evidences of it were not treasured up for Mr. Scudder's use. The impression of his college life is even less favorable than heretofore. He read and wrote poetry to a degree that made the direction of his talent sufficiently plain; but his conceit of his acquirements and abilities was insuf- ferable, and so, too, his habit of summon- ing his friends to share the ardor of his self-appreciation. It was a doubtful ven- ture for him when his parents went abroad during his last year in college and left bim to shift very much for himself. His father proposed a sliding scale of cash rewards for his fidelity and success in his studies, but he was not to be taken in so base a snare. His rustication shortly before the end of his college course was the penalty for gross neglect of his collage duties, cul- minating in a too conspicuous gayoty at college prayers over his election as class poet, which had just taken place. This prevented his reading the poem on class day, and into the printed form he introduced a condemnatory passage on Emerson's Di- vinity School address. The offence was greater because, while rusticating at Con- cord, he enjoyed Emerson's hospitality. Worst of all was the letter he wrote to Emerson to justify himself. He deserved that "impulse from a vernal wood" of which he wrote so feelingly in his later years. Of course, we must remember that the Emerson of 1838 was not quite the Emerson whom we revere. Mr. Scudder re- minds us that "in 1838 Emerson had pub- lished little." But he had published 'Na- ture,' the Phi Beta address of 1837, and the Divinity School address — three things which he did not at any time surpass. In due time Lowell wrote in glowing praise of the Phi Beta oration: "What crowded and breathless aisles, what windows clustering with eager heads, what enthusiasm of ap- proval, what grim silence of foregone dis- sent." But it now looks as if we had here an emotion manufactured in tranquillity. We miss the current notion, which we had sup- posed a sound one, that Lowell's Concord tutor, the Rev. Barzillai Frost, sat for the

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Nov. 28, 1901] The Kation. 417 portrait of Parson Wilbur in the 'Biglow Papers.' The year following Lowell's Concord pen- ance was one of vacillation; the ministry and the law attracted him by turns, while his literary passion made him about equally in- different to both. But Mr. Scudder admits us to the deeper meanings of an agitation which began in 1837, and lasted for two years. In his junior year "Lowell had met and had fallen fiercely in love with a beau- tiful girl," and his enforced separation from her drove him to wild and suicidal thoughts, and broke up his mind into a cross-sea of warring purposes, making a toy and well- nigh a ruin of his will. After the false dawn came the true — his love for Maria White — which began in 1840, and, until her death, in 1853. was the most potent inspira- tion of his life. It is impossible to over- rate the influence of this lovely woman upon Lowell. Their engagement was an idyll in which "the Band"— a circle of admiring friends — took joyous part; their marriage, with its small and great vicissitudes, was one of perfect sympathy, yet made so by the sweet compulsion of the wife, whose thoughts and aspirations and ideals became thG husband's by a kind of fond adoption, not quite his very own. Mr. Scudder's ample chapter, "In the Anti- Slavery Ranks" (following one on "First Ventures," which abounds in the pecu- liar charm of such ventures), is a suggestive comment on this aspect of Lowell's life. His sympathy with Low- ell's anti-slavery works and ways does not bring him quite to Lowell's feeling of their "infinite satisfactions." He is even a little jealous of their distraction of the poet from "his own noble calling." But the fact would seem to be that Lowell's anti- slavery zeal, inspired by Maria White, not only saved him from going hopelessly wrong on the main question of his time, but made the poet in him more than he would other- wise have been; the operation In this case being partly matched in Whittier's. It is not only that the 'Biglow Papers' were the best product of the younger, as the second series of them and the Commemoration Ode of the older, man, but that they stirred a nature, not readily self-stirred, to an ac- tivity which did not stop with the immediate end. Lowell's feeling for Garrison was one of exalted admiration, finding its best ex- pression in the poem — "In a small chamber, friendless and unseen." The incident which occasioned this poem was fruitful of another couched in more humorous form, for Mr. Scudder's reproduc- tion of which we are truly thankful. His disposition to save that which was lost has other good examples, but Lowell's "Infant Prodigy" of our later politics, which might well have been one of them, is not. It is interesting to find Lowell placing Garrison's name at the head of his list of gift-copies of his 'Conversations with the Poets.' But, as time went on there was clearly some de- tachment— less from Garrison than from the methods of his work — until, in the later fifties, we find Lowell thoroughly political in his anti-slavery ideals, and tolerably com- placent with the baser elements that were coming in to swell the tide of the Republi- can vote; in like manner with Emerson, who said, "We must fetch the pump with dirty water if clean cannot be had." The 'Fable for Critics' and the 'Biglow Papers' have a chapter to themselves, in no wise disappointing, except for those who crave one more discussion of the New Eng- land dialect, from which Mr. Scudder has judiciously refrained. It was a piece of singular good fortune for the abolitionists that Hosea got the laugh, which had been at their expense, debited to their pro-slavery opponents. The 'Biglow Papers' did some- thing to obscure the 'Fable' in popular es- timation, and 'Sir Launfal' was a rival to them both. Mr. Scudder notes "the sub- terranean passage connecting the 'Biglow Papers' with 'Sir Launfal' " — "the holy zeal which attacks slavery issuing in this fable of a beautiful charity." No one will charge Mr. Scudder with overrating the 'Fable.' But he is able to fortify his own with Low- ell's opinion of its transient quality as a spurt of intellectual effervescence. Very pathetic were Lowell's hopes of its financial proceeds, of which his friend Charles F. Briggs was to be sole beneficiary. "It Is to be feared," says Mr. Scudder, "that Mr. Briggs's golden eggs were addled." But why not state the simple fact that the net gains were melted down into a little silver plate, which Mr. Briggs's daughter now cherishes as of priceless worth? The ravelled sleave of Lowell's lesser lit- erary cares, together with his personal sor- rows and anxieties, is knit up in a chapter on the "Six Years" from 1845 to 1851. We next have "Fifteen Months in Europe"; the return voyage with Thackeray and Clough for shipmates their most genial incident. Mr. Scudder calls his next chapter "An End and a Beginning," and the title is extremely apt. The end was of the first Lowell, spon- taneous, eager, productive, passionately en- listed in the century's greatest and most un- popular reform; the beginning was that of the second Lowell, perhaps a wiser, cer- tainly a sadder man, far less spontaneous and exuberant, much more conservative, and remote from common, homely ways. There was cause enough for the sadness. In 1853 he had already lost three of four children, and in that year the Alpine shepherdess went seeking for her missing lambs. Per- haps the temperamental change in Lowell was mainly to his maturity from his early prime; but the loss of the wife's influence was more significant. In due time he re- built his family altar, and the second wife was worthy of her place as his co-minister thereat, though one defect of her sympathy was tragical: she did not enjoy Lowell's humor! The second series of 'Biglow Pa- pers' was written under the interdict of her disapprobation. There was for Lowell a region of thick darkness bordering on the death of his first wife. To learn how his invention failed, we need only turn to the appendix and compare with 1848, his annus mirabilis, the slim pro- duct of the years 1851-1858. Meantime, the Harvard professorship was taken up and pursued with faithful devotion to its appro- priate tasks. Always needing the spur of an external stimulant, the intellectual life of Lowell owed much to the Atlantic Month- ly, the North American, and, passing from small things to great, the Civil War. Here was pressure for a naturally sluggish will, strenuous when once aroused; here was the conversion of what might otherwise have been his "drowsy days" to days of splendid and efficient intellectual activity. He be- came a great political essayist, economizing so the apprenticeship which he had served on the Anti- Slavery Standard. The prose writer gained steadily upon the poet, and the gain was in the direction of a less poetic prose, with less of that coruscation which dazzled the reader more than it illuminated for him the writer's thought. His first polit- ical writing in the Atlantic was a postscript to an excellent but very quiet article by Parke Godwin, without any note of warning. The discriminating reader must have won- dered what had happened to the essayist, and have surmised the intervention of a bottle of champagne or a brisk morning walk. Lowell's growing appreciation of Lincoln is an important trait. A good many will be grieved to learn that the great Lincoln pas- sage in the "Commemoration Ode" was not a part of it when it was first read by its au- thor, but was written subsequently. The "Ode" was the product of a certain fury of obsession, under the stress of which the most of it was written in one day, 523 lines in six hours. 'The Cathedral' marks another episode, on which we would gladly have had some more elaborate comment. There are many aspects of Mr. Scudder's serious and satisfying work that cannot be alluded to within the limits of our present space. Among these are the poet's growing sense that "there is something magnificent in having a country to love," showing itself increasingly in his contempt for those who dragged her garlands in the mire; the Span- ish and English missions, less important as we see them in this large perspective than they seemed to Lowell at the time. It is amusing to find how fully he was sympathiz- ing with the Irishmen when they were pelt- ing him with coarse abuse; how touchy he was to any slighting word about America when he was being charged with Anglican preoccupation; and how securely one who had so long skirted the coasts of Bohemia, steered his adventurous craft through that Philistia which abounds in dangerous reefs and shoals. The final impression is that Lowell's personality was remarkably subtle and elusive and complex; that between hia temperament and his conscience there was much opposition; and that he most deserves our praise because he subjected the former to the latter in an heroic manner and to a, significant degree, while still it was the temperament, not simple, but sensuous and impassioned, which assured us the poet, and assures now the afterglow of a perennial satisfaction and delight. RECENT NOVELS. The Tory Lover. By Sarah Orne Jewett. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1901. The Battle Invisible. By Eleanor C. Reed. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 1901. A Friend with the Countersign. By B. K. Benson. Macmillan. 1901. The Ruling Passion: Tales of Nature and Human Nature. By Henry van Dyke. With illustrations by W. Appleton Clark. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. A Man of Millions. By S. R. Keightley. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1901. The Benefactress. By the author of 'Eliza- beth and her German Garden.' The Mac- millan Co. 1901. It must be a mortal temptation to the veteran in other fields who beholds the country houses of the writers of the Amer- ican historical novel, to take a hand and

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418 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 prove that he, too, can play that fashion- able game. One's amour propre, hardly less than one's pocket, is concerned in the competition. To such a temptation did Miss Jewett succumb when she wrote 'The Tory Lover,' which answers all the tests of that type of composition. The scene is Ber- wick, Me., in 1777. The heroine is a charm- ing New England maiden of good lineage, set off by a background of spacious colonial mansion, lavish hospitality, and devoted retainers; her miniature, in the style of the period, adorns the front page. The hero, Roger Wallingford, is lucky in love and in nothing else. After passing through the conventional phase of unjust suspi- cion, imprisonment, and a visit to England, he is restored to his sweetheart by the sub- hero, in whom we encounter the historical personage essential for the local color. This is Paul Jones of the good ship Ranger, who, resourceful as D'Artagnan and unselfish as your genuine sub-hero, puts up with a ca- reer of glory without love, and helps his rival to Mary Hamilton's hand. "I could throw my hope of glory down at your feet now, if it were of any use," he cries; but a little later he meets the hero in distress. " 'Thank God, I have it in my power to make you amends!' he exclaimed. 'God bless you, Wallingford! Wait here for me one moment, my dear fellow,' he said with affection and disappeared" — to send in the heroine. The figure of Paul Jones is drawn with spirit, and so is the voyage of the Ranger. There is a rather unsuccess- ful attempt at an historical mystery over an Irish colonist of remarkable learning and exquisite manners, whose name, it ap- pears, is one to conjure with, though it Is not confided to the reader. Miss Jew- ett's name is a guarantee of conscientious work, but we hope that her undoubted suc- cess in turning out a novel of the prevalent kind will not induce her to change her genre. Miss Reed's short stories of New Eng- land life have a certain style of their own. They are not artistic triumphs in the short-story type, but they have pathos and humor and not too much dialect. They are slightly sentimental, as New England stories, when they are not sordid, are apt to be. The life that they depict is, as usual, of a narrowness that is terrifying. We have no doubt that such a sketch as that called "Patience and Prudence" is done to the life. "Transplanted" is a pain- ful but convincing study of a selfish New England girl of the period, whose ambition is to graduate at a school and outdress her neighbors — an ambition to which she does not hesitate to sacrifice her mother's life. 'A Friend with the Countersign' is a story of the civil war, with the war features con- stituting the dominant element, and the in- dispensable love-making of the average nov- el subordinated to a somewhat perfunctory part. Like a former book by the same author, 'Who Goes There?' of which this is substantially a continuation, although hav- ing an independent interest apart from its forerunner, it deals with the career of a soldier who has a genius for obtaining in- formation vital to his commander's plans of campaign, and whose bodily hazards and severe mental strain in the course of his ventures within the enemy's lines offer the materials of a stirring narrative which borders sometimes upon the sensational, though without transcending the bounds of probability. Indeed, the story has all the characteristics of a record of actual ex- periences, aside from a few especially dra- matic occurrences and eccentric person- ages; and the particulars of campaigns in Virginia in the period of Meade's headship of the army are presented with historical verisimilitude, as if they were transcripts from diaries and letters of men in the se- cret service. So there are little touches in illustration of peculiarities of manner and temper of Union generals with which army traditions are familiar, even though grave history omits notice of them. In view of the odium which has been brought upon the spy service by its often worthless statisti- cal information, especially in the first pe- riod of the war, it is well that recognition should be given in literature to the genuine importance of the sacrifices of the rank and file of scouts, whose work was too ob- scure and confidential to be known by the world. 'A Friend with the Countersign,' by its simplicity and restraint and itb jaany effective pictures of the battle line from the standpoint of the man in the ranks, makes a good beginning in this direction. Dr. van Dyke's preface explains the scheme of his book, which, in short stories and through characters "chosen for the most part among plain people, because their feelings are expressed with fewer words and greater truth," tells about some of the "ruling passions" of life. The chief of these passions Dr. van Dyke says is ro- mantic love, "Nature's masterpiece of beneficent selfishness"; but others play im- portant parts, and guide and control the lives of men and women. Each story has for its basis the development, and influence on the lives of its possessor and others, of one of these overmastering elements of hu- manity. While it Is often love that in- spires the doings of the characters drawn by Dr. van Dyke, some of the stories end in happy nuptials, which are directly due to the possession and exercise by the hero or heroine of the qualities of truth, steadfast- ness, and courage. The scenes of most are laid in Canada, and in perhaps the strong- est one, "A Lover of Music," the hero is a Canadian who has fled to the Adirondack woods, thinking he had killed a fellow- workman. "The Reward of Virtue" tells how one Patrick Mullarkey, who, "from the turned-up toes of his 'bottes sauvages' to the ends of his black moustache," was a Canadian Frenchman, was recompensed for giving up the use of tobacco. The abandon- ment of this vice was brought about by one "demoiselle Meelair," who was being guided by Patrick, and who began her work by tellinghim, when she observed him smok- ing, "that tobacco was a filthy weed, that it grew in the devil's garden, that it smelled bad, terribly bad, and that it made the air sick, and that even the pig would not eat it." This and more of the same kind not influencing Patrick, the next day "Mees Meelair" came to him as he was smoking his pipe after lunch, and thus spoke: "Pa- trique, my man, do you comprehend that the tobacco is a poison? You are commit- ting the murder of yourself. Then she tells me many things — about the nicoline, I think she calls him, how he goes into the blood and into the bones, and how quickly he will kill the cat, and she says very strong, 'The man who smokes the tobacco shall die.'" The third day "Mees Meelair" brought for- ward other ineffectual arguments; but on the fourth — her text being, "The tobacco causes the poverty" — she showed Patrick that if he stopped smoking long enough, the money thereby saved and the interest thereon would amount to an enormous sum, and make it feasible for Patrick and his wife to accomplish the ambition of their lives by visiting Quebec, seeing the grand city and the shops, and going to the "asylum of the orphans to seek one of the little found children to bring home with us to be our own; for M'sieu knows it is the sadness of our house that we have no child." So Patrick stopped smoking and at once be- came the victim of a series of misfortunes, culminating in the destruction of his house and his money by fire. Seated with his wife by the ruins of his home, Patrick sought and found consolation in the re- sumption of smoking, and his reward came a year later when Angelique presented him with twins. "A Friend of Justice" is the story of a dog, pathetic, and with a verisimilitude as strong as the narrative is fascinating to those who know of the hard summers and harder winters and lives of the dwellers on the bleak north shore of the Gulf of St. Law- rence. To admire Dr. van Dyke's descrip- tions of nature and of wild animal life it is not necessary for the reader to be igno- rant of the places described, or of the habits and natures of their native inhabi- tants. He never tries to tell about things of which he has a partial knowledge or none, and his statements, especially those concerning trees, flowers, birds, and ani- mals of the countries whereof he writes, will stand the test of expert criticism. All of this accurate knowledge is conveyed in the language and with the indescribable feeling that so few possess the power of using. The concluding story, "The Keeper of the Light," is a beautiful one, and an ap- propriate ending to a volume which is fully up to the high standard reached by the pre- ceding works of Dr. van Dyke. The 'Man of Millions' is distinctly a read- able book. In the first place, it is well written, though by no means equally well printed. In the second place, the plot and characters are not without considerable in- terest. The hero, it is true, is a somewhat unconvincing compound of the Returning Prodigal and Monte Cristo. As the former, he melts into repentance under a few months' fire from the eyes of the heroine, a really charming young woman. As the latter, he has wealth untold, and enemies to punish, but meets his match in Ah Sin, who, being a Heathen Chinee, is more read- ily credited by the reader with the diaboli- cal cruelty necessary to the plot. The other villains are old and tried friends in fiction, and scarcely require comment. The boy who saves the situation is rather an obnoxious person, and the reader resents his not having been long ago sent to a pub- lic school, as befits an English boy of fif- teen. His league of blood is an echo of 'Tom Sawyer,' his fight of 'Tom Brown.' Yet the description of his rescuing the hero from the jaws of death is breathless- ly thrilling. Very good, too, in their way, are the two scenes where the typical stage curate, who is "a man for a' that," pro- poses to the heroine, and where he roundly rebukes the hero. There is humor in the

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Nov. 28, 1901] The Nation. 419 account of the coroner, and real pathos, it not of a very novel order, in the secondary heroine's renunciation of the much-loved Percival. Scattered throughout the book are some clever epigrams, e. 0-, "Friendship is the child of strong emotions"; "Marriage is sometimes the final testament of ac- quiescent despair"; "Love forms a small part of our lives; it makes a tremendous part of our literature." "Elizabeth" has exchanged her name for that of Anna, and her "German Garden" for a German forest. At the opening 'The Benefactress' introduces us to the same enthusiastic sunny heroine as in the three preceding books, with the same delight in nature, the same sense of humor, the same incongruity in her German surroundings, and, above all, the same idea that Hap- piness and Duty are identical. The open- ing is by far the most attractive part. When Anna realized that "that was what one needed most, of all the gifts of the gods — not happiness — oh, foolish, childish dream! how could there be happiness so long as men were wicked? — but courage," she may have become a finer character, but she ceased to be the old Anna-Elizabeth. Whatever one may think of the moral clear- ly set forth on the front page in the motto, "One [1. e., woman] needs guidance and the companionship of man," there is no doubt that to enforce any moral at all is quite a new development on the part of our author. Elizabeth existed beautiful- ly, adored by her Man of Wrath and her three babies; her example was about as instructive as that of a butterfly. Anna, it is true, had from the first more unsel- fish yearnings. Yet nothing in the delicious humor of the opening chapters prepares us for the strenuous Spartan maiden of the close. The beginning is pure comedy, sometimes even farce; the end is tragedy or, at best, a Reconciliation-Play. The English sister-in-law, who disappears after the seventh chapter, is inimitable, per- haps next to the old parson the best char- acter in the book. The German local color In the early descriptions is laid on with an unsparing hand by a keenly humorous artist; whether Germans would admit its truth is another question. The main idea of the home for distressed ladies is at first laid before the reader as a huge Joke. It is not till the plan is actually in working that the author and reader come round to the serious and cynical views held by Axel, the unimpeachable hero. With a certain amount of impatience we realize, half way through the book, that Anna's scheme is foredoomed to failure, because the watchword, "Marriage above everything." must be proclaimed. Uncle Joachim voiced it at the beginning; the whole plot vociferates it loudly before the end. We lay the book down and cry out, Ichabod. We have gained a new "Ten- denz" novelist, but we have lost the light- hearted Elizabeth, and the glory of the Ger- man garden is departed. BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.— II. Mr. Oliver Herford's 'More Animals' (Scribners) proves that this humorist can not only invent a genre, but maintain it. Drawings and rhymes may even be thought to surpass the first series, and it is again hard to choose which is best. Mr. Her- ford's subtle playing to the adult gallery hardly diminishes the attractiveness of this book for children, who will readily listen to the reading of it in the twilight hour, and feel a fascination in its overmeanings. There is the Frog who "shows with each gymnastic spasm The convert's fresh en- thusiasm"; the Camol, whose great girth mercifully forbids him to crawl through the needle's eye, else "Rich men might climb the golden stairs And so leave no- thing to their heirs"; and, as for the ma- ligned man-eater, if a list could only be made of those he might feed on, "No home, I'll venture to remark, Would be complete without a shark." 'Neighbors of Field, Wood, and Stream,' by Morton Grinnell (Frederick A. Stokes Co.), seeks to make natural history inter- esting to young readers by personifying animals, and letting them act out or relate in conversations their own life-histories. The author is a sportsman; consequently his best chapters are those about game animals — such, for instance, as the experi- ence of Sora the Rail in the tide marsh where gunners are making big bags, and the exciting hunts of Rex the Setter, who tells how the delicious scent of the quail throws him into a nervous tremor, and roots him to the ground until his master comes near enough to get a shot. Outside the sportsman's province, however, Mr. Grinnell appears less at home. A book that aims to give instruction in zoology ought not to contain such mistakes as the statements that the raccoon cannot swim, that the house-wren's "clutch" of eggs numbers twenty, and that the toad is a reptile. In attempting, moreover, both to instruct and to entertain, he often steers a middle course between fact and fancy, losing the accuracy of one and the charm of the other. He associates the animals in unnatural groups, and makes them say and do things incongruous and even. absurd. Imagine a bluejay's calling a chickadee a "black-headed bacillus." He cumbers his pages with moral lessons, many of which are unwarranted by the facts of biology, and some of which are distressingly labor- ed; as where the tanager whose nest has been blown down comments on the gayety of an unsympathizing neighbor in the words, "Laugh and the world laughs with you; weep and you weep alone." Though the book contains a good deal of informa- tion about animals, it appears to be largely a compilation, and, like the subjects of some of its illustrations, is poorly stuffed. A gay cover, bright-gold edges, plenty of Robinson pictures, and some of them color- ed, with a handful of the well-seasoned old stories, Andersen, Grimm, and Arabian Nights — in short, 'The Reign of King Cole," by J. M. Gibbon (London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Macmillan) — what more could a child wish for in a holiday book? To be sure, he must come to it fresh and unsophisticated, for that enfant terrible, the knowing child, might think it a grievance to find the identical old stories in his new book. The observation that there is nothing new under the sun is more tiresomely true of fairy stories than of anything else; yet Mr. Andrew Lang finds the means to provide each year a book skilfully seasoned with enough of novelty to give the well-known themes fresh zest. His many-colored vol- umes are now so widely appreciated that one needs to say no more of this year's "Violet Fairy Book' (Longmans) than that it is a worthy companion to the others. Many of its tales come from the still seclud- ed countries of eastern Europe — that home of story and song; and all, it is easy to see, owe much of their charm to the taste with which they are retold. 'The Punishment of the Stingy' (Harpers) is the title of a group of Indian stories by George Bird Grinnell, who has lived among several Western tribes, and attempts to tell their mythical tales exactly as they have been passed along from father to son for generations. It is hard to believe that Mr. Grinnell's translation has not given a smoother literaryform to some of the stories; but in others, again, the terse and somewhat broken style is convincingly Indian. The thorough originality of these stories will please young people who have grown tired of every-day fairy tales; while, in reading, they cannot fail to learn something of the primitive life of tribes whose ways are so remote from ours. 'A Real Queen's Fairy Tales,' by Carmen Sylva (Chicago: Davis & Co.), are really less fairy tales than charming little es- says for children put into story form. Carmen Sylva herself is not hard to recog- nize in "The Helpful Queen," and who so like as she to that delightful fairy with the snow-white hair whose business was to make children happy? In short, without suffering loss of interest as stories, these tales bring to a child's comprehension much of the maturer philosophy of the good Queen, whose very attractive por- trait, accompanied by a biographical sketch by George J. B. Davis, forms a fitting pre- lude to the book. It is a pity that a volume which carries so high-bred an air in es- sentials should be defaced by an "eye- splitting" cover, and ugly colored borders to the pictures. 'Round the World to Wympland,' by Evelyn Sharp (John Lane), is a collection of modern fairy-stories, old-fashioned in the sense of sparing that too obvious wit or moral which so often mars the latter- day tale. That the author refrains from smartness, and is content to use the se- rious tone approved by sensible children, is almost recommendation enough; but be- sides this she has the gift of imagina- tion, and can make a story move right along. As for the "Wymps," they are merely rechristened elves or pyxies. The road to "Wympland" will hardly be found by reading this book, and all thoughts of further search had better be given up, since we are allowed to infer that naughtiness is the key to unlock the gate of that un- discovered country. The 'Swedish Fairy Tales' of Anna Wah- leuberg (McClurg) are also modern, and make use of brownies, goblins, etc., only for adornment and to point their morals. They are a little too ingenious to make the best impression on children. One of the five titles in the book, moreover, heads a sketch which has no trace of claim to be called a fairy tale. A dozen fanciful yarns are wound to- gether into 'Stories of Enchantment' by Jane Fentzer Myers (McClurg). Indian lore tinges two or three; others have a touch of negro mystery; one looks backward and sees a dim vision of old Egypt, while mediaeval Ireland colors yet another. So there is no monotony of scene. Br'er Rabbit finds his analogue in the

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4=20 Tlie JSTation [Vol. n, No. 1900 wonderful hare of Mr. George Bateman's 'Zanzibar Tales' (McClurg). The lion and the hyena replace Br'er Fox and Br'er Wolf, but the two African stories are plainly the same, though one is told in Georgia and the other in Zanzibar. The roc of Arabian Nights fame and capable "Puss in Boots" have also their remind- ers among these tales. Indeed, the strong family resemblance they bear to other folk stories is the readiest assurance of their genuineness. For the rest, they are amus- ing and well told, and delightfully inde- pendent of any instructive purpose. Much curious information is to be found in Mr. Cleveland Moffett's 'Careers of Dan- ger and Daring' (The Century Co.). Tales of actual work done by real men are more thrilling than the exploits of Jack the Giant-Killer or any other hero of childish fiction, because the well-known conditions in which these feats are performed bring more vividly to one's imagination the very real risks encountered. Any child can look up at Trinity steeple and form a better no- tion of the difficulties to be met in climbing that dizzy height to regild the cross at its point, than of Jack's daring when he climbed his magic bean-stalk. And when one visits the menagerie and hears the lion roar, the tamer becomes a more wonderful man than the slayer of one of those giants whom none of us have ever seen. Indeed, the book, with its heaping up of perils in sea and air and mine, among burning buildings and vast machines, is too excit- ing for a nervous temperament, and should be taken in small doses, like poison, if it is not to bring bad dreams. Just opposite, and rather to be chosen as a sedative, is 'Lem, a New England Village Boy,' by Noah Brooks (Scribners). One is tempted to use a certain old-wife's phrase, and sum up the book's character in two words — "dreadful ordinary." They would describe to a nicety the hero, his surround- ings, and his adventures, as well as the style in which all this humdrum is nar- rated. Mr. Tudor Jenks's 'Galopoff, the Talking Pony' (Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Co.), is a simple little story, which children will probably enjoy. Talking horses have been popular from the days of Homer down, and the smaller the steed, the more it appeals to the childish mind. This pony is a nice pony, and the children who own it are nice children, oven though the illustrator has chosen to represent them as sadly over- dressed little misses. For mild, innocuous interest the book may be safely recom- mended. TOLSTOY AND HIS PROBLEMS. Tolstoy and his Problems: Essays by Ayl- mer Maude. London: Grant Richards; New York: A. Wessels Co. Of the making of books, with the ever- popular name of Tolstoy neatly tucked into the title, there seems to be no end. The present venture consists of nine articles, on subjects more or less connected with the famous Russian author. A page of notes following the title-page contains Count Tolstoy's favorable opinion on three of them; and in a preface the writer states the motive for his work by explaining that Tolstoy's views are difficult to understand and to reconcile with one another; that readers find it puzzling to discern from which side Tolstoy approaches his subject, or to make allowances for the "personal equation." Mr. Maude offers himself as the interpreter of Tolstoy's oracular utter- ances, and a guide to the devout wayfarer in the labyrinth. One of the articles has served as a lecture, and now appears In print for the first time; the other eight have previously appeared in various maga- zines, but have been revised for this vol- ume. Mr. Maude himself is one of Count Tolstoy's most fervid "adepts" — fervid to the degree of seriously endeavoring to live the life which (as he frankly admits) Count Tolstoy advocates but does not pursue, and to the extent of pronouncing anathema and the greater excommunication (In all brotherly love) upon all persons who differ from him in his estimate of his "Master's" precepts, practice, and influence, as he un- derstands them. Hence, the reader of this volume will feel that the best possi- ble case is being made out for the Rus- sian sage, and must accept Mr. Maude's admissions like the above — however un- expected— as thoroughly valid and incon- trovertible. The book opens with a biographical ar- ticle on "Leo Tolstoy," accompanied by a judicious explanation of contemporaneous European history, and allusions to the Count's wife, her opinions, and views, which are illuminating as well as interesting. Mr. Maude describes how Tolstoy began to ask himself, "What is the meaning of my life?" and to read the sacred books of all ages and countries in search of an answer. Tol- stoy, he says, "had always admired many passages in the Gospels, but had found much that perplexed him. He now reread them in the following way (the only way, he says, in which any books can be profit- ably studied) : he first read them carefully through to see what they contained that was perfectly clear and simple, and that quite agreed with his own experience of life, and accorded with his reason and con- science." Mr. Maude proceeds to state and expound the "Five Commandments of Christ" which Tolstoy has deduced as the rule of life for himself and all men. A divine discontent with everything and ev- erybody, including himself, would seem to be the keynote to Tolstoy, and nothing bet- ter illustrates it than the attitude which he is described as now assuming in regard to his splendid relief work among the peasants during the terrible famine of 1891-'92, conducted with money sent to him from America chiefly: "He felt that such activity of collecting and distributing money, 'making a pipe of one's self,' was not the best work of which he was capable. It did not satisfy him. It is not by what we get others to do for pay, but rather by what we do with our own brains, hearts, and muscles, that we can best serve God and man." Yet Count Tolstoy toiled with all his faculties, physical and intellectual and spiritual, for the famine-stricken, un- til he fell ill himself and had to be nursed by his wife; and unless he had been a divinity, with the power of being omni- present and of producing miraculous food from heaven, it is difficult to see how he could have done any good at all without "making a pipe of himself" for foreign money. The second article, "Talks with Tolstoy,'' is scrappy, not particularly new. Important, or interesting. The following passage is, perhaps, the most significant, as illustrat- ing his methods and confusion of thought, when one bears in mind that he exalts Christ and the Gospels as the rule of life: "He had one day been reading a book by a learned German professor tending to show that, as an historical personage, Jesus Christ never existed. This delighted Tol- stoy. 'They are attacking the last out- works,' said he, 'and if they carry it, and demonstrate that Christ was never born, it will be all the more evident that the fort- ress of religion is impregnable." We may pass lightly over the chapter: "What is Art?" which served as a preface to an English version of ihat work. It is amusing to find the disciple assuming that his Master is, practically, incomprehensi- ble, and explaining him at immense length. In fact, he makes a very just statement (p. 99), as to Tolstoy's careless and obscure style, and mentions, as a good illustration, 'Life.' He refers again to this work, on pp. 103, 139, and on the last-men- tioned page says of it (he has already made the same accusation at length and with more detail elsewhere) : "An American ver- sion of one of Tolstoy's philosophical works repeatedly converts the Russian double negative into an English affirmative, thus making Tolstoy affirm precisely what he wishes to deny." It is worth while to re- mark of this criticism, that the translation in question was made directly from a manuscript furnished by Count Tolstoy, and, at his request, submitted to a noted Russian philosopher, a friend of his, who perfectly understood both English and Tol- stoy's views, in order that the latter might see whether the author's ideas had been correctly grasped and rendered. The phil- osopher remarked that Count Tolstoy had neither a philosophical mind nor philo- sophical training; but he heartily endorsed and praised the translation, and made not a single suggestion as to alteration; neither did Count Tolstoy, on receiving the book. The simple explanation of Mr. Maude's criticism is: either the copyists (members of Count Tolstoy's family), who prepared the manuscript, erred; or Tolstoy himself diametrically changed his views and his statements, in the interval which elapsed between the publication of the English ver- sion and the appearance of the Russian, some time later. In view of his habitual mental attitude of lightning change (his wife stated that it took place every two years, and that he was apt to rewrite a book, from the opposite point of view, at the last moment), it seems entirely unim- portant whether he used the negative or the affirmative at any given time. Either version will suit his "adepts." "How 'Resurrection' Was Written," and the introduction to 'The Slavery of Our Times' (showing how the principle of non- resistance is related to economic and poli- tical life), will be found mildly interesting to the members of the cult: while "After the Tsar's Coronation" and "Right and Wrong" have nothing whatever to do with Tolstoy, being merely divagations of Mr. Maude; the latter imitated at distressing length and obscurity from a passage in one of Tolstoy's books, in which the latter con- fesses a wrong-doing of his favorite sort publicly, and hazily denudes his soul. The most interesting articles in the vol-

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Nov. 28, 1901] The ISTation 421 ume are: "War and Patriotism" and "The Doukhobors." The former has no connec- tion with Tolstoy, except that it is an ar- gument, on his text of non-resistance, against the Transvaal war, in the form of a letter to John Bellows, a Quaker of Gloucester. The connection between Tol- stoy and the Doukhobors is the refusal of the latter to bear arms, their adoption of Tolstoy's doctrines, in great measure, and the well-known incident of the latter's pub- lishing 'Resurrection,' to pay for the emi- gration of the Doukhobors to British Colum- bia. Mr. Maude endeavors to be perfectly fair, and succeeds, except that he should have included the arguments of the Russian Government and Church against the emi- grants, to afford a complete view. The Practice of Typography: Correct Com- position. By Theodore Low De Vinne.A.M. The Century Co. 1901. This handsome little volume is companion to that published last year with the same leading title, but dealing with processes of type-making and kindred matters. Mr. De Vinne's present all-comprehensive sub- title reads: "A treatise on spelling, abbre- viations, the compounding and division of words, the proper use of figures and nu- merals, italic and capital letters, notes, etc., with observations on punctuation and proof-reading." Scattered by the way un- der these several sections are handy tables of endings in -able and -ible, -or and -er, -sion and -tion, -ance and -ence, -our (English), -ize and -ise; with tables of signs, of abbreviations of the names of States and of books of the Bible. Valu- able appendixes contain comparative lists of variations in spelling, compiled from four American and three English diction- aries, with indication of the generally ac- cepted syllabification and stress (this fills more than seventy pages) ; and rules and examples for the division of words in French, Italian, Spanish, and German (guid- ance not to be found elsewhere, so far as we know). Our master printer's chief aim has man- ifestly been to provide for the craft an authority which (in default of any other existing, or likely to exist) will tend to solve doubts in the compositor's and proof- reader's mind, and to promote that uni- formity which would free the printer's art from so many vexations and from so much wasted labor. Each printing-house is now a law unto itself, and yet Mr. De Vinne is persuaded that the general practice among those who care for the niceties of printing accords with his precepts and classifications — and by "printing" we must understand the only subject considered in this book, viz., "undisplayed text compo- sition." The difficulty of a harmony such as is sought to be attained lies in an author's right to have his way if any controversy over typography arises — especially if he publish at his own expense. But the au- thor who, before writing or committing his manuscript to the printer, masters these chapters, will have his ignorance and his eccentricities alike removed to a degree which will make his parabolic curve prac- tically coincide with the asymptote of the printing-office. In fact, our excuse for dwelling upon a work which is technical from one point of view, is our sense o£ its immense importance as a literary drill- book. "During the last fifty years," says Mr. De Vinne, "there has been no marked im- provement in the average writer's prepa- ration of copy for the printer, but there have been steadily increasing exactions from book-buyers. The printing that passed a tolerant inspection in 1850 does not pass now." Use of the typewriter has in that period been a boon to the printer; but typewritten copy cannot rise higher than its source, while it is (in our experience) peculiarly li- able to conceal its own errors, besides giv- ing a false security to compositor, proof- reader, and copyholder, both slackening their watchfulness and disposing them to trust what is "printed." How often have we heard the expression, "It must be right; it's reprint," in regard to what the composi- tor has set from printed copy — a fetish sim- ply replaced by typewriting. We do not maintain that every part of this book is as necessary to the writer as to the compositor and his allies; but on the other hand there is nothing in it which every intelligent, to say nothing of every cultivated, man would not be the better for knowing. We should consider it most for- tunate if instructors in rhetoric in our col- leges could exact of every student the read- ing (if possible the ownership) of this man- ual, and such an examination as would prove that its fundamentals had been mastered. Chapters 15, 16, and 17, on Punctuation, Proof-reading, and About Copy, are particu- larly commendable, in connection with those on Compound Words and the Division of Words. Punctuation, of course, has been the subject of many separate treatises, and Mr. De Vinne has not attempted to compete with these, except in the matter of the hyphen, the most difficult of all points, and the real crux of any discussion, as one may see in chapter 7, on Division. The clue to an understanding of punctuation is briefly stated (our author's style is always admira- bly terse and clear) on page 245: "The function of points is to make expression in- telligible." The syntax of our mother tongue is so open to equivocation that punctuation has with us taken on a higher and more subtle development than in any other of the world's languages; while the law of freedom which is our great Anglo-Saxon heritage has produced an apparently hopeless diver- sity of usage, particularly in the matter of compounding and division. The main prin- ciples, however, are easily grasped, and it is a minor and indifferent matter whether we break a line in the interest of the eye or of the ear, or that, to quote Mr. De Vinne, at page 141, in parting, "English printers divide fa-ther and mo-ther as is here shown, but American printers render the words as fa-ther and moth-er." Women and Men of the French Renaissance. By Edith Sichel. Philadelphia: J. B. Lip- pincott Co. 1901. Women in the Golden Ages. By Amelia Gere Mason. The Century Co. 1901. At first sight it would seem unfortunate for Miss Sichel that her studies of the Re- naissance were so closely preceded by M. Maulde de la Claviere's 'The Women of the Renaissance,' which was reviewed last year in these columns. The latter is, however, a study of Feminism, and though it covers much the same period and deals with the same personages as Miss Sichel's book, there is room for both writers. Moreover, there is a vast difference in their methods. Miss Sichel writes as an Anglo-Saxon and a woman; M. Maulde as a man and a Frenchman. The contrast is amusing. M. Maulde's vocabulary, when he is relat- ing the frailties of his lovely pedants, does not include the words "wicked" or "improper"; his moralizing, which occasion- ally grows tiresome, is all to the effect that the mission of woman is not to be learned but to be lovable. Throughout, he is whol- ly lacking in that sense of reverence which (at p. 3) Miss Sichel sorrowfully finds want- ing in the French nation; to which, in- deed, she ascribes the weakness of that na- tion to-day. With Miss Sichel we pass in- to the atmosphere of academic treatment, and its "dry light." Not that her studies are pedantic — they are eminently readable, but were not written primarily to entertain. She goes further than M. Maulde in that she discusses the men who figured in the French Renaissance as artists, scholars, and poets, the clearest sketches being of the brilliant patrons of all of these, Francis I. and his sister, Margaret of Navarre. The amazing universality of the Re- naissance woman does not, of course, bear a very close analysis, though it was cer- tainly based on something more solid than supports the pretensions of the modern American woman who boasts that she be- longs to twenty-two literary and social clubs, and imagines that her activities are raising the general level of culture. The fact remains that the women of France were even more ready than the men to be fired by the noble enthusiasm for learning and the arts which a close intercourse with Italy developed among them. The revival of the study of Plato and the adoption by these exalted ladies of principles that they fondly fancied were platonic, are a peculiar feature of the Renaissance which Miss Sichel has strangely ignored. Her chapter on Rabelais is among the most interest- ing of her sketches of men, which include Clement Marot, the poet, fitienne Dolet, Du Bellay, and Ronsard. It would have been kinder to the learned belles of the French Renaissance to refrain from reproducing their portraits from old prints; the half-dozen that Miss Sichel shows us would be a complete disillusion if we could bring ourselves to believe that women so undeniably fascinating could have been so impossibly plain. The bibliogra- phies and historical summary are most val- uable, and we can only repeat, in conclu- sion, that those who wish to realize the position of women and the influence they exercised as soldiers, diplomatists, and patrons of the arts, should read Miss Sichel's book as an introduction to the "very good confused feeding" of M. Maulde's longer work. Miss Sichel's book was based on a study of the sources. 'Woman in the Golden Ages' has the air of a collection of papers written to be read at a ladies' literary club, after about as much study of the sources as is usual in such enterprises. The titles of the papers are irritating. "Sappho and the First Woman's Club," "Aspasla and the First Salon," are misleading phrases. The first four papers display a vagueness that is at any rate conscientious. We recom-

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4=22 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 mend their writer to Benecke's 'Women in Greek Poetry' for some really precise in- formation on a theme that needs a long rest. The final chapter, on "Woman's Clubs," contains some very sensible re- marks on the need of moderation in the pursuit of club life by women. But we are inclined to think that Miss Mason is the victim of an amiable delusion if she sup- poses that men find women's clubs dull merely "because they have no vital part in them," or that they could be lured into these literary coteries on any terms. The separation of the interests of men and women, which she rightly deplores, is not to be counteracted by a spurious revival of the salon, for which the modern woman is almost as ill-equipped as the modern man. The Garel and the Mace. By Frank W. Hackett. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. A Handbook on Parliamentary Practice. By Rufus Waples. Second edition, enlarged. Chicago: Callaghan & Co. It is not often that two books are pub- lished, at about the same time, which so well represent two methods so extreme that the reader fancies the two authors mutual- ly smiling or sighing, each impressed by the extreme absurdity of the other. If we refer to the general subject of "Motions," for instance, we open in Mr. Waples's book upon this paragraph: "How are Subsidiary Motions divided? Into Declinatory, Amen- datory, Dilatory, Complemental. Incidental, and Motions Relative to Voting" (p. 19). Searching similarly in the other book, we find the heading, "How to Make a Motion" followed by a quotation, "Let us then be up and doing," from Longfellow's "Psalm of Life," and by an anecdote of a Texan judge whose only law book was 'Cushing's Manual,' and who discharged a prisoner upon a motion made by his counsel and sec- onded by the prisoner himself. Few books on a matter-of-fact subject are on t In- whole more entertaining than 'The Gavel and the Mace,' and the person who has read it knows a good deal, in a desultory way, about parliamentary law. Few works are harder reading, on the other hand, than Mr. Waples's 'Parliamentary Practice.' It is as bloodless and as juiceless as a lesson in geometry, and yet many persons of ex- act mind would much prefer it of the two books. We should say, all things consid- ered, that the old-fashioned Jefferson's or Cushing's Manual hits the middle ground much better than either, and gives as good a general training. The essential point from which to ap- proach the subject of parliamentary order —the point, namely that it is a very simple affair and is merely common sense develop- ed into rules_— is not very much emphasized by either of our authors. Yet it is the one discovery which most cheers the young legislator when it is revealed to him. Parliamentary order certainly looks much harder than is needful, if we rely on Mr. Waples to teach it to us; while it seems a little too easy in the hands of Mr. Hackett. In consulting the two upon some much-discussed question, as, for Instance, the right of delegating the balloting to the secretary or some single person by unani- mous consent, we have a good-enough test of the two manuals. So far as we can dis- cover, Mr. Hackett evades the matter al- most wholly, while Mr. Waples, going to the opposite extreme, absolutely denies the right of any public meeting to save time in any such way, even by unanimous con- sent. He gives no reason except this: "It is said that, if any one objects, the balloting cannot be thus delegated, but no one should be placed in the position where his right to vote secretly would be denied. No one should be obliged to object" (p. 154). This strikes us as much too extreme and tech- nical, in view of the amount of time often saved by the motion. In comparing the two books, we should say that, for the de- termination of such especial points, Mr. Waples's book is no doubt better, but for waking up the probably slumbering brains of new legislators to vote intelligently, Mr. Hackett's book is the best. Each is well indexed, and they might well travel in pairs on the book counters. The Lore of Cathay; or, The Intellect of China. By W. A. P. Martin. Fleming H. Revell Co. It is certainly to the credit of American educated men living in Chinese Asia, es- pecially, that they seriously endeavor not only to know the peoples outwardly, but to become acquainted with their mental pro- cesses. There is already a creditable ar- ray of American scholars and writers who have contributed to the philosophical un- derstanding of the Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. The best works on the religion, art, literature, philosophy, folk-lore, super- stition, sociology, and nursery life of these peoples have been, for the most part, writ- ten by Americans. On this undoubted fact some have already endeavored to build an argument demonstrating the ability of Americans, as of Englishmen, to deal suc- cessfully with Asiatic peoples. Be that as it may, it is certain that, in the writings of Dr. W. A. P. Martin on the Chinese, we have a very informing and suggestive map of the intellect of China. Comparing this portly octavo of nearly 400 pages with the author's previous work on 'The Chinese, their Education, Philosophy, and Letters,' issued twenty years ago, and then noticed at length in these columns, we find what is virtually a new work. It is full of things old as well as things new, but the old mat- ter has been freshly wrought over and lu- minously restated, with addition of much original matter, the whole being arranged in orderly sequence, withal toned and mel- lowed by the experiences and scholarly ac- quirements of a score of years. Dividing his matter into five books, Dr. Martin shows first the contributions to the arts and sciences which China has unques- tionably made, and to which Europe is as unquestionably indebted, notwithstanding that what was brought from China has been vastly improved upon in the West. Dr. Martin, like Dr. Arthur Smith, an equally vigorous philosophical writer, though with a much stronger modern touch and spirit, considers that the Chinese intellect of to- day, unnourished and undisciplined by science as it is, is nevertheless acute, vig- orous, still potentially able to master what the Western man has won, and to grapple, like him, with the unknown. He thus pic- tures the life-long Chinese scholar: "In knowledge, according to our standard, he is I a child; in intellect, force, a giant. A vet- eran athlete, the victor of a hundred con- flicts, his memory is prodigious, his appre- hensions quick, and his taste in literary matters exquisite." As it is, however, the Chinese mind normally does not see any new problems to grapple with; for, believ- ing to the innermost fibre of his nature that things were made ages ago as good as they possibly could have been made, it seems to him nothing but pure absurdity to try and make them better. This conviction, ly- ing so deep in the Chinese consciousness, is overmastering. Only by patiently and slow- ly educating new generations can it be changed and vicious notions extirpated. Nevertheless, the existence in such a coun- try of such a thing as a national mind is itself an evidence of a susceptibility to change. So far from being hopelessly ste- reotyped, Dr. Martin sees that the Chinese mind has advanced from age to age with a stately march, absorbing heterogeneous ele- ments with marvellous accumulative power. The modifications undergone in consequence of influences operative from without as well as from within, though slow, have always extended to the whole body. Unlike India, Africa, or even Europe, which is northern, southern, and Slavic, China is a unit. Through all its members there sweeps the mighty tide of a common life. There is no such thing, for example, in China proper as Buddhism or Taoism being arrested at the confines of a particular province. By virtue of a common language and common feeling, every pulsation from the great heart of the empire meets with prompt re- sponse. This fact, while it explains the slowness of change in Chinese life, gives an unshakable foundation for the hope in which all long and patient workers in the Chinese field are one, that vital reform is possible and highly probable in China. One need not go into extensive review of Dr. Martin's chapters on the Literature, Re- ligion and Philosophy, Education, or His- tory. These are all interesting and rich in information, albeit they might be improved by a more exact and orderly arrangement, by a firmer touch in criticism, and even a deeper seriousness in diction, without so much that savors of a chatty conversation. Nevertheless, this last feature is perhaps to be commended by some, and will win read- ers. Dr. Martin considers that Buddhism has been a preparation for Christianity — not that he would, like Sir Edwin Arnold, "pur- loin the ornaments of the daughter of Zion to deck an Eastern beauty," or, like Scho- penhauer, "persuade Western thinkers to sit at the feet of the gymnosophists of India"; but he sees that the conversion of the Chi- nese to Buddhism shows at once mental hospitality and flexibility. Apart from its importations from India in mispronounced Sanskrit, Buddhism has, within the domain of pure Chinese, enriched the language as it has enlarged the sphere of popular thought, bringing them such a repertory of ideas that even to-day "half the doctrines of Christianity are introduced to the Chinese in a dress borrowed from Buddhism." The first teachers of Christianity, on coming to China, he tells us, seized on these terms as so much material made ready to their hands, sprinkled them with holy water, and conse- crated them to a new youth. No mission- ary, papal or Protestant, has ever abandon- ed the Buddhist terminology. The chapters

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Nov. 28, 1901] The ]STation. 4=23 on International Law, and Diplomacy In An- cient China, are decidedly original and very valuable contributions. Besides being the work of the expert translator and teacher of these sciences in the Imperial Chinese University, they are brightened by many modern comparisons and instances. Other Worlds: Their Nature, Possibilities, and Habitability. By Garrett P. Serviss. D. Appleton & Co. 1901. Mr. Serviss has meritoriously performed his task of discussing planetary possibili- ties in the light of the latest astronomical investigations, and 'Other Worlds' increases in interest and improves in style and pre- sentation as its chapters proceed. Follow- ing in the footsteps of earlier writers on human interest in the worlds around us — Fontenelle, Flammarlon, Proctor, and others — the present author attempts to show how wide and how rich is the field opened to the mind of man by his discoveries concerning worlds which, though in a physical sense inaccessible to him, still offer opportunity for intellectual conquests of the noblest de- scription. To this end the differences and the resem- blances between our earth and its sister planets are emphasized; and the author, al- though not himself a professional astron- omer, exhibits an intimate and accurate ac- quaintance with the researches of profes- sional astronomers, which his long and suc- cessful experience as lecturer and writer helps him the better to elucidate. His read- able chapters, while based upon facts, em- body in their structure much discussion of mere theories and probabilities. It is help- ful to the imagination to place one's self on these remote worlds, as he does his read- er, and contemplate therefrom our earth and its swarming life. His tracing the origin and development of the various bodies in our planetary system is instruc- tive, his picture of their present condition as individuals is graphic, and their marvel- lous contrasts as members of a common family are well accentuated. Not even the little planets nor the satellites are omitted from his pretty thorough presentation. The chapter on the moon is, in fact, not only the best in the book, but the most satis- factory presentment of that subject, always new and never exhausted, that has appeared in any modern popular astronomy. An ad- ditional paragraph touching on the recent work of Langley and Very would have made It even more acceptable. Mr. Serviss adopts in toto the late conclusions, although hard- ly yet verified, of the younger Pickering, in his published discoveries of vegetation, at- mosphere, and volcanic activity on the moon. Naturally, Mr. Serviss's discussion of Mars is the fullest of all; and in ruling be- tween opposing camps, he exhibits good judgment, accepting the well-verified ob- servations of Schiaparelli, whose patient and painstaking and masterful work is not even yet, a quarter-century from its in- ception, everywhere appreciated at its true value. Mr. Serviss does well to go back to Schiaparelli's own original words, so often misquoted and misunderstood, in relation to the clouds of the planet and the undoubt- ed gemination of its canals as real phe- nomena of the planet's disk. Eros (whose discoverer was Witt, by the way, not De Witt, page 132-3) is accorded the prominence that its engaging the pres- ent attention of practical astronomers mer- its, and from all their laborious watching we may soon hope for a new and more accu- rate value of the sun's distance. The in- terjection of "A Waif of Space" rather takes one's breath away, and suggests a touch of padding, though it will doubtless not strike all readers as objectionable. On page 23, the perihelion velocity of Mercury is said to be 29 miles in a second, and eleven pages later, 35; which does the author intend? Pages 54 and 92, the astronomer mentioned should be W. H. Pickering, as elsewhere; and page 280 the same, not Edward C. Pick- ering, should be credited with discovering the new satellite of Saturn. Page 181, the size of Jupiter's satellites needs obvious cor- rection. The concluding chapter, on finding the planets in the sky, will be a boon to many a star-gazer; and 'Other Worlds' as a whole, though not a book of the highest order, will nevertheless contribute more towards a live popular interest in astronomy than many university chairs. Two Centuries' Growth of American Law, 1701-1901. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1901. The recent celebration at Yale had fea- tures more permanent, if less striking, than those which delighted the eyes of the great congregation of graduates. This collec- tion of essays by members of the faculty oi the Law School is such a feature; and it is orly one of a series of volumes, prepared by members of the different faculties, which are being issued by the University. The de- sign is to indicate the character of the studies in which the instructors are en- gaged; but, if carried out thoroughly, it must at the same time reveal the charac- ter of the instructors and that of their instruction. A hundred years hence pos- terity can refer to this series as unim- peachable authority for its historical judg- ments; and the authors may be indifferent to contemporary praise or blame, secure in a posthumous celebrity at the next centen- nial. The method adopted is to divide the Law into seventeen departments, and, in most cases, to assign the treatment of each de- partment to a different hand. Professors Baldwin and Townsend, however, have each four papers. Probably this method secures a more thorough treatment of particular de- partments than would be given them by a single commentator, but the result lacks unity. No doubt the professed purpose is attained. The character of the studies in vhich the writers are engaged is indicated; still, we do not have what can properly be called a book on the development of law in the United States. It is only necessary to compare these essays with the commentary of Chancellor Kent, in order to perceive the difference in the results attained. Regarded as critical digests of the law of real property, contracts, torts, equity, evi- dence, etc., the papers will be read with in- terest by the scholarly members of the pro- fession. To enumerate the changes that have taken place in two centuries is no sruall undertaking. To estimate them with- in this limited compass is almost impossi- ble, and perhaps the most satisfactory re- sults are attained in those papers which proceed per enumerationem simplicem. That upon criminal law and procedure is of most general interest, but of least encour- agement. Progress in other departments of law has been far greater. Its nature and extent are to be comprehended only by a profound study of the general develop- ment of the country and its institutions; but the positive changes are well set forth in these scholarly papers. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. A1m dd% T- J.„ The Sherbro and its Hinterland. Macmillan. $6. 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Macmillan. $1.50. De Costa, B. F. The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen. New ed. Albany: Joel Muusell's Sons. Delannoy, Burford. The Margate Mystery. Bren- tano's. $1.25. De Vinne, T. L. The Practice of Typography: Correct Composition. A Treatise on Spelling, etc. Century Co. Dos Passos, J. R. Commercial Trusts. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Drachmaun, Holger. Nanna: A Story of Danish Love. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. Drummond, Henry. The Evolution of Bible Study. Edwin S. Gorham. 50c. Duckworth, Lawrence. An Epitome of the Law Affecting Marine Insurance. London: Effingham Wilson. Egan, M. F. An Introduction to English Litera- ture. Boston: Marlier & Co. Ehrke, Eduard. A Guide to Advanced German Prose Composition. Henry Frowde. 75 cents. Eldridge, Clement. Rescued by a Prince. The Saalfield Pub. Co. English, V. P. The Mind and its Machinery. Vol. I. Cleveland: Ohio State Pub. Co. $1. Everett-Green, Evelyn. Miss Marjorie of Silver- mead. Philadelphia: George W. 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4=24= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 Hall, F. 0. Common People. Boston: James H. West Co. $1. Hall, T. C. John Hall: Pastor and Treacher. Flem- ing II. Re veil f'o. $1.50. Hapgood, Iluleliius. Paul Jones. Houghton, Mif- ilin & Co. 65c, Harrison, J. A. New Glimpses of Poe. M. F. Mansfield & Co. Harrison, J. Le R. In College Days: Recent Var- sity Verse. Boston: Knight & Millet. '•Hellespont." The Laws and Principles of Bridge. Loudon: Thos. de la Rue & Co.; New York: Serlbners. $2. Helps, Arthur. Thoughts In the Cloister and the Crowd. Loudon: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Macmillan. $1. Henderson, W. J. Richard Wagner. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $1.60. Derrick, Robert. The Real World. Macmillan. $1.50. Plodder, F. H. Outline Maps for an Historical Atlas of the United States. Boston: Ginn & Co. Hodder. Edwin. The Life of a Century. London: George Newnes; New York: Scribners. $4. Horetman, Carl. Nova Legenda Anglie. 2 vols. Homy Frowde. 36s. Houek, Louis. The Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase. St. Louis: Phillip Roeder. Howells, W. D. Italian Journeys. Houghton, Mif- flin & Co. S3. Jaeger, Henrik. Henrik Ibsen. New ed. Chicago: A. C. McClure & Co. $1.50. Janet, Pierre. The Mental State of Hysterieals. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50. Jefferson. C. E. Quiet Hints to Growing Preachers in my Study. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. $1. Jevons, F. B. Evolution. London: Methuen & Co.; New York: Macmillan. $1. Jones, H. A. The Liars: An Original Comedy. Macmillan. 75 cents. Kenny, C. S. A Selection of Cases Illustrative of English Criminal Law. London: C. J. Clay & Sons; New York: Macmillan. $3. Kenyon, J. B. Loiterings In Old Fields. Eaton & Mains. $1. Lamb, Mary and Charles. Tales from Shakespeare. 2 vols. Raphael Tuck & Sons. Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography, Supplement, Vol. III. Macmillan. $5. I/empert, Leon, jr. Junk. Boston: C. M. Clark Pub. Co. _ . Longfellow, W. P. P. Applied Perspective. Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. $3. Lucas. F. A. Animals of the Past. McClure, Phillips & Co. Mangasarlan. M. M. A New Catechism. Chicago: The Open Court Pub. Co. M.irden. O. S. Economy. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. 50e. Martindale, Thomas. Sport Indeed. Philadelphia: Qeorge W. Jacobs & Co. $1.60. Mason, F. E. Daddy Gander. Francis E. Mason Pub. Co. $1.50. Mawson, T. H. The Art and Craft of Garden Making. London: B. T. Batsford; New York: Scribners. $10. McCarthy, C. H. Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction. McClure, Phillips & Co. Mllner, Lord. Arnold Toynbee. London: Edward Arnold ; New York : Longmans, Green & Co. 90 cents. Moore, Sarah L. Merry Jingles. Zimmerman's. $1.25. Neilson. H. B. An Animal ABC. London: Blackie & Son; New York: Scribners. $1. Nichols, L. Adda. Delphine, and Other Poems. San Francisco: The Whitaker & Ray Co. $1. Packard, A. S. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolu- tion. Longmans^ Green & Co. $2.40. Palmer, G. H. The Field of Ethics. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.10. Parker, Erie. The Sinner and the Problem. Mac- millan. $1.50. Patteson, S. Louise. Pussy Meow. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. 00 cents. Patin, Gui. La France an milieu du XVIIe Sieele. Paris: Armand Colin. 4 fr. Peiree. T. M. American Girls. 7 drawings. R. H. Russell. $7; separately, $1.50. Peters, J. P. The Old Testament and the New Scholarship. London: Methuen & Co.; New York. Macmillan. $1. Phillimore. I. S. Sexti Properti Carmlna. Henry Frowde. 3s. Prothero, R. E. The Works of Byron, Vol. VI.: Letters and Journals. London: John Murray; New York: Scribners. $2. Reid, W. M. The Mohawk Valley. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $3. Remington, Frederic. A Bunch of Buckskins. 8 drawings in pastel. R. H. Russell. Reyno Ids-Ball, E. A. Cairo of Yesterday and To- day. Boston: Dana Estes & Co. 75 cents. Richmond, Ennis. The Mind of a Child. Long- mans, Green A: Co. $1. Roberts, Harry. The Book of Old-Fashloned Flow- ers. John Lane, $1. Roberts, Peter. The Anthracite Coal Industry. Macmillan. $3.50. Serao, Matllde. The Ballet-Dancer. Harpers. $1.50. ^ Serviss, G. P. Other Worlds. D. Appleton & Co. Sharp, Evelyn. Around the World to Wympland. John Lane. Silberrad, Una L. Princess Puck. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50. Sinclair, May. Two Sides of a Question. J. F. Taylor & Co. $1.50. Sinclair, Upton. King Midas. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.20. Singleton. Esther. Love in Literature and Art. Dodd. Mead & Co. $1.60. Skrine, Marv. J. H. The World's Delight. John Lane. $1.60. Smith, A. H. China in Convulsion. 2 vols. Flem- ing H. Revcll Co. $5. Sonuenschein, E. A. The 'Rudens' of Plautus. Henry Frowde. Tallentyre, S. G. The Women of the Salons, and Other French Portraits. Longmans, Green & Co. $4. Taylor, C. M., jr. Touring Alaska and the Yel- lowstone. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. $1.60. Taunton, E. L. Thomas Wolsey, Legate and Re- former. John Lane. $6. Thompson, Henry. Diet in Relation to Age and Activity. London: Frederick Warne & Co. $1. 365 Breakfast Dishes. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. 40 cents. Trollope, Anthony. The Warden. John Lane. 75 cents. Twells. Julia II.. jr. By the Higher Law. Phila- delphia: Henry T. Coates & Co. Villari, Pasqiiale. The Two First Centuries of Florentine History. Scribners. $2.50. Wagner, Charles. The Simple Life. McClure, Phil- lips & Co. $1.25. Wells, Carolyn. Folly in Fairyland. Philadelphia: H^nry Altemus Co. White, E. E. The Art of Teaching. American Book Co. $1. White, Gilbert. The Natural History of Selborne, by Gilbert White. Edited by Grant Allen. John Lane. $1.50. Whiting, Lillian. The World Beautiful in Books. Boston: Little. Brown & Co. $1. Williams, F. II. The Roentgen Rays in Medicine and Surgery. Macmillan. $6. Workman, Fannv B., and W. H. In the Ice World of Himalaya. New ed. Cassell & Co. $2. Young, Arthur. Through Hell with Hiprah Hunt. Zimmerman's. $1.50. FIVE NEW GERMAN BOOKS. SCHILLER'S DIE BRAUT VON MESSINA Kdltedwlth critical and explanatory lLtroduction and notes by Arthok H. 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ATTRACTIVE NEW BOOKS WOODLAND AND MEADOW Out-of-door papers written on a New Hampshire farm. By W. I. Lincoln Adams, Author of "In Nature's Image," etc. Large 8vo, handsomely bound, $2.50 net. This book has a graceful and charmingly suggestive style, is illustrated by one hundred photographs, which show the highest development of the art, and is a splendid specimen of book making. NEW ILLUSTRATED EDITION THE SALT BOX HOUSE Eighteenth Century Life in a New England Hill Town. By Jane de Forest Shelton. 12mo. $1.50 net. The success of Miss Shelton's sketches of New England Colonial Life has led the publishers to issue this illustrated edition. There are six full-page drawings by John Henderson Betts, to- gether with seme charming tail-pieces, all of which greatly increase the Colonial atmosphere of the work. THE TIMES AND YOUNG MEN By Dr. Josiah Strong, Author of "Our Country," 75c. ml. 'Expansion," etc. 12mo, cloth, A most valuable book for young men. 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Nov. 28, 1901] The Nation. IX HOLIDAY BOOKS Johnnie Courteau And Other Poems. By WILLIAM HENRY DRUMMOND, author of "The Habitant," and Other French-Canadian Poems (25,000 copies sold). Illustrated by Frederick. S. Coburn. Popular edition. 8x5, net $1.25 Photogravure, large-paper edition, net %2.$o (15 cents extra by mail). The plaintive humor and pathos and the true poetic fire of these verses have made them by far the most popular of the year. The Spinster Book By Myrtle Reed. S% x 5Ji, §1.50 (by mail, $1.60). A book for driving away dull care. There is wit, wisdom, and laughter in these sparkling papers. By the same author: "LOVE LETTERS OP A MUSICIAN," "LATER LOVE LETTERS OF A MUSICIAN." %K x 53^, gilt tops, each $1.75. The two volumes in a box, 13.50. The two volumes in full flexible red leather, 85.00. Other Famous Homes of Great Britain Famous Homes of Great Britain More Famous Homes of Great Britain Edited by A. H. Malan. Descriptions by many eminent persons. Nearly six hundred illustrations. Each crimson cloth, full gilt cover, 11% x 8, 16.50 net (by express, $6.90). Full leather, $12.00 net (by express, $12.50). Full crushed levaut, super extra, $25.00. A beautiful and sumptuous series, containing descriptions of British homesteads and their traditions. "Our European Neighbours " Series FRENCH LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY (Lynch). GERMAN LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY (Dawson). RUSSIAN LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY (Palmer). DUTCH LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY (Hough). Illustrated, 7% x 5, each $1.20 net (by mail, $1.32). Se nd for special booklet on this valuable and fascinating series. Richard Wagner By W. J. Henderson. Svo. With portrait. Net $1.60 (by mail, 11.75). A work intended to supply admirers of Wagner with all needed information in a single volume. It is biographical, analytical, exposi- tory-giving a thorough understanding of the man and his work. The Mohawk Valley: its Legends and its History By W. Max Reii>. 10x7. With 70 full-page illustrations from photographs. Net, $3.50 (by mail, $3.75). A stirring and picturesque book, dealing with the period from 1609 to 1780, and its long, bloody drama of heroism and savagery. Historic Towns of the Western States Edited by Lyman P. Powell. 8>3 x 6. With about 200 illustra- tions". Net, $3.00 (by mail, $3.25). Previously issued at uniform price: HISTORIC TOWNS OP NEW ENGLAND. HISTORIC TOWNS OF THE MIDDLE STATES. HISTORIC TOWNS OP THE SOUTHERN STATES. A unique and valuable series. "The plan of the enterprise has been judiciously formed, and it is being well carried out." — New York Tribune. Romance of the Renaissance Chateaux By Elizabeth W. Champney. 8}£ x 6. Fully illustrated. Net, $3.00 (by mail, $3.25). The readers who came under the spell of "Romance of Feudal Chateaux " will eagerly welcome this book of old-time legend and history. Romance of the Feudal Chateaux By Elizabeth W. Champney. Net, $3.00. William Hamilton Gibson Artist— Naturalist— Author. By John Coleman Adams, author of "Nature Studies in Berkshire." 8vo. Illustrated. Net, $2.00 (by mail, $2.25,1. No man ever taught more efficiently than Mr. Gibson the healing and uplifting power of communion with nature. His biography by the author of the "Nature Studies" will interest many readers. In Our County By Marion Harlan d. Illustrated, 12mo. Tales of Old Virginia, *1.50. First large edition exhausted in three weeks. The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States By Edwin Atlee Barber, A.M., Ph.D. Second edition. Revised and enlarged. 277 illustrations. Net, $3 This excellent work has long been recognized as the most important on the subject. ■5°. THE ROSSETTIS, Dante Gabriel and Christina. TENNYSON, His Homes, His Friends, and His Works. BROWNING, Poet and Man, a Survey. By ELISABETH LUTHER CARY More delightful gift books— in subject, in matter, in appearance— can hardly be fouud. Three vols., 10 x 6%, in a box, each $3.75; % calf, each $7.00; % levant, each $10.00. Illustrated Holiday Catalogue. 32 "Pages, on "Request G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York 6, London

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The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 Three Much Discussed Books. 1. Warwick Of The Knobs By JOHN URl LLOYD Author of "Stringtown on the Pike." Illustrated, $1.50. THE DISCUSSION The discussion waging over this book is as to whether it is a correct picture of Ken- tucky; whether it is more correct than the pictures of John Fox or James Lane Allen, or less; whether the South and Southern views at the time of the Civil War are hon- estly presented; whether the types drawn exist to-day, or ever existed; whether the author's apparent lack of literary grace de- tracts from the story or adds to it; and whether it is an advance over " String- town," his first novel. The N.Y. Times Saturday Review says : "A powerful novel. ... A portrait true in every lineament. The tale is not oidy original and dramatic, but it is extremely well told. It touches upon the stirring events of the Civil War in a frontier country, and one is made to comprehend the widely divergent points of view of the North and South. Much light is thrown upon the mistaken notions in regard to the Njrth with which the South entered into the war. . . . Mr. Lloyd has given us a fine piece of literary workmanship." The Cincinnati Times=Star says: " So full of pathos, so human, so thoroughly characteristic and dramatic that it is destined to live in literature. It gives to the world a vivid picture of an intensely earnest life; a remarkable study of human emotion. . . . Undoubtedly the strongest book of the year." II. Sir Richard Calmady By LUCAS MALET Author of " The Wages of Sin." 680 Pages, $1.50. THE DISCUSSION Around " Sir Richard Calmady " discus- ion is also being waged. Is it a novel with a lofty purpose ? Is it too long ? Is Lucas Malet a greater writer than Mrs. Humphry Ward, and why ? Is she to be compared with George Eliot ? Can the theme be called morbid? Is the hero a convincing character? Are the women in the book stronger than the men ? Has the author, on the whole, added to the category of books that may be called " great" ? The N. Y. Press says : "George Eliot, George Sand and— Lucas Malet ! Mrs. Harrison has succeeded in doing what George Eliot and George Sand alone of her sex have done heretofore; the constructing, de- scribing and the laying bare of a great feminine heart. ... It is hardly to be believed that any reader could help feeling that here was a book worth writing as well as worth reading." The Interior says: "So little discrimination has been used in ap- plying the word ' great' to works of current fiction that it has become almost meaningless. But Mrs. Harrison has produced a novel which may successfully challenge comparison with the work of her most distinguished predeces- sors, retaining at the same time enough of her own individuality to mark its individual distinc- tion. Nothing more insistently impressive has been done in many years." III. YOVNG Barbarians By IAN MACLAREN Author of "The Bonnie Brier Brush.' Illustrated, $1.50. THE DISCUSSION Here the discussion is whether or not Ian Maclaren has entirely departed from the " kail-yard "; whether it is not in every respect the finest, sincerest and solidest thing he has ever written; whether it is not better than "Stalky & Co."; and why it is better; whether it is a book for the young or for the old; whether the characters are purely British and Scotch, and whether the note of manliness which Maclaren has struck in it is not the surest note he has ever given us. The Chicago Record'flerald says. "A sympathetic reading of the whole will convince almost anybody that ' Young Barba- rians' is one of the finest literary products of the year. The charm of Ian Maclaren's writing is as intangible as the perfume of the rose. There is a union of robustness and tenderness, of laugh- ter and tears, of human nature and literary art, that one finds nowhere else. . . . It is a wholesome, kindly, red-blooded, human book, which any one will be the merrier and the sweeter spirited for reading." William Wallace says : "It remains to be said, and said with the cor- diality of a Scottish handshake, that Ian Mac- laren has produced one of the pleasantest, healthiest, and best books of the year. A work, too, which marks a distinct advance on Ian Maclaren's part as an artist." Have You Formed Your Opinion of These Books? DODD, MEAD & CO., PUBLISHERS, FIFTH AVENUE, cor. 35th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

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Nov. 28, 1901] Tlie Nation. XI A LILY FRANCE A Sixteenth Century Romance By Mrs* Caroline Atwater Mason Impressions of Some Reviewers: "Intensely dramatic."— The Press, Phila. "This exquisitely told story is even more than good." — Dr. Floyd W. Tomkins. "Far and away above the average." — The Book Buyer. "Accurate and fascinating his- tory."— Book News. " A recital of surpassing inter- est . . . superb character draw- ing."— Chieago American. " Brilliantly written."— New York Observer. "Throws a clear light into a cor- ner of history hitherto deep in shadow." — The Inter-Ocean. "Cold facts molded into living, burning fiction." — The Standard. PRICE, $1.10 NET Postpaid, $1.25 Published by THE GRIFFITH AND ROWLAND PRESS 1420 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. ^/l Handsome "Present. Monographs on Artists Fully illustrated, tastefully bound in cloth, $1.50 each. Raphael, Holbein, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Diirer, Botticelli. BEST facilities for supplying American BAA1/C German English DUUllJ Italian French Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Established over 50 years. 812 Broadway, New York. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. address Mr. Grant. Before buying bouks write for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prkcs sent for 10-ccnt stamp P. E. GRANT, Books. *3 W. 4*D St. NEW i'ORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) Talks On Civics By HENRY HOLT SECOND EDITION, REVISED Cloth, $1.25 net " A good many matters of both govern- ment and law are presented in an ex- ceptionally lucid manner.'' —The Dial. " To put such a book in the hands of an intelligent boy will do much to make him a good citizen.'' — The Nation. Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray's Worksand Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper. Large type, easy to read Mze 4Wby 6}4 Inches and only 14 inch thick. Hound in cloth. $1 OH each. Sent prepaid ou receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. TnoS. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 18th St., New York. VON HOLST'5 Constitutional and Political History OF THE United States Best English Cloth, gilt tops, large type, gocd paper, complete with laiex and list of authorities. 8 Volumes, $12 net. THE HISTORY has been written with a broad understanding of the influences that con- tributed to form the constitution and have governed the political thought and growth of the country. Political movements are traced to their origins with great care and acuteness, and no fact is relied upon until it is fully es- tablished. An impartial and generous spirit pervades the work. The day has gone by when the best American citizen demands limit- less, reasonless praise of his institutions, and the time has come when he and they rely on and invite candid, judicial, plain statements, neither extenuating nor suppressing the truth. The time has come for such a history as Dr. von Hoist's, and the value of the work is un- derstood and keenly appreciated by all who have met it. The enthusiasm and conviction of the historian at once captivate the reader, and few, after beginning the history, will leave it without completing it. FROM REV. DAVID SWING, D.D. " A masterpiece as to depth, clearness, impar- tiality and scope. In these passing years, when teachers and writers are attempting to kindle new flames of patriotism in old and young hearts, this production is timely indeed." FROM THE NEW YORK EVENING POST. " A work which every student must needs pos- sess in its entirety." FROM THE NATION. "A power and success which leave little to criticise." For sale by all booksellers. Callaghan & Company, PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO, ILL.

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Xll The INT a t i o ii . [Vol. 73, No. 1900 Ubvo JVebv Hoofo of Poetry MARLOWE cA Drama in Five cActs By Josephine Preston Peabody, author ot " The Wayfarers," » For- tune and Men's Eyes." Artistically printed and bound. 121110, $1.10 net; postpaid, $ 1 . 1 9. In this poetic drama Miss Peabody has made a welcome contribution to the real poetry of our time. The present play endeavors to preserve closely the few traditions that remain to us of the poet's history, with a sub-plot that quite changes the aspect of his death. "Marlowe" is Elizabethan in setting, but not in structure, save as it admits the constantly changing elements of humor, song, and fate in its tragic development. THE HEART OF THE ROAD AND OTHER POEMS By Anna Hempstead Branch. i zmo, $1.00 net; postpaid, $1.08. This is an admirable first book of poetry. It contains poems printed by Miss Branch in the Atlantic Monthly and other periodicals, with many never before in print. Her poems have a very distinct quality, somewhat elusive and difficult to define, but so original, so imaginative, so unmistakably poetic that lovers of verse will find a rare charm in her book, and will be eager to hear from her again. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., BOSTON 85 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK The O'RDEAL of ELIZABETH. Every woman wKo reads this book will be forced to form ar\ opinion of what she would have done If subjected to the same ordeal. The Story of a.r\ American Elizabeth. \ SeeninGermany By RAY STANNARD BAKER. With 56 illustrations from photo- graphs and from drawings by George Varian. " This is the modern form of the book of travels, bright as electricity, full of popular practi- cal information, as simple and straightforward as a personal letter. It is equally good reading for people who have never travelled in the Fatherland and for those who know more or less of the Kaiser's dominions." — N. Y. Mail and Express. Price, $2.00 net; postpaid, $2.15. HcCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO., PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK ANY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- ^~L plied to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly tilled. Liberal discounts, 1 UAYiaes, 4ift PutLain Ave. (Brooklj N"w Yuri,' cltj FRENCH ITALIAN SPANISH a miscellaneous selection of romance and drama l.y the modern writers of above nationalities. SALE AT REDUCTION FROM now TO .) AN. 1ST. fP/eaje Come and Injpcct ! JOHN LANE, 67 5th Ave., N.Y. ELLIS & ELVEY, DealerB In Old and Rare Hooks and MSS. CATALOGUE 07 just published, fully illustrated, and sent post free on application Bare Editions, Earl; Printed Books. Illuminated Manu- scripts, Klne Bindings, ancient ami modern. etc., etc. 2HNEW IIONDSTHKKT. LONDON. KNG. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors;, 420 5th Ave., bet. 88th ami 39th Sts., New York. Foreign Hooks, Agents for the leading Paris publishers; Tancbnltz's British authors. Teub- mi'.s Qreek and Latin classics. Catalogues of stock 11 demand New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt of postal card specimens of paper, type, Illustration and binding will be sent. KNIBHT •*■ RROWNi 1 60 Fifth Ave.i New York. inPORTANT NEW BOOKS Florentine Villas By Janet Ross. Illustrated by photogravure repro- ductions of Zocchi's engravings, and from draw- ings by Miss Nelly Erichsen. Imperial 4to, limited to 500 copies for England and America, $25.00 net. Large-paper edition, limited to 125 copies for England and America, $75.00 net. Chronicles of the House of Borgia By Frederick Baron Corvo. With eleven full- page illustrations in photogravure. 8vo, large, SO. 00 net. Imperial London By Arthur H. Beavan. With 50 illustrations from drawings by Hanslip Fletcher, and a photo- gravure frontispiece. 8vo, cloth, $4 00 net. A delightful book on London, beautifully illus- trated. Stories of the Tuscan Artists By Albinia Wherry. With many illustrations from their works in photogravure and half-tone. 8vo, square, $4.00 net. This elaborate volume gives a clear and intelli- gent idea of the growth of art in Italy, from its early birth in the fourteenth century to the days of Botticelli. Nothing has been spared in the preparation of text and illustrations to make this book as valu- able and beautiful as possible. The Monastery of San Marco By G. S. Godkin. Illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. The Monastery of San Marco is closely connected with three of the greatest names in Florentine history— St. Antonio, Fra Angelieo, and Savonarola. All the romance of the Florentine renaissance and the glories of the Mediel are set forth in this de- lightful work. Travels Round Our Village A Berkshire Book by Eleanor G. Hayden. Illus- trated by L. Leslie Brooke. 8vo, cloth, gilt top. $2,50 net. "The volume urges one to quotation without stint, so rich are Its passages that lend themselves to such treatment, but we must content ourselves with one quotation only and to commending Miss Haydeu's book with its pleasing Illustrations by Mr. Brooke, without reserve to the perusal of our readers. ' ' — Huston Traiisvript. Giovanni Segantini Italy's most famous modern artist A History of His Life and Time3, together with 76 reproductions of his pictures in half-tone and photogravure. By L. Villari. Large 8vo, $6.00 net. Sacharissa Some Account of Dorothy Sidney, Countess of Sunderland, Her Pamily and Friends. 1617-1684 By Julia Cartkight (Mrs. Henry Ady). 8vo. 326 pages, illustrated, cloth, $2.50 net. Life of Francois Fenelon By ViscountST Cyres. Demy 8vo, cloth, $2.60 nef. This biography has engaged the author for many years, and is not only the study of an interesting personality, but an important contribution to the history of the period. The Master Musicians Edited by F. J. Crowest. Illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.25 each. In offering this snies. the publishers have tried to produce volumes that are reliable, but not so technical as to discourage the ordinary reader. In each ease the author has made it his object to com- liiue the musician's life and Its connection with his art. Handel. By C. F. Abdy Williams. Just published. Mendelssohn By Stephen S. Stratton. Just published. Beethoven. By F. J. Crowest. Previously issued. Bach. By C. F. A. Williams. Previously issued. Wagner. By C. A. Lidgey. Previously issued. Our Catalogue of Calendars and Gift Books sent free on application. E. P. DUTTON &CO., MJBLISHBRS, 3 1 West 23d St., New York.

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Nov. 28, 1901] The ISTation Xlll Financial. ARE YOU considering a new location or to Increase your present facilities of manufacturing? If so MILWAUKEE, WIS., offers you that chance. It is rapidly being recognized as the Philadelphia of the West Many of Milwaukee's manufacturers have their offices in Chicago Uoods ordered by Phone or Wire as lute as six o'clock in the evening arc placed at the doors of the Chicago mer- chants as carlv as six o'clock next morning. Come and see for yourself . It Is one of the handsomest residence cities of tills country. It is the city of homes. Correspondence solicited. BENJ. M. WKIL SONS & CO., Real Estate and Investment Brokers, Milwaukee, Wis. Pueblo, Colo. Is becoming the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of population employed In profitable production largest of any Western city. Superl >r In climate and commercial promise. My specialty the care of properties and mak- ing investments for non-residents. Home, Eastern, and Foreign references. Established in 1879. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Colo. Kansas City, Mo. The present condition of Kansas City is exactly suita- ble for purchase of city property. Prices of to-day guarantee appreciable increase. There is no surer city ln the United States for investors to make money in real estate. We have been identified with thereal estate Interests of this city during its steadily healthy growth and would like to tell a few Eastern investors how others have made money here, and how any one with a reasonably unprejudiced mind can do the same. Choice loans on hand for sale at 5 and 0 per cent in- terest. Our responslbl'ity Is unquestioned. Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co. "SECURITY FIRST, Profit the Next Consideration Our experience in and Dear Duluth as Real Estate and Loan Agents should make our judgment worth something to you when considering a conservative investment. W. M. PRINDLE & CO., Duluth, Minn. SAFE MARGINS for the most EXACTING INVESTOR! My life has been devoted to the study of property values in Minneapolis. Am in a position to give you the benefit of expertness In placing investments where botn security and fair percentage may be relied upon. An opportunity is solicited of presenting facts which in- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wetmore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. GEORGE AND COMPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite investigation of their methods of conserving the interests of investors. A successful record In the selection of income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds in substantial productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. LETTERS OF CREDIT We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfers of money on Europe, Australia, and Soiuh Africa; also make collections and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available In all Darts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. NO. 50 WALL STIiEET, NEW TORE. Financial. LAWTOtf & FEETIG Colorado Springs, Colo. An experience of twenty-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city properly for in- vestment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. AN OPPORTUNITY. Would you consider an opportunity to Becure a per- manent annual tncome by Investing your surplus capi- tal in such sums as you might desire? if, moreover! you wire afforded perfect security and the awurance ox more than the average Interest or dividends, would you Invest? If so, wes-imply ask vou to Investigate the proposition offered by the Isthmus Plantation Association of Mexico. Full particulars will be mailed you upon request. C. M. KENDALL, Gen'l Agent, 414-417 First Nation- al Bank Building, Milwaukee, wis. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for investors who appreciate skill and conservatism In se- lection and administration. PVLFORD, HOW Securities Send for onr List of In- nign'uraue securities!. come.Dearing securities. Mailed on request. E. H. GAY & CO., 131 Devonshire St., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., NflwYorte. RARE BOOKS MR. THOMAS CHATTO (of Picker- ing & Chatto, the oldest established antiqua- rian booksellers in England), has imported and now for sale at 25 J FIFTH AVENUE, New York City, A Collection of Valuable OLD AND RARE BOOKS, ILLUMI- NATED MANUSCRIPTS, AND FINE SPECIMENS OF OLD AND MODERN BINDINGS. Amateurs and collectors Bbonld at once apply for a catalogue, and should QOl fall In call and inspect, as the exhibit closes on Dec. ">, 1901. Among the many hundred of important volumes may be men- tioned the following: A Perfect Set of the First Four Folios of SHAKESPEARE, Printed in 1623— 1632— 1664- 1685, 4 vols., mag- nificently bound, and exceptional copies. $10, 000. (X) HOLINSHED'S CHRONICLES, 157T, consulted by Shakespeare in the compilation of his plays, .f:!75.00 PAINTER'S PALACE OF PLEASURE, 1567. The first edition, in two vols. Shakespeare was great- ly indebted to this collection for his plots; he derived from it the stories for "Lucrece," "Timon of Athens," "All's Well," "Romeo and Juliet." &c $1,250.00 OLD ANGLING BOOKS. Among which are found: WALTON'S THE COMPLEAT ANGLER, 1653. The FIRST EDITION, a very fine copy, richly bound, by Riviere, $1,875. Also the SECOND EDITION. 1656, $400. The THIRD EDITION, 1661, $95. The FOURTH EDITION, 1664. $84. THOMAS KOWLANDSON. LEECH. &c. OLD SPOTTING BOOKS, With colored plates by HENRY ALKEN, &c, &c. OLD BINDINGS. Including magnificent specimens in perfect condi- tion, by ROGER PAYNE. SAMUEL & CHARLES MEAKNE; besides examples of old Scotch, Irish. French, Italian, and Spanish work. There are eight specimens of the beautiful embroidered needlework binding of about 1625, ascribed to the "Nuns of Little Gidding." RARE FIR.ST EDITIONS. Braithwaite's Art Asleep Husband. 1640 $210.00 Thomas Browne's Religio Medici, 1642 $120.00 Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. 1621 $60. on Cervantes's Don Quixote, 1612-'20 $425.00 Coryat's Crudities. 1611 $186.00 Cowper's Poems (and History of John Gil- pin), 1785 $42.00 Walton's Lives. 1670 $21. on Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. 1766 $475.00 Spenser's Fairy Queen, 1590-'06 $975. 0() Milton's Paradise Lost. 1669 $188.00 Milton's Paradise Regained. 1671 $112.00 Fanny Burney's Camilla. 1796 luncut) $106.00 Byron's Hours of Idleness. 1807 $140.00 Keble's Christian Year, 1827 $45. Oo Charles Kingsley. A complete set of his novels, 1st edition, 41 vols., uncut $220.00 Lamb's Elia, and Last Essays of Elia, 1823-'33, 2 vols $150.00 Captain Marryat. A complete set of his renowned sea stories, uncut. 80 vols $925.00 Swift's Gulliver's Travels, 1733 $62.00 Albert Smith. A complete set of this old humorist's works. RARE OLD BOOKS, on Gardening. Husbandry, Agriculture. OLD ENGLISH PLAYS. A very large collection, which includes almost every early English dramatist. EAULY ENGLISH POETR.V. A large number, including volumes by all the im- portant old poets. The Addisonian Period of Literature is very well represented. First editions of works by Addison, | Oliver Goldsmith, Golley Gibber, William Collins. William Congreve, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, John Gay, Thomas Gray, Alexander Pope, Matthew Prior, Smollett. Sterne, Swift. MAGNIFICENT MODERN BINDINGS, bv the best binders, several designed by MISS MARY HOUSTON. ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS. ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS OF THE FIF- TEENTH CENTURY. Several brilliant and valu- able specimens on vellum. THOMAS CHATTO, 351 sth Avenue, New York City.

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XIV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1900 A Xmas Book List POETS OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION By William Archer. With 33 full-page portraits from woodcuts by Robert Bryden. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00 net. The London Daily Chronicle says: " In short, the volume is a treasure-house of well-argued criticism, no less than a collection of much admirable and some little-known poetry. . . . A uook to inteiest ana profit every one who has any taste for the study of poetry and poetic methods. JANE AUSTEN : Her Homes and Her Friends By Constance Hill. With numerous illustrations by Ellen G. Hill. Together with photogravure portraits, etc. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00 net. NOTE-Allwho love the unique character-writing of Miss Austen's classic work will find in this volume a charming collection of her personal associations, breathing the atmosphere of her times. THE WESSEX OF THOHAS HARDY By Bertram Windle, F.R S. With upwards of 100 illustrations and maps by Edmund H. New. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00 net. " The topography of Mr. Hardy's novels has long been a favorite theme. The whole of southern England has fallen under his spell. Be has, as it wire, re ireated the o d Kingdom of Wessex. Mr. New s beautiful drawiigs reproduce the charm that In 11 its these wide downs Mr. Windk- is a fellow of the Society of Anti- quaries, and it is seldom that a novelist finds so distinguished a devotee to exnound his geography and an- tiquities. The book is one taat will delight all antiquarians, and especially those who love rural England and the novels of Thomas Hardy."— The NaVon. FROM THE HEART OF THE ROSE By Helen Milman: Letters on things natural, things serious, things frivolous With photogra- vure portrait of N. F. Watts, R.A. 12mo. $1.50 net. "Just the sort of book that is nice to give— and to receive. Her books are always pretty inside and out. There is a paper full of interesting reminiscences of some hours spent in Mr. Watts's studio. There Is a letter from Mrs. Ritchie telling how I hackeray wrote his ^ooks. . . . Two letters of Gilbert White till one chapter. Others from Linnell, Catha ine Bla'ie, Farren the actor, make up another."— The Spectator. RUBA1YAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM Rendered into English Verse by Edward Fitzgerald. With introduction by F. B. Money-Coutts. Illustrations on vellum bv Herbert Cole. Sumptuous edition de luxe limited to 350 copies. Only 100 copies for America. 8vo, $5.00 net KING MONMOUTH Being a History op the Career of James Scorr,"The Protestant Duke," by Allan FEA.companion volume to the same author's "The Flight of the King." With 14 photogravure portraits and over 80 illustrations by the author. 8vo, $6.00 net. The Loudon Athenmum says: " In this book Mr. Allan Fea gives fresh and abundant evidence of the minute research and Indefatigable industry which secured a warm welcome for his former work, 'The Flight of the King.' . . . What he has really set himself to do he has done, as heretofore, to excellent effect." THOHAS WOLSEY : Legate and Reformer By Rev. Ethelred L. Taunton, author of" The Jesuits in England." With portraits, lithographs, etc. 8vo, $5 00 net. Note.— In the negotiations of Wolsey lie the seeds of many an ecclesiastical question now of gigantic growth. It is his activity in such matters that is especially emphasized In the present biographical volume. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE By Gilbert WniTE. Edited by Grant Allen. With nearly 203 illustrations by Edmund H. New. 12mo, $1.50 ntt. Note.— The reappearance of Grant Allen's adm irablc issue of this famous work in a cheap and con- venient form, retaining the specially drawn illustrations of Mr. New, will make this the standard edition for years to come. EVELYN SHARP'S NEW BOOK OF FAIRY STORIES ROUND THE WORLD TO WYMPLAND $1.25 net. [Just Published.] NOTE.— The author's charming books for children arc well known. The new volume Is adorned by eight Illustrations from the pen of .Miss Alice B. Woodward. It will lorm a coveted companion gift to " Wynips," "All the Way lo Fairyland," etc. "An excellent gift book for the holidays."— 77 1 Jin 6l. NEW YORK. Travel. GOING ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for '"Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly, Boston— Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin, $40, $45, upwards, depending on steamer. "Cestrian," Dec. 4: " Winifredian," Dec. 11; "Philadelphian," Dec. IS; "Caledonian," to London Dec 5; "King-to- nian," to London Dec. 17; ' Iberian," to London Dec. 28. F. 0. HOUOHTON & CO., den*l Agents. 115 State Street, Boston.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 90 1 . THURSDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. One a 'Biography EUGENE FIELD A Study irv Heredity and Contradictions By SLASON THOMPSON Chief Editorial Writer of the Chicago Record- Herald and Field's Intimate Friend. Profusely Illustrated in Colors. Contents Pedigree. Methods of Work. Parentage. Nature of His Daily Work Birth and Early Youth. Our Personal Relations. Choice of a Profession. Letters. Early Experiences in His First Book. Journalism. His Second Visit to Eu= In Denver, 1881-1883. rope. Anecdotes. In the Saints' and Sin- Coming to Chicago. ners' Corner. Personal Characteristics. Political Relations. Relations with Stage Folk His " Auto=Analysis." Beginning of his Literary Last Years. Education. Last Days. In ttvo 'Volumes, £3.00 net (Postage 25 cents.) Uhe Other a Handbook Colonial Furniture in America. The AUTHORITY at Last By LVKE VINCENT LOCKWOOD A private collector of many years' standing who has devofed the last seven years to special studies and examina- tions for the purposes of this work. Alike for COLLECTORS and ALL WHO ARE INTERESTED in COLONIAL FURNITURE The logical and ine-Oitable successor to Lyons. A Compa.nioi\ to "Orienta.1 Rugs" In one %>olumet £7.50 net {Postage 60 cents.) Contents The Chests Chests of Drawers IDEAL Cupboards & Sideboards Cbairs Settees, Couches & Sofas USEFUL Tables Desks and Scrutoires HOLIDAY Mirrors Bedsteads Clocks GIFT ^tu ».»*,.//.«. or CHARLES SCRJBNER/S SONS, New York

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11 The 3STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1901 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 425 Editobial Articles : The Insistent Philippine Question 428 Influence Without Territory 428 Democratic Reorganization 429 The Tariff Safety- Valve 430 The Duties on Baggage 430 Aspects of Biography 431 Special Correspondence : Two Pictures with a Past 432 Correspondence : Special Punishment for Presidential Assassi- nation 4.'S'i Chinese Exclusion 433 "Moat" 431 The Case of Gen. Buller 434 Notes 434 Book Reviews: Recent Poetry 438 Recent Law Books 440 Life on the Stage 441 The Book of Sport 441 French Furniture and Decoration in the XVIII. Century 412 Alfred Tennyson 443 Books of tiie Week 414 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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" $1.08, 25 Xmas Cards. 1 Set (four) Brownie Cards 4. " $1.08, 10 Beautiful Calendars. 5. " 54 cts., 5 " " all different. 6. " 27 cts., 10 Xmas Cards. 7. " 54 cts., 5 Booklets and Calendar. 8. " $1.08, 7 Artistic Booklets. 9. " 54 cts., 5 Fine Photos, Mounted, 8 x 10 size. " 10. " 54 cts.. 25 Sunday-School Cards. jy Special Packets and lots put up to order. TFAfHFPQ For SI-08, 50 Cards.no two alike. 1 L,/VV11L,I\0. for 54 cts., 25 Cards, no two alike. Samples paper by the pound, 15 Cents. H. H. CARTER & CO., Satisfaction Guaranteed. 5 SOHERSET STREET, BOSTON. Full Circulars on application . THE TIMES AND I YOUNG MEN. By Dr. Josia^h Strong. Author of " Our Country," " Expansion," etc. i2tno, Cloth, net, fjc A simple philosophy of life for young people. Dr. Strong's position and style are well known. 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Hinchman — Second and Enlarged Edition PHIS work, first issued in 1896, and now offered to the public in a revised and greatly en- -1 lurged edition, gives a brief history of the settlement of the Island and prominent events in the lives of the following settlers or their associates: Thomas Macy, Edward Starbuck, Tristram Coffin and his children, Christopher Hussey. Stephen Bachelor, John Wing, Stephen Green- Irai, Peter Folger, Thomas Barnard, Robert Barnard, Thomas Prence, William Collier, Thomas Gardiner, Richard Gardner, John Gardner, Samuel Shattuck, Peter Hobart, Thomas Mayhew, Sr., Thomas Mayhew, Jr.. Richard Swain, John Swain. Also some genealogical detail of the following Nantucket families and their descendants : Mitchell, Russell, Swain, Barker, Swift, Rotch, Bunker, Coggeshall, Wing, Hathaway, Newliall, Colcord, Wadley, Waterman, Stanton; and of the families of Lucretia Mutt, John (;. \\ hittier, Thomas Earle, John Milton Earle, Josiah Macy, Aaron C. Macy. Handsomely illustrated with twenty-five full-page plates, and numerous drawings and embellishments of the text. For sale by all booksellers. FERRIS & LEACH, Publishers, ^ 5.00 Seventh St. LADELPHIA

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Dec. 5, 1901] The Nation. 111 Victorian 'Prose Masters By W. C. BROWNELL Author of "French Art," etc. The New York Times Saturday Review says : " Reason informed by emotion, expressed in beauty, elevated by moral earnestness, lightened by humor — this is the ideal that gradu- ally grows in the reader's imagina- tion as he follows this searching ex- amination of creative minds." Thackeray George Eliot Condyle Matthew Arnold Kviskin George Meredith $1.50 net (postage 12 cents) The Mail and Express says: " What can be said about Mr. Brownell's essay on Carlyle, except that it is Mr. Brownell's, and there- fore literature in the best, the highest sense of the word, a contribution to the criticism that makes for final judgments?" SHAKESPEARE AS A DRAMATIC ARTIST WITH AN ACCOUNT OF HIS REPUTATION AT VARIOUS PERIODS. By Thomas R. Lounsbury, L.H.D.. LL.D. Professor of English in Yale University. A history of the attitude taken at different periods by English playwrights and the English public towards the rules governing the classical stage, and also a historv of the opin- ions held about Shakespeare and his art from the time of the Restoration to the nineteenth century. $3.00 net (postage 22 cents) Toems of Distinction THE CATHEDRAL AND OTHER. POEMS By MARTHA GILBERT DICKINSON Author of "Within the Hedge," etc. $1.25 net (postage 8 cents). A HERMIT OF CARMEL AND OTHER POEMS By GEORGE SANTAYANA, Author of "The Sense of Beauty. " $1.25 net (postage 9 cents) The Spectator {London) says: 44HPHE latter half of Mr. Bal- four's second volume will always be indispensable to any judg- ment of Stevenson, for Mr. Balfour was closely associated with, and has excellently described, the man in what was almost a different incar- nation." The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson "By CRAHAM "BALFOVR In Tbuo Volumes £4. OO net {postage 30 cents) Literature {London) says : U\IR. GRAHAM BAL- FOUR'S life of his famous cousin is more than adequate, if one may say so: it is a dignified, schol- arly, frank, and at the same time very loving piece of work, which is wholly worthy of its subject." CHARLES SCRJBNER'S SONS

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IV Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 901 Clarendon Press New Publications King Horn A Romance of the Thirteenth Century. Edited from the Manuscripts by Joseph Hail, M.A., Head Master of the Hulme Grammar 8vo, cloth, $3.10. School, Manchester. Aetna. A Critical Recension of the Test, based on a new examination of MSS. with Prolegomena, Translation, Textual and Exegetical Commen- tary, Excursus, and complete Index of the Words. By Robinson Ellis, M.A. 8vo, cloth, $2.50. Goethe. Hermann und Dorothea. Edited, with Notes, by C. A. Buchheim, Ph.D., M.A., late Professor of the German Language and Literature in King's College, London, and Emma 8. Buchheim. With an Introduction by Edward Dowden, LL.D., D.C.L., Professor of Oratory and English Literature in the University of Dublin, and President of the Eng- lish Goethe Society; and a Biographical Sketch by E. S. Buch- heim. 8vo, cloth, 75c The Polyphonic Period. Part I. Method of Muslcal^Art, 330-1330. By H. E. Wooldridge, M. A., Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of Oxford. 8vo, cloth, $5.00. A Study of the Ethics of Spinoza (Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata). By Harold H. Joachim, Fellow and Tutor of Merton College, Oxford. 8vo, cloth, $3.40. The Welsh Wars of Edward the First A contribution to Mediaeval Military History, based on Original Docu- ments. By John E. Morris, M.A., formerly Demy of Magdalen College, Oxford. With a Map. 8vo, cloth, $3.15. Manual of the Four Gospels. By the Rev. T. H. Stokoe, D.D., Rector of Waddmgton, Lincoln. Part I. The Gospel Narrative. 8vo, cloth, 50c. Part II. The Gospel Teaching. 8vo, cloth, 50c. In one volume. 8vo, cloth, 90c. A French Primer, consisting of Accidence and Syntax, for use in Middle and Lower Forms. By Arthur H. Wall, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, Assistant Master in Marlborough College, Author of the Concise French Grammar. 8vo, cloth, 50c. For Sale by all booksellers. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. GINN & COMPANY'S HOLIDAY BOOKS r-v-ryre^ri. i<5* ii9* t^* w9* w* %2* %&* c<9* ((9*(^* i^*(<t* ^*v9* t^*^*t^*jl9* ^*$<?*(j?* All of Mr. Long's Ani- mal Stories have been bound in two volumes with the titles, Beasts of the Field and Fowls of the Air. 14^ li™ *2" t/v* o9* <£** l^* t^* t^* ts^ t^* (S^ ti^1 V- (*■ (/ t^* %£" ti^* 5£™ t*^ Besides 32 full page illustrations each page of type is decorated with one or more delightful marginal sketches, 'making them two of the most fully illustrated books of the year. About 3*0 pages in each. Bound in satine cloth, stamped in full gold, with a cover design by T. B. Hapgood. Gold tops, $1.75 per volume, Neatly boxed together, $3.50. BIRD PORTRAITS Bv Ernest Seton-Thompson; described by Uai.i-h Hokkman.v. Pictures by tins distinguished artist of familiar liirds. printed on heavy coated paper. SVtfx 12 Inches In size. Quarto. Cloth. (1.50. THE STARS IN SONG AND LEGEND . By .Ikrmaii G. Porter, Ph D, director of the Cincinnati Observatory. A dcllghUul hook on the mythology of the constellations. The lcgcndan [lie h. 'livens und the Intimate connection of the stars with the best and highest In literature are presented for the Dm time for the general reader. Square 12mo. Cloth, $.75. KING ARTHUR AND HIS COURT By Frances Nimmo Greene. The thirteen :short stories form a perfectly connected series, and relate the adventures of King Arthur and his most noted knights With thirteen full-page Illustrations by Edmund H. Garrett. Square 121110. Cloth, £ .75. OLD INDIAN LEGENDS By Zitkala Sa. These legends are here told with true Indian spirit. The author Is a Sioux Indian, and her already published stories of Indian life and character iu the Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine are Indications of the snirii nil h which she' tells these legends of her ancestors. The full-page draw- ings are bj Miss Angel deCora (Hlnook-mahlwl-killnaka), a Winnebago Indian, a pupil "i Howard I'ylc. Cloth, 8 .75. Ginn & CompaLfvy, Publishers, TRADE 9 Trenvont DEPARTMENT. Pla.ce, Boston, Mass

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ]N~ ation. An Entirely JVetv Edition/Retvritten and'Refet CHA.MIBE'RS'S YCLOPAEDIA OF ENGLISH LITERATURE BY DAVID PATRICK, LL.D. A History, Critical and Biographical, of Authors in the English Tongue, from the Earliest Times till the Present Day, with specimens of their writings. THE plan of this work, which has been pronounced the best Cyclopaedia of English Literature ever written, gives a broad and definite survey of the field of English letters from the beginning to the present day. It unites the advantages of the critical judgment of scholars with the opportunity for study of the authors themselves at first hand. It is most aptly characterized as "a finger-post to the best books in the literature of Great Britain and America." It consists essentially of extracts from the works of the multitude of authors in all departments of our literature, with biograph- ical and historical sketches and short criticisms prepared by the foremost students of Eng- lish literature, — Dr. Stopford Brooke, Edmund Gosse, George Saintsbury, Andrew Lang, Austin Dobson, Sidney Lee, and many others It includes the whole range of English literature, from the earliest times to this day, and in all quarters of the globe. Three volumes of imperial octavo size, containing about eight hundred pages each, comprise the set. The page is set in double column, in a fair, clear type, and presents a most attractive appearance, to which the good quality of paper used largely contributes. The numerous illustrations are a special feature, many having been reproduced from old portraits, valuable manuscripts, etc. The bindings are dignifiedly artistic. Three volumes. Imperial octavo. $5.00, net, a. volume. "Postage, SO cents extra. Volume I. now reatdy. The remaining volumes in preparation for ea.rly issue. Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHiMelphi*

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 90 1 TWO HANDSOME GIFT BOOKS EDITED BY ESTHER SINGLETON 1. Romantic Castles ai\d Palaces The novel idea which Miss Singleton introduced in her " Turrets, Towers and Temples " and " Great Pic- tures " has been further developed. From the great writers have been selected descriptions of the most wonderful castles and palaces, and the descriptions are accompanied with illustrations beautifully exe- cuted from photographs. The castles and palaces described (of which there are 48) are located in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Italy, France, Spain, Russia, Denmark, Turkey, Sicily, India, China, Japan, etc. Among the writers are: Scott, Hawthorne, Dumas, Swinburne, Stevenson, De Amicis, Gautier, Leigh Hunt, and others. II. Love ii\ Literature ajid Art A collection from the great dramatists and novelists of scenes, avowals and moods of love, and the varie- ties of expression— tender, bashful, sorrowful, revengeful, humorous. It shows how love has been treated in literature, from the ancient writers, through the mediaeval romances and great drama- tists down to the novel of to-day. Selections have been made from the works of Shake- speare, Balzac, Holiere, Gautier, Goldsmith, Fielding, Spenser, Jane Austen, Dickens, Thackeray, Longfellow, Meredith, Hawthorne, Kipling, etc. The illustrations are reproductions of pictures by Rubens, Rossetti, Rembrandt, Burne-Jones, Botticelli, Watteau, Jan Steen, and others. Profusely illustrated, and with decorative cover. 8<vo, cloth,- each $1.60 net. {Postage, 15 cents.) DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, Publishers, 372 Fifth Avenue, New York. TAGE'S LEADING FICTIOJSf CAPTAIN R.AVENSHAW By ROBER.T NEILSON STEPHENS Author of " Philip Winwood," "An Enemy to the King," etc. Illustrated by Howard Pyle and other artists, i vol., library i2mo, cloth, gilt top, S/.JO. " A new novel by Mr. Stephens has come to be looked upon as an event in the literary world. ... A story which the reader will not lay down until it is finished."— Boston Transcript. C ommonbvea.lt h Series Each One Volume. Large ldmo, Profusely Illus- trated. $1.25. NO. 2. VIRGINIA— A Sunny Southerner By JVLIA MAGRVDER Author of "A Magnificent Plebeian," " The Princess Sonia," etc. A charmlnglove story, the scene of which Is laid In the Virginia of today. The plot revolves about two principal characters, a Southern heroine and a North- ern hero; and the story Is written in the author'B usual clever style. NO. 3. MAINE— Xia.s' Wife By MARTHA BAKER. DUNN Author of "Memory Street," etc. There Is the direct appeal of a story that has been really lived In this charm- ing novel of Maine life. NO. 4. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA- Her Washington Experience Bv ANNA FAR.QVHAR, Author of " The Devil's Plough," etc. There will be no cleverer book published this season than " Her Washington Kxpcrlencc." LdLuriel The Love Letters of an American Girl We are not at liberty, yet, to announce the name of the author, BY who is, however, a well- known writer in this country. Decorated Cloth, with a Photogravure Frontispiece, $1.50 " The sincere and unaffected charm of these letters from the pen of a gen- uine American girl cannot fall to give them an Influence which mere love letters could never exert." Ghe WeLshingtoniaLivs ^/l JSo-Oel of Lo-Oe and "Political Intrigue in Official Circles "During the Ci-oil XOar By PAULINE BRADFORD MACKIE Author of "A Georgian Actress" etc. With a Frontispiece by Philip R. Goodwin Decorative cloth, gilt top, $1.50 For sale by all booksellers, or sent prepaid, on receipt 0/ the price, by the publishers. Complete catalogue mailed free on application. L. C. PAGE & COMPANY 200 Summer St. Boston, Mass.

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ISTation. vii Some of Dutton's New Books for the Young Stories of the Tuscan Artists. By Albinia Wherry With many illustrations from their works in photogravure and half-tone. 8vo, square, $4.00 net. This elaborate volume is to give a young person a clear and Intelligent idea of the growth of art in Italy from Its early birth in the fourteenth century to the days of Botticelli. Nothing has been spared In the preparation of text and illustrations to make this book as valuable and beautiful as possible. Saints of Italy. Legends Retold. By Ella Noyes. Illustrated after the Old Masters. 12mo, cloth. $1.50 net. She has caught the full romance of the period and brought it before the reader as few have done. Charles and riary Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare Illustrated by Walter Paget. 8vo, cloth, gilt edges, $2.50. This is one of the most beautiful edition! ever pro- duced of this delightful classic. Shakespeare's Heroines By Mrs. Jameson. A beautiful holiday edition of this popular classic. With illustrations by R. Anning Bell. 12mo, cloth, $2.50. Bible Stories Retold by L. L. Weedon. With 8 full-page color plates and over 70 illustrations in black and white by Ambrose Dudley. With Introduction by the Bishop of Ripon, W. Boyd Carpenter. 4to, cloth, $2.50. The stories in this beautifully made volume are from Old and New Testaments, and are selected from such scenes as will make a deep Impression upon a child. Grimm's Fairy Tales. Including Gammer Grethel and some extra tales newly translated by Marion Edwards. With over 100 illustrations by R. Anning Bell. Square, 12mo, cloth, $2.50. A most attractive edition of these popular stories. The work of Illustrator and printer Is admirable, and will give added charm to these delightful tales. Nine Unlikely Tales for Children By E. Nesbitt. Fully illustrated, 12mo, cloth, $1.50 These unique stories are of the sort that will appeal in the strongest terms to the childish Imagination. Two of the Best By Dorothy Quigley. 12mo, 242 pages, illus- trated, $1.25. A capital story of two boys by this bright and popular author. In Ships of Steel A Tale of the Navy of To-day. By Gordon Sta- bles. 12mo, 316 pages, illustrated, gilt top, $1.50. Rob Roy MacQregor Highland Chief and Outlaw By Dr. Gordon Stables. 12mo, $1.50. Under the Black Raven Or Saga,[the King; from Out of the Sea. By Paul Creswick. 12mo, $1.50. A Nest of Girls ; or, Boarding School Days By Elizabeth W. Timlow. 12mo, 412 pages, illus- trated, cloth, gilt top, $1.50. True Stories of Girl Heroines By Evelyn Everett-Green. 12mo, sixteen full- page illustrations, $2.00. Sketches of twenty girl heroines of different nations, whose lives are striking examples of de- votion and bravery. Our Catalogue of Calendars and Gift Books sant free on application. E. P. DUTTON &CO., PUBLISHERS, 31 West 23d St., New York. A Xmas Book List POETS OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION By William Archer. With 85 full-page portraits from woodcuts by Robert Bryden. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00 net. The Star (London): " This is a splendid volume, splendid in Its generous margins, splendid In Its beauti- ful typography, and In Its admirable portraits ; but It Is not a whit too splendid for its contents." JANE AUSTEN, HER HOMES AND HER FRIENDS By Constance Hill. With numerous illustrations by Ellen G. Hill. Together with photogravure portraits, etc. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00 net. Note— All who love the unique character-writing of Miss Austen's classic work will find In this volume a charming collection of her personal associations, breathing the atmosphere of her times. THE WESSEX OF THOMAS HARDY By Bertram Windlb, F.R.S. With upwards of 100 illustrations and maps by Edmund H. New. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00 net. The Nation: " The topography of Mr. Hardy's novels has long been a favorite theme. The whole of south- ern England has fallen under his spell. He has, as It were, recreated the old Kingdom of Wessex. Mr. New's beaullf ul drawings reproduce the charm that haunts these wide downs. Mr. Windle Is a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and it is seldom that a novelist ilnds so distinguished a devotee to expound his geography and antiquities. The book Is one that will delight all antiquarians, and especially those who love rural Eng- land and the novels of Thomas Hardy." FROM THE HEART OF THE ROSE By Helen Milman: Letters on things natural, things serious, things frivolous. With photogra- vure portrait of N. F. Watts, R.A. 12mo, $1.50 net. The Spectator: "Just the sort of book that is nice to give— and to receive. Her books are always pretty inside and ont There Is a paper full of In terestlng reminiscences of some hours spent In Mr. Watts's studio. There Is a letter from Mrs. KItchle telling how I'hackeray wrote his books. . . . Two letters of Gilbert White nil one chapter. Others from Llnnell, Catharine Blake. Farren the actor, make up another." RUBAIYA'T OF OMAR KHAYYAlvi Rendered into English Verse by Edward Fitzgerald. With introduction by F. B. Money-Coutts. Illustrationson vellum by Herbert Cole. Sumptuous edition de luxe limited to 350 copies. Only 100 copies for America. 8vo, $5.00 net KING MONMOUTH Being a History of the Career of Jame3 ScoTT,"The Protestant Duke," by Allan Fea. companion volume to the same author's "The Flight of the King." With 14 photogravure portraits and over 80 illustrations by the author. 8vo, $6.00 net. The London Athenceum: " In this book Mr. Allan Fea gives fresh and abundant evidence of the minute research and indefatigable Industry which secured a warm welcome for his former work, 'The Flight rtf tho JHr.fr ' W7>iot ha Yt a a paallv aat hl,„aol^ t r. A r. ho h,a rfnna ao horatnfnra t rt cvKOllant off.of >• of the King.' What he has really set himself to do he has done, as heretofore, to excellent effect.' THOMAS WOLSEY : Legate and Reformer By Rev. Ethelred L. Taunton, author of " The Jesuits in England." With portraits, lithographs, etc. 8vo, $5 00 /iet. The Commercial Advertiser : " The ecclesiastical history of Engl ind has long lacked an account of that supreme English statesman and churchman, Cardinal Wolsey. The present volume adequately answers this need. It Is a splendid example of historical justification, interesting, enlightening and fraught with high moral bias. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE By Gilbert White. Edited by Grant Allen. With nearly 203 illustrations by Edmund H. New. 12mo, $1.50 net. Note.— The reappearance of Grant Allen's admirable issue of this famous work In a cheap and con- venient form, retaining the specially drawn illustrations of Mr. New, will make this the standard edition for years to come. EVELYN SHARP'S NEW BOOK OF FAIRY STORTES ROUND THE WORLD TO WYMPLAND $1.25 net. [Just Published.] Note.— The author's charming boois for children are well known. The new volume la adorned by eight Illustrations from the pen of Miss Alice B. Woodward. It will form a coveted companion gift to "Wymps," "All the Way to Fairyland," etc. The Sew York Journal: " A genuine book for children ; an excellent gift book for the holidays." THE FIELD OF CLOVER Fairy Tales. By Laurence Housman. With illustrations by the author drawn on the wood, 12mo, $1.25 net. Note.— Mr. Housimn Is the undoubted author of " The Englishwoman's Love Letters." MRS. SKRINE'S NEW BOOK THE WORLD'S DELIGHT $1.50. [Just Published.] The Athenamm: .... "The author knows the child intimately. The seriousness of children . . . their genial scorn for older people who cannot enter Into the spirit of their "maglnables '—these and other things are set forth with rare skill. . . . The book is notable." W. J. LOCKE'S NEW NOVEL THE USURPER $1.50. LJust Published.] The New York World: " Imagination still lives, and ' The Usurper Ms a triumph of Its trained strength." The London Daily Chronicle: "Mr. Locke has all the qualities that make for a wide success. . . . His new book has character and force, and It tells a good story In a thoroughly workmanlike fashion. It should do good service to Mr. Locke's reputation, and should Introduce him to that vast and eager public always on the lookout for wholesome, vigorous, and intelligent fiction." OERTRUDE ATHERTON'S GREAT NOVEL THE ARISTOCRATS 17th Thousand. $1.50. The Bookman : " One of the cleverest books of the year." The London Timet: "Clever and entertaining. . . . Her Investigations Into the American character are acute as well as amusing." RICHARD BAOOT'S NEW NOVEL CASTING OF NETS $1.50. [Just Published. ] Canon Soott-Holland, preaching In St. Paul's Cathedral.—" A book widely read of late ; singular brilliancy." a book of JOHN LANE, 67 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK

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Vlll Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 901 Books Published During November by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Old Time Gardens A Book of 'The Sweet o' the Year' Newly set forth by ALICE MORSE EARLE, Author of " Home Life in Colonial Days," etc., etc. Profusely illustrated from pho- tographs collected by the author. Cloth, crown 8vo, $2.50 net ; postage 20 cents. Limited edition. 350 numbered copies, with extra plates, $20 net. Italian Sculpture of the Renaissance By L J. FREEMAN, M.A. Illustrated with forty-five full-page plates. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net. Postage, 18 cents. Quite a little running comment on the tendencies of art In general and especially of sculpture, tending to stimulate the sense Imagination rather than the literary. Chivalry By F. WARRE CORNISH, M.A. Vice-Provost of Eton. With 27 Illustra- tions. Cloth, cr. 8vo, $1.75- The sixth volume of the admirable library known as The Social England Series, including among other volumes, Kowbotham's ''Troubadours," Inder- wlck's " The King's Peace," etc. ILLUSTRATED BOOKS Mexico As I Saw It By MRS. ALEC TWEEDIE Author of " Through Finland in Carts," etc. Freely illustrated from original pho- tographs, and with water-color sketches. Cloth, 8vo, $5.00 net. Mrs. Tweedie was present at the latest Aztec exca- vations, one of the richest finds ever made in Mexico, and has much to say of President Diaz. The Making of an American An Autobiography By JACOB A. RIIS Author of " How the Other Half Lives," etc., etc. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net. Postage, 25 cents. He tells the dramatic story of his life as graphical- ly as he pictured in his first famous book, " How the Other Half Lives." As a study of city conditions no American should neglect It. George Washington A BIOGRAPHY By NORMAN HAP000D Author of " Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People," etc. With interesting portraits and facsimiles. Half leather, gilt top, crown 8vo, $1.75 net. Postage, 16 cents. The Pavement Masters of Siena Workers in Graffito (1369=1562) By R. H. HOBART CUST, U. A. In the new series entitled " Handbooks of the Great Craftsmen," edited by GEORGE C. WILLIAMSON, author of " John Rus- sell R.A. " etc. etc. With 36 illustrations. Cloth, $2.00. Andrea Mantegna By MAUD CRUTTWELL Authoi of " Luca Signorelli," etc. Illus- trated. Cloth, crown 8vo, $1.75- The latest volume in the Great Masters Series, edited like the preceding with a bibliography of sources, a catalogue of works and their present loca- tion, with about forty representative reproductions. Lorenzo Lotto By BERNHARD BERENSON An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism. A new enlarged edition with forty illus- trations. Crown 8vo, $6.00. Fra Filippo Lippi By EDWARD C. STRUTT With decorated cover. Cloth, $5.00. Holiday Edition of Mr. tOiruton ChtxrchilVs Richard Carvel and The Crisis 380th THOUSAND 330 th An edition of 20,000 copies of The Crisis will be ready this week; still another of 20,000 more Is on the press. THOUSAND This set is bound in half calf, in a special box, will have a photogravure portrait of the author never before published, and in addition " The Crisis" will contain a portrait in tint of Abraham Lincoln, and " Richard Carvel " a portrait in tint of Paul Jones ; none of these features being in the regular editions. Price of the set, $3.00 net. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS Principles of Political Economy By J. SHIELD NICHOLSON Vol. III. Cloth, 8vo,$3.00n<?£, postage 20c. The concluding volume of a standard work. The Anthracite Coal Industry By PETER ROBERTS, Ph. D. A Study of the Economic Conditions and Relations of the Co-operative Forces in the Development of the Anthracite Coal Industry of Pennsylvania. With an Intro- duction by W. G. 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Municipal history, branches of municipal activity, municipal finance, and sketches of the existing sys- tems of municipal organization Indicate the parts into which the exceptionally comprehensive book Is divided. The World and the Individual Nature, Man, and the Moral Order By JOSIAH ROYCE, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of the History of Philosophy, Harvard University. Cloth, $2.25 net. Postage, 1 5 cents. Vi^00^ Published at NET prices are sold by booksellers everywhere at the advertised NET prices. When delivered from the publishers, carriage, either postage or expressage, is an extra charge." FOR FULLER DESCRIPTIONS, SEND FOR THE BULLETINS AND CHRISTMAS CATALOGUE OF THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, 66 Fifth Ave., New York.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1901 The Week. President Roosevelt's first mes.sage is not so long by several columns as Presi- dent McKinley's last one, yet we can- not help thinking that it is too long. Except in a few particulars it is lacking in definite recommendations, but these few are of first-rate importance. Rumors have been flying around ever since Mr. McKinley's death that the new Presi- dent would make some decisive expres- sion of his views about the industrial combinations called Trusts. Latterly it has been given out that he would recom- mend that steps be taken by Congress to compel publicity of the financial af- fairs of all such combinations. This he has done. He has made a very fair state- ment of the reasons for this require- ment. "What further remedies are need- ed in the way of Governmental regula- tion or taxation," he adds, "can only be determined after publicity has been ob- tained by process of law and in the course of administration." The word "taxation" as here used brings to mind the fact that Mr. Roosevelt, as Governor of New York, caused tbe Franchise-Tax Law to be passed, and that he said in one of his messages to the State Legis- lature that if all other remedies for Trusts and combines failed, that of tax- ation remained. There is no other word half so dreadful to the promoters of Trusts as taxation, because that is some- thing which they cannot buy off. When the public mind is once fixed upon it, lobbyists and party bosses are powerless to divert the Legislature from it. This was conclusively shown in the fight at Albany, and we cannot doubt that the President had that fight fresh in mind when he wrote the message now before us. Another recommendation in which the President's positive character shows it- self is that relating to civil-service re- form. Here he is on familiar ground and his footing is sure. He says that the merit system is the true American system, since it is the one which gives a fair field and no favor to each candi- date for the public service. He declares that the gain to the Government by the introduction of this system in the cleri- cal service, in place of the old system of favoritism, has been immense. He rec- ommends that the classified service be extended to the District of Columbia, but most of all should it be applied rigidly to the Philippines and Porto Rico. "The administration of these islands," he maintains, "should be as free from the suspicion of partisan politics as the ad- ministration of the army and navy." The consular service should be brought un- der the same regulation. The President recommends the passage of a law for this purpose, in accordance with the wishes expressed by many commercial bodies throughout the country. All this is worthy of Theodore Roosevelt at his best. As instances of vagueness in the message, we may mention the paragraph which relates to reciprocity and the one in reference to ship subsidies. As regards the former, we are advised that "reci- procity must be treated as the hand- maiden of protection." Does that con- vey any idea to an expectant Congress? It conveys none to us. Nor are we help- en by being told that reciprocity should be sought for so far as it can be safely done without injury to our home indus- tries, and that the well-being of the wage-worker is the prime consideration ir. our entire policy of economic legisla- tion. Obviously somebody must decide what constitutes an injury to our home industries, and how the well-being of the wage-workers as a whole is to be pro- moted. The Department of State has been working on these two problems for the better part of two years, with the approval of the late President McKin- ley. Its labors are embodied in con- crete form in a series of treaties which President McKinley had specifically rec- ommended to the Senate for ratification. All that President Roosevelt says on this point is: "I ask the attention of the Senate to the reciprocity treaties laid before it by my predecessor." This is certainly vague. In regard to ship sub- sidies, there is a similar vagueness. Much is said in a general way about the need of restoring our merchant marine. We are told that many of the fast for- eign steamships are subsidized, and that the original cost of American ships is greater than that of foreign ones. Final- ly it is suggested that our Government should take steps to remedy these in- equalities. How this should be done we are not told, nor is even a hint given. For all practical purposes this part of the message might as well have been omitted. Civil-service reformers had last week a special cause for thanksgiving in the present which they received from Mr. Roosevelt. The President has issued an order amending one of the rules so that hereafter, whenever an Indian agency is discontinued through the devolving of its duties upon the bonded superinten- dent of the local Indian training school, the agent who thus loses his place may be admitted to the classified service upon such tests of fitness as the Civil-Service Commission may prescribe, and receive such designation as the Secretary of the Interior may direct. The transforma- tion of the Indian service through the merging of the former agent's duties in those of the school superintendent ia steadily going on, the change having been successfully made in a score of cases. The superintendents are within the classified service, to which the com- petitive system applies, and the Presi- dent's new order will bring the entire force of agents or acting agents under the civil-service rules. This order is not only in itself a valuable extension of the merit system, but is far more impor- tant as an earnest of what civil-service reformers may expect in future from the new President. Mr. Roosevelt has proved his attachment to the principles of the reform, and he has an understand- ing of the system such as no previous Executive has possessed, by reason of his experience as one of the Civil-Service Commissioners under both Harrison and Cleveland. Moreover, he has plenty of courage to carry through any extensions of the competitive system which he may deem wise. The discretionary power of the President under the Civil-Service Law is very great, and the nation is al- ready assured that Mr. Roosevelt will employ it to the public advantage. It is said that the Hon. William M. Jenkins, Governor of Oklahoma, is very much surprised that he should be re- moved from office on a charge of re- ceiving shares in a corporation to which he had officially awarded a valuable con- tract. It seems that he turned these shares over to certain persons to whom he owed political obligations, and that he could see nothing objectionable in such a transaction, although he said that he could not pay such an obliga- tion by an appointment to office, "or anything of that kind." This is a re- versal of the common practice which ought not to escape the notice of Mark Twain or "Mr. Dooley." Nine Governors or Senators out of ten who had incurred political obligations would consider themselves perfectly justified in getting an office for the obliger. No matter how great or small the obligation or the office might have been, the course of procedure would have passed without special notice or comment. A payment in cash at the expense of the taxpayers is quite a different matter. In the eyes of President Roosevelt it discloses "such an entire lack of appreciation of the high fiduciary nature of the duties of his office as to unfit him [Gov. Jenkins] for their further discharge," and in this view decent public opinion will concur. It adds something to the op- probrium of the transaction that the

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426 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 901 shares used to pay the Governor's po- litical debts were those of a private hos- pital for the care of the insane, and that they doubled in value after the Governor awarded the contract. Secretary Root's annual report urges many reforms. His scheme for the in- struction of officers is most comprehen- sive. Besides the Military Academy at West Point, and in addition to the ele- mentary schools for officers which should be maintained at each military post, Sec- retary Root recommends the establish- ment of five special service schools, for artillery, engineering, submarine de- fence, cavalry and field artillery, and medicine, respectively. He would have in addition a General Service and Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Finally, a War College at Washington would give the highest instruction in military science to properly qualified of- ficers, and would direct the policy of the special and general service schools. These schools Mr. Root would throw open to all persons who are fitted to profit by their instruction. Thus the ele- mentary schools at the military posts and the General Service and Staff Col- lege would be open to officers of the National Guard, former officers of Volun- teers, and graduates of accredited mili- tary schools. All such persons, by prov- ing that they were properly qualified, might attend also the special service schools. The significance of this comprehensive plan far transcends the education of the regular army. From the militia officers and other volunteer students who should avail themselves of the privileges of the military schools, classified lists would be made up, so that in case of emergency there would be an abundant supply of company officers. If the volunteer com- missions were confined to =uch lists, we should be spared for the future such ex- hibitions of official incompetence as made the volunteers in the Spanish war — with honorable exceptions — almost a negligible quantity. In similar fashion, and consistently with Secretary Root's whole attitude towards army reform, a merit list of regular officers would be kept, on the basis of which staff and special appointments would be made. This is a measure of the first importance, and ought to mark the end of the favor- itism and routine promotions which threaten to sap the spirit of the army. Henceforth an officer must do something more than survive, and in the army a*> elsewhere a career is opened to talent. Secretary Root's recommendation that the lands now belonging to the friars in the Philippine Islands be purchased by the Government and reallotted under proper conditions to the inhabitants, is among the most praiseworthy features of his recent report. No action could do more to assure the Filipinos of the disinterestedness of our intentions and the benevolence of our rule than the expropriation of the monastic holdings, the existence of which has been an im- memorial grievance in the islands. Of course, this expropriation could come about only by purchase, for the Treaty of Paris confirms all the privileges and rights which the friars enjoyed under Spanish rule. It is equally just that the purchase price of these 403,000 acres should be charged, not upon the Philip- pine Islands, but upon the United States. The right administration of these public lands could not fail to be a potent con- tribution towards conciliation. Commis- sioner Taft and Secretary Root have ad- vocated an equitable settlement of this vexatious matter without temporizing. Congress should see that their rec- ommendations are promptly carried into effect. We fear that the Cuban delegates in Washington are doomed to bitter dis- appointment in their expectations of an early reduction of the duty on sugar, either by way of reciprocity or otherwise. They have assumed that whatever the executive branch of the Government fa- vors, especially in the matter of foreign policy, is sure to be adopted. They have never had experience of any different kind of government. They cannot under- stand a government in which the legis- lative and the executive branches may be at cross-purposes when both are con- trolled by the same party — a condition of things by no means unusual in this fa- vored land. Now it appears that Con- gressmen Grosvenor of Ohio and Payne of New York, two of the most influential men in Congress, the latter the probable Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, are opposed to any reduction of the duty on sugar, by treaty or other- wise. They will insist that the full pro- tection accorded our producers of sugar from both beets and cane shall be con- tinued. If the Republicans in Congress take this attitude in conflict with that of the President and the Secretary of War, they may raise a new issue in American politics. If no concession is made to the Cubans on the sugar ques- tion by reciprocity or otherwise, there will forthwith be a strong movement in Cuba for annexation, and this movement will extend itself to the United Stales, and political parties will have to align themselves in reference to it. The way to stave off annexation is to make some concessions to Cuba now in reference to the duties on both sugar and tobacco. Mr. Ridgely's report to Congress is very much the traditional document ex- pected from the Comptroller of the Cur- rency. He renews the stock recommen- dations of his predecessors relative to greater safeguards for the business of banking, offers the usual comments on the defects of the Sub-Treasury system, and calls the attention of Congress to the necessity of extending the twenty- year charters of the banks, soon to ex- pire. About the much-discussed ques- tion of the standard of value he has only a bare hint that, "if" the law of March 14, 1900, can be strengthened, such action ought to be taken before the matter "gets shoved to one side." On the freer issue of banknotes, he sug- gests that safe middle ground between the views of extremists may be found, and that progress toward more liberal legislation should be slow. An emer- gency circulation, based on commercial assets, is practically all he can recom- mend for the present, but that is a large advance upon the views of his predeces- sor. In his sketch of actual conditions, he alludes to the Act of March 14, 1900, as giving "new impetus to the national banking system." There is little in the figures to prove that the national system has been made more useful to the classes and sections supposed to be aided by the act of last year. Of the 742 new banks chartered since March 14, 1900, more have been organized in the Middle States than in any other geographical division, although the law was specially designed to promote the organization of banks in the West and South. Moreover, many of the new institutions are of large capital — a fact which shows that they are in the cities rather than in the rural communi- ties where it had been supposed they were chiefly needed. Finally, the new banks have issued only a comparatively small proportion of the currency to which they are entitled. How to tax franchise values seems to be a problem of growing public inter- est. The question is now most promi- nently up for discussion in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and Illinois, but it is also attracting some attention in In- diana and other States The Supreme Court of Ohio has granted Mayor John- son's motion for leave to file a petition asking the court to determine the powers of the State Board of Equalization. If Mr. Johnson's plan should be adopted, the Board would reassess the property of railways on the basis of the market value of their securities. What the feelings of railway managers would be may be gath- ered from expressions of opinion in Chi- cago and Newark. In the former city, the traction companies maintain that utter ruin would result from the taxation of their franchises on the basis of market value, and very much the same cry comes from New Jersey. It is, of course, impossible to predict the de- cisions of the courts in the cases now before them, and too much weight should not be given to the protests of counsel for the companies, but at least one good result of the agitation may be expected:

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ISTation. 4=27 it should help on the movement for greater publicity of corporate accounts, and thus ultimately lead to sounder methods of taxing corporate incomes. The formal announcement by Mayor- elect Low that Col. John N. Partridge, Superintendent of the State Department of Public Works, is to be his Police Commissioner, fulfils public expectation and will command public approval. For a fortnight past his name has been the only one which appeared to be under serious consideration for this impor- tant position, and during the whole dis- cussion not an objection to his fitness for the place has been raised. The first thing which the Police Department needs is the application of military dis- cipline by a man who knows by per- sonal experience what such discipline is. This rendered it important that the new Commissioner should be a man who has had something to do with the com- mand of troops. Col. Partridge served for more than three years in the Union army during the civil war, rising from first lieutenant to captain in a regi- ment of Massachusetts volunteers. A few years later he became lieutenant of a company in the Twenty- third (Brook- lyn) Regiment of the National Guard of this State, and was promoted by suc- cessive steps to the colonelcy. In this capacity he commanded the regiment when it was sent to Buffalo during the troubles growing out of the switchmen's strike in 1892. For the first two of Mr. Low's four years as Mayor of Brooklyn Col. Partridge was Commissioner of the Fire Department, and he was then made head of the Police Department, so that he has already once filled practically, on a smaller scale, the same place that he is now to occupy. It is safe to say that no other citizen of New York has a bet- ter comprehension of the questions with which Mr. Low's Police Commissioner will have to deal. President-elect Cantor of Manhattan Borough has applied the same standards of selection in his first appointment which led the Mayor-elect to name George L. Rives for Corporation Coun- sel and Col. John N. Partridge for Po- lice Commissioner. Under the revised charter the place of Superintendent of Buildings in this borough is to be one of the most important offices in the whole city, and Mr. Cantor will fill it with a man who is in every way excep- tionally well qualified. Mr. Perez M. Stewart knows all about the work of contractors and builders by practical experience, while he, as a member of the Assembly, has demonstrated the in- dependence which the Superintendent of Buildings should possess. A better se- lection for the place could not be made. Not less welcome is the further an- nouncement that Mr. William Martin Aiken is to become Consulting Architect for Manhattan Borough. Almost any change from Horgan & Slattery would be grateful, but this selection is pecu- liarly acceptable to all who are ambi- tious that our civic building should be worthy of a great city. For Mr. Aiken is not only an accomplished architect, but a skilled organizer, as his conduct of the Supervising Architect's Office at Washington, which was virtually his creation, has amply proved. He will have the opportunity of setting a prece- dent which no future administration will dare wholly to disregard. We be- lieve that the enlightened taste of this city can never again receive so gratui- tous an insult as was dealt in the ap- pointment of the present Tammany ar- chitects. The Manitoba Prohibition Act of July 1, 1900, which was recently declared un- constitutional by the highest court, dif- fered from ordinary prohibitory legisla- tion in being an attempt not only to reg- ulate the sale of liquor, but also to pre- vent its use. This intention was express- ed in the preamble, which In terms pro- hibited "all use in Manitoba of spiritu- ous, fermented, malt, and all intoxicating liquors as beverages or otherwise than for sacramental, medicinal, mechanical, or scientific purposes." Quite in the spir- it of this preamble was a clause which forbade even the giving away of liquor which had been lawfully acquired by the owner. Under the act, clubs would have been restrained from supplying liquor to their members. The Court of King's Bench of Manitoba declared that the act exceeded the powers of the Manitoba Legislature; that the attempt to suppress a legal traffic had no sufficient precedent, and that all excise legislation of so sweeping a character as to affect the gen- eral trade relations of the Dominion fell under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Parliament. On appeal to the Privy Council, the decision of the lower court was reversed, and the act declared Con- stitutional. The decision gives the Can- adian provinces the fullest powers to prohibit liquor-selling; and since the Pre- mier of Ontario is pledged to introduce a prohibition measure in Parliament, liquor legislation may become a promi- nent political issue in the near future. It should not be forgotten that the real test of the Manitoba act is to come. That the courts declare it legal does not prove that it is not ill-advised. The experience of many of our own States with less drastic laws shows that men are perfect- ly willing to vote for a system under which they absolutely refuse to live. Hence the experience of Manitoba can hardly be more fortunate than that of Kansas or Maine. Monday's debate at the Pan-American Conference, now sitting in the City of Mexico, showed but too plainly that no more contentious matter can be brought before an international conference than the suggestion that the conferees set- tle their disputes amicably. The mere mention of a comprehensive scheme of arbitration aroused the most violent pro- test from a Chilian delegate. Such an attitude indicates that to touch upon really important issues would threaten the disintegration of the Conference. Chili, it will be remembered, joined in the Mexico meeting only upon the assur- ance that no plan of arbitration should apply to disputes already under way. Thus she withdrew from arbitration the South American problems which most urgently require adjustment; namely, the boundary disputes between herself and Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. That Chili would utterly oppose any and all plans for arbitration was hardly to be anticipated, and perhaps Senor Mar- tinez's outburst on Monday should not be given so large a significance. How- ever that may be, the Mexico Conference seems to be going the usual way. The decrease in the bullion value of the rupee, which has caused so much suffering in India, seems likely to prove of unexpected advantage to certain American importers. Section 25 of the tariff act of 1894 provides that the pure metallic value of foreign coins, as de- termined by the Director of the Mint, shall be used as the basis for assessing the importing values of goods whose worth is stated in terms of those coins. Secretary Gage, however, some time ago ordered that the rupee be converted into American money by reference to its ex- change value. He has now been re- versed by the Board of General Apprais- ers, which orders that the rupee be con- verted on the basis of its fine content. How largely importers from India may profit by this verdict becomes apparent when it is noted that the pure metallic value of the rupee is about 20 cents, as compared with an exchange value of 32 cents or more. This curious disparity is a result of the anomalous condition of the Indian currency system. In 1893 the Indian mints were closed to the free coin- age of silver, and British gold coins were ordered received by the public treasuries at the rate of 15 rupees to the pound sterling. In 1899 gold coins were made a legal tender at this same 'valuation, but the silver rupee continued as addi- tional legal tender to an unlimited amount. The position of the rupee is therefore that of an unlimited legal-ten- der coin whose issue has been discon- tinued, and its international value, like that of our own silver dollar, depends not on its fine content, but upon the gold par of exchange. The New York importers who will profit by the late de- cision are merely taking frank advan- tage of a defect in our existing legisla- tion.

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4=23 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1901 THE INSISTENT PHILIPPINE QUES- TION. Monday's decision of the Supreme Court will necessarily thrust our whole Philippine policy again to the fore in public discussion. It shows that ques- tions cannot be settled legally until they are settled right; nor can they be moral- ly. The immediate practical conse- quence will be to compel Congress, which has until now shirked a disagreeable duty, to walk squarely up to the debate and enactment of revenue laws for the Philippines, the existing ones having been declared illegal. But with this will inevitably come a general recon- sideration of our entire national atti- tude in this Philippine business. We cannot argue about the tax on Philippine goods without having something to say about Philippine liberties. Into the dis- cussion of the proper tariff policy, con- sideration of human rights and free in- stitutions will surely intrude. The Phil- ippine question is open again. It is once more the order of the day. The de- cision of the Supreme Court upsetting the Government's policy in respect of customs gives the signal to the friends of freedom and democracy to urge once more those compelling reasons which are drawn from the great charters of our own liberty and our historic posi- tion, and which make so powerfully for the reversal of our mistaken and misery- laden policy in the Philippines. In legal effect, the decision of the Court is more far-reaching than would appear on the surface. It does nothing except to affirm illegal the duties col- lected on goods coming from the Phil- ippines. This means, so the Treasury of- ficials say, a loss in refunds of only about $250,000. More serious, even alarm- ing, will seem, from the protectionist point of view, the prospect of free sugar and free tobacco from the Philippines, until Congress acts to keep out that deadly trade. Here is a noble chance for the protected interests to spring for- ward, as they are already doing, to propose laws to prevent the Filipinos from enjoying the advantages which the Supreme Court declares are theirs. Sec- retary Root hoped for certain tariff con- cessions on Philippine products, as the readiest means of conciliating the na- tives, and, by making them prosperous and contented, of reducing our military force and curtailing the enormous ex- pense we are under. But no sooner has the Supreme Court thrown down all trade barriers against Philippine com- merce than we see the angry and em- battled protectionists clamoring for their immediate restoration by Congress. There may easily be more in the case than this, however. The Supreme Court decides only questions that are before it, and on Monday it pronounced no opinion upon the validity of the tariff duties which have been levied in the Philip. pines upon goods coming from the Unit- ed States. Yet we are bound to believe that it would have held this military tariff illegal, if a case involving it had been before the Court. Such a decision would appear to follow from the previ- ous decision of the Supreme Court in the first Dooley case, in which the right of the President to collect duties on goods from the United States entering Porto Rico was contested. Five judges held that the military order under which du- ties had been collected prior to the For- aker act, "ceased to apply to goods im- ported from the United States the mo- ment the United States ceased to he a foreign country with respect to Porto Rico, and that until Congress otherwise Constitutionally directed, such merchan- dise was entitled to free entry." It add- ed, as if to put the case as nearly as possible on all fours with the Philip- pine tariff: "In our opinion the authority of the President as Commander-in-Chief to exact duties upon imports from the United States ceased with the ratification of the treaty of peace, and her right to the free entry of goods from tho ports of the United States continued until Congress should Constitutionally legis- late upon the subject." We need not dwell upon the embar- rassments which would attend the ap- plication of this judicial opinion to the Philippine tariff. It would destroy a large part of the insular revenues. It would compel us, under the Treaty of Paris, to concede free entry of Spanish goods in Philippine ports. It would grievously complicate our international relations in the Orient, where we have promised to grant as well as demand the "open door" for trade. But all these points must be reserved for later dis- cussion. The great thing is that the Court has remanded the whole question to Congress. That body can no longer abdicate, in the face of supposed mili- tary necessity, or of obscurities in Con- stitutional right. Under the decision of the Supreme Court, Congress must enact a tariff for the Filipinos, and it may give them freedom and independence and that full national life which is their highest aspiration. The absolute power of Congress, which our highest tribunal has now as- serted, may be used in a beneficent way to extricate us from our Philippine plight. The islands are ours, heady ex- pansionists have said, and there is no way of getting rid of them. But the Supreme Court has now held that they are but as other "property" of the Unit- ed States, to be alienated if Congress so desires. Our hands are not tied. Con- gress has full power to heed the prayer of the islanders, at the same time that it consults our own highest interests, by granting Philippine independence at an early day. The President's message reflects the general sobering on this subject. He has got far away from the I first glorying of Mr. McKinley in our acquisition of the "gems and glories of the tropic seas." To Mr. Roosevelt they are frankly "a great burden." There is not a word in his message inconsistent with our ultimate withdrawal — many words, indeed, which hint not obscure- ly that such may be our final goal. With this falls in the latest Filipino appeal for a promise of "the ultimate recogni- tion of their rights" as a people. The time is auspicious, therefore, for a fresh consideration of the whole matter, freed from the old rancors and passions; and the hope may reasonably be entertained that the American Congress and peo- ple will yet be willing to retrace their steps, and take their position again on our traditional and noble principle that no government shall be imposed upon a people without its consent. INFLUENCE WITHOUT TERRITORY. The present troubles on the Isthmus, and the leading part which the United States has taken in the course of that Iliad in a nutshell, show what national influence really depends upon. It is cer- tainly not the possession of territory on the spot where the influence is exerted. Indeed, in this case the suspicion of a desire for territorial aggrandizement would obviously be fatal to our good offices. The Central Americans believe that, as Secretary Hay said, we covet their land as little as we do the moun- tains of the moon. They see our naval force conducting itself with absolute propriety, and adhering strictly to the letter of the treaty with Colombia. Our officers and men are there for a single specific purpose — to maintain free tran- sit over the Panama Railroad. Yet by their discretion and conciliatory atti- tude they not only have played a useful part, but have signally illustrated the way in which a great nation may make its name and power respected far from its own borders. We think the instance comes happily to point the moral so often drawn in vain in the course of our recent craze for stringing islands for our national toys. We simply must have these new posses- sions over-sea, people argued stoutly, or else we cannot take our appropriate place among the nations. Even Professor Hart, in his excellent article in the American Historical Review on the Monroe Doctrine, seems unable to think of national power except as somehow conterminous with national territory. He cannot agree with those who think we might have "abstained" from our "recent conquests in the West Indies or East Indies." He uses the old phrase about its being no longer possible for us to dwell quietly at home under our own vine and fig tree, and appears to think that it is our "chain of possessions from the Pacific Coast to the Asiatic" which alone gives us title and ability to

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Dec. 5, 1901] The IsTation 429 take part in the solution of the great problems of the Orient. The real question is, however, whether we should not have both the right and the power to pursue our true national interest there, and in every other part of the world, without owning a foot of distant soil. Does our prestige run with the land alone? Has the American flag no function of protection, and no power to impose respect, except where it flies from a staff driven into American ground? The Isthmian incident is a timely re- minder of the true answer to these ques- tions. No one is anxiously asking why we do not annex a strip of land down there, so as to make our power effective- ly felt and advance our interests. The thing speaks for itself. We are better off, and so are the Central Americans, for our being able to deal With this hornet's nest in eruption as impartial spectators and friendly counsellors, and not as owners at their wits' end to know what to do next. Mr. Gladstone, in a remark of his about Italian ambitions which has been recently reported, put his finger upon the weakness of the ill-considered desire for territorial expansion and for cutting a great figure in the world: "Ah! if Italy would only drop that sense- less Ultramontane alliance, how she might go ahead! I only wish I could do anything to help her to walk in that way. But it is the extravagance of newly discovered vigor. Why, I saw a letter in the Corriere the other day, saying that Italy must do so-and-so, if she wished to be a primaria nasione. That is what they are all think- ing about. The only way to be a primaria nazione is to foster your self-reliance, your integrity, all the qualities that make char- acter; and not to be always making a great effort to do something or other." The dispute is really not unlike that between "intensive" and "extensive" farming. Many a farmer has spread himself over barren acres until he is "land poor." A neighbor, working one- tenth the amount of land under a high degree of cultivation, may be far belter off. At all events, we must get it into our heads that a nation's life, no more than a man's, consisteth in the abun- dance of the things which it possesseth. Character overleaps boundaries, and the influence of a nation that deserves to have influence cannot be pent up within its frontiers. We have only to look closely at the facts to see what it truly is that gives America a great name abroad. It is, in the first place, our highly developed re- sources, our expanding trade, rather than our expanding territory. We have natural products and manufactured goods indispensable to the world's well- being. It is our trade which cannot be confined behind the oceans that wash our shores, and that pushes outward with irresistible force. With it go American ideas. By this impact upon other nations they are led to study our social and political organization, our education, our technical equipment. These are the things, and not cannon, that are making the American foreign conquests in which a judicious patriot- ism has most reason to delight. And our chief duty is to see to it that we have something at home worth sending abroad; that our government become as superior as our goods — our principles as admirable as our inventions. The ex- tension of sovereign rights over terri- tory is a wholly secondary matter. As we see so clearly on the Isthmus to-day, the American name may be honored and honorable, the American flag "full high advanced," without having a single pos- session except self-possession, modera- tion, and a strict regard for our interna- tional obligations and the rights of oth- ers. DEMOCRATIC REORGANIZATION. The first meeting of a new Congress under a new President is always inter- esting, and there are special reasons for thinking that the session which opened on Monday may prove of cons3quence in the improvement of our politics. The issues of national campaigns generally si ape themselves in the discussions of the Senate and House, and there are questions now pending which are cer- tain to provoke earnest debate. This Congress is the fourth consecu- tive one which has been carried by the same party — a record without precedent in the memory of men now living. The Presidency has also been carried by the same party for the second successive term, which has not happened before since Grant's reelection in 1872 — if we except the term during which Hayes fill- ed the office through the award of the Electoral Commission. The Republican majority in each branch of Congress is now so large that the party can easily carry out any policy upon which it is united. Meanwhile, the Democrats are utter- ly demoralized. Bryanism has reduced the numerical strength of the party un- til it no longer has a Senator in the whole North east of the Rocky Moun- tain region, and only a scattering body of Representatives from this great sec- tion outside New York city. The party is as weak in intellectual strength and political sense as in numbers. Senator Jones of Arkansas, the nominal leader of the minority in the upper branch, lacks both the acumen and the breadth of view which are essential, and Repre- sentative Richardson, who occupies a similar position in the House, has never made a strong impression even upon bis own party. In the men thus put to the front, as well as in the rank and file, the Opposition is so weak as almost to justify the ridicule of the Republi- cans. But the shrewdest leaders of the Re- publican party do not exult over the free hand which their organization now has. They are not glad that at the opening of a new Republican Administration the Opposition is so weak that the majority can work its will without restraint. The veterans in politics recall more than one occasion within the past thirty years when a party has appeared to be invincible, and yet within a short time has gone to overwhelming defeat. The "tidal waves" of 1874, 1882, and 1890 in favor of the Democracy each followed Republican victories in a Presidential election, while the revolution which suc- ceeded the Democratic success in the na- tional election of 1892 was quite as sud- den and sweeping. It is obvious that the prevailing sen- timent among the Republican managers favors a do-nothing policy, which should give the Opposition a great opportunity. A politician of the Hanna type is almost sure to argue, as the Ohioan does openly, that "let well enough alone" is the best course for a party which has been given victories for years by the blunders of a Democracy that seems still to be con- trolled by the old blunderers. Powerful financial elements reinforce this protest of the short-sighted political managers against action which "would unsettle things," as the protected interests as- sert that any opening of the tariff ques- tion would surely do. A whole brood of schemes seeking great appropriations from the Treasury has been hatched, and their promoters are laboring to prevent the reduction of taxation which may and should be made, in order that the sur- plus may be great enough to satisfy the demands of jobbers. Questions of our future relations with Cuba and the Phil- ippines require careful attention and generous action, but selfish interests are already rallying their forces at Wash- ington to prevent once more the dis- charge of our plain duty. In short, the whole tendency of things in the domi- nant party is distinctly towards the adoption of a Bourbon policy of doing as little as possible, and "trusting to luck" to carry the Congressional elections of 1902 and the Presidential contest of 1904. The first thing for the Opposition m Congress to do is to cut loose from the burden of Bryanism, and face the future. A hopeful step in this direction has been taken by the Democratic members of the New York delegation, who presentea an admirable series of resolutions at the party caucus on Saturday night. These resolutions condemn "the oppressive, restrictive, and often prohibitory fea- tures of the existing tariff," demand its amendment, favor reciprocity treaties, call for "just and generous treatment" of Porto Rico and Cuba, and for the lat- ter "the largest practicable liberty of commercial intercourse with our own country," oppose such subsidy bills as that urged in the last Congress, as well as the use in any form of public money for the exclusive benefit of private In- terests, oppose the establishment of any

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430 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1901 colonial system of the European type, and demand self-government for the peo- ple of other lands now in our power "at the earliest practicable moment." These resolutions met opposition m the caucus on the supposition that Mr. Mc- Clellan, the Tammany member who pre- sented them, was only the spokesman of Croker, and that this discredited boss was trying to "run" the National Demo- cratic party. We learn that there is no foundation for this theory. The resolu- tions really had their birth in Brooklyn, and they represent the same progressrve tendencies in the Democracy of that borough which led to the nomination and election of several Gold-Standard Demo- crats to Congress in 1900. The matter was referred to a committee, which is to report this month, and an airing of all the questions involved ought to convince the party at large that the only future for Democracy is along such lines. In- dependents keenly realize the terrible misfortune to the nation 0/ a weak Op- position, and will earnestly hope that there may be a speedy reorganization of the Democracy into a strong party. THE TARIFF SAFETY-VALVE. Secretary Root speaks for the Admin- istration, no doubt, and speaks forcibly, when he urges Congress to reduce the duties on Cuban and Philippine sugar and tobacco at once. His annual report argues the matter on both economic and governmental grounds. Cuba's only possible market is in the United States; it would be easy for us to build up a much greater market for our products in Cuba; freer trade relations will be a good thing, therefore, on both sides. This may be heresy to the hide-bound protectionist, but to the business man it will come as a cheering gleam of com- mon sense. The case is really simplicity itself. Here we have at our doors an almost in- exhaustible source of the cheapest and best sugar in the world. Americans are already the greatest sugar-consumers on earth. Why should they think them- selves compelled to pay an extra and needless cent and a half a pound for this necessary of life? As the Tribune's Washington correspondent puts it, in a sudden access of frankness about the effect of protective taxes on the consum- er, we pay for our sugar $84,000,000 a year more than it would cost if import- ed free. Of this amount, he truly says, $48,000,000 goes into the Treasury, and $36,000,000 into the pockets of the pro- tected interests. But our obvious self- interest in reducing or removing the sugar tax is really two-fold. We should buy more and cheaper sugar of the Cu- bans; they would buy of us more ma- chinery and cotton goods and bacon. There never was a clearer opportunity for developing a great trade, advan- tageous to both sides. Mr. Root states the case conclusively. His logic is un- answerable. The protectionists in Con- gress do not intend to answer it, but only, with their "fine brute majority," to vote it down. They ought, however, to weigh not only the Secretary's commercial argu- ments, but his plea on grounds of high national policy. He paints with vigor- ous but not exaggerated strokes a picture of the certain fate of Cuba if we deny her the speedy relief which we have promised. Her great industry, the very life of the island as it is, finds itself in a critical situation. Unless the threat- ened disaster to it is averted, distress and misery will surely follow, and on an appalling scale. The good work done under our military government will be thrown away. Our troops cannot with- draw, or, if they do, will leave behind them only a scene of agricultural ruin and governmental anarchy. With reci- procity denied, no Cuban Government could live a week. All this Secretary Root sets forth, and shows convincingly that in Cuba, as in the Philippines, the stimulation of trade by tariff conces- sions is the only direct way to the with- drawal or reduction of our garrisons, the only means of economy, and the only measure which will at once conciliate cur island wards, set them on their feet, and enable us to face them and the world as men who have kept our promises. President Roosevelt in his message is leading Congress to the water of Cuban reciprocity with fully as vigorous a jerk upon the halter; but can he and Secre- tary Root and Gen. Wood and our wor- ried exporters all together make the ani- mal drink? That is the question. If we may believe the outgivings of the Re- publican managers, the question is al- ready answered in the negative. They have determined to do nothing. If they adhere to their announced plans, the Cubans will be turned away empty- handed, the Filipinos will get nothing, and our manufacturers and farmers, with an eye on the export trade, will be told to content themselves with "the home market," already bursting as it is with their products. And all for what? All in order that the men who see their personal advantage in the tariff, which many of them consider that they bought and paid for, may not be disturbed in their little monopolies. All in order that the Repub- lican party may, if possible, cover up its internal differences on this whole subject, lest they become sharp dissen- sions and lead to somebody's losing an office. Trade may be lost, and welcome; opportunities may be thrown out of the window; but if the offices are lost, what will be left for this unhappy country then? For our part, we do not believe that this policy of silence and suppression can be followed. The Republicans of the West are hot so easily frightened or gagged; and the Western Republican view of the tariff situation is that some- thing must be done about it, and that without loss of time. This view was plumply laid before the President, the other day, by Governor-elect Cummins of Iowa, who stated it to be, in effect, as follows: "(1.) Western Republicans want the tariff revised, either by means of a direct reduc- tion in certain duties, or by reciprocity treaties which shall mean something tan- gible. "(2.) They will not be satisfied with a 'let well enough alone' policy, or with any makeshift which pretends to reduce, but actually does nothing of the sort. "(3.) They will not be put off with reci- procity treaties which affect non-competi- tive articles and goods, because they know such reciprocity is a sham. "(4.) They are not content to sit idly by while Continental countries are raising tariff rates and shutting out American ag- ricultural products in retaliation for the continuation of our high-tariff walls for the benefit of Eastern manufacturers. "(5.) They will not long endure paying for home-made protected goods higher prices than those goods are so'.d for abroad. "(6.) They want competition in all the goods which they consume; and if they cannot get competition at home, they want the tariff reduced, so that it may come from abroad." This is the dangerous rumbling of the steam in the boilers with which the Re- publican engineers have to deal. They can open the safety-valve and relieve the pressure, or they can continue squatting upon it till they are blown up. THE DUTIES ON BAGGAGE. Secretary Gage's article in the Decem- ber North American Review on the "Customs Inspection of Baggage" is ex- cellent so far as it goes. It expresses the determination of the Treasury De- partment to enforce the law as it stands, without fear or favor. Rich and poor alike are compelled to bow to it. The "courtesy of the port" — that mantle to cover a multitude of smuggling — has been abolished except in the cases of for- eign ministers and commissioners, Gov- ernment officials, and "invalids and their companions," as also of "persons arriv- ing in charge of their dead, or sum- moned home in haste by news of afflic- tion or disaster." The baggage inspec- tors themselves have been more rigidly inspected, and the force more ingenious- ly organized, for the purpose of break- ing up the old system of bribery. And the fiscal result of this new enforcement of the law is seen In collections nearly five-fold what they were. During the seven months ending September 30, bag- gage duties to the amount of $655 f were turned in, whereas the correspond- ing period in 1900 yielded but $152,000. All this is as it should be, the law be- ing what it is. For our part, we have always desired that the full rigors of the baggage tax be inflicted upon Ameri- cans returning to their own, their na- tive land. That is the way to make the law odious. By that means alone can the crass barbarity of the law be brought home to a certain order of pro-

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ]STation. 431 tectionist intellect. We know, in fact, that it has had that happy effect in many cases. More than one smilingly complacent protectionist, as he was be- fore, has left the pier, stripped and gasp- ing, and crying out in a lamentable voice, "I believe in protection, of course, but this! Understand, I am a good Re- publican, but if there is any way of making the party smart for this sort of thing, why, count me in!" This is, to us, a delightful way of proving that the extreme of the law is the extreme of in- justice. More power to the rummaging elbow of the baggage inspector, say we, and may he spill out on the dock contents of the trunk of every high-and- mighty protectionist until the law is repealed. Of this method of "frying the fat" out of protectionists we heartily approve. What we miss in Secretary Gage's ar- ticle is any, the slightest, reference to the propriety of the law. His official position doubtless forbids him to go into that, though it is the one thing which cries out for treatment. Why move heaven and earth to enforce a law which is so petty and absurd in its in- tent, and so offensive in its application, that it ought never to have had a place la the statute-book, and should, for all sound reasons of convenience, economy, and policy, be repealed at once? It is unquestionably one of those laws which are better done away with be- cause they are directly provocative of fraud and corruption and both public and private demoralization. In one sen- tence Mr. Gage seems to natter himself that his Department has "broken up" the system of bribery formerly in vogue in connection with the inspection of bag- gage. But further on he thinks it safer to admit that "there is undoubtedly some wrong-doing still." Not only some, but a good deal, if the tales of return- ing Americans are not all the "great lies of great travellers," to use the Spanish phrase. In the nature of the case it must be so, sooner or later. A temporary spurt of vigilance may check the cor- ruption for a time, but it is certain to return and be more widespread than ever. The law puts a premium upon bribery, offers a large reward for smug- gling, and places before the officers sworn to enforce it the most alluring temptations to wink at its violation. Everybody knows that this is so. Hu- man nature being what it is, the infalli- ble consequence of a high protective tariff, enacted against swarms of trav- ellers, is to defeat its own end, and pro- mote only false swearing, itching palms, and payment of bribes instead of duties. In addition to all this, the law is real- ly humiliating to the United States in the exasperatingly petty attitude which it compels us to assume among the na- tions. It makes us look as if we thought travel a crime, and the intercourse of the civilized world a thing to be put down. The vexatious inquiries, the minute cross-examination, the insulting and indecent exposure of personal be- longings in a public place, the delays, the risks to health, the open solicita- tions to bribery to which Americans are now subject on coming back to their own shores, are proceedings which might not surprise one in Timbuctoo or Ugan- da, but are frightfully out of place in a country leading the world in wealth and power. They are as much out of keep- ing with our station as if a Vanderbilt or a Rockefeller were to be seen with a gunny-sack on his shoulder, raking out rags and crusts from the garbage-bar- rels along Hester Street. No less miserly and paltry does this great nation appear when it harasses its own citizens for a few thousands of dollars duties on per- sonal baggage. Laws, said John Stuart Mill, are made for the protection of men, not of phrases. In legislating to save the phrase "protective tariff," the Ding- ley Act went so far as to forget the men and women whose comfort and education and- general benefit in foreign travel are of more value to the public than all the dollars and all the "consistency of pro- tective theory" which can possibly be got out of the baggage law. The real question is not how to enforce it, but how to expunge it. As a source of na- tional disgrace — for it makes foreigners jeer at us — as a direct prompting to cor- ruption, and as a specimen of rag-pick- ing legislation unworthy of a rich and proud people, Congress should "reform it altogether" — that is, should return to the ante-Dingley practice, as regards per- sonal baggage, in force from the foun- dation of the Government until the ab- surd "$100 clause" was put into the tariff. ASPECTS OF BlOGRAPHt. At a recent meeting of the Edin- burgh Philosophical Institution Lord Rosebery, as presiding officer, discussed entertainingly the subject of biogra- phies, a matter concerning which the author of 'Napoleon: the Last Phase' professed complete inexperience. "In my Utopia," he said, "I would have a Board of Censors, who would not allow the biographies of any one to be issued without their sanction. They would divide their time into people whose biographies were to be written, and those whose biog- raphies were not to be written. ... I would go a little further. I would classify even those biographies that are permissible; and when the subject was once taken as being licensed for a biography, I would divide the biographies into first-class bi- ographies, second-class biographies, third- class biographies, and biographies that might be put into a very expanded bio- graphical dictionary. That would be the fourth class. The first class might have three volumes, the second might have two, and the third one." Just why such a censorship was desir- able had been already explained by the speaker of the evening, Mr. Asquith. It was not so much that there were few persons worthy of biography — in fact, Mr. Asquith believed that certain lives, like that of the late Master of Balliol, must inevitably evade the biographer's analysis; it was rather that very few are fitted for the biographer's task. It is, indeed, a curious fact that one of the most difficult branches of the lit- erary art should ordinarily be turned over to the unskilled. That the por- traying of great men should so com- monly fall to intimate friends, pious relatives, indiscreet admirers, or, worse yet, to industrious hacks, brings a deep- er penalty than is usually the result of dabbling in letters. For most literary forms have their laws, by obeying which the most inexpert may be spared the worst indiscretions. Biography, on the other hand, remains an unscheduled realm of the writer's art. Before the biographer lies a confused mass of ma- terial— letters, journals, published writ- ings, anecdotes, comments of friend and of foe. From this mere cumulation of details in themselves insignificant he must select the significant, and shape and weld it all into the figure of a liv- ing and breathing man. This is his task. But nothing prevents him from misusing this material. He may write a series of disquisitions on phases of his hero's activities, and bind them in a book, in the hope that paste and boards will do the part of constructive vision; or he may print his raw mate- rial in chronological order, and call upon the reader to be the biographer. Into one pitfall or the other most biographers have fallen. No offence is more generally laid at the biographer's door than failure in frankness. As Thackeray virtually dared the novelists of his day, himself includ- ed, to paint the picture of a man as un- sparingly as Fielding had done in 'Tom Jones,' so there is a pretty constant sus- picion that most of the "lives" on the book-stalls have been pretty thoroughly pruned in a spirit of charity. This sus- picion has led to a counter tendency in biography, and to a series of "real" Shelleys, Byrons, Washingtons, etc., in which the "real" means usually "objec- tionable" or "immoral." Of course this is only to replace an indiscretion of friendliness by an indiscretion of un- friendliness. But it is probable that what often seems cowardice in the biographer is rather inexpertness. The enormous mass of material that is at hand for a modern man of any prominence is ap- palling. Few will handle it with the felicity that Mr. Scudder has shown in his 'Lowell.' The great majority will fumble rather helplessly with the mass, and draw out what seems superficially most attractive. This procedure may well deserve the kind of reprehension it is certain to incur from Mr. Henley and professional truth-tellers generally, but the criticism really lies less against the character than the judgment of the biographer.

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432 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. loot For it all comes down to the question of judgment. Mr. Henley will have it that Mr. Graham Balfour has complete- ly suppressed a very unedifying but most human and attractive Stevenson in favor of a heroic "shorter catechist" who wrote Vailima prayers and abound- ed in lay sermons. Here we touch a difficult matter, and should not rashly decide with Mr. Henley. Is it not pos- sible that the shorter catechist in Ste- venson may have been the essential man, that the conscious Bohemianism which Mr. Henley wished to see empha- sized may, after all, only be a graft upon the sturdy Scottish stock? If so, Mr. Balfour is justified in his reticences and in the proportions which he has chosen for his book. If any really important chapter of Stevenson's life remains to be told, if experiences which wrought permanently upon his character have been slurred, we may well thank Mr. Henley if he will supply the missing clue. But if Stevenson's random stage was simply that of many another man, the less we know of it (except that it es- isted) the better. In fact, the apostles of frankness in biography often seem to have in mind a very stupid or a very guileless reader. No one, for example, who knows the world will need to be told the full story of the time when Steven- son, the undergraduate, lived sordidly over a tobacco-shop; no one who is ig- norant of the world should be told it. If simple inexpertness is at the bot- tom of so much bad biography, Lord Rosebery's Utopian college of censors might better busy themselves with de- ciding who should write biographies than with selecting persons to be writ- ten about. For it might almost be said that no life is so unimportant that its record under a master hand may not yield something for the recreation and the enlightenment of us all. No sensible reader refuses to enjoy Sainte-Beuve's 'Portraits' simply because many of these people made little stir in the world. The supply of subjects is inexhaustible; the supply of heaven-born biographers small. Meanwhile we must put up with the publishers' judgment, instead of Lord Rosebery's censorship; and even as it is, and excluding the acknowledged mas- terpieces, biography has a peculiar value. When we are tempted, in Mr. Asquith's words, "to doubt the ultimate purpose and meaning of human existence" — as what thoughtful mind is not at times? — then the remembrance of many lives which have been lived greatly brings back the assurance that, however mys- terious the ends of living may be, living is itself infinitely interesting, and worth while. Some such enhancement of life comes from all great literature; from bi- ography it comes in a form singularly personal and direct. Upon the biogra- pher, then, rests an especial responsi- bility, for in his hands are the issues not of one life only, but of many lives. TWO PICTURES WITH A PAST. London, November, 1901. There are two pictures now being ex- hibited in London, the interest of which depends in a large measure upon their re- cent adventures. These are the famous "Duchess of Devonshire," by Gainsborough, at Messrs. Agnew's Gallery in Bond Street, and the equally famous Chigi Botticelli, at Messrs. Colnaghi's in Pall Mall. Both have been the subject of so much talk and dis- cussion that I think most people have been as curious as I to find out how far their artistic merit justifies the excitement. The story of the "Lost Duchess" has long been well known, and the recovery of the missing canvas only last spring was the cause of its being told over again, with detail eloquently elaborated. The picture was bought at the Wynn Ellis sale in 1876 by Messrs. Agnew for £10,605, a price un- usually large in those days. Almost at once, the picture mysteriously disappeared; thieves had cut it out of the frame and carried it off by night. All sorts of ru- mors were promptly spread: Messrs. Ag- new had been cheated and preferred to get rid of the picture rather than admit they had been taken in — and so on, and so on. But rumors did not bring back the picture, and even those who had repeated the tale began to wonder if a firm of business men would be willing to sink so much money to pay for a blunder. Occasionally, in the course of years, one heard that the picture, now here, now there, was on the point of being returned by the thieves. And, in fact, so much was said that the public was in- clined to think it but another report when the London papers announced last spring that one of the Agnews had just come home from America with the "Lost Duchess" in his luggage. The picture was to have been exhibited in May, but the exhibition was put off. In the meanwhile, another "Duchess of Devon- shire," with an equally adventurous record, made its appearance at Messrs. Graves's: a three-quarter length, which some claimed to be the original canvas from which the familiar engraving was made. The story was, that the Duchess had objected to its being exhibited, and had carried it off as soon as finished; then Gainsborough paint- ed a second, for exhibition — Messrs. Ag- new's picture. Certainly, Gainsborough did paint two; but another story is that he was himself disappointed with the first, and, on its being exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1778 and declared by Walpole to be "very bad and washy," he smeared the mouth with a wet brush, refused to deliver the portrait, destroyed it, and set to work at a second — Messrs. Agnew's. According to the tale of last spring, the first had not been destroyed by any one, but had been presented by the Duchess to a nameless son. His heirs had carried it to the colonies and it had turned up in London again, just at the moment when interest was at fever heat. I saw the pic- ture, but it was so decidedly the worse for wear that I should hesitate to pronounce an opinion. Neither do I vouch for the stories; I repeat them merely for what they are worth. And now, after all this excitement, the stolen "Duchess" is once more on public exhibition in London. It seems almost useless to describe the pic- ture, so well is it known. It 1b a half length, and the Duchess, with her tower- ing black hat and feathers overshadowing the elaborate coiffure of the day, her of- ten-copied fichu, her arms crossed, the right hand, unseen, holding up her drap- eries, the left playing with a rosebud, is as familiar a personage to us all as the Philip of Velasquez, the Charles or Van Dyck, or the Rembrandt by himself. The ribbons are blue, and the white gown is shot through with blue, the color Gainsbor- ough loved to paint; there is a romantic background of trees and sky, and the pic- ture, as a whole, has the agreeable tone that comes with age. But, to be honest, it is a disappointment. At its best, it could never have been one of the masterpieces of Gainsborough, who could paint charac- ter as well as prettiness. This is the rea- son, probably, why doubts have been thrown upon its authenticity, though I am assured that one of the authorities ready to pronounce against it before he had seen the portrait, is, now that he has seen it, about to make a public recantation. But it is too pretty; that is the trouble. The face has the sort of charm we associate with Books of Beauty and old-fashioned Keepsakes. And it looks to me as though it had been repainted, so much fresher is it than the bust and the crossed arms. I know that Gainsborough relied largely up- on lines for his modelling. He did not give you the planes of the face in the manner of Velasquez, or, for that matter, of Rae- burn, his contemporary and fellow-Briton. If you look at the Mrs. Siddons in the National Gallery, you will find in it too a flatness — an unwillingness, as it were, to admit that a woman's flesh can be anything but smooth and soft, free of aggressive mo- delling. But the face of the Duchess has a slickness, the cheeks a rosiness, the lips a redness I do not think so typical of Gainsborough. In this case, unquestion- ably, had the picture gone through only the usual sale-room and gallery adventures, it would scarcely have won its present fame. For my part, I should gladly exchange it for Gainsborough's less famous "Viscoun- tess Ligonier," now in the same gallery, or even his modest little "Sir William Black- stone," with genuine character in the face, and a most ingenious arrangement of the judicial, fur-trimmed red robes. But neither of these pictures would have drawn the crowds that are daily flocking to Agnew's, and the chances are that never before has their winter exhibition made such a sub- stantial sum for the Artists' General Be- nevolent Institution, to which the profits are always devoted. Mr. Pierpont Morgan may have the satisfaction — if it be a satis- faction— of knowing that he is the owner of the most-talked-about picture of the day. The Chigi Botticelli, however, comes in a good second. If thieves have not lent it distinction, at least it can claim the glory of having been smuggled out of Italy; and feats of smuggling always do ap- peal to the public. The main facts here again are fairly familiar. The picture belonged to Prince Chigi, but was so little appreciated that it remained hidden away in one of the lower halls of his Roman palace for years before it was discovered by Morelli and declared by him to be, ex- cept for the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, the only authentic Botticelli in Rome. This, of course, was enough to send every well-

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ISTation. 433 trained Morellian post-haste to the palace in the Piazza Colonna, and almost every one of them has had a word to say on the subject. But the great public does not hear with the same thrill the news of the critic's latest attribution, and, the Chigi palace not being open to every tourist who knocks at the door, the picture, had it stayed there, would have been compara- tively unknown. Prince Chigi, however, determined to part with it, as many an Italian prince has parted with his treasures before now. The story at the time was, that nearly seven thousand pounds was offered for it by a foreign dealer, upon which "a kind of auction was held among other competi- tors." According to the rumor, it was knocked down to one of the Rothschilds for £ 12,000. But the one thing certain was that while, after the declaration of pur- chase had been made, as the Italian law requires, to the Minister of Public In- struction, and he was deliberating upon it, the picture disappeared from Rome just as the Gainsborough had disappeared from London. The Prince was fined by one court the sum he had received; by another court the fine was reduced to a trivial £80; a third court, that of Cassation, cancelled both decisions, and the case has been sent for hearing to a fourth court. Those who are not intimately acquainted with the in- tricacies of Italian law begin to wonder into how many more it can be dragged be- fore a final decision is reached. Upon its disappearance fresh rumors were scattered broadcast: the purchaser was not a Roth- schild but a London dealer; the picture was in Paris, in Boston, in the collection of Mrs. John L. Gardner; it was here, there, and everywhere— until the other day Messrs. Colnaghi calmly produced it in their Pall Mall Gallery— "Exhibited by kind permis- sion of Mrs. John L. Gardner"; and admit- ted, in an accompanying pamphlet, that it was bought of Prince Chigi at Rome, by their representative, in June, 1899. One word about the picture before I point out the serious effect which its manner of transport may have. It is a very charm- ing Botticelli, "The Madonna and Infant Christ and Angel" in the English cata- logue, "La Madone aux fipis" in the French, but probably destined always to be known hereafter as "The Chigi Botti- celli." The Angel, very typically Botti- cellian, offers a dish of grapes and wheat, symbolizing the Blessed Sacrament, to the Virgin, who holds, with less than her accus- tomed timidity, the infant Jesus, his right hand uplifted in the act of blessing the Angel's offering. The figures are set against an architectural screen, beyond which is a glimpse of low, brown hills and winding river. The design is graceful and harmonious, and the Angel seems the fore- runner of many of the characteristic fig- ures in Botticelli's later Madonnas. The Virgin, to me, is suggestive of Fra Lippo, though the experts say the picture, still a youthful work, was painted just at the time when Pollajuolo's influence was succeeding to the Friar's. As Messrs. Colnaghi explain that, after Morelli's discovery, it was "judiciously renovated by Cavaliere Cavenaghi," it would be discreet not to pronounce upon its merits as a Botticelli too dogmatically. But the Morellian must pass a verdict of some kind (to him the passing of verdicts is the end of art); and In London he is busy finding such expression of transient and complex emotions in the picture as to make it seem already a foretaste of Leo- nardo. It is, no doubt, something of a triumph for Mrs. Gardner and the London dealers to be displaying to the public the results of that clever little transaction in Rome — and all for the benefit of a charity, too, the Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund. But law is law, and, in the eye of the Italian law, the picture was taken from the coun- try illegally. You may think the Italian regulations in regard to works of art ab- surd, but there they are, and if you choose to go to Italy, you have to face and accept them. Now there must naturally be much latitude in the enforcement of these regu- lations. It is only in the case of pictures as famous as the Chigi Botticelli, or the Lemmi frescoes, which also were smug- gled out of Italy, that attention is certain to be called to their infringement. But though it may not, as it should, be gener- ally known, the law reaches the modern artist and his work as well. The American who goes to Italy cannot legally bring away his own sketches, or drawings, or pictures, or whatever it may be, without submitting to tedious formalities. For in- stance, as I know from an artist who has just returned from Venice, in that town he would have to carry his work to the ac- credited authorities at the Academy, at the hour appointed by them for their conve- nience, have it examined, measured, signed, and sealed by them, and then pay sixty cen- times into the bargain. I do not suppose any one ever goes through this ceremony, and I do not believe any one has been stop- ped at the frontier for not doing so. But the report in Italy is that the Chigi Botti- celli was smuggled out in an ordinary trunk; and now that the picture, after this adventure, is being publicly exhibited in a London gallery of repute, the Italian Gov- ernment will no doubt become more vigi- lant. Ninety-nine artists may pass un- challenged; it will be the hundredth — some unfortunate American, perhaps, who has been going quietly about his own business of painting or drawing — who must bear the penalty. But the extraordinary part of it to me is that the picture can hang peacefully on Messrs. Colnaghi's walls, or eventually in Mrs. Gardner's collection. If the Ital- ian Government can demand satisfac- tion in Washington, or at the Court of St. James's, when anything happens to any Italian subject in any miserable riot, the responsibility for which may rest with himself, one would think It would not have to look on in silence at this triumphant display of a smuggled Italian treasure. But the chances are, as I say, that some unoffend- ing artist will yet be made to pay, and so my warning may prove useful. The modern Italian has no respect for anything that is old, or anything that is beautiful; he must see the brand-new to be impressed. I do not doubt that the old work is in better hands when it has left Italy for the mu- seums of Europe or even for private collec- tions. But, for the sake of the artist who visits Italy, the pity is that old work cannot leave the country without open defiance of that country's laws. N. N. Correspondence. SPECIAL PUNISHMENT FOR PRESIDEN- TIAL ASSASSINATION. To the Editor of The Nation: Respected Friend: The argument of Solicitor-General Richards, in his recent speech in Philadelphia, to prove that espe- cial laws for the punishment of Anarchical attempts on our Presidents would be Con- stitutional, gives us a foretaste of the dis- cussion of this matter by the ensuing Con- gress. It seems to me that the first ques- tion to be decided is, not whether such laws are Constitutional, but whether they are expedient. If such laws are inexpe- dient, all argument to prove that they are Constitutional is not only entirely gratui- tous, but also inexpedient. It is a well- recognized fact that this crime is not like- ly to be committed — as an Anarchical crime at least — except by persons whose unbal- anced and morbid minds are so inflamed by the spectacular features of the act that the legal punishment is rather an incentive than a deterrent. This plainly indicates the impropriety of investing the crime with avoidable spectacular features peculiar to itself. Our safety lies in the fact that our system of government renders the murder of the President utterly without even a plausible Anarchic excuse, because it is ab- solutely abortive and nugatory as an at- tack on governmental institutions. This is the obvious lesson of the late assassina- tion, that needs to be particularly empha- sized. But it seems that many of the lead- ers of our people are themselves so be- fogged by the spectacular features which distraught nerves and a vivid imagination may attribute to the case, that they are de- termined to exaggerate the merits of the crime from the Anarchistic point of view. Freeman Stewart. CHINESE EXCLUSION. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: A convention which was recently held in San Francisco for the purpose of continuing the barrier against immigration from China, ended by a memorial to Con- gress, with a repetition of the old argu- ments. The convention was composed al- most exclusively of representatives of or- ganized labor and the invertebrate poli- ticians who enjoy, or who hope to enjoy, the favor of that considerable body of voters. It was a love-feast of that class which is willingly influenced by race hatred, is given to the use of broad phrases touch- ing the liberty of mankind and the rights of Americans, and is determined to recog- nize the rights of the members of their own organizations, to the absolute exclusion of the rights of any who do not unite with them, or who, it is certain, are not likely to affiliate with them. The narrow ground of the labor unions, as made manifest in the recent strike (when there were said to have been over two thousand brutal assaults by union men upon non-union men) — that a laborer who does not belong to a union has no rights — is in harmony with the tone of the memo- rial. The politicians of both parties do not dare to stand on a broader basis. Never- theless, it would be a mistake for people

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434: The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 90 1 who are so unfortunate as to reside outside of this labor-union-ridden community to ac- cept inconsiderately this convention as at all expressing the opinions of the intelli- gent and fair-minded inhabitants of this State. They see in its action another blow at the existence of liberty to honest and independent labor, and a continu- ance of the subjection of employers to a deprivation of requisite help, even when coupled with the tyrannous conditions im- posed by labor unions. They know that the picture of wrongs from Chinese immigra- tion is ridiculously over-colored; that the need of the State for labor is not and can- not be satisfied by any possible supply of unskilled laborers in this country; that the alleged deteriorating influence of Chinamen upon the white population is utterly with- out foundation; that no considerable body of Americans ever did or is ever likely to suffer by competition with so-called Asiatic hordes, who fill a niche by themselves which cannot be filled in any other way; that the possibility of said hordes over- whelming this country is supremely absurd, in view of the impossibility of providing vessels sufficient to bring them if they de- sired to immigrate, and especially of the fact that, when the ports of America were most free to Chinamen, almost as many returned home yearly as came hither — moreover, that the average yearly increase of Chinese resident here did not much exceed six thousand, and that, at the time the barrier of exclusion was first erected, they had just become conscious of a greater America than was within the limits of the States on the Pacific Coast, and had already begun their immigration deeper into the broad land, among whose millions they were silently and unconcernedly absorbed. The virtues of the Chinese— their patience, industry, skill, economy, obedience, and ab- sence from political interference or concern — put to shame the fearless impudence, laziness, and self-seeking of the immigrants to the Atlantic shore, who, with the first breath of American liberty, become intoler- ant of its enjoyment by any others. A Subscriber. San Francisco, November 27, 1901. "MOAT." To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In the town of Groton, Massachu- setts, the word moat is given to a small body of water usually found at the mouth of va- rious brooks which empty into the Nashua River. For ten, fifteen, or twenty rods above the outlet there is a considerable wid- ening of the small stream; and the adja- cent ground is wet and boggy. In the spring and summer this sheet of water ic generally covered with lily-pads, and is ruuch frequented by pickerel. These pond- holes are commonly known among the farm- ers as moats— a term not in use with the same meaning in the neighboring towns, even though lying on the same river. It hardly seems probable that this use of the word is connected in any way with the ditch around a house or castle, filled with water. Groton is a town very nearly two hundred and fifty years old; and I am inclined to think that it is a folk-word, brought over fvom England by the early settlers. Governor Boutwell writes me, under date of July 10, 1901, that "the word moat has been in use in Groton during my residence in the town, now more than sixty-six years. At several points on the Nashua River there are shallow channels that are nearly parallel with the river, and that connect with the river at the lower end. These are filled with water from the river. There are two such moats en my premises." I should like it if anybody can throw ligbt or', the derivation of the word. Samuel A. Green. Boston, November 21, 1901. THE CASE OF GEN. BULLER. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Will you allow me, not as one hav- ing any special information, but merely as one of the too few Englishmen who read the Nation pretty regularly, to make one or two remarks on the paragraph respecting Gen. Buller in your paper of October 17? You are, according to all that I can make out, mistaken in supposing that the weight of social influence was cast in Gen. Buller's favor. On the contrary, it is generally be- lieved that he was not persona grata either in what is called "society" (whose younger members are said to have been inadequate- ly represented on his staff), or in the War Office, as at present constituted. He was one of the "Wolseley gang," as the men who are advanced by that officer are polite- ly called, and that is not a title to favor just now. But, worst of all, he is said to have been lacking in due regard for the in- terests of the financiers who, whether or not they pay the piper, undoubtedly call the tune to which we are at present danc- ing; and, at his first start in Africa, he acted as though the safety of Ladysmith and an army were a more urgent claim on him than that of Mr. Rhodes and the dia- mond mines. As commander at Aldershot — a post which he held before his appoint- ment to South Africa, and to which he re- verted on his return — he could not have been overlooked when the commanders of our new "army corps" were being selected; but, from the moment of his appointment to one of those posts, a dead set was made at him in those organs of the press which claim to represent "society." I may say, too, that, from the moment he took com- mand in Natal, all kinds of malicious ru- mors had been spread about him. At all events, he did what was doubtless impru- dent in a man who must have known that any handle against him would be eagerly seized— he made a speech. Plenty of other generals have made speeches, and political speeches at that, in the last year; Bul- ler's speech was purely personal. However, it gave the desired handle for the time, though I fancy we have not heard the last of it. I may add that it is by no means the opponents of the Government alone who are disgusted with their dealing in this matter. It is said that if a general election were held now, they would lose every seat in the west of England, to which Gen. Bul- ler belongs. Moreover, he is better liked by his men than perhaps any other general in our army at present. You will probably have seen ere this what is believed to be the true version of the inculpated message, and that the clause as to what was to be done in the event of surrender (surely a possible event in any siege) was written with the generous in- tention of saving his subordinate as much responsibility as might be. Yours obediently, A. J. Butler. Wood End, Wf.tbridge, England, November 21, 1901. Notes. The 'Book of One Hundred Houses' about to be published by Herbert S. Stone & Co., Chicago, will be illustrated with photographs of actual homes. Cassell & Co. are about to publish 'A Masque of Days, from the Last Essays of Elia,' with forty full-page designs in color, by Walter Crane: and 'Marine Painting in Water-Color,' by W. L. Wyllie, A. R. A. New announcements by Macmillan Co. are 'The College Student and his Problem,' by James A. Canfield, LL.D., Librarian of Co- lumbia University, and 'Mental Growth and Control,' by Nathan Oppenhelm, M.D. A. Wessels Co. will publish 'Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern,' collected by- Joshua Sylvestre. A reissue of Smollett's Works in twelve volumes (London: Constable; New York: Scribners) might afford a theme for a homi- ly or for a reappreciation of a writer still widely read less than fifty years ago, and possibly having now a certain vogue in our public libraries. There is undoubted his- torical value in his picaresque fiction, but it must be sought amid a repulsive amount of indecency and blackguardism, and per- haps existing editions would adequately have met the demand of the student of man- ners. We shall only say of the present re- vival that the volumes are large, the print unusually clear, the illustrations (one to each volume) confined to portraits of the author, a view of his monument at Leven, a facsimile of his handwriting, and, for the rest, Cruikshank's designs. The introduc- tion is by Mr. W. E. Henley, and is full of rhetorical affectation and excess, larded with foreign phrases, and overweighted with footnotes. It cannot be regarded as a very tempting vestibule to the present enter- prise. Messrs. Scribner's name is associated with Downey & Co.'s in the final volume of the Thornton Edition of the Novels of the Sis- ters Bronte, being Mrs. Gaskell's Life of Charlotte. It has all the merit of its prede- cessors, as good book-making, while Mrs. Gaskell's intellectual and attractive face supplies the frontispiece. The Oxford Miniature Edition of Brown- ing's 'Dramatic Lyrics and Romances, and Other Poems' (Henry Frowde) is drawn from first editions, 1833-1855; but permission has been given to print the epilogue to "Asolando," Browning's swan-song, and his early portrait is prefixed. The Oxford India paper makes 800 pages a small thing for the pocket, box included. It is a trea- sure. 'Stray Papers by William Makepeace Thackeray' (Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co.) is the assembled gleanings of Mr. Lewis Melville from the files of those news journals to which Thackeray contrib- uted between the years 1821-1847. Much of this volume is of very dubious authenticity unless we may accept the opinion of Mr. Melville and his friends as final authority on Thackeray's style. More of the volume was scarcely worth saving, even if it be authen-

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Dec. 5, 1901] The Nation. 435 tic. At least two or three of Thackeray's book-reviews for the Times are welcome. Nothing that the author of 'Henry Es- mond' and the "Lectures on the English Humorists" had to say on such subjects as "The Duchess of Marlborough's Private Correspondence" or on "Henry Fielding'' can be regarded as unimportant. The com- pression needful to bring all this matter into 500 pages has compelled resort to a pretty crowded page in small type. There are nu- merous illustrations, apparently by Thack- eray. Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. call our at- tention to the fact that, In our recent no- tice of Mrs. Garnett's new version of Tol- stoy's 'Anna Karenin,' our reviewer select- ed for comparison Mr. Dole's first transla- tion, which was avowedly partly from the French, overlooking his "new translation, directly from the Russian," which forms part of the uniform edition recently is- sued by the same house. This is a proper rectification, but our reviewer had no ani- mus in choosing the most accessible edi- tion. We have examined the sample pas- sages cited in our notice, and find that Mr. Dole is now much closer to Mrs. Garnett and the original than formerly. Mrs. Pimenoff-Noble's 'Before the Dawn' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) refers to the ear- ly seventies, "before the dawn" of educa- tional reforms in Russia, in the restless period of student enthusiasm for "going to the people" and plotting insurrection. It is somewhat of the conventional type of such romances. The heroine, Tanya, is a beautiful, charitable girl-student, whose origin is wrapped in mystery, and who turns out to be the real owner of the wicked banker's wealth, said banker being an ex- convict and the father of Tanya's dearest friend. Unlike the procedure in real life, the banker repents, after experiencing di- vers bereavements (also unlike the real ex- perience of rascals), and makes restitution, thereby enabling Tanya to marry the man of her choice. This hero is, also, rather stereotyped: handsome, mysterious, fas- cinating, the illegitimate son of a princess, and, to crown his romantic perfections, a plotter against the Government, who has escaped from Siberia. This process he af- terwards successfully repeats. The subor- dinate characters and discussions are of the usual order. The book is well written, though with a certain stiffness which would seem to indicate a first effort, and is mildly interesting for those who like the subject. It is unfortunate for both the author and the readers that the majority of the proper names are wrongly accented, Including such familiar examples as Gontcharoff, Viazem- sky, Likachev, Lobanov (and its feminine form, Lobanova), Rozhdesvenstky, Goro- khovaya, Vorontzoff, Tverskaya, Mokho- vaya, Khomiakoff. Mr. William Henry P. Phyfe, hitherto known chiefly as a writer on pronuncia- tion, has gathered, in 815 double-column pages, '5,000 Facts and Fancies: A Cyclo- paedia of Important, Curious, Quaint, and Unique Information in History, Literature, Science, Art, and Nature' (Putnams). Not much of its contents can be "unique," though some items may be uncommon. Many of the topics are familiar to per- sons of average education, and a large pro- portion may be found in any well-regulat- ed encyclopaedia; but the compiler has aim- ed to fill up the deficiencies of these, while covering any ground common to him and them. Special attention has been paid to nicknames; thus, the adjective Little is here prefixed to Dickens's Dorrit, Em'ly, and Nell, to Mac and Napoleon (McClel- lan), to Villain (in Greeley's acrid phrase for his rival H. J. Raymond), etc. In this category, or near it, one might look to find the Deutero-Isaiah and the Pseudo-Clem- entines, but in vain. "Zu-zu" is here (for the Zouaves of 1861), but not Mr. Kipling's "Fuzzy-wuzzy," a later and still fiercer man of war. Most of our political and mil- itary Americanisms are here, but not "Fuss and Feathers," nor yet the more recent "Bushwhacker." In another field, Purgatory is here, but not the Inter- mediate State; in yet another, the Tri- quetra is notable by its absence; but the curiosities included probably outnumber those overlooked, and the ordinary reader, to whom Mr. Phyfe especially appeals, is likely to find the collection satisfactory. It is not a book of the cheap and random kind formerly so abundant: the author has laboriously sought to be accurate, and ap- parently with good success. "In the midst of life," here credited to a hymn of Luther, is found in a MS. of the eleventh century, and is popularly ascribed to Notker (d. 912). Two curious items are the alleged tracing of the word Methodist to "Cromwell's time" and of the Law of Gravitation to Shak- spere. Mr. Percy W. Church is a mighty hunter, and has put together a modest lit- tle book ('Chinese Turkestan with Caravan and Rifle'; London: Rivingtons), on the big game still to be found in Chinese Turkes- tan, especially the Altaic wapiti, the great stag of the Tian-Shan, which is cousin to our elk. There is in it no pretension to geographical or political information, nor attempt at fine descriptive writing. But the record, with its detailed information on the conditions and chances of shikari there and the necessary equipment for it, will un- doubtedly be very useful to the small num- ber of sportsmen who can go hunting in Central Asia. It is entertaining, too, in its simple, straightforward way. Mr. A. J. Wyatt's 'Old English Reader' (Cambridge: University Press; New York: Macmillan) confines itself strictly to early West Saxon. Its ninety-six pages of text are taken from the Chronicle and from King Alfred's 'Orosius' and 'Pastoral Care.' As the editor points out in his preface, the book thus contributes, in its way, to the celebration of the royal translator's thousandth anniversary. There are, how- ever, no traces of festal profusion. The entries in the glossary occupy, as a rule, a single line. Quantities are marked only here. The notes concisely identify locali- ties and assist in translation, giving re- ferences to the author's 'Old English Gram- mar.' The only foreign scholar whom the author has occasion to name is Rask (died 1832). Text, notes, and glossary are com- mendably accurate, but no concession is made to the weaker sort, who would like even a Reader of Old English to be at- tractive. The present revival of the Irish language is largely due, in the first instance, to the scholarship and the publications of Dr. Joyce. His 'School Irish Grammar' has for the past twenty years been the only working grammar available for ordinary students, Zeuss's being beyond all but ad- vanced students, and O'Donovan's, likewise for advanced students, being out of print. Dr. Joyce has now two competitors — Mr. Craig's 'Modern Irish Grammar,' published last year, and the Christian Brothers' 'Grammar of Irish' (Dublin: Gill & Son), which has just appeared. This last is like- ly to prove the most formidable rival to the older work. It is a marvel of cheapness, furnishing a larger page, clearer type, and more than twice the number of pages, for the same money. It has many new fea- tures, explains and defines much that is left obscure in previous works of simi- lar pretensions. Most students of Irish, even if holding to their old guides, are likely to purchase a copy, if only for ref- erence. Joyce's work is simpler and less complicated; it puts forward, in a scholar- ly way, the grammatical features neces- sary to be grasped by the elementary student. We still believe it to be a better work for children and adult learners to begin with. There is some danger of the nice refinements of a curiously compli- cated language, stated as they are in the Christian Brothers' 'Grammar,' discourag- ing many who might be led on by Joyce's broader and simpler exposition. 'The Theory of Romantic Comedy' (Brus- sels: Schepens), by Paul Hamelius, profes- sor at the Royal Athenaeum of Elsene. Brussels, will recommend itself to American readers in no small measure on account of the popularity of the genre at the present time. Dr. Hamelius is already known to scholars on this side of the Atlantic by his excellent monograph on 'English Criticism in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Cen- turies.' In his latest work the methods and results of German aesthetics are applied to the field of romantic comedy, which the one-sided treatment of Mr. Meredith's re- cent essay had left untouched in the ex- clusive consideration of the comedy of man- ners. A considerable body of literature has grown up of late about the subject of the comic, including the works of such writers as Michaels, Bergson, Philbert, and Mas- sarini, and the present study of Hamelius will be found an interesting and intelligent introduction to the subject. We have al- ready called attention to the small but en- thusiastic group of Anglicists at Brussels, of which he is one of the foremost members, and in this connection it may not be inap- propriate to mention that the Institut Sol- vay, recently founded at the University of Brussels through the munificence of the wealthy Belgian merchant, whose name it bears, will include hereafter on its staff of instructors two other members of this group, M. Paul de Reul. who will lecture on the evolution of language, and M. Ver- meylen, who will lecture on the history of art- Acton Davies's 'Maude Adams' (Frederick A Stokes Co.) is a brightly written, high- ly laudatory, and profusely illustrated biographical sketch of a young actress, whose attractive personality and natural adaptability to certain lines of eccentric light comedy have enabled her to win the rewards of wide popularity without any very solid achievement. In such plays as "The Masked Ball" and "The Little Min- ister" she was well suited and did some good work, but her success in "Romeo and Juliet" and "L'Aiglon" was without serious artistic significance. Her dramatic growth is still problematical. As yet, she has

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4=36 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. ioot done nothing to entitle her to the dignity of a volume, and Mr. Davies's little book is made up largely of play-plots, childish anecdotes, large type, photographs, and abundant margins. It seems to be a tribute of personal friendship, and doubtless will be valued as such by Miss Adams and her enthusiastic admirers. The Protozoa, from their simplicity of or- ganization and the suspicion that a thor- ough krowledge of them might furnish clues to a solution of the problems of the beginning of animal life, have al- ways excited the interest of both the professional naturalist and the micro- scopist. Their vital processes appear to afford a transition from the manifestations of life in its simplest expression to those seen in the lower members of the other types of invertebrates. By search among these unicellular organisms it has long been hoped that morphological problem1; of deep significance in the evolution of the higher animals might be solved. Investiga- tion has shown that some of the direst ail- ments which afflict humanity, such as can- cer, malaria, and dysentery, may probaoly be traced to the influence of malign proto- zoa. No thoroughly satisfactory summary of our present knowledge of this group has hitherto been accessible in English, and therefore the manual by Gary N. Calkins, in the Columbia University Biological Series (Macmillan), is doubly welcome. In addi- tion to the technical systematic portion, which forms the body of the work and will be chiefly interesting to professional stu- dents, the author has provided an introduc- tion treating of the history of research upon the group, and the general features of the animals it contains, which could hardly be uninteresting to any intelligent reader. Mr. Calkins has been particularly happy in his manner of presentation, which leaves nothing to be desired in tin: way of literary finish and ease of statement — points in which many eminent naturalists are regrettably deficient. The book i.-> ele- gantly printed and illustrated, many of the excellent figures being due to the ,"ac!le pencil of Mrs. Calkins; and, as it fills a notable gap in the ranks of modern English handbooks, will without doubt meet with duo appreciation from the large body of students to which it appeals. The fourth part of the 'Treatise on Zo- ology' edited by E. Ray Lankester (Macmil- lan), comprising the Platyhelmia, Mesozoa, and Nemcrtini, has been prepared oy Proi. W. B. Benham of the University of Olago, New Zealand, very much on the lines of the previous issues of this series. The groups treated of include the so-called ::at worms and many organisms of a parasitic nature and economic interest, such as the liver-flukes, tapeworms, etc. The text is generously illustrated and clearly prinLed. The subject is treated throughout from a strictly professional and technical stand- point, for the use of zoologists and as a work of reference for students. For these purposes it is, without question, of the highest authority, and will prove indispen- sable in all zoological libraries. Mr. Gelett Burgess's thin vein of humor suffers distinctly by aggregation in the 'Burgess Nonsense Book' (P. A. Stokes Company). Here, eminently, the half, or a much smaller portion, would have been greater than the whole. The best ol the introductory nonsense quatrains, the bal- lads of the Chewing-Gum Man and the Bankrupt Babe, and the Alphabet of Famous Goops, with very little else, would have served better the ends alike of humor and of fame. Much, too, in the gro- tesque drawings has been distinctly lost by reduction from the original scale and the exchange of the agreeable manila paper of the Lark for the shiny abomination which now spoils our books and our eyes. Two little volumes from the Dent labora- tory of invention and good taste (New York: Dutton) are entitled "The Bairn- books," and make an uncommonly effective appeal to the interest of the young. One tells in simple language — text by Walter Copeland — of the farm and its life; the other — text by Clara Bridgman— is called the 'Book of Days,' and deals with many holidays unknown on this side of the water. Charles Robinson furnishes colored illus- trations in both cases, with much old-fash- ioned felicity. Children are sure to like these booklets. The ninth publication of the American Jewish Historical Society contains a num- ber of papers which not only are of genu- ine historical value, but are often most en- tertaining. The story of the trials of the first Russian-American Jewish congrega- tion is full of humor — of a sardonic Semitic cast, it is true. Dr. Gottheil tells of a most remarkable rascal, a several times prose- lyte to Judaism, who finally vanished in an auto-de-fe at Seville in 1720. His career suggests that autos-de-fe may have had their sphere of usefulness. There is also a valuable contribution (with maps) to the history of the Jews in Surinam; and many others. The number is one of interest throughout. At the recent meeting of the Egyptian Exploration Fund in London, Professor Pe- trie stated that during the past year "the continuous order of seventeen kings had been established," adding that "the very foundations of Egyptian history have been settled in a manner which has hitherto seemed entirely beyond hope." The histori- cal character of the supposed mythical Me- na has been demonstrated: "We have seen and handled the gold, the crystal, the ivory with his name and engravings; and even the kings which went before him are better known to us by actual objects than are half the Saxon kings of England. No such complete materialization of history has been obtained at one stroke from any other country or age." The next work before the fund is the excavation of the great temple site of Abydos, the ground of the earliest temple, that of Osiris, "the great relic which drew around it the burials of the historic times" and possibly those of the earliest dynasties. The site Is about 500 feet by 1,000 feet, and its excavation will occupy some three years. Professor Petrie closed his address with a review of what had been accomplished since he first began work in Egypt twenty-one years ago. The monumental history has been carried back to the very beginning of the written record, which has been entirely confirmed; and, beyond all that, the whole course of the prehistoric civilization has been map- ped out, for perhaps 2,000 years, more com- pletely than has been done for such ages in any other land. The connection with Europe — of which there was no trace twen- ty-one years ago earlier than the Ptolemies — has been led back to the first dynasty, and "Egypt is the sounding-line for the un- measured abysses of European history." The material progress of India under Brit- ish rule of late years has been due largely to irrigation works. At the opening of a new canal in October it was reported that since 1864 the irrigated land in the Punjab alone had increased from 625,000 acres, with crops valued at five million dollars, to 6,- 000,000 acres, with crops worth fifty million dollars. To this should be added the fact that new homesteads in vast numbers are being provided for the inhabitants of the over-populated districts. Within the past ten years an unproductive tract in the Punjab, comprising 4,420 square miles, where a race of nomads found a scanty pasturage for their cattle, is now owned and cultivated by 792,000 persons, whose paternal acres were too narrow for them. From Ernest Nister, London, and E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, we receive a great variety of calendars for 1902 (MCMII): "Merry Hearts," "Heavenly Guidance," "Golden Childhood," "Sweet Blossoms," "A Church Calendar" — all these consisting of sheets decorated in color and fastened by a ribbon; a "Gloria in Excelsis," after Fra Angelico; and "The filite," of sport and fashion. The Bryn Mawr College Calendar, 1902, which proceeds from the Students' Associa- tion of that college, is a well designed and attractively printed and tinted oblong bro- chure. The twelve seasonal drawings, all by women, are remarkably good and even in quality. In short, there is nothing ama- teurish about this calendar, and it should find favor in any woman's college. The Princeton Calendar for 1902 consists of squarish orange cardboard sheets, taste- fully adorned with photographic views of college scenery, buildings, and athletes. — The leading article in the Atlantic for December is by John Ball Osborne, and deals with "Expansion through Reciprocity." It is partly historical and partly expository; in the latter respect, somewhat obscurely so. The writer labors under the difficulty, which besets all advocates of the general princi- ple of reciprocity, of having to reconcile it with high protection. Sometimes this leads to curious results, as when Mr. Osborne ex- pounds section 4 of the Dingley Law, which he declares is the "real legislative ex- pression of the Republican pledge of reci- procity." This empowers the President to negotiate treaties which may provide for a 20 per cent, reduction on any article im- ported from any country. At the first blush, this would seem to be at war with the "pledge of protection" which was "faithfully executed by Congress in the schedules of import duties contained in the first section of the Dingley tariff." But Mr. Osborne proceeds to show that this is not so, and that there is no conflict what- ever between the objects in view, but rather "an admirable harmony." The explana- tion, he says, is simple. When the rates were being formulated, "it was clearly un- derstood by the framers of the law and by the interested manufacturers" that every rate was subject to reduction by a fifth, and "the rates were consequently made one- fifth higher than would otherwise have been justified." Reciprocity, under the Dingley Law is, therefore, "not In any sense an abandonment of the protective system, nor

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Dec. 5, 1901] The Nation. 437 can it properly be said to be a step in the direction of free trade." This sort of reci- procity is of the kind which a tailor estab- lishes with his customers when, in order to induce them to pay promptly, he knocks off "5 per cent, for cash," having previously added it to the price. Instead of Canning's miserable threat of a 20 per cent, retaliation we vociferate to the nations of the world: 'In matters of commerce our fairness is such That whatever we give we take back just as much. Twenty per cent., twenty per cent.— We'll clap on and take off just twenty per cent." A paper on "Maeterlinck and Music," by Ernest Newman, makes an attempt to trace a connection between Wagnerian music and the Maeterlinckian philosophy of the drama. We doubt if it would convince either Maeter- linck or Wagner; the parallel is curious in some respects, but, for us, over-deep. Prof. Henry A. Beers discusses "Literature and the Civil War" at some length. — The leading article in Scribner's is on "American Portraiture of Children," by Harrison S. Morris. The illustrations are reproduced from paintings by John S. Sar- gent, Cecilia Beaux, and several other artists. The text is not technical, but what artists call "literary." Mr. Morris permits himself to say that Sargent "enjoys the biologic practice of revealing the secrets of life with a brush," but this may perhaps be excused as being semi-scientific; biology is a good shelter for almost any sort of prac- tice. "A Forgotten Pilgrimage," by Ernest C. Peixotto (with the author's striking drawings), gives a pleasant ac- count of the little-known valley of Roea- madour, with its ancient shrine of St. Ama- dour in the southwest of France. Thomas Nelson Page's "Old Virginia Sunday" is readable and agreeable, though we should say that he rather strained his parallel be- tween Sunday in Virginia and the Puritan first day of the week. No doubt the church in Massachusetts and the church in Vir- ginia were both established by law; but they were essentially opposed churches. The feeling about religion in the two com- munities was wholly different. One of Mr. Page's anecdotes illustrates this. When the question of disestablishment came up after the Revolution, an old Virginian in cocked hat and ruffles was approached, and asked how he would vote. He said he would vote for the bill, as, in his opinion, every man should have the right to go to heaven by his own read, but he was very sure that every gentleman would always take the Episcopalian road. The feeling that the Church represented a creed and form of worship peculiarly adapted to gen- tlemen came directly from England to Vir- ginia, and would never have done for a Puritan commonwealth at all. Of course religious observance was insisted on in Virginia to a degree not dreamed of now. But so it was everywhere. Mr. Page's article is interesting as recalling the fact that disestablishment in Virginia was fol- lowed by purification and reform. Bishop Meade "preached a stern gospel and lived it." The old infidel, Thomas Jefferson, as his enemies called him, had done a good stroke for religion in taking away state support. — In Harper's, under the title of "A Wo- man in the Paris Revolution of 1830," are given some letters written by Mrs. Rives, Wife of Mr. William Cabell Rives, then Min- ister to France. They are illustrated with portraits and prints, one or two of con- siderable interest. The writer of the let- tors was twenty-six years of age when her husband was appointed Minister by Jack- son, and her account of what she saw of the convulsion that upset the old regime for the second time is worth reading. In July, 1830, a visit was paid by Mr. and Mrs. Rives to La Grange to see "our venerable friend Lafayette," and while there, they got tidings of the Revolution. When the new Government was installed, they were invited to attend the Chamber of Deputies; but there was still a good deal of disorder. Washington Irving, one of their party, ap- pears to have been "smuggled in as an at- tache," and admission was finally gained rdther by Mr. Rives's readiness in account- ing for the absence of a tricolor ribbon than by his representative character. "You are quite fine with your habit brode," a citizen observes; "but where is the tri- color?" "C'est dans mon cceur," declares the diplomat, with his hand on his heart. "Bravo!" cries the patriotic citizen, and immediately the crowd parts to the right and left. The Powers were not represent- ed on this occasion, their representatives prudently staying away. The persons who attracted most attention were Talleyrand and Lafayette. "Seated justopposite to each other, they presented as remarkable a con- trast in their appearance as in their lives, and the open, honest countenance of the one, snugly invested in a full auburn wig, and the careworn, sharp features of the other, rendered paler by the silvery white of his hair, blanched by the snows of eighty winters, were universally observed." The new King, a young English officer whispers to Mrs. Rives, had better throw both these two into the Seine, for one "has sworn fidelity to eight different govern- ments, and the other is a revolution In himself." Some "New Letters of R. L. Stevenson" are given, together with an in- troductory "Note and Comment" by Horace Townsend. They are full of amusing and often wise Stevensoniana. We hear a great deal of rubbish talked about him by his feebler admirers, but almost everything he wrote had an original touch in it. Of his own photographs he says: "The truth is, I have no appearance; a certain air of disreputa- bility is the one constant character that my face presents. The rest changes, like water, but still I am lean and still dis- reputable." — The Century lor December contains an article on "Christmas in France," by Th. Bcntzon, with pictures by Maurice Boutet de Monvel. In it is an account of what remains, or recently remained, in the south of France of the Mystery that used to be part of the Christmas midnight mass. Some of this is said to date from the twelfth century. The last act dates from the sixteenth, and "used to be played un- der the pulpit, near the baptismal fonts." These represent the palace of Herod, the king being seated on a raised throne, be- tween his two ministers, while three law- yers are grouped about a table covered with books. Suddenly the Star of Bethle- hem glides on a string across the scene overhead. A knocking is heard on the church door, and the personages here call- ed the Magi enter in full Oriental cos- tume, and make known their errand to Herod. The lawyers are consulted, and finally Herod sends off the Magi to Bethle- hem. They walk toward the sanctuary, where the shepherdesses are awaiting them, and the mass is now concluded, the communion being administered to all pres- ent, including the actors. At the last an angel appears to warn the Magi that they must not visit Herod again, and while the star reappears as a guide, the wick- ed King rises noisily, and gives orders for the slaughter of the innocents. The French Christmas, properly speaking, is still pri- marily a religious festival. In a secular way the jour de Van "means to us what Christmas does in northern countries." On the other hand, Paris is nothing if not cosmopolitan, and the shrine of Santa Claus has been set up and Christmas trees and mistletoe acclimated. James Grant Wilson contributes the first of two papers on "Thackeray in the United States." This instalment contains some memorabilia of interest and a few characteristic illustra- tions. John A. Kasson's "Impressions of President McKinley," with special re- ference to his opinions on "reciprocity," and an "old acquaintance's" account of "The Personality of President Roosevelt," are accompanied by full-page portraits. Neither paper is critical in tone, and neith- er of them adds much to our knowledge of Mr. Roosevelt or his predecessor. Mr. Kasson's statement, however, of what Mr. McKinley said to him about Porto Rico is worth quoting. When he declared it to be our "plain duty" to give free trade to Porto Rico, Mr. Kasson was one of those who regretted that he was at the same time quite ready to compromise the matter; and expressed his regret. But Mr. McKinley turned his eyes upon his critic "with a serious expression," and said: "I could not allow the Republican party in the House to be defeated by the votes of the Democratic minority." On this, says Mr. Kasson, "My eyes were opened." Strange that this simple test, capable of applica- tion to any moral question as it arises, should not have occurred to Mr. Kasson him- self. — Mr. Charles Francis Adams's paper on which a correspondent commented in our last issue, was read before the American Antiquarian Society on October 30. It is characterized by this writer's usual force of presentation and suggestiveness, and, as is well known from the approval bestowed upon it by the London press, it is an at- tempt at applied history. As issued in pamphlet form by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., it bears the title: '1865-1900. The Confed- eracy and the Transvaal; A People's Obli- gation to Robert E. Lee'; but the sub- title seems less to indicate Mr. Adams's pur- pose than the main title. He virtually says to the Boers: "Your vain bushwhacking is unchristian, and ought to be stopped." And this is the only point of his parallel. We think he overlooks here the complete homo- geneousness of the Boer population — all middle-class, no slaveholding aristocracy, no "poor whites"; the cause, national integ- lity, as against the perpetuation of slav- ery; the normal loose, guerrilla military or- ganization of the Boers, as against the strict discipline which alone kept the Confederate armies together to the bitter end. Indeed, Henry A. Wise, whom Mr. Adams cites free- ly through his son's recollections, assured

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438 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1901 Lee on the eve of surrender that personal loyalty to him was the sole remaining bond. It was Wise, too, who argued vehemently against further resistance, and prepared Lee to withstand his chief of artillery Gen. Alexander's arguments in favor of disper- sion for a forlorn-hope guerrilla campaign. Wise knew and said the game was up; and this meant not only that defeat impended over Lee's and Johnston's armies, but that there were no reserves of men or treasure or ammunition such as the Boers have com- manded— that there was no adjoining coun- try of sympathizers of the same race and as- pirations to supply the sinews of irregular warfare. Lee knew this quite as well as Wise, and he had the deciding vote. Honor to both; but is the lesson to the Boers so clear, especially in the face of the prolonga- tion of hostilities in South Africa, with no prospect of termination? — 'Two Treaties of Paris and the Supreme Court,' by Sidney Webster (Harper & Bros.), is a review by a well-known and competent hand of the insular cases. It should be compared with Mr. Littlefleld's recent article in the Harvard Laic Review on the same subject. Mr. Webster does not make a set argument, but discusses the question of colonies in the light of the history of the country and its former dealings with acquired territory, bringing out the inconsistencies of the recently de- livered opinions with one another and with any conceivably systematic theory of our national development. What, he says, has the Supreme Court adjudged in the in- sular cases? It is this: "After Porto Rico was conquered and before it was acquired by cession, the military executive power could levy on them any duties it deemed proper; after the acquisition and before the enactment of the Foraker law, the levy of duties at New York under the Dingley law on merchandise from Porto Rico, and the levy by military officers in Porto Rico on merchandise arriving there from the United States, were illegal; under the For- aker law, the duties laid on merchandise from Porto Rico to New York were law- fully levied at that port, and yet, under the Foraker law, commerce between Porto Rico and New York was and is coastwise." The alarming fact is, however, not so much that the court's reasoning is illusory and its decisions contrary to precedent, as that the upshot of these judgments is to invest Congress with plenary powers, to create colonies and a colonial system at pleasure. The judgments amount to a sort of abdication by a majority of the Su- preme Court, leaving Congress warranted in inferring that whatever it may choose to do in the colonies will find five judges to sustain it, provided the decision is nec- essary to what the party in power main- tains as our colonial system. The insular cases thus establish through the highest tribunal a new charter of despotism. —A public library of Chinese books in Shanghai, founded by a Chinese, is one of the latest and most significant indications of the progress which Western ideas and institutions are making in China. But not satisfied with this, Mr. Loo has also prom- ised to give $3,000 to build translation of- fices for the Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge in that city. The guiding principle of this society has always been that ignorance is the chief obstacle to the spread of Christianity in China, and, accordingly, under its auspices, the history, science, social and political, as well as religious, life of the West have been made accessible to the educated Chi- nese through translations from the best Western authors and through popular treatises specially written in Chinese. For one of these latter on political economy, entitled 'Simple Truths,' there is now a great demand, and another on internation- al law is asked for, while Seeley's 'Ex- pansion of England' is being translated. A noteworthy testimony to the present need of such a society is the written request of Yuan Shih-Kai, the successor of Li Hung Chang, and probably the coming man, to its secretary for a list of the best books, in Chinese on modern learning. "He ex- plained that he did not intend to promote any of his 500 expectant Mandarins until they had passed an examination in West- ern science and learning." Still more striking evidence of this hunger for knowl- edge was shown at a recent examination in Hunan, for many years the most bit- terly anti-foreign of the provinces. Prac- tically all of the three to four thousand candidates came to an American missionary to get information on all kinds of subjects, buying his whole stock of educational lit- erature. In recognition, possibly, of the aid given, the Viceroy of the province has contributed $2,000 to the funds of the So- ciety. Still another instance of this in- terest in modern educational methods is the gift of three Chinese of $20,000 to build a high school for Chinese boys in Shang- hai. RECENT POETRY. The subjects of Mr. William Archer's 'Poets of the Younger Generation' (Lane) are almost all English, including only a few Canadians like Carman, Roberts, and Scott, and a few Americans — apparently hit upon rather at random — Miss Alice Brown, Madison Cawein, Richard Hovey, George Santayana, and John B. Tabb. The book is unreasonably large and profuse in quota- tions. Its style may be called Australian —that is, easy, diffuse, gushing, and with a great preponderance of the first person singular; the words "I" and "my" occur- ring, for instance, in such a passage as this (p. 3): "The one merit I claim for my criticism is sincerity. The things I praise are the things I genuinely and spontaneous- ly enjoy; and I could not if I would sim- ulate such enjoyment." This egotism must not, however, be attributed to pure con- ceit, but represents a very common point of view; and when we consider how tire- some critics usually become by following out an established system, it is a pleasant variety to turn to one who frankly makes his judgments a matter of pure whim. Something of the same quality was visible in a somewhat similar book, reviewed by us some years since, on 'Younger Amer- ican Poets,' the work of another Australian, Mr. Douglas Sladen. Some peculiar inter- est is given to Mr. Archer's criticisms by the fact that he has hitherto been espe- cially known as a critic of the drama; and one notices throughout this book that it is the dramatic, not the lyric, side which most interests him. The charming lyric qualities of Mr. Yeats, for instance, he does not always recognize, though he gives him some good counsel when he closes by say- ing: "It appears from the notes to 'The Wind in the Reeds,' rather than from the poems themselves, that Mr. Yeats is be- coming more and more addicted to a petri- fied, fossilized symbolism, a system of hieroglyphs which may have had some in- herent significance for their inventors, but which have now become matters of re- search, of speculation, of convention" (p. 556). This is true and excellent; and very good also is this, in respect to our coun- tryman, Father Tabb: "Mr. Tabb is, I un- derstand, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. Though there is nothing cloistral in his spirit, which has a wide enough out- look on nature and man, yet the patient minuteness of his workmanship is not without a monkish quality. But it is the gem-engraver rather than the illuminator that Mr. Tabb recalls" (p. 428). The book is unquestionably by far the best work of its kind, thus far. and helps to console the American reader for his disappointment in the second series of the 'Golden Treasury,' which should have done similar work. It is certain that Mr. Arch- er, within the limit of his gifts, is alto- gether candid and honest, and cannot make even the accustomed English hit at Amer- icans without a touch of courtesy, as when he says: "It may be a cis-Atlantic illusion, but I think that American poets are more apt than English poets of the same stand- ing to use words without strict inquiry in- to their meaning" (p. 215). Mr. Archer does not apparently realize that he is here using a very strong expression — "more apt"! On revisiting city friends after their au- tumnal return from the country, one no- tices in their houses a faint aroma, proba- bly attributable to fly powder— an atmos- phere scented with association of darken- ed windows and silent summer days. Some- thing of the same close odor prevails throughout all books of English University poetry, and has done so ever since the days of Praed. He alone made it really attrac- tive. The others have simply the atmos- phere of restriction and limitation, and the books are full of microscopic but familiar jokes. The fame of Calverley himself, chief of the class, rests on no wider basis ('The Complete Works of C. S. Calverley,' Lon- don: Bell; New York: Macmillan). He is praised as if he were Milton, but, after all, he was only a good translator of Horace and Theocritus into English, and of Mar- lowe and Tennyson into Latin. Much of his jocose poetry is already hard reading. His career at Oxford "was distinguished by a series of tours de force, intellectual and physical, sufficient to have furnished forth a dozen ordinary reputations" (p. 19); but perhaps his most long-lived poem will be one somewhat pathetically entitled "Chang- ed" (p. 69): I know 11.. 1 « by niy soul is raek'd: \\ liy I ne'er smile as was my wonf I only know tbat, as a fact, I don't. I used to roam o'er glen and glade Buoyant and blithe as other folk: And not unfrequently I made A joke. I eannot sing tile old songs now! It is not that I deem tliein low; 'Tis that I eau't remember how They go. I could uot range the hills till high Above me stood the summer moon; And as to dancing, I could fly As soon. The sports, to which with boyish glee I sprang erewhlle, attract no more;

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ISTation. 439 Although I am but sixty-three Or four. Nay, worse than that, I've seem'd of late To shrink from happy boyhood— boys Have grown so noisy, and I hate A noise. They fright me, when the beech is green, By swarming up its stem for eggs: They drive their horrid hoops between My legs: It's idle to repine, I know; I'll tell you what I'll do instead: I'll drink my arrowroot, and go To bed. Again, in Owen Seaman's 'Horace at Cam- bridge' (Lane), we cannot find a stanza which should have a moment's interest for any but fellow-graduates of that great uni- versity. We can dimly recall some excel- lent parodies by Mr. Seaman in earlier pub- lications, but here all is sheer intra-mural pleasantry, hardly offering temptation for the passer-by to look over the wall. 'The Book of the Horace Club, 1898-1901' (Oxford: Blackwell), is the work of Mr. Seaman's mates — for he is an honorary member — and, being contributed by a dozen different authors from as many different colleges, it should have greater variety. Perhaps the best work in it is to be found in this crisp and vigorous squib, bearing the initials of J. Williams, D.C.L., of Lincoln College (p. 66). It is styled "a tragedy in five acts": A "CRUSHING" EXPOSURE. I. 'Twas in Throgmorton Street we met, We were two fools and one promoter, And Jones and I shall ne'er forget Floater. II. Yes, Floater was his name; he penned A very readable prospectus. But that was just what in the end Wrecked us. III. The public bit and read about The chances of a record crushing. And things that Floater wrote without Blushing. IV. The shares rose fast, and there was fun For us and Floater for a fortnight Until they fell a point in one Short night. V. Then Floater sought to save his skin By imitating Jones's pen-mark, And Floater last was heard of in Denmark. Fresher than either of these, perhaps, be- cause more recent, is 'Anni Fugaces; A Book of Verse with Cambridge Interludes' (Lane), by R. C. Lehmann, who is really amusing and also essentially modern in his congratulations to the Master of Trinity. It appears that Dr. Butler, the Master, was senior classic in 1855, and that Mrs. Butler, then Miss Agneta Ramsay, was senior clas- sic in 1887; and the birth of a son to so eminently scholastic a pair gave fit op- portunity to every Cambridge man; and we subjoin a fragment from this truly me- morial poem (p. 95)— a congratulatory ode on the birth of his son: TO THE MASTER OF TRINITY. And the son! with two such parents this small member of our college Must be, unlike the ruck of us, a paragon of knowledge; Armed cap-a-pie with wisdom like the goddess in the stories; A human sort of letters which we term liuri an lores; A kind of tiny scholiast who'll startle his rela- tions With his luminous suggestions and his subtle emendations; A lexicon in arms, with ail the syntax grafted iu on him; A Gradus ad I'arnassum, full of epithet and synonym; A Corpus Poetarum, such as 'classics love to edit, he Will furnish, let me hope, a bright example of heredity. Though no doubt he'll be a stoic or a modern Pocahontas (This allusion Is ti /3cip/3apoe) when cutting his b&ovra? ; Yet if he when his teething time approaches should to cry elect. He will cry, I am persuaded, In the purest Attic dialect. The nearest that America Just now gives us in the way of university poems is the volume by Mr. Santayana entitled 'The Hermit of Carmel, and Other Poems' (Scribner). In the latter part of the book are "Convivial and Occasional Verses," such as "Six Wise Fools," "College Drink- ing Song," "Young Sammy's First Wild Oats," and other verses supposed to be convivial, but certainly not producing any such effect when read by the general read- er. Even serious verse has never seemed to us Mr. Santayana's strong point, nor does this volume vary the impression. The doubt still open whether Mr. Edwin Markham is a poet or only a man of poetic mind is not wholly solved by 'Lincoln, and Other Poems' (McClure). There still re- mains a little sense of imitation or even of echo, and the reader is disappointed. These little verses give a glimpse of a lighter touch than usual (p. 54): LOVES TO-MORROW (For Florence Sharon.) E; se of heart or ache of heart, Tell me, Love, the thing to be; Flower of dream or dust of dream, You can choose the one for me. Fire or ash of fire, who knows? Both are folded in the flame. Life all grey and life all rose Are hidden in your name. And the poem on Lincoln closes with vigor, thus (p. 2) : "So came the Captain with the mighty heart; And when the step of Earthquake shook the house, Wrenching the rafters from their ancient hold, He held the ridgepole up, and spiked again The rafters of the Home. He held his place — Held the long purpose like a growing tree — Held on through blame and faltered not at praise. And when he fell in Whirlwind, he went down As when a kingly cedar green with boughs Goes down with a great shout upon the hills, And leaves a lonesome place against the sky." 'At the Sign of the Ginger Jar: Some Verses Gay and Gray,' by Ray Clarke Rose (Chicago: McClurg), contains the poet's confession: "I beat the cymbals, that is all," Here is a sample of its gayety (p. 63) : SOUR GRAPES. I never cared the least for Lou, Of course; and yet I listened to Her girlish chatter With pleasure that suggested quite A charming quest for one who might Take up the matter. I will admit I saw the child And kissed her band — whereat she smiled — Well, almost daily; But Lou was passing sweet and young. And then, you know, she laughed and sung, Ah me! so gayly! I kissed her hand, and more, perhaps; But just to pique the younger chaps Who were so plenty. Well— I am one-and-forty now. While Lou— dear me, I must allow She's won, and twenty! That gawky son of Banker Rich Has gained the dimpled prize for which The town was sighing. And I — I have the cards she sent. A woman's modes of punishment Are very trying. When we reach the Pacific Coast we have more of positive passion, and also more of the Celtic ideal which becomes those nearer to the seashore. Mr. Gelett Burgess, in his 'A Gage of Youth; Lyrics from The Lark, and Other Poems' (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.), makes his burden in the "Chant-Royal of California" run in this wise (p. 20) : "This vintage shall the Old World's youth renew," but his most delicately finished poem re- verts, after all, to a distant scene (p. 12): EPITHALAMIUM: IN A SURREY GARDEN. The day still dozes on, and in the shade The bushes nod in silence, half asleep. Across the lawn the housewife shadows creep, Till now. at last, the evening bed is made. The sunflower droops, tin' yellow daisies fade. The winds, with gentle harping* low and deep. The quivering branches of the plane trees sweep; The birds, besought to silence, have obeyed. Now looks the Moon across the dotted sky To find this quiet Garden, dark and fair, Lying, a bridal maiden, in the night; The bright-faced lover sees her from on high, And down he drops a silvery ladder there. Descends, and fills her waiting heart with light: Mr. Louis Alexander Robertson prints 'The Dead Calypso, and Other Verses' (San Francisco: Robertson). His poem "Jubi- late Deo" indicates an Englishman writing in America, and sounds rather .sadly now, having been written during the Queen's Jubilee of four years ago, and being now read when England is under a cloud. The title-poem strikes us as florid rather than vigorous, but suggests the possibility that the author's next volume may be better than his first. Passing from San Francisco 10 Louisville, we find in 'Sonnets and Lyrics,' by R. E. Lee Gibson (Louisville: Morton), as in Mr. Cawein — though in a less degree— that florid quality which is so apt to mark the versification of the Southern muse. Ad- dressing his friend, he writes (p. 83) : "Oft have I wondered from what source unknown You gleaned the inklings of your 'Gloramone'; In what far region, pure and undefiled, 'Lyanna' first upon your vision smiled; And where 'Noera,' with her 'laughing, clear. Loved voice of old,' delighted first your ear." But we can assure Mr. Gibson that these proceeded from the same source with such verse as his own (p. 50): "The ominous croak of the raven Resounds, and the screech of the owl; The ghost of a monk, gaunt and shaven, With visage concealed by a cowl. Floats shudderingly by, like a craven, Up-borne on the loitering gale; And beyond, from their niches in heaven, The stars, thro' his body, burn pale." Yet these lines can scarcely be said to delight the ear. Dr. Richard Garnett, in 'The QueeD, and Other Poems' (Lane), handles more skil- fully the changed condition of things in his leading poem, but carries the stain of the time into his vehement sonnet on "Presi- dent Kruger." We turn with more satis- faction to a gentler strain (viii.): TO AMERICA. (After reading some ungenerous criticisms.) What though thy Muse the singer's art essay With lip now over-loud, now over-low? 'Tis but the augury that makes her so . Of the high things she hath in charge to say. How shall the giantess of gold and clay, Girt with two oceans, crowned with Arctic snow, Sandalled with shining seas of Mexico, Be pared to trim proportion in a day? Thou art too great! Thy million-billowed surge Of life bewilders speech, as shoreless sea Confounds the raging eye from verge to verge With mazy strife or smooth immensity. Not soon or easily shall thence emerge A Homer or a Shakespeare worthy thee. There is an increasing tendency, which must be regretted, to the production of large volumes consisting wholly or almost wholly of sonnets — a mistake buch as no one short of Shakspere or Petrarch should commit. Mrs. Mary M. Adams, for instance, gives us more than a hundred of these pro- ductions in 'Sonnets and Songs' (Putnam). Inasmuch as nothing is easier than to write a tame sonnet, and nothing harder than to write a good one, this experiment, seems quite unwise; and it will be noticed that maturer poets such as Lowell do not, after early youth, lump their sonnets together, but distribute them guardedly among other

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4=4,0 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1901 forms of verse. Even so rich a mind as that of Bishop Spalding of Peoria, by bringing together some two hun- dred sonnets and entitling them God and the Soul; A Poem' (The Grafton Press), makes a strain upon the ear and the norvos that defeats its own object. So fine a sonnet as this, for instance, should not be lost to sight among so many others (p. 214): AS IN A DREAM. Through solemn woods in silence deep all day On wild Sierra's topmost ridge, I held My course. No voice disturbed, no sound dispelled The awful stillness which around me lay; And mingled light and shade made all my way Seem haunted by such spirits as of eld With Nature 'midst her lonely forests dwelled. To watch Great Pan and dryads at their play: Then suddenly the mount was cleft in twain, And far beneath, four thousand feet, the gleam Of winding wave made glad the smiling plain, While from a hundred heights the dazzling stream Of many torrents shot the silvery rain, And I, entranced, stood lost as in a dream. Two volumes of negro lyrics, both ad- mirably illustrated, have appearel almost simultaneously, the one being 'Plantation Songs for My Lady's Banjo," by Eli Shep- perd, with pictures from life by J. W. Otts (Russell), and the other, 'Candle-Lightin' Time,' by Paul Laurence Dunbar, illus- trated with photographs by the Hampton Institute Camera Club (Dodd, Mead & Co.). The latter is on the whole the best, seem- ing much nearer to the class it represents, although both have excellent illustra- tions, and both give an encouraging glimpse of the development of a race, thus faithfully studied on its pictureiujie and even poetic side. The loss sustained by literature in the early death of Philip Henry Savage comes over the reader afresh upon examining his 'Poems' (Small, Maynard & Co.). Two qualities impress one in these verses — their wonderful nearness to nature and to New England nature, and the quality described by his biographer, Mr. Mason, as "his stern and yet pagan personal ideal" (p_. xv.). All the flavor of Thoreau and the old Transcendentalism survives in these two verses (p. 92): "Believe in me!" Lord, who art thou That hidd'st me to believe in thin?? I have my life to live, and now Thy yoke would but a burden be; I would be free. "Come, follow me!" Nay. Lord, my way Is wide of thine along the sea; Among the hills I love to stray. Nor walks there any one with me; Why 1 with thee? Yet here we find the limitations of pagan- ism recognized (p. 19): " 'Something in the sense of morning I. ills the heart up to the sun.' In our youth we may be pagan, God is many, and the One Great Supreme will wait till evening When our little day is done: Something in the sense of morning Lifts the heart up to the sun!" Miss Martha Gilbert Dickinson, in her 'The Cathedral, and Other Poems' (Scrib- ner), has still the disadvantage of being constantly expected to resemble her gift- ed aunt, although both her themes and her treatment may be different. The younger poet has more of color in her lines than the elder, as in the following (p. 135): DEVONSHIRE POPPIES. Here, one piers lonely through a gate— Pink-coated huntsman, pad, astray; There, turbaned courtiers of state Are blurred iu carnival array. As scarlet acrobats they run To vault the hedgerow's mystery, Leaping fantastic in the sun, A blaze of Nature's jugglery. Like Highland troopers others pass. With kilt of Qame and funic green— Their bonnets blowing iu the grass, Their piper's skirl a lark unseen. Will-o'-the-wisp of Summer noons, They flit 'mid haymakers at rest. And up the path of harvest moons Are lost o'er sunset's gleaming crest. But Emily Dickinson herself might have written the following (p. 109): WHAT THE GULL HEARD. (The First Boat.) Oh to be out on the open sea! Bride of the waves and veiled in their foam! Rotted the beam and the sail will be— Anchoring here at home. (The Second Boat.) Oh to be over the harbor bar! Safe from the perils that crash and yawn; Tattered in shroud and mangled in spar— I shall go down ere dawn! Sir Edwin Arnold's new poem, 'The Voy- age of Ithobal' (Dillingham), adds nothing to his fame, we fear. It is hard and dreary reading, and the illustrations, by Arthur Lumley, are florid and grotesque. It is "dedicated to his friend, Major James B. Pond, by the attached and grateful au- thor." It is something to make sure of at least one sympathetic critic. 'Deirdre Wed, and Other Poems,' by Her- bert Trench (Lane), is also a failure as an attempt to prolong interest in the some- what hackneyed story of Deirdre. But that and all Celtic legends become immortal through the magic hands of Fiona MacLeod, who is as much the queen of the Gaelic branch of the legend as is Mr. Yeats the king of the Erse. If poetry is a vision of the imagination, this little volume of a hundred pages, entitled 'From the Hills of Dream' (Portland: Mosher), is worth all the others which we have been describing; and how easy it must be to write dreamy verse if one's cradle has been rocked by such a wondrous lullaby as this (p. 62): INVOCATION OF PEACE. (After the Gaelic.) Keep peace I breathe into you, O weariness, here; O ache, here! Deep peace, a soft while dove to you; Deep peace, a quiet rain to you; Deep peace, an ebbing wave to you! Deep peace, red wind of the east from you; Deep peace, gray wind of the west to you; Deep peace, dark wind of the north from you; Deep peace, blue wind of the south to you! Deep peace, pure red of the flame to you ; Deep peace, pun. white of the moon to you; Deep peace, pure green of the grass to you; Deep peace, pure brown of the earth to you; Deep peace, pure gray of the dew to you, Deep peace, pure bine of the sky to you. Deep peace of the running wave to you Deep peace of the flowing air to you, Deep peace of the quiet earth to you. Deep peace of the sleeping stones to you! Deep peace of the Yellow Shepherd to you. Deep peace of the Wandering Shepherdess to you, Deep peace of the Flock of Stars to you. Deep peace from the Son of Peace to you, Deep peace from the heart of Mary to you, From Bridget of the Mautle Deep peace, deep peace! And with the kindness, too, of the Haughty Father, Peace! In I he name of the Three who are One, And by the will of the King of the Elements, Peace! Peace! RECENT LAW BOOKS. 'International Law,' by George Grafton Wilson and George Fox Tucker (Silver, Burdett & Co.), is the title of a hand-book of 328 pages on that subject. Appen- dices give the United States Instruc- tions for Armies in the Field, the Declaration of Paris, the Geneva Con- vention, etc. The manual seems hardly intended as more than an introduction, but the authors have bestowed a good deal of attention on the details of Diplomacy, a subject the elements of which are too much lakf-n for granted by most writers; and in one of the appendices the actual history of a case in a prize court is set down in full — an excellent innovation. The treatment of the substantive principles of International Law seems to us rather superficial. The three rules of the Geneva arbitration and the Trent case are slurred over, although two pages are given to the formal parts of the Treaty of Washington — certainly a matter of less importance. The statement that the Bering Sea arbitration decided that "fishing in the open sea is free to all," seems con- tradicted by the statement that the court also decided that the destruction of seals in the open sea was "contrary to the laws of nature" (pp. 116, 117). A slip has evidently been made here. In the same way the sense of the note on page 307 Is destroy- ed by the word "belligerent" being used where "neutral" is intended. "Contraband" is always a difficult subject, and our authors frankly find it and leave it so. Two additions to the voluminous "Horn- book Series" (St. Paul: West Publishing Co.) are a 'Handbook of Equity Juris- prudence,' by James W. Eaton, and a 'Handbook of Admiralty Law,' by Robert M. Hughes. The first contains some six thousand cases. Owing to the death of the author, the preface is furnished by the publishers, who say that in the. prepara- tion of the work free use of the material used in 'Fetter on Equity' was authorized by the owners of the copyright, but that, "in the main," the work is derived "from the decisions." Mr. Hughes says of his work that it is "intended to be elementary" and arranged for convenience in teaching. A new and revised edition of HugoHirsch's 'Tabulated Digest of the Divorce Laws of the United States' is published by the Funk & Wagnalls Co. The author gives in this publication a chart of the law of di- vorce in a single folding page. At the top appearsthe list of the StatesandTerritories; at the sides are the causes for divorce. At the foot of the sheet is the practice in every jurisdiction. For ordinary purposes of reference it is both concise and in- geniously convenient. Joseph A. Arnold's 'Guide for Business Corporations in the State of New York' (Baker, Voorhis & Co.) contains the Business Corporations Law of this State, as amended to dale, with notes and forms. The amendments of 1901 have made altera- tions in this law "which greatly increase and amplify the rights and powers of bus- iness corporations, and materially lessen the liabilities formerly imposed upon di- rectors and stockholders." The organiza- tion tax has been reduced (in the case of domestic companies), the duty of filing an- nual reports has been transferred from the directors to certain stockholders, and no default occurs until ten days after a writ- ten demand. Money may be borrowed ir- respective of the amount of capitalization, directors need not be stockholders, only one director must be a resident of New York. These changes, the author thinks, have made New York most "desirable and economical" as a home for corporations. The volume is a compact and useful hand- book. An annotated edition of the General Ordi- nances of the City of New York under the new charter has been made by George Whit- field Brown, jr., of the New York bar (The Banks Law Publishing Co.). The work was much needed, no general code of the va- rious local municipal ordinances affecting the community now known as New York

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ISTation. 441 having ever been compiled, though the amended charter of 1901 makes provision for it. Mr. Brown found many ordinances out of print and "many records missing." The present chaotic condition of things is a disgrace to the city, and should be reme- died as soon as possible. Municipal ordi- nances affect the daily life of every inhabi- tant of a city, and the indifference to their enforcement in New York, still more the general ignorance of what they are, is a queer feature of our situation. There is. for Instance (sec. 667), the prohibition of hand-organ playing after seven p. m., and the provision that there shall be no hand- organ playing at all within 250 feet of the house of any one who objects. We doubt whether the average citizen has any idea that these ordinances exist. It is not from lack of ordinances that we suffer; and the reformed Board of Aldermen can do no better work than bring a knowledge of their real nature and scope home to every denizen of the city. Life on the Stage: My Personal Experiences and Recollections. By Clara Morris. Mc- Clure, Phillips & Co. 1901. Miss Clara Morris's volume is not only one of the best stage books that have been published in a good many years, but a most illuminative bit of autobiography. It is written with the rarest frankness, and is, perhaps, even more interesting as a revela- tion of the woman herself than it is as a record of the making of a great actress, as she undoubtedly was in her own line, and of the trials and obstacles which bar the road to substantial and permanent theatri- cal success. For all beginners it is full of warning, instruction, and encouragement. It shows the prizes within the reach of ability, backed by courage, perseverance, and fa- voring fortune, but it is no less explicit about the drudgery, the humiliation, and the futility which are the lot of the vast majority of incompetents, while it remorse- lessly lays bare In all their ugliness the petty intrigues, vanities, jealousies, and animosi- ties which distract the little world behind the scenes. The book, considering the call- ing of the author, is surprisingly free from mere padding, being confined almost entire- ly to personal experiences, and reveals de- cided literary ability, although the style is marred by colloquialisms and a too fre- quent indulgence in florid oratory and ir- relevant pious ejaculations. Miss Morris, who, many persons will be surprised to hear, was born in Canada, was reared in the hard school of adversity, and In her youth shared with a devoted mother the pinch of bitter poverty. She had none of the joys of childhood, except during two years spent on a farm in Illinois, but early learned the virtues of patience, endurance, and observation. Of regular education she had little. For a brief period she attended a public school, but, practically, she seems to have been self-taught, having a passion for reading of every description. It was by chance that she went upon the stage, when only thirteen years old, being en- gaged "for the ballet" by the well-known manager John Ellsler, who was then the director of a theatre in Cleveland. This was the beginning of a long period of thankless but formative labor. Her duty was to march, to dance, to act as fairy, or messen- ger, or any other supernumerary personage; and her remuneration was three dollars a week. Thus she started at the very bottom of the ladder, and for a long time she made no apparent progress, although really she was getting the benefit of priceless object- lessons from the eminent actors whom she, in her unconspicuous way, supported. From the first she was a shrewd and keen observ- er, and her narrative is full of pregnant comment. For instance, speaking of the ac- tors of 1865, she says: "I can't help noticing the difference be- tween their attitude of mind toward their profession and that of the actor of to- day. Salaries were much smaller then, work was harder, but life was simpler. The actor had no social standing; he was no longer looked down upon, but he was an un- known quantity; he was, in short, an actor pure and simple. He had enthusiasm for his profession — he lived to act, not merely [sic] living by acting. But above all and beyond all else, the men and women re- spected their chosen profession. Their con- stant association of mind with Shakspere seemed to have given them a certain dig- nity of bearing as well as of speech. To- day . . . they are clubmen. . . . They draw large salaries, and too frequently they have to act in long-running plays, that are made up of smartish wit and cheapest cynicism — mere froth and frivolity; while the effective smashing of the Seventh Com- mandment has been for so long a time the principal motif of both drama and farce, that one cannot wonder much at the general tone of flippancy prevailing among the theatrical people of to-day." In this passage she goes to the very root of the evils which have brought the stage to its present desperate condition. The book is well seasoned with tales of stage mishaps, blunders, personal idiosyn- crasies, etc., most of which are fresh and humorously told, and with anecdotes of em- inent actors of the past, with interesting bits of contemporaneous opinion. Miss Morris was greatly impressed by the beauty and genius of the unhappy John Wilkes Booth, and tells a pretty story of his treat- ment of a little street urchin whom he had accidentally upset, as an instance of his natural courtesy and tender-heartedness. According to her, his theatrical associates were almost unanimous in regarding him as an actor of greater natural gifts than his famous brother Edwin; and she gives an impressive account of the incredulous horror and amazement with which his in- timates heard of his awful crime. For the luckless Lucille Western, too, she claims the meed of true greatness, in spite of the somewhat rank luxuriance of her emotion, remarking acutely that there is "a cer- tain tang of wildness in all things natural." Of the late Charles W. Couldock — a sound actor, who achieved distinction in spite of great physical disabilities — she gives a vivid but rather malicious picture, scarcely in accordance with the canons of good taste. The graceful tribute in the closing para- graph does not conceal or make amends for the bitterness of it. But Miss Morris was sensitive to slights, and there is no- thing more characteristically feminine in her book than her payment of old scores with sharp thrusts, delivered under the cloak of compliment. Her chapter on Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean is capital reading. She makes much fun, most of it legitimate enough, of the vanities and eccentricities of that amiable old couple, but does ample jus- tice to their excellence in "Henry VI'II." and some other plays, and gives an inter- esting and not generally known story of tht adventure undertaken by Mrs. Kean in Rome to procure an exact facsimile of a Cardinal's robe for her husband's Wolseij. Coming to more recent days, when Miss Morris was still in obscurity but rising slowly to the light, she speaks warmly of the fine ability, the indomitable ambition and energy, and sterling character of Law- rence Barrett, and his long-suffering affec- tion for his wayward brother, Joe Barrett; adding a curious personal experience of her own in connection with the death of the latter — nervous, telepathic, coincidental, or imaginary — which will be noted by spirit- ualists. By this time she had advanced, through much tribulation, faced with cheer- ful courage, to the position of leading lady, and had signed the engagement with Au- gustin Daly which opened the doors to fame and fortune. Of her successive triumphs from the days of Anne Sylvester onward, which placed her at the head of the emo- tional actresses of her day, it is not pos- sible or necessary to speak now; but her own minute and sometimes over-rapturous and rhetorical description of them is inter- esting and instructive as a record of untir- ing industry and laborious preparation for the intended theatrical effect. She proves once more how integral a part of genius is the capacity for taking pains. One state- ment that she makes is utterly subversive of the popular belief that she was able to command a free flow of tears at will. "She declares that she could only produce these eloquent signs of affliction by conjuring up the memory of some harrowing incident en- tirely unconnected with the part she was playing, and that there were times when the spell would not work. This, of course, is directly opposed to the theory, in which few students of the stage have any faith, that the actor, to create an illusion, must suffer and rejoice with the fictitious char- acter. Inferior players cherish this falla- cious idea, and this is why they repeat them- selves perpetually, never really acting at all. Understanding and imagination are es- sential to interpretation, which is so rare upon the stage, whereas feeling results simply in a manifestation of self. Perhaps the most illuminative part of Miss Morris's book is her revelation of the inner life at Daly's Theatre, of the dire shifts to which that able and enterprising manager was put, of the atmosphere of in- trigue in which he lived, and of the petty bickerings and jealousies and all uncharit- ableness of which theatrical existence is largely compounded. Here and there one meets with an instance of the love of art for art's sake, but these are few and far between. Miss Morris, sometimes without knowing it, tells the truth about herself as unreservedly as she does about her best friends, and, on the whole, the record is highly creditable to her as woman and as ac- tress. If she is a trifle egotistic now and then, she has much to be proud of, and in her industry, energy, courage, and sturdy faith she sets a shining example to the the- atrical sisterhood. The Book of Sport. Edited by William Patten. New York: J. F. Taylor & Co. 1901. Pp. 411. Two charges are often preferred against us by our foreign critics, namely, that we take our sports too seriously, and that we are more interested in «the individual per- formers than in the thing performed. If

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44:2 The ]STation. [Vol. •/$, No. 1901 these are indeed our weaknesses, then the 'Book of Sport' is likely to be immensely popular. By means of the cooperation of a number of experts it says the last, and probably the truest, word about the pres- ent situation of our favorite sports, and says it with due seriousness; while its pages are embellished with hundreds of portraits of well-known men and women, whose names are familiar in connection with the sports described. The subjects covered by this handsome volume are: Golf, Court Tennis, Racquets, Fives, Squash, Polo, Fox-Hunting, Coaching, Automobiling, Lawn Tennis, and Yachting; and Mr. Pat- ten is to be congratulated on having se- cured writers who not only are experts in these different sports, but are also able to express their views with clearness and vigor. In calling attention to the improvement in women's golf, Miss Underhill makes the statement that it is no longer possible for a woman whose drives average less than one hundred and forty yards to com- pete in the championship class; yet, in spite of this improvement, she admits that our women players are not yet up to the English standard. She believes the reason of this inferiority to be that English wo- men are more athletic and more accus- tomed from childhood to outdoor sports, and that, inasmuch as tournament golf is more fatiguing to women than even tour- nament tennis, the difference is entirely a question of comparative strength. A few years should suffice to test the correct- ness of this theory, for the American girl of to-day is probably no less athletic than her English cousin, and therefore our standard should presently advance to theirs. Miss Underbill's plea that wo- men should be allowed the full privilege of men's courses if they play equally well seems reasonable, and is, in fact, generally conceded. Mr. Harriman takes the view that the su- periority of English golf Is entirely due to the comparatively recent introduction of the game on this side, and to the consequent fact that all our leading players took up the game when no longer in their first youth; and he looks with confidence to the school- boys of the present day to hold their own with the best English amateurs a few years hence. The principal paper on Court Tennis and the affiliated games of Racquets, Fives, and Squash, is written by Mr. E. H. Miles, who is equally well known on both sides of the Atlantic, and holds both the English and the American championships. His residence at Tuxedo brought him into friendly relations with many of the American players, and he entertains a very high opinion of their ca- pabilities. His idea Is, that the American character is essentially energetic, and there- fore naturally adopts the more energetic forms of relaxation; and that, as our winter climate prevents outdoor sports, the games played in courts are peculiarly adapted to our needs. Mr. Miles's paper is didactic, and will be found useful and entertaining apart from the information it contains about individual players. There is also an inter- esting paper on the History of Racquets in New York, by Mr. Lamontagne, who has been aptly called the father of the game. He be- gan to play here in 1848, and continued un- til a few years ago/ and his vigorous old age is a standing argument in favor of this form of exercise. From Mr. Bostwick's paper on Automo- biling, we gather that, after considerable experience, he has reached the conclusion that there is no automobile on the American market that is even reasonably reliable, and that the horse is still the best motive-power for road traffic. Candor compels us to state that this inglorious conclusion has been reached by many other owners of automo- biles. Mr. Whitman's and Mr. Ward's papers on the single and double games of Lawn Tennis are valuable because the writers have been instrumental in carrying the development of the game a step beyond the limit reached in England. This was achieved by their inven- tion of a peculiar twisting service and cer- tain other novelties. Mr. Whitman main- tains that regular training is essential to success in tournament play, and quotes, with disapproval, the criticism of some recent English visitors who, after being defeated, complained that the American players had turned a recreation into a labor. Perhaps we should regard this complaint as another example of the irritation caused by Ameri- can competition. In his paper on Yachting, Mr. Duryea em- phasizes the necessity for a yacht-racing association and for a revision of the mea- surement rules in the interest of a more reasonable type of boat, and we feel con- fident that the majority of yachtsmen will agree with him. Mr. Stephens gives an admirable retrospect of American yachting during the last half-century, and Mr. Irv- ing Cox discourses learnedly of steam yachts, which have increased so wonderful- ly in number and gize during the past ten years. In this connection it is interesting to note that in 1827 the Royal Yacht Club passed a resolution that any member apply- ing steam engines to his yacht should there- by forfeit his membership; and this rule was not abolished till 1856. In a book of this kind there must of ne- cessity be some papers that fall below the general level, but the editing has been well done and there is not much to criti- cise. Mr. Ralph N. Ellis, on Fox-Hunting, is lather diffuse and sometimes obscure. Mr. Oliver H. P. Belmont, in his paper on Coaching, quotes Washington Irving's de- scription of a stage-coach driver in the halcyon days of the English mail-coach, and evidently thinks that Geoffrey Crayon was the name of the driver in question. Mr. J. Parmly Paret, in a paper on the Chronology of Lawn Tennis, refers to the Marylebone Cricket Club, "afterward so famous in cricket," as having made a code of lawn-tennis rules in 1875. He is appar- ently not aware of the fact that the Mary- lebone Club had been "famous in cricket" for a century before 1875. Mr. Stephens refers to the America Cup race in 1876 as the second match, but it was really the third, in succession to the Cambria race of 1870 and the Livonia races of 1871. These are not important matters, how- ever, and the book can be warmly recom- mended as a valuable contribution to the history of sport in this country, and as be- ing likely to acquire additional value in the years to come on account of the per- sonal element to which we have referred. French Furniture and Decoration in the XVIII. Century. By Lady Dilke. Lon- don: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. 1901. Pp. xix, 260. As the volumes of this extraordinary series succeed one another, the student's admiration must needs increase for the in- telligent view of the subject taken by the author, and her well-directed diligence. There is nowhere a set of books more worthy, each of the other, and all of a great and many-sided subject. There ap- peared, in 1884, an octavo volume devoted to the epoch of Louis XIV. and entitled 'Art in the Modern State.' Then, after a lapse of fifteen years, appeared the first of the illustrated quartos — 'French Painters of the Eighteenth Century,' which in Its turn was succeeded by 'French Architects and Sculptors of the Eighteenth Century* in 1900. Now, with only the lapse of one year, comes the present work, and it is to be followed by a final volume on the en- gravers and the draughtsmen of the time, the last-named class to include those de- signers of ornamental subjects whose work is known to us rather by prints from en- graved plates than by the existing works of decorative art themselves. The long pause between the appearance of the Louis XIV. book and those which deal with the successors of that great prince — the trivial and feeble kings in whose hands the royalty came to nothing — is to be accounted for in part by Lady Dilke's frank confession in the preface to one of her later books, that 'Art in the Modern State' was not a commercial suc- cess. It is a simple octavo volume of no great pretensions and without illustrations, and the very moderate merit of the book on the 'Renaissance of Art in France,' pub- lished by this lady in 1879, when she was Mrs. Mark Pattison, may have acted as a deterrent to those who would perhaps have cared to study the not over-attractive lat- er book. It is to be granted, also, that in 1888 the attention of the English art pub- lic had not been called to the essential merit of the seventeenth and eighteenth- century work of the Continent of Europe. It was very much the fashion, in that re- mote period of thirteen years ago, to sniff at the Rococo and the Barocco as if they were one and the same, and to treat with contempt everything later than the Re- naissance proper. Books on these later styles, whether in painting, in sculpture, or in decoration in its more usual sense, are of the last fifteen years. Before that every- thing was Renaissance and Gothic; nor was there any break in the succession of books devoted to the earlier styles, nor any in- terposition of one dealing, with what is commonly known as the Decadence. The present work is divided into thirteen chapters, each of which has its title (as chapter viii., Boucher and the Gobelins; chapter xi., Oeben, Riesener, Gouthifire), but these titles will not explain the sub- ject except to the well-informed student of the arts of the time. It may be better to say that the subject is treated in an al- most continuous narrative, beginning very properly with an analysis of those magnifi- cent rooms which still remain to us from the eighteenth century, and going on, through minor apartments and bedrooms and boudoirs whose exquisite panelling and painting have been removed and are per-

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Dec. 5, 1901] The Nation. 443 haps in museums, to the more portable works of art, such as painted panels, tapes- tries, and furniture. Thus, in chapter i., the Golden Gallery now forming part of the Bank of France, and the H6tel de Soubise, now occupied by the National Archives, are treated; and with them are compared the Hall of Hercules at Versailles, other rooms of almost equal importance still ex- isting, though perhaps in a mutilated state, and again other rooms which have been de- stroyed. Chapter ii. deals with Nicholas Pineau and the extraordinary work that he did in Potsdam in his earlier days and in Paris when he was older. This famous decorator is found in close connection with the architect Gilles Marie Oppenort (or Oppenord, as Lady Dilke writes it), whose name is associated so closely with the great Church of S. Sulpice in Paris. Chapter iii. deals with the wood-carvers who worked in Versailles and elsewhere; chapters iv. and v. with the work done especially for cer- tain great ladies of the French court, from Madame de Pompadour in earlier days to Marie Antoinette in the latest epoch; and here it may be mentioned that there is no very serious attempt at chronological sequence in the treatment of the subject — the general field of study is divided rather by the character of the product than by the epochs. Thus, in chapter xi. the reader finds himself occupied entirely with writ- ing-tables, corner cupboards, commodes and their metal mountings; and the same subject is carried on through chapter xii. and chapter xiii., which last is entirely devoted to the puzzling question of Vernis- Martin. The chronological treatment may be found, however, within the limits of each chapter. There is, indeed, great clearness of statement, and it is easy, within each separate division of the work, for the care- ful reader to trace the evolution of style from 1715 to 1790, or even beyond that epoch, into the earlier beginnings of the curious Revolutionary style that we call after Napoleon's brief Empire, which ended exactly with the century covered by this work. 1715—1815; that is the epoch of the French decadence of artistic style; but, as has been suggested above, the decadence of art is not Decay— it is Decline, and may be full of interest and even full of charm. Lady Dilke's researches are of twofold character: she knows the books well and the unpublished records after a fashion, while, on the other hand, she knows the accessible works of art with a familiarity which is delightful to see. Her work is a labor of love in every sense of the word. It is quite evident that she cares for the beautiful designs themselves, for the deli- cate workmanship in which they are em- bodied and preserved, and for the still re- maining traditional art which was alive to permeate and inspire them all, and which is now loet, apparently for ever. Even a limited space may be strained to admit the following paragraph, which shows how rightly and independently this writer faces the painful question, What has become of the artistic spirit? "An example of this work [an exact ren- dering in tapestry of a portrait of Ma- rie Antoinette, painted by Mme. Vigee- Lebrun] was selected by M. Felix Faure to be boastfully placed before the eyes of the Emperor and Empress of Russia when they visited the Elysge. His taste, which was, it is true, no worse than that of the average public, seems to have accurately gauged that of his imperial vis- itors. The pleasure expressed by the Em- press was so great that M. Jules Guiffrey, the head of the Gobelins Manufactory, was at once ordered by the President to set his workmen to the task of accurately reproducing the whole picture of which the portrait formed a part. As 1 write, I learn that this work, which it has taken three years' labor to complete, is to be offered by the French Government to her Majesty on the occasion of the Russian New Year." In the eighteenth century the artistic spirit still existed, strong and all-pervad- ing. If it went astray into vagaries and allowed fantasy to replace imaginative cre- ation, it showed its ability to recover, and that not once, but at several different epochs and in several different ways. The final achievement of creating, out of the overwrought style of 1750, the severe and restrained type introduced in later years of the reign, and named from the next sovereign, Louis Seize, showed what was still possible. The Revolutionary epoch succeeded, and traditional art came to an end, which is another way of saying that the old world with all that was good in it perished, and that we have been now, for a great part of the century, trying to make a new world, and that under the most un- toward conditions. Alfred Tennyson. By Andrew Lang. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1901. Mr. Lang's 'Tennyson,' like its predeces- sors in this series of "Modern English Writers," is not the ideal short biography, but it is, notwithstanding, a singularly characteristic and engaging essay. We do not expect that a brief life of a literary personage should exhibit the stirring epic quality, say, of Southey's 'Nelson.' The literary career, especially when it is, as Mr. Lang thinks Tennyson's was, "the normal type of what, in circumstances as fortunate as mortals may expect, the life and work of a modern poet ought to be," is, as Browne has it, too devoid of "rubs, doub- lings, and wrenches" to afford the biogra- pher his best opportunity. Mr. Lang does not pretend to go back of the standard biography of the poet by his son; and one who has been an attentive reader of that work will find difficulty in forming an im- pression of the first Lord Tennyson grounded wholly upon Mr. Lang's account of him. Neither does the chief interest of the volume lie in its aesthetic criticism of Tennyson's poetry. Its most notable sec- tions are the paragraphs in which Mr. Lang, with rather less than his usual dis- play of adventitious anecdote, pauses in his path to spar gayly with current popu- lar whimsies, or the chapters in which he assumes the role of special pleader in a tripartite dispute with Mr. Frederic Har- rison on the one hand, and certain cock- sure young critics on the other. The first four chapters, dealing with Tennyson's boyhood, youth, and earlier vol- umes of poetry, are largely excerpted from Lord Hallam Tennyson's record. We may therefore pass them summarily by, pausing only to quote with hearty agreement an ob- servation which we find concerning the mo- tive of that derided poem "Love and Duty." Says Mr. Lang: "Shall s _, " 'Sin Itself be found The cloudy porch oft opening on the Sun?' That this is the province of sin is a pret- ty popular modern moral. But honor is the better part, and here was a poet who had the courage to say so; though, to be sure, the words ring strange in an age when highly respectable matrons assure us that 'passion,' like charity, covers a multi- tude of sins. 'Love and Duty,' we must admit, is 'early Victorian.' " But it is in his discussion of "In Me- moriam" that Mr. Lang comes most stout- ly to quarters with the advocati Diaboli. Matthew Arnold had said, after some faint praise, that Tennyson, alas! was not vn es- prit puissant. Mr. Harrison recently went further, and laid down the dictum that the much - admired religious philosophy of Tennyson was simply the now obsolete lati- tudinarianism of Maurice, Jowett, Kings- ley, and Martineau perfectly phrased, and set to an exquisite melody of verse. And now, lastly, the poet of "In Memoriam."" has been decried or patronized by "other and younger critics who have attained to ai cock-certain mood of negation." It is un- deniable, as Mr. Lang alleges, that a very- considerable number of persons, "nourish- ed as on the milk of lions on the elevat- ing and strengthening doctrines of popu- lar science, trained from childhood to fore- go hope and attend evening lectures, . . . find Tennyson a weakling because he had hopes and fears concerning the ul- timate renewal of what was more thans half his life — his friendship." With alfi these conflicting voices Mr. Lang joins is- sue. He would be a bold man who shouleE assume to arbitrate the final antinomy between mysticism and positivism, rea- son and faith, to which all such con- tentions are ultimately reducible; but we venture to believe that, so far as ob- servable literary facts are concerned, Mr. Lang has easily the best of the argu- ment. It is a common mistake to assume that if a man be by temperamental condition- ing a conservative humanist, working with- in the lines of the alleged academic tra- dition in literature, he is, therefore, nec- essarily lacking in mental energy and in- itiative. Serious students of English; po- etry have long been aware that Tennyson did, in a sense, actually anticipate Dar- win's theory of evolution by fully ten years, and was, so far, un esprit puissant. Mr. Lang's argument from dates in answer to Mr. Harrison's denial of this is perfect- ly sound and convincing. Only, it is best to remind Mr. Lang's reader that he will do well to be on guard against attaching to this point too great importance. The truth is, that Tennyson was, as were Lu- cretius and Virgil, Poe and Blake, in dif- ferent sort, a poetic mind of the type which finds in cosmic speculation a most congenial activity. Keenly sensitive to cur- rents in the intellectual atmosphere, Ten- nyson saw and expressed the trend of the scientific speculation of his day even before the men of science were quite aware of it- All this is obvious and trite enough, and demands little further attention. In de- fending "In Memoriam" from the civil leers- of the younger school of critics, Mr. Lang, judges wisely in laying the emphasis upon* points more poetic than doctrinal. Sure- ly few honest and duly qualified readers; of poetry will wish to controvert his beliel that "to many 'In Memoriam' is almost a lifelong companion; we walk with Great Heart for our guide through the vallev Perilous." To many, such fame as this wilt

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4,4.4. The Nation. [Vol. 7$, No. 1901 seem to spring trom a certain puissance of spirit. In the chapter upon "The Idylls of the King," Mr. Lang, while fully aware of the Immense learning which has been massed upon the subject, contrives to strike, for the purposes of his book, a happy mean be- tween historical and aesthetic criticism. At a time when learned societies are pursuing allegories and "spiritual meanings" with unflagging zeal, it is refreshing to encoun- ter Mr. Lang's exposition of Tennyson's allegoric intention in the Idylls: "He had a spiritual conception, 'an al- legory in the distance,' an allegory not to be insisted upon though its presence was to be felt. No longer, as in youth, did Tennyson intend Merlin to symbolize 'the sceptical understanding' (aa if one were to 'break into blank the gospel' of Herr Kant), or poor Guinevere to stand for the blessed Reformation, or the Table Round for liberal institutions. . . . There was only a 'parabolic drift' in the intention. . . . The Idylls ought to be read (and the right readers never dream of doing any- thing else) as romantic poems, just like Browning's 'Childe Roland,' in which the wrong readers (the members of the Brown- ing Society) sought for mystic mountains and marvels. Yet Tennyson had his own interpretation, 'a dream of man coming in- to practical life and ruined by one sin.' That was his interpretation, or 'allegory in the distance.' " It cannot be admitted that Mr. Lang has said anything definitive concerning Tennyson's poetic art. In writing of poems on classical themes such as "Lucretius" and the matchless lines "To Virgil," he is often happy in his comments; and many passing appreciations are very felicitously phrased, as, for example, when it is said that " 'Tears, idle tears,' is far beyond praise: once read, it seems like a thing that has always existed in a world of poetic archetypes, and has now been not so much composed as discovered and revealed." But in general the criticism is in Mr. Lang's usual manner — empirical, allusive, pic- turesque, suggestive rather than system- atic; translucent rather than transparent. The book, indeed, comes no nearer to the Ideal literary study than it does to the ideal short biography. Its value lies in its timely insistence on a phase of Tennyson's character as a man and as a poet too often overlooked or deprecated — his union of a passionate poet's heart, an imaginative. humanistic temperament, with an unswerv- ing adherence to the things which are "founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure." BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Alien, Grant. The Backslider. Lewis, Scribner & Co. $1.50. Bangs, John Kendriek. Mr. Munchausen. Boston: Noyes, Piatt & Co. $1.50. Ben nson, Bernhard. Lorenzo Lotto. New ed. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmil- lan. $6. Blanchard, Amy E. Mistress May. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. 80 cents. Bourget, Paul. The Screen. J. F. Taylor & Co. si 50. Bouvet, Marguerite. Bernardo and Laurette. Chi- cago: A. C. McClurg & Co. Boynton. H. W. The Golfer's Rubaiyat. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co. Brewster, Frances S. When Mother Was a Little Girl. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. 80 cents. Brooks, Geraldine. 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Dec. 5, 1901] The Nation. IX LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick (1635-1678) Her Family and Friends By C Fell Smith. With 7 Photogravure Portraits and other illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth, $7.50. %• This work Is based upon a large mass of auto- biographical material hitherto unpublished. The Countess was Intimate with the Duchess of York, Lord Clarendon, Bishop Burnet, and many others, while her house became a rallylng-potnt for all the Puritan clergy of the time. The book Is Illustrated by portraits from the collection of the Earl of Cork at Marsten, the Earl of Leicester at Holkham, and from other collections, public and private, and also with three original drawings of Lees Priory by Mr. J. Walter West, A.R.W. S. The Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I. Author of "A History of British India," " The Annals of Rural Bengal," etc. By Francis Henry Skrine, F.S.S., Late of H. M. India Civil Service. With Portraits (2 in Photogravure) and other Illustrations 8vo, cloth, pp. xv-496, $5.40 net. Post- age additional. [ Just Ready. The Life of Lord Russell of Killowen Lord Chief Justice of England By R. Barry O'Brien, author of "The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell." With Photogravure Portrait and Facsimiles. Large 8vo, cloth, $3.50. [December 10. The late Lord Chief Justice of England was well known In America, having twice visited the United States. He will be specially remembered in connec- tion with his work on the Bering Sea, Venezuela, and Parnell Commissions. Dreams and Their Meanings : With many Accounts of Experiences sent by Correspondents, and two Chapters, con- tributed mainly from the Journals of the Psychical Research Society, on Telepathic and Premonitory Dreams. By Horace C. Hutchinson. 8vo, cloth, 322 pages, $3.40 net. By mail, $3.55. [Just Ready *•• This book i3 a review of the different theories and speculations on dreams from different points of view and in different phases of culture; with much curious correspondence sent to the writer to aid his attempt at discovering the common causes of the most recognized dreams— such as the "falling" and the "flying" dream, the dream "of Inadequate cloth," etc., together with two chapters on premonitory dreams. A Winter Pilgrimage Being an Account of Travels Through Pales- tine, Italy and the Island of Cyprus, Under- taken In the Year 1900. By H. Rider Haggard. With 3t full-page illustrations from photographs. Demy 8vo, 363 pages, cloth, gilt top, $4.00. New Fiction STANLEY J. WEYMAN. COUNT HANNIBAL A Romance of the Court of France By Stanley J. Weyman, author of "A Gen- tleman of France," "Under the Red Robe," "The Castle Inn," etc. Crown, 8vo, cloth, ornamental, $1.50. [Just Ready. " Mr. Weyman's really thrilling novel."—*'. T. Tribune. EDNA LYALL. In Spite of All A Romance of Cavalier and Puritan During the Civil War. By Edna Lyall, author of " Donovan," " Doreen," " Hope the Hermit," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.50. " The romance . . . the familiar one of a Royal- ist maiden and a Puritan lover who espoused the cause of the people. ... is of deep Interest and the story thrills with the excitement of conflicts and adventures, mingled with the gentle Influences of love. . . . "The book Is pleasing in all respects, and the story Is exceedingly well told, holding Interest to the end."— Every Evening, Wilmington, Del. MRS. ALFRED SIDGWICK. Cynthia's Way A Story by Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick, author of " The Inner Shrine," "The Grasshoppers," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, $i.5o. *»* An interesting story of the experiences of an English girl of good breeding, who, for the sake of adventure, took service as a governess In a middle- class family in Germany. There Is, of course, a ro. mance In the tale which ends happily for all con. cerned. M. E. COLERIDGE. The Fiery Dawn : A Novel. By M. E. Coleridge, author of " The King with Two Faces," " Non Sequitur," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.50. " Is steeped from end to end In the magic atmos phere of enchantment. The story, in a word, has the glamour of a very beautiful and brilliant dream. . It was a happy Instinct which prompted Miss Coleridge to choose France in the early ' thirties ' for her scene, and that singularly romantl; personage, the Duchesse de BerrI, for her central figure . . . following in Its essential outlines the course of the historical narrative, from the Duchess's sojourn at Massa— where the plot of the Invasion took shape- to her capture and imprisonment at Nantes, Miss Coleridge introduces many of the historic worthies of La Vendie, de Charette, the de la Roberies, Cathe- lineau, de Masnard."— Spectator. EDWARD DYSON. The Gold-Stealers: A Story of Waddy By Edward Dyson, author of " Below and on Top," etc. With 8 Full-Page Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.50. *,» A story of life In Australia with a good deal of human nature and fre«h local color, the time being the early days of the Victorian settlements. Books for Young People The Violet Fairy Book Edited by Andrew Lang. With 8 plates in color and numerous other full-page and text illustrations by H. J. Ford. Crown 8vo, cloth, full gilt, $1.60 net; by mail, $1.75. This Is a new collection of Fairy Stories In con- tinuation of the series of which " The Blue Fairy Book" was the Initial vo ume. A new feature in this year's book Is found in the original drawings in color by Mr. Ford, which have been added to the black- and-white pictures usually provided. The Open=Air Boy By G. M. A. Hewett, M.A., of Winchester College. With 37 Illustrations by Morris Williams and 4 in color by T. B. Stoney. l2mo, $2.00. CONTENTS: I. Angling Made Easy— II. Birds and Their Nests— III. Butterflies for Boys— IV. And Moths— V. Caterpillar Rearing— VI All Kinds of Pets— VII. Ratting. Rabbiting, and the like— IX. Cooking and the Fine Arts— X. The Young Cam- paigner. Sea Fights and Adventures Described by John Knox Laughton. With 32 Illustrations and 7 Maps and Plans. i2mo, $2.00. The stories here told may be accepted as strictly true, though different and highly embellished ver- sions of some of them may be known to the readers. It has been the author's endeavor to avoid all exag- geration; and, wherever it has b3en possible, the nar- rative Is based on the relations of both the com- batants. Flower Legends For Children By Hilda Murray. Pictured by J. S. Eland. With numerous colored and other illustrations. Oblong 4to, boards, $2.00. The Qolliwogg's Auto=Go=Cart Illustrated in color by Florence K. Upton. With verses by Bertha Upton. Oblong 4to, boards. $1.50 nef; by mail, $1.65. "The startling realities of the 'Golliwog' and the grotesque attitudes of his feminine retainers, to say nothing of the entertaining doggerel upon which the pictures are threaded, will exert an almost inex- haustible influence for the entertaiument of four years old and five. For absolute individuality and tenacity of charms there is no one to compare to the great black 'Golliwog' and his Dutch doll friends."— Literary World (Boston). Clean Peter and the Children of Grubbylea By Ottilia Adelborg. Translated from the Swedish by Ada Wallas. With 24 pages in color. Oblong 4to, $1.25. Wonders in Monsterland Adventures with some of the Animals which inhabited the Earth Thou- sands of Years Ago. By E. D. Cuming, author of "With the Jungle Folks," etc. With 52 Illustrations (4 in color; by J. A. Shepherd. Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.00. [Ready Dec. 10 LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Avenue, New York

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Tlie ^NTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1901 " The great American book of the season." — N. Y. Mail and Express. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL H Biography By HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER With Portraits and other Illustrations and a full Bibliography. In two vols., crown 8vo, $3-50, net; postage, 29 cents. COMMENT OF THE PRESS. "An enthusiastic, earnest, and readable account of one of the notable Americans of our time." — N. Y. Tribune. " The volumes amply justify the interest evinced in them. They are a delightful complement to New England literature and breathe a pride in American ideals that is throughout as interesting as it is elevating." — N. Y. Commercial Advertiser. "Mr. Scudder has an intimate knowledge of his subject and he has the taste, the tact, and the sympathy of an accomplished man of letters." —N. Y. Sun. " The authoritative biography of a somewhat baffling per- sonality." —N. Y. Herald. " The most important biographical work of the year. . . . It is one of those rare literary products that are destined to out- live their own day and generation. ... A painstaking, sym- pathetic, scholarly, yet spirited biography." — Chicago Record-Herald. " In these two pleasant volumes we get for the first time a clear idea of the man and of the things which made him. ... In the preparation of these admirable volumes Mr. Scudder has laid readers under great obligations." — Boston Transcript. " It is a complete presentment of the man in his various as- pects and helps to a better understanding and fuller appreciation of him." — St. Louis Globe -Democrat. For sale at all bookstores, or sent direct by the Publishers, HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY, Boston and New York. By JAMES M. LUDLOW Author of " THE CAPTAIN OF THE JANIZARIES'* DEBORAH A TALE of THE TIMES of JUDAS MACCABAEUS Illustrated. I2mo. Cloth. £1.50 "A REVELATION ONLY TOO LONG DELAYED" "A master's vjse of historic Im- agination, Chewrsvcters ere here with fibre like Sha.kespere's best. The ambition of Deboro.h is a.s dar- ing as tho.t of Macbeth."- Boo* JVetuj. " A vivid story, well told. Pvjreln tone and uplifting in thought A veritable oa.sls. Deborah is one of the most bea-vitlful characters of present day fiction."— XOajhingion Star. FLEMING H. R.EVELL COMPANY...Publishers GERMAN BOOKSS iRENTAKiOS VNION SQUARE, New York Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thackeray'sWorksand IMrLi 11-.' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper. Large type, rasv to read. Size 4}+%<< *'%++ OXFORD MAPS H S. OSBORN, IX.D. These maps cover all Bib- lical Geography, contain all recent discoverles.and are accepted authority. Can bo seen over large By PROF PALESTINE. WESTERN ASIA, EQYPT AND SINAI, ST. PAULS TRAVELS rooms. Special terms for the maps as a set. OXFORD MAP PUBLISHERS, Oxford, Ohio rw* /^¥^5 T C An important iO UIK-La volume of plain-spoken letters by Heloise E. Hersey, of the famous school for girls in Boston. $1.00 net. Small, Ma.yna.rd <& Company. Boston.

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Dec. 5, 1901] The ISTation. XI SEEN IN GERMANY BY RAY STANNARD BAKER. With 56 illustrations from photo- graphs and from drawings by George Varian. "This is the modern form of the book of travels, bright as electricity, full of popular practi- cal information, as simple and straightforward as a personal let- ter. It is equally good reading for people who have never travelled in the Fatherland and for those who know more or less of the Kaiser's dominions." — N. Y. Mail and Express. Price, $2.00 net, postpaid, $2,15. M'CLURE, PHILLIPS & CO., PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK Studies of French Criminals of the 19th Century By H. B IRVING. A fascinating study in criminology by the talented son of Sir Henry Irving, and author of "The Life and Times of Judge Jeffreys." 8vo, Cloth $2.50 Go Buyers of Cboice Boofts ! % W. Bouton, 10 Mest 28tb Street Invites tbe attention of collectors of rare ano cbolce boohs to bis unrlvaleo stocft, embracing Stanbaro, fflne 2Ut ano UllustrateO TUHorhs, Earls lprtnt= eo JBoofcs, 11 Ruminated /TIMssals ano toss. JBoohs Illustrated bg CrufR= sbanft, Xeecb, H>bi3 and IRowlandson. Ertra Ullustrated JBoohs and cboice ^Bindings b? tbe most famous Englisb and foreign workmen. European Maps and Guide Books BRENTANOS] UNION SQUARE OLD BOOKS AND MAGAZINES 1 j&?eM£!; A, J. CRAWFORD. 10th & Pine Streets, St. Louis, Mo. Travel. QOINO ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for '"Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly, Boston— Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin, $40, $45. upwards, depending on steamer. "Winifredian," Dec. 11 ; " Philadelphian," Dec. 18 ; " Lancastrian," Dec 25: "Devonian." Jan 1; '• Kins-itonian," to London, Dec. 17; •• Iberian," to London. Dec. 28 F. 0. HOUGHTON & CO., Oen'l Agents, ■ 15 State Street, Boston. A GOOD CHRISTMAS BOOK A LILY FRANCE By CAROLINE ATWATER. MASON. Price $1.10 Net. Postpaid $1.2 J. One of the most popular booKj' of the season. For Sale by ALL BOOKSELLERS. Published by The Griffith ai\d Rowland Press 1420 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA i By RALPH CONNOR Author of BLACK ROCK and THE SKY PILOT 85th 1000 THE A TALE OF THE OTTAWA MAN FROM GLENGARRY 'As straight as a pine, a.s sweet a.s a balsam, as sound a.s &. white oak." The Interior. 12mo, DecoraLted Cloth. $1.50. FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY. Publishers .WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY WEBSTER'S | INTERNATIONAL J DICTIONARY. A Dictionary of English, Biography, Geography, new edition!"' e25,ooo R~ Xr.dt*\ Prepared under the supervision of W. T. Harris, Ph.D., LL.D., United States Commissioner of Education, assisted by a large corps of competent specialists. New Plates Throughout. Rich Bindings. 2364 Pages. 5000 Illustrations. Attractive ReT/abie An Ideal Christmas Present LaJtlng'1 - Also Webster's Collegiate Dictionary with Scottish Glossary, etc. ^ " First class in quality, second class in size." Nicholas Murray Dut'.er. Specimen, pages, etc., of both books sent on appticatio G. & C. MERRIAM CO., Publishers, Springfield, Mass., U. S. A.

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Xll The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 90 1 Financial. Speculation The securities in which we deal are the acme of stability, paying a regular and handsome income. We recom- mend nothing else to our customers. We mail a list to anyone asking for it. E.H. Gay & Co. BOSTON 131 DEVONSHIRE ST. PHILADELPHIA 421 CHESTNUT ST. NEW YORK I NASSAU ST MONTREAL CANADA LIFE BLDG ARE YOU considering a new location or to increase your present facilities of manufacturing? If so MILWAUKEE, WIS., offers you that chance. It is rapidly being recognized as the Philadelphia of the West Many of Milwaukee's manufacturers have their offices in Chicago. Goods ordered by Phone or Wire as late as six o'clock lu the evening are placed at the doors of the Chicago mer- chants as early as six o'clock next morning. Come and see for yourself. It is one of the handsomest residence cities of this country. It is the city of homes. Correspondence solicited. BENJ. M. WEIL SONS & CO., Real Estate and Investment Brokers, Milwaukee, Wis. Kansas City, Mo. The present condition of Kansas City Is exactly suita- ble for purchase of city property. Prices of to-day guarantee appreciable increase. There is no surer city in the United States for investors to make money In real estate. We have been identified with the real-estate interests of this city during its steadily healthy growth and would like to tell a few Eastern investors how others have made money here, and how any one with a reasonably unprejudiced mind can do the same. Choice loans on hand for sale at 5 and 6 per cent, in- terest. Our responsibility is unquestioned. Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co. Security first, Profit the Next Consideration Our experience in and near Duluth as Real Estate and Loan Agents should make our judgment worth something to you when considering a conservative investment. W. M. PRINDLE & CO., Duluth, Minn. LAWTOtf & FERTICf Colorado Springs, Colo. An experience of twenty-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for in- vestment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. LETTERS OF CREDIT We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfers of money on Europe Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and Issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all narts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Financial Pueblo, Colo. Is becoming the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of population employed in profitable production largest of any Western city. Superior In climate and commercial promise. My specialty the care of properties and mak- ing investments for non-residents. Home, Eastern, and Foreign references. Established in 1879. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Colo. GEORGE AND COMPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite investigation of their methods of conserving the interests of investors. A successful record In the selection of income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds in substantial productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. SAFE MARGINS for the mojt EXACTING INVESTOR! My life has been devoted to the study of property values In Minneapolis. Am In a position to give you the benefit of expertness in placing Investments where both security and fair percentage may be relied upon. An opportunity is solicited of presenting facts which in- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wettnore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. AN OPPORTUNITY. Would you consider an opportunity to secure a per- manent annual income by Investing your surplus capi- tal in such sums as you might desire? If, moreover, you were aiforded perfect security and the assurance of more than the average interest or dividends, would you Invest? if so, we simply ask you to Investigate the proposition offered by the Isthmus Plantation Association of Mexico. Full particulars will be mailed you upon request. CM KENDALL, Gen'l Agent, 414-417 First Nation- al Bank Building. Milwaukee, W|b. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for Investors who appreciate skill and conservatism In se- lection and administration. PVLFORD, HOW id. THE STORY OF HER LIFE, by Rev. A. Stewart Walsh, D.D. With an introduction by Rev. T. De Witt Talmage, D.D. Sixty Full-page Illustrations from the most celebrated pa.intir\£s. Endorsed by the press and pulpit and a host of competent critics. Royal J2mo, cloth, 624 pages. Price, prepaid, $2. Send for sample pages. Complete Cata- logue mailed upon request. HURST & CO., Publishers, 135 GRAND ST.. NEW YORK. R E MING TON Standard Typewriter 327 BROADWAY, MEW YORK Financial. CRUTCHER & WELSH have for many years demonstrated to a large clientele that money was to be made In Kansas City Real Estate if It be conservatively selected and administered. Every facility for the care of non-resident estate". Property wisely purchased now Is certain of steady advance. Our purpose Is to serve faithfully and efficiently a few more Eastern clients. We are an essential part of the his- tory of KANSAS CITY, MO. Denver, Colorado. Our earnest conviction is that this is the time to pur- chase selected property In Denver. The underlying fac- tors which go to make permanent prosperity are con- spicuously present all over this section, and Denver's real estate will never again be purchasable at such at- tractive prices Let us submit facts by correspondence WHIPPLE & REYNOLDS, Boston Bldg., Denver, Colo. The care of property for non-residents a specialty.

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Dec. 5, 1901] The 3STation • • • Xlll Captain Mahan's New Book Types of •Naval- Officers With Some Remarks on the Develop- ment of Naval Warfare Dur- ing the 18th Century, ...BY... CAPT. ALFRED T. MAHAN Author of " The Life of Nelson," ' ' The Influence of Sea Power Upon History,''' Etc. Sijc Photogravure "Portraits. 8-Co Crotoun. Trice £2.50 net; £2.68 postpaid. A JAPANESE MISCELLANY By Lafcadio Hearn, author of "Ex- otics and Retrospectives," " In Ghostly Japan," " Shadowings," etc. Illustrated, l2mo, $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1.73. Mori' than any other writer Lafcadio Hearn catches the charm, the daintiness and the beauty of Japanese life.— Chicago heconl-Herald. LITTLE MASTERPIECES By Alphonse Daudet. Comprising " Letters from My Mill " and "Mon- day Tales." Illustrated. 2 vols., l6mo, in box, $2.50. The two volumes will, far better repay reading today than the great mass of recent Action — The Outlook. MAIDS AND MATRONS OF NEW FRANCE A series of historical sketches by Mary Sifton Pepper, portraying the lives of the pioneer women of Canada. Half-tone illustrations. i2mo, cloth. $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1.65. Important from a historical standpoint and as a narrative entertaining and full of chanu and Interest.— PhUudelphia Telegraph. DEAFNESS AND CHEERFVLNESS "An Unconventional Sermon." By Rev. A. W. Jackson, author of " James Martineau: A Biography and a Study." i6mo, $1.00, net. Postpaid, $1.08. The world, hearing and unhearing, will be bet- ter for his (Mr. Jackson's) book. — New York Time*. LITTLE, BROWN <& CO., PUBLISHERS. 254 Washington St., Boston. FOUNDED BY E LITTELL IN 1844 THE LIVING AGE A Weekly Mnfcis.iue of Contemporary Literature and Thought. The Living Age presents the cream of foreign periodical literature and reprints without abridgment the most noteworthy essays, travel sketches, fiction, social and political papers, and discussions of literary, artistic and scientific subjects from the leading quarterlies, monthly magazines, and reviews, and literary and scientific weekly journals. SPECIAL TO NEW SUBSCRIBERS FOR 1902 rnrri To all New Subscribers to THE LIVING AGE for the year 1902 there will be I K tt sent FREE' until the edition is exhausted, the SEVENTEEN WEEKLY ISSUES ■ II™" I for the four months September, October, November and December, 1901 SEND AT ONCE AND SECURE ADVANTAGE OF THIS SPLENDID OFFER SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, SIX DOLLARS A YEAR. SINGLE NUMBER, FIETEEN CENTS THE LIVING AGE COMPANY, 13V2 BROMFIELD STREET, BOSTON P. O. BOX 5206 RARE PRINTS, XVI. & XVII. Century Armor, Old Delft Ware, etc. Illustrated Catalogues sent free on application. HENRY T. COATES & CO., 1222 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers In Old and Rare Books and MSS. CATALOGUE 07 just published, fully illustrated, and sent post free on application . Rare Editions. Early Printed Books. Illuminated Manu- scripts, Fine Bindings, ancient and modern, etc., etc. 29 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. ©~© JgJP THE EQUITABLE J.WAUEXANDER J.H.HYDE £ AChristmas 1 GIFT of a Government Bond for $10,000 would please your wife,wouldn t it ?— < It would please you , too, to be able to give it — but perhaps you can't . You can.however- if you are in good ^ $ health- make an investment that will give |ta your wife-in the event of your death -an IL absolutely safe Gold Bond bearing 5% W\ interest. Or the Bond will become your ^a property in fifteen or twenty years if you live SEND TO'DAY (or full particulars of this Bond on thiscoiipon IE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Dept. No. S3. i3o Broadway, New York. Please send me information regarding your new Issue of Gold ^liti— J Bonds. Base figures on a block of $ Issued to a n years of age. NAME ADDRESS

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XIV The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. iq<M MacDorvald, Hey ward Co. SUCCESSORS TO WILLIAM MOIR. Elegant Selection of DIAMONDS, PEARLS, and other Rick Jewelry. Headquarters for American and S~tvisj Watches. Clocks and Masonic Charms and Pins. 26 West Twenty-third Street, NEW YORK. 23 YEARS the Standard of Excellence ONLY TRUE S ANITA R Y UNDER WEAR ALL WEIGHTS FOR ALL WANTS ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE l-'REE NEW YORK : BROOKLYN: BOSTON : PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO: ( 16 \155 16 West 23d Street 157 Broadway 504 Fulton Street 230-232 Bovlston Street 924 Chestnut Street N2 State Street L Agents In all Principal Cities TbeM trade-mark crl Glut BARLE Perfect Breakfas PANSY FLOUR Unlike all For _ fARWELL & RHIN nes on ever; pacfcasa. its ID STALS, Health Cereals. Cake and Pastry. Ask Grocers, write eftown,N.Y, U.S.A. Holiday Publications The Bastille By CAPT. (HON.) D. BINGHAM. With a preface by James Breck Perkins. A fasci- nating history of the Bastille, of unusual his- toric value. The volumes are exceedingly rich in historical portraits and scenes, being illustrated with 35 photogravures. 2 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, full gold side and back, with cloth jackets in box, $5.00 Three-quarter Levant, gilt top, head band and marker, $10.00. De luxe edition, limited to 150 numbered sets, bound in vellum, net $12.00. Mary, Queen of Scots and Who Wrote the Casket Letters By SAMUEL COWAN, J. P. Illustrated with photogravures from portraits. Two volumes, 8vo, net $7.50. The forthcoming work gives a history of the Life and Reign of the Queen of Scots, from her accession to the throne, in 1561, until her death. Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon Translated from the French by BAYLE ST. JOHN. With a preface by James Breck Per- kins. Sixteen hundred pages, with index. Four volumes, 12mo, $6.00. Three quarter Levant, $12.00. These memoirs furnish a picture of the reign of Louis XIV. and of the Regency of the Duke of Orleans which is unequalled by any other work of that period. B/)e Court and Reign of Francis the First By JUHA PARDOE. With a preface by Adolphe Cohn. Twelve hundred pages, with index. Three volumes, 12mo, $4.50. Three- quarter Levant, $9.00. This is the most elaborate history of Fran- cis I., King of France, in existence. American Authors and Their Homes With Introduction by FRANCIS WHITING HALSEY. With illustrations of their libra- ries, homes, etc. 12mo, cloth, gilt top, net $1 25. ' " v Three-quarter Levant, head band and mark- er, net, $2.50. "The book is a treasure-house of informa- tion, interesting dialogue, and delightful rem- iniscences, and the lovers of good books all thank Mr. Halsey." By theWaters of Sicily A book of travel by NORMA LORIMER. 12mo, 350 pages. Illustrated with 17 repro- ductions from photographs. Colored frontis- piece, cloth, gilt top, etc., $1.75. "The book cannot fail to be a treasure- trove, made more valuable and more delight- ful by its illustrations."— New York Times. Beautifully Illustrated Booklet Mailed free on Application. JAMES POTT & COMPANY PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK. XtcitUrtd TradtMnrh. Holiday Handkerchiefs $100 to $12.00 a Dozen. Our vast and perhaps unequalled assortment of Holiday Handker- chiefs is now ready. It includes every desirable kind for men, wo- men, ana children — all of abso- lutely pure linen. We make up especially for gifts, boxes containing one dozen as- sorted Lace trimmed and Em- broidered Ladies' Handkerchiefs, at $3.00, $6.00, $9.00 and $12.00 a dozen. All choice goods, care- fully selected and no two patterns alike. For men we make up boxes of one dozen initial or plain hem- stitched Handkerchiefs at the same prices. The $3.00 a dozen Hand- kerchiefs are full size and of ex- cellent quality for general use. Mall orders have prompt attention. •'The Linen Store." James McCutcheon & Co., 14 West 23d St., New York. tJiovnow. vLowfkcu Men's Furnishings. Neckwear. English Squares, Knots, Four-in-Hands, Ties and Bows Mufflers and Silk Handkerchiefs, Collars, Cults and Braces. Dress Shirts, Night Shirts, and Flannel Hunting Shirts, Made to Measure and Ready to Wear. Pajamas. In-Door Gowns, Jackets and Bath Robes. Gloves. Courvolsier, Fownes, Dent Gloves. Coachmen's Fur Gloves, Collars and Capes. Automobile Gauntlets. College Rugs and Sweaters. Driving Lap Wraps, Suit Cases. NEW YORK.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 902. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. Appletons' Holiday Fiction r\ APPLETON AND COMPANY'S Holiday fiction list includes the following * novels. This list of favorite, recent and new books will interest all classes of readers — there are novels of adventure, of introspection, of society, the sea, the land, the forest, music, politics, "problems"; novels of character, detective stories; weird, imaginative romances; and historical novels dealing with many times and many places. THIRST, the best sea tale in years — Mr. Brady's "The Quiberon Touch " ($1.50). The superb account of the sea fight at Quiberon Bay, involving two vast squadrons, ranks with the chariot race in "Ben Hur. " Mr. Brady has done for the sea what no recent novelist has even dared to at- tempt. IT is a far cry to a country bank in northern New York. But the human interest here is as moving as in the other book. The author of " David Harum " ($1.50) (now in its 532d thousand) needs no introduction. Mr. Westcott's only other piece of fiction, "The Teller," a bright holiday story laid in homely scenes, has jumped into large sales be- cause its au'hor knew the heart of the people so profoundly and told its story so simply. ($1.00.) H ALL CAINES " The Eternal City" is the season's great novel and the author's masterpiece. Here is the supreme appeal of our day — the cry of crushed men like the deep roar of the sullen sea. Rome, the city of the Emperors and the Popes, becomes the city of the people, (51.50. ) (( A RT for art's sake " and art at so much a pound have an amazing encounter in the Bohemias of Chicago. Mr. Fuller's " Under the Skylights " — a tale of charming humor and delicate flavor — tells of the rubs of the shrinking apostles of sweetness with Philistinism. It is a medley as amusing as it is original. (51.50.) 'TpHE man who wrote "God's Fool " knew woman well. To have a whole volume of "Some Women I Have Known " is a singular delight. Some of these stories are the gems of that art which makes people call Maartens the mod- ern Thackeray. (51.50.) O1 NCE again the Middle West. Its strenuous political life gives the stuff that Mr. Barr has used in "Shacklett," the account of a manly man. This novel describes the buc- caneers of American politics. ($1.50.) A T the other pole is Miss Montresor: "The Alien " has all the subtle graces and charms that mark the clear- minded, warm-hearted woman who wrote "Into the High- ways and Hedges." This new story, partly of English, partly of South American life, plays upon the finest strings of the human heart. ($1.50.) A RATTLING good tale of Richard Brinsley Sheridan is "A Nest of Linnets." (51.50.) Here Mr. Moore has surpassed "The Jessamy Bride." A charming picture of English life in Bath and its pump-rooms — with its gayeties, scandals and duels. One of the very best books of the holi- day season. JUMP back again 150 years to the Maryland of Carvel Hall, and you have the setting of one of the most fas- cinating tales of the American Colonies. Mrs. Lane's "Mills of God" — a romance of indescribable charm. Her story (in its 4th edition) is strong, distinguished, vividly told; hence it is an irresistible plea for parity and social integrity. (51.50.) HpHE West has produced a genius in Mrs. Elia W. Peattie. "The Beleaguered Forest," a tale of the Michigan woods, has surpassing beauty — a vision whimsical and pic- turesque. (5I'5°.) A KIN to this marvelous picture of the cold North is Gilbert ^~* Parker's "Seats of the Mighty." Mr. Parker has written books before and since this, but he has never equaled the tale that describes the fall of Quebec. (51.50.) D. APPLETON ® COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK

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11 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class maU-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 445 Editorial Articles : The Crime of Touching the Tariff 448 The New Treaty 448 The Treasury Report 449 Friedrich Albrecht Weber 450 Special Correspondence : The "Iphigeneia" in Athens 450 The Wife of Junot.— 1 451 Correspondence : Continental Expansion 452 Anti-English Feeling in Germany 453 Notes 453 Book Reviews: Murray's Byron 457 More Novels 458 Seven Books on Musical Topics 459 Constantinople and its Problems 460 The Arabian Nights' Entertainments 460 Culture and Restraint 461 Australasia, Old and New 461 Christopher in his Sporting Jacket 461 Practical X-Ray Work 462 Books of the Week 462 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the Unil School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre, ' Miss E. D. Huntley, • Principals. Massachusetts. Boston. 7DOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. l) Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Oregon, Portland, Park and St. Clair Streets. C'T. HELEN'S HALL. A School for kj Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts, Ph.D.. Prin. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. l\/fRS. LUCIA POLK CHAPMAN and IVl MISS JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GTS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. ft/flSS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circular ou application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St.,Phlla., Pa. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, riONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGill University. For conditions of entrance, schol- arships, courses, degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Educational. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given In both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to Smith, Vaa- sar, Wellesley, and Wells. Four acres for out- door sports. Golf, Basket Ball.Tennls. Address Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, M.A., Prin., Lowell, Mass. School Agencies. 'T'HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Sverett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 156 Fifth Ave., New York; 4 14 Cent. Bldg .Minneapolis; 533 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Bldg ; Oskaloosa; 203 Mich. Blvd. Chicago; 525Stims'n Bk., Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, X~L 81 Chapel St.. Albany, N.Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French. Proprietor. (TCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. ^J Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huyssoon & Rockwell, Mgrs., 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. A Quaker Experiment in Government. By JSAA C SHARPLESS, LL.D., President 0/ Hai-er/ord College. 'T is long since a book on Quaker history has been issued which has even approached the popularity of this work. It has gone through three editions in as many years, and has received the weighty commendation of the learned and critical as well as the appreciation of the reading public. Extended by addition of a later volume to include the Revolutionary period, it became a complete History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania, and has recently been sold under this title. The present edition of this work, the beautiful Haverford Edition, includes all the matter of earlier editions together with a special preface and an appropriate concluding chapter. Handsomely illustrated with over forty full-page plates, beautifully printed on fine deckel-edged paper, and luxuriously bound, it is an ideal Christmas gift for any Quaker or any Haverfordian, or for any lover of fine books. Half Morocco, $y.jo ; full Morocco, $10.00 net. Mpw 41 7^ Pnnnlili* PHiTirtn Early in 1902 we shall issue a new edition (the nCW JH./O I W|UllcU I.U1IIUII. fourth) in a single volume, bound in cloth, at $1.75 net. This will contain all the matter of the two-volume edition (except the special matter of the Haverford Edition), and will be printed from the same plates, but on slightly thinner paper, to admit of its compression into one volume. W e will receive prepaid subscriptions during December, 1901, for $1.50, to be delivered to the subscriber, carriage prepaid by the publishers, as soon as published. It will be ready about January 10. FERRIS & LEACH, Publishers, Philadelphia! THE QUAKER: •• A AV////V' //; t fxtimir . . n„ a.,,,,. \\n-r-r r.,„„.^un H iu /sva* A Study in Costume ■ • By amelm mott gummere An inquiry into the Clothes- Philosophy of this unique »e«, utilizing both the portrait of the Quaker ai he jees "himself and the Quaker u others «ee Mm, in a painstaking en- deavor to ponra* the Quaker ai he really mi The world, the flc*h, and even occasionally (it mutt be admitted) the devil, figure as origins for the Quaker's idiosyncrasies of ga'b- Quaker and worldly faihions have been itudied on parallel linca. A varied array of original source* in literature, of early rccordi and other documenti not easily accessible, and of quaint garments and trappings handed down from old Quaker families, hat been laid under contribution in the preparation of this volume. ■ The liberal use of illustrations of the latter makes the work a veritable museum of picturesque Quaker antiquities, yet every picture casta needed light on the argument. l2mo. printed on deck cf -edged paper, bound in half ootocalf. with a cover design In Quaker tints by MiiS Amy^Otis.. $J.oo net. 0t trill be lent fy~ ma\t, ptitdgi prtpaid% ifit »f tht prici by tht Publttfurt. For Safc'by'af/'Boofoc/krs, £ FERRIS &1 LEACH,' Publishers,- 19 North Seventh Street. Philadelphia.' liiitt

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Dec. 12, 1901] The ISTation. 111 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Announces the Completion of a Valuable Work of Reference By RVSSELL STVRGIS, A.M., Ph.D. Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, and Many Architects, Painters, Engineers and other Expert Writers, American and Foreign A Dictionary of Architecture and Building In three volumes, profusely illustrated, cloth, $18 not; half morocco, $30 net "One of the most complete and important works in the language devoted to this department of art and industry. Architecture and building, which are treated together in this book, has never had in the English language so complete an encyclopaedic a dictionary. . . . This work aims to treat not alone of technical terms, but to deal in historic achitecture and give brief biographical sketches of the prominent men who have practised the art. . . Cross-references are freely given, and the whole work shows a well-studied scheme and careful, conscientious execution by able hands. It is one of great magnitude, and will prove a most valuable contribution to the professional and technical literature of the language."— New York Architects' and Builders' Magazine. "A work for the use of the architect who desired to investi- gate special points in the history or practice of the profession, and not less of the layman who desired to acquire that knowledge of architectural history and practice which belongs to general cul- ture, there has not been, until now, in the English language. . . . The plan of the work is so sound, the execution so adequate, and the popular interest in the subject so extensive and so growing that the success of the book seems assured. Indeed, both plan and execution so commend themselves that it seems almost safe to say that, although the 'American Dictionary of Architecture' may and should be supplemented from time to time, it does not seem at all likely that it will be superseded." —Montgomery Schuyler in The International Monthly. "Perhaps the thoroughly modern spirit which dominates and inspires the whole work is the feature that distinguishes this book most strongly from the works in other languages which the seeker for definitions hitherto has perforce consulted. The writers of these articles are scholarly men, but they are something more than scholars. They are not living in the past; they are doing their work in the world to-day, and their points of view and their tone is a most satisfactory and practical mixture of culture with the recognition of the needs of the average American. . . . Now that it has appeared, this dictionary, many of whose articles extend to the dimensions of those in encyclopaedias, becomes indispensa- ble in its field." — Boston Herald. THE EXECUTION OF IT COULD NOT HAVE BEE.V PUT IN BETTER HANDS. . . . ITS EXCELLENT TYPOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATION AND GENERAL MANUFACTURE, AND CLOSE EXAMINATION OF THE TEXT JUSTIFIES THE CONCLUSION THAT THE DICTIONARY WILL RE ONE OF THE MOST SATIS- FACTORY WORKS OF REFERENCE EVER ISSUED IN THIS COUNTRY"— New York Tribune. Italian Sculpture of the Renaissance By L. J. FREEMAN, M.A. With forty-five full-page plates. Cloth, 8vo, $3-00 net. Postage, 18 cents. Quite a little running comment on the tendencies of art in general and especially of sculpture, tending to stimulate the sense imagination rather than the literary. Hubert von Herkomer, R.A. A STUDY AND A BIOGRAPHY By A. L. Baldry, author of " Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A.: His Art and Influence," " Albert Moore: His Life and Works," etc. Fully illustrated. Imp. 8vo, cloth, $15.00 net. Limited edition. It would be impossible, even if it were desirable, to exclude personal details from a book which deals with the artistic accomplishment of Prof, von Herkomer. Therefore in these pages there is at least as much said about the man as about his work. In typography, binding, and exquisite illustrations this is one of the most attractive books of the season. French Furniture and Decoration of the Eighteenth Century By Lady Dilke, author of " The Renaissance in France," " French Painters of the Eigh- teenth Century," etc. Illustrated with about 65 gravures and half tones. Cloth, 8vo, $10.00. The third portion of Lady Dilke's work on French Art in the 18th Century. Private collections in Paris and England, as well as the Garde- Meuble-National, have been laid under contribution, and over twenty of the finest pieces in the Wallace collection at Hertford House have been reproduced. "This handsome quarto has, apart from its qualities as art history, a very practical value for all who adopt the rococo style for house decora- tion or who collect originals of the Pompadour's time. Lady Dilke, it will be remembered, Is almost the only English critic who has treated this graceful art with sympathy and intelligence. "— JVeto York Post. "Books published at NET prices are sold by booksellers everywhere at the advertised NET prices. When delivered from the publishers' carriage, either postage or expressage, is an extra charge. " HOLIDAY BOOKS ARE FULLY DESCRIBED IN THE CHRISTMAS CATALOGUE OF THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 A CHRISTMAS LIBRARY Poets of the Younger Generation— Archer . Jane Austen : Her Home and Her Friends The Wessex of Thomas Hardy .... Men and Letters— Herbert Paul .... Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ..... Later Poems— Alice Meynell ..... . net, $6.00 . net, 6.00 . net, 6.00 net, 1.50 . net, 5.00 . net, 1 .00 King Monmouth — Allan Fea . . . . The Flight of the King— Allan Fea . . Thomas Wolsey : Legate and Reformer The Spanish Conquest in America — Helps — 4 vols. Ancient Royal Palaces in and Near London— Lithographs by T. R. Way ....... Architectural Remains of Old Richmond— Lithographs by T. R. Wav , net, 6.00 net, 6.00 . net, 5.00 1.J0 net, 6.00 net, 6.00 The Aristocrats— Gertrude Atherton .... The Cardinal's Snuff-Box — Harland .... The Visits of Elizabeth — Elinor Glyn .... The Usurper — W. J. Locke ...... Severance — Thomas Cobb ...... Casting of Nets — Richard Bagot . . . 1.J0 i.yo 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 Natural History of Selborne — White .... Round the World to Wympland — Evelyn Sharp . All About Dogs— Lane ....... Plant and Flower Studies ..... From the Heart of the Rose — Milman .... The Field of Clover — Housman .... net, I.50 net, \ .25 net, 2.^0 net, 2.00 net, 1.50 net, 1 .25 JOHN LANE, Bodley Head, 67 Fifth Ave., New York

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation. FRENCH ART Classic aoid Contemporary Painting a.nd Sculpture By W. C. BROWNELL The New York Tribune says : " |T is the best introduction to its subject that exists in English, ... No one approaching French painting and sculpture with the book in his hands could go far wrong. He will profit by the companionship of an intelligence which illuminates the darkest corners of the field." " A serious and suggestive study." — New York Mail and Express. The New York Times Saturday Review says : " yHERE is among us no critic who gives such an impression of serenity and restraint in ex- pression, of power and individuality in thought" The New York Sun says : "|V\R. BROWNELL'S estimate of Rodin is, as al- ready intimated, sound and just, and it is the more pleasing because Mr. Brownell is not one of those extravagant enthusiasts who think it their duty to belittle all except their chosen hero." With 4-8 illustrations. £3.75 net. (Postage 25 cents.) TWO BOOKS OF HARE ARTISTIC MERIT. T5he Book of tKe Covirtier BY COVNT BALDESAR. CASTIGLIONE TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN AND ANNOTATED BY LEONARD ECKSTEIN OPDYCKE WITH SEVENTY-ONE PORTRAITS AND FIFTEEN AVTOGRAPHS REPRODVCED BY EDWARD BIERSTADT £10.00 net (postage 48 cents) STRICTLY LIMITED TO 500 NUMBERED COPIES A JV EDITIOJV 7>E LJSATE The Ruling Passion By HENHY VAN DYKE 12 exquisite color drawings by Walter Appletort Clark, including a portra.it of Dr. Van Dyke. among the many special features. Superbly bound in full russet feather, stamped in gold. Strictly limited to 500 numbered copies, each copy signed by the author. $5.00 net. Shakespeare As a Dramatic Artist With a.n Account of His Reputation a.t Various Periods. By THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY. L.H.D.. LL.D. Professor of English in Yale University. $3.00 net (Postage 22 cents) Tteto Rotable JVetv "Biographies Evigene Field A Study in Heredity and Contradictions. By S!ason Thompson of the Chicago "Record- Herald -Field's friend. In 2 volumes, $3.00 net. (Postage 25 cents.) THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOVIS STEVENSON By GRAHAM BALFOUR In 2 volumes. $4.00 net. (Postage 30 cents.) CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, New York

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VI The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 School, College and Character By Le Baron R~ Briggs, "Dean of Har-Vard College " This book deserves the consideration of every parent who has a son to be given the advantages of the higher education. It is based, not on theory, but on an extended acquaintance with young men going back more than twenty years, and not with them alone, but with their fathers, mothers, and guardians."— Chicago Post. " It advises, warns, cheers and enlightens."— Louisville Courier-Journal. (i6mo, $1.00 net; postage! 8 cents) The Mississippi VaJley By James K. Hosmer This short history tells in a most entertaining way the story of the mighty forces that transformed the heart of our country from a trackless wilderness into one of the most populous and productive regions in the world. " A singularly clear, simple, and satisfying historical study."— St. Louis Globe-Democrat. (i2mo, $1.20 net; postage 12 cents) The End of an Er©L By John S. Wise Mr. Wise is the son of one of Virginia's most famous statesmen and Governors, General Henry A. Wise, and was an eager and active participant, although but a boy, in the scenes of which he writes. His pictures of life in Virginia before the war are drawn with a master hand. Graphic, pathetic, sparkling with wit and full of humor, they hold the reader fascinated. "One of the most thoroughly readable and rewarding volumes of reminiscences which we can recall." — Congregationalist, Boston. (Large crown 8vo, $2.00) For Sale at all Bookstores. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN (EL CO The greatest collection of songs ever presented to the American public. — W. S. B. Mathews, Editor of Music. TKe Laurel Song Book Edited by WM. L. TOMLINS " The Laurel Song Book " seems to me in all respects far in advance of any book of its class that I have seen. The original music which forms so large a part of the work is of a high order, and the selected compositions are from the very best sources. The text of the songs is in keeping with their setting. The music is happily "married to immortal verse"; not, as in most collections of this kind, degraded by a mesalliance with rhyme of no literary merit. The book cannot fail to be equally welcome to the lover of music and poetry.— W. J. Rolpe, Shakespearian Editor. Cloth, 325 pp.. £1.50 The Story of a Child Translated from the French of PIERRE LOTI By CAROLINE F. SMITH, with an Intrdouctlon by EDWAR.D HOWAR.D GRIGGS — one of the most delightful of books; its charm cannot be described in a few words of brief notice. It represents the subtle, permeating poetic imageries of a mind that has retained enough of the ideal to enter with zest into all its childish outlook upon life and the familiar aspect of daily happenings. A sympathetic reading of it should serve as a refreshing draught to any jaded adult. — The Outlook, New York. Cloth, gilt top, 312 pp., £1.25 Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice Edited for class-room use by FREDERICK MANLEY Superior as a text in quality of comment and general treatment, and in its tasteful binding and typography. Cloth, gilt top, £0.60 For Catalogue of Other Books, please address C. C. BIR.CHAR.D & COMPANY 221 Columbus Ave., Boston

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation. vn REVELL'S NEW HOLIDAY BOOKS RALPH CONNOR Author ¥ BLACK ROCK *n* THE SKY PILOT (500.000 sold) &/>e Man From Glengarry A TALE OF THE LUMBERMEN OF THE OTTAWA-Cloth $1.50 11AS STRAIGHT as a pine, as sweet as a balsam, as sound «"■■ as a white oak." — The Interim t* J^f A.GNIFICENT it its contrasts and opportunities. Ralph * * Connor is a man to keep in mind."— Public Ledger PMUde.ph* 100th THOVSAJWD ARTHUR H. SMITH CHINA IN CONVULSION 8vo, cloth, 2 vols., boxed, $5-00 net. The FlrveJ AutKority on the Most Sig- nificant Epoch in Far Eastern History. "Dr. Smith traces' the movement to its origin, describes Its growth and culmination, and prophe- sies its results. He is peculiarly fitted."— Public Led- ger, Philadelphia. ISAAC TAYLOR. HEADLAND THE CHINESE BOY AND GIRL Fully illustrated. 4to, boards, $1.00 net. A companion book to " Chinese Mother Goose Rhymes." of which the Evening Post said: " A won- derful revelation of home life in China. . . . Wi'l delight every one who loves children." The Intellect of China. THE LORE OF CATHAY By W. A. P. Martin. Illustrated, $2.50 net. An Essential Complement to " A Cycle of Cathay." " Of China's Intellectual Life no one has more quali- fications to write. It summarizes the scholarship, philosophy, and religious thought of an empire."— The Dial. MA'RGA'RET E. SAJfGSTE'R—E'DITIOJV DE LMXE WINSOME WOMANHOOD Large paper Edition de Luxe. Illuminated pages and many extra illustrations in Sepia by W. B. Dyer. 8vo, cloth, boxed, net $2.50. "It will find the immediate approval of the feminine heart."— Outlook. | " The binding is that of ' My lady in her evening dress.' "—Literary World. Edition de luxe, 8vo, boxed, $2.50 20 TH THOX/SAJSfD Original edition, l2mo, cloth, $1.25 Author of "Friendship" CULTURE & RESTRAINT By HUGH BLACK 8-Co, clolh. gilt top. ffet SI. JO " This weighty and Interesting book is commended to every thoughtful and reading man."— Ian Mac- laren. Margaret E. Songster LYRJCS of LOVE Of Heart and Home, Of Field and Garden Decorations on each page. 1 2mo, Decor- ated cloth, boxed, net, $1.25. " Mrs. Sangster writes tenderly and sympathetically with a desire to add a thread of melody to the tolling, dusty, monotonous way of life."— Public Opinion. A Biography by His Son JOHN HALL Pastor and Preacher. By Prof. Thomas C. Hall, with portraits. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, net, $1.50. "With a penetrating sympathy, this son has mar- vellously perpetuated the father's charm and power." — The Evanr/elM. JAMES M. LWDLOtO, Author of "The Captain of the Janizaries.1 DEBORAH A TALE or THE ™ES "i OF JVDAS MACCABAEVS Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth. Decorated. $1.50. " A master's use of historic Imagination. Characters are here with fibre like Shakespere's best."— Book News. " A vivid story, well told. Pure in tone and uplifting In thought, veritable oasis."— Washington Star. 25TH THOVSAJVD The Abo-Oe Lift is "Representative. Send for Our Complete Holiday List FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY, m fifth avenve, new york sa

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Vlll The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 '&mtmtmtmtm6^&mLmimtmm s i i a 3 I ON THE GREAT HIGHWAY THE WANDERINGS AND ADVENTURES OF A SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT BY JAMES CREELMAN Price, $1.20 net; postpaid, $1.35. T. DE WITT TALMAGE, D.D., says: "A BOOK dramatic and unique. No other man could have written it, because he entered doors that no one else could enter. Pathos and humor and vivid portraiture of character abound.' HALL CAINE says in an interesting letter to a friend: u I HAVE read with a great deal of pleasure James Creel- man's stirring book. The picture he presents of his visit to the Vatican is admirably faithful to the atmos- phere of the great house as 1 know it." Again he says: " There cannot be a more sympathetic reader of Tolstoy than myself, but nowhere have I seen the essential soph- ism on which his great mind is built more plainly re- vealed than in these pages of conversation.'* MAX O'RELL says : "A MOST stirring book, a work full of electric power. It contains the experiences of a most adventurous and extraordinary life, told with great force and in a brilliant, sparkling style, full of humor and philosophy." JULIAN "RALPH says; "THE special correspondent is to-day's knight-errant and Creelman has long carried his plume in the van of the adventurous band. In his book we read of a life as strongly contrasted with the lives of the millions of men as was the career of Jeanne d'Arc when the mass of women were men's chattels." JULIAN HAWTHORNE says : "IT is memorable both as literature and as contempo- rary history. Nothing else in the same line so au- thoritative, so pertinent, so vivid, and so fascinating has been published within my knowledge." W. T. STEAD says: " VOUR book is as fascinating as any of the adventures which thrilled me in my boyhood, for in your case the simple record of fact is as exciting as romance." GEORGE W. CABLE says : " TTHE wonderful charm of actuality is in every page. To be so romantically entertaining, yet deal wholly with facts, and to reward the serious inquirer at the same time with so much information — food for re- flection, stimulation, and guidance — is a great gift, and also a great achievement." CHICAGO RECORD-HERALD says : " A NY one who imagines the days of knight-errantry and derring-do are past should read James Creel- man's 'On the Great Highway,' and revise his theories. In all his pages there is the same dash and abounding vitality." MAIL AND EXPRESS, N. Y., says : "ALL that attracts any reader to the romances of Hope, Weyman, and Parker is in this volume. The book is the nearest thing to magic, the closest to a fairy tale, which this practical and material age can pro- duce; and the deepening wonder you feel as you read it is due to the fact that the magic is substantial and the fairy tale is truth." LOTHROP PUBLISHING COMPANY, BOSTON s s 8 « 8 s 8 s 8 8 f £1 IS

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Dec. 12, 1901] The ISTation. IX g 8 Guess Who Wrote THE NEW BOOK A House Party ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE RIGHT GUESS It is an account of the stories that were told at a gathering of famous American authors, the story tellers being introduced by Paul Leicester Ford The Literary Host of the Occasion. The following twenty=five authors were invited. Twelve of them accepted, and each told one story. WHICH TWELVE? T&. Thomas Bailey Aldrich Hamlin Garland F. Hopkinson Smith M John Kendrick Bangs Robert Grant Frank R. Stockton ig George W. Cable Joel Chandler Harris Ruth McEnery Stuart Winston Churchill Mrs. Burton Harrison Booth Tarkington F. Marion Crawford W. D. Howells Octave Thanet Margaret Deland Sarah Orne Jewett Mark Twain H Paul Leicester Ford Thomas Nelson Page Mary E. Wilkins I John Fox, Jr. Charles G. D. Roberts Bertha Runkle Owen Wister $1,000.00 for the Right Guess The conditions of the contest are given in full in the book; together with a guessing coupon, which is to be detached and mailed to the publishers. If more than one person ?g guesses the correct authorship of the twelve stories, the thousand dollars will be divided ^ among the winners. If no correct answer is received, the nearest correct will win the prize. All guesses must be in by December 31, 1901. 8 Ask for it at any bookstore, or send $l.JO to the publishers, SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY, BOSTON

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The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 An Entirely Pie*** Edition/Retovritten and *Re>ret cham'be'rs's Cyclopaedia of English literature BY DAVID PATRICK, LL.D. A History, Critical and Biographical, of Authors in the English Tongue, from the Earliest Times till the Present Day, with specimens of their writings. THE plan of this work, which has been pronounced the best Cyclopaedia of English Literature ever written, gives a broad and definite survey of the field of English letters from the beginning to the present day. It unites the advantages of the critical judgment of scholars with the opportunity for study of the authors themselves at first hand. It is most aptly characterized as " a finger-post to the best books in the liter- ature of Great Britain and America." It consists essentially of extracts from the works of the multitude of authors in all departments of our literature, with biographical and historical sketches and short criticisms prepared by the foremost students of English literature — Dr. Stopford Brooke, Edmund Gosse, George Saintsbury, Andrew Lang, Austin Dobson, Sid- ney Lee, and many others. It includes the whole range of English literature, from the earliest times to this day, and in all quarters of the globe. Three volumes of imperial octavo size, containing about eight hundred pages each, comprise the set. The page is set in double column, in a fair, clear type, and presents a most attractive appearance, to which the good quality of paper used largely contributes. The numerous illustrations are a special feature, many having been reproduced from old portraits, valuable manuscripts, etc. The bindings are dignifiedly artistic. Three volumes. Imperial octavo. $5.00 net a volume, carriage extra. Volume 1. rvow rea.dy. The remaining volumes In preparation for early issue. I Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1901. The Week. President Roosevelt and the Senators and Representatives who immediately follow his example in proposing mea- sures to punish anarchists and end anarchism, illustrate the same difficulty which was encountered by the people who, directly after Mr. McKinley's assas- sination, demanded the passage of laws to "stamp out anarchism." "No man or body of men preaching anarchistic doctrines," says Mr. Roosevelt, "should be allowed at large," and he suggests the propriety of prohibiting the coming to this country of "anarchists or persons professing principles hostile to all gov- ernment." Senator Burrows of Michi- gan has introduced a bill forbidding the landing of any "alien anarchist," and providing for the return to his native country of any alien who may slip in and is afterwards "found to be an anar- chist." But all this is based on the as- sumption that an anarchist is as easily identifiable as a negro or a Chinaman. What makes a man an anarchist, and how shall an anarchist be "spotted"? Mr. Burrows apparently thinks that, in some cases at least, he may be detected by inspection of his body, as in the days of witchcraft. His bill pro- vides that the investigation by immi- gration authorities which it authorizes may "even go to the extent of examining the persons of suspected aliens for marks indicative of membership in anarchistic societies." The presumption is that the Michigan Senator has heard of cases where members of anarchist societies have had some sign tattooed on their bodies which would "give them away." But anarchists would, of course, aban- don this practice if they found that it got them into trouble. As for testing an alien's sentiments about anarchism by questioning him, the difficulty is that any man who disbelieves in government of any sort is likely to lie to a Govern- ment official. It is very hard to see how we can go far beyond punishing the man in this country who incites to the mur- der of officials and the forcible overthrow of government, and keeping out the man who has done the same thing in some other country. Senator Burrows's proposition is out- done in absurdity by Senator Hoar's ad- vocacy of an international scheme by which all countries having lawful gov- ernments should deport anarchists to some island, "where they could put their theories to the test." If the Massachu- setts Senator were given to jesting, we might ascribe his speech on Thursday to a desire to show how ridiculous the cur- rent cures for anarchy really are. It is hardly possible to treat the suggestion seriously. Men who try to overthrow all governments are really either criminals or lunatics, and should be treated as such. The public opinion of no civilized nation would justify the treatment of criminals or lunatics in any such fashion as putting them on an island by them- selves. No more will the public opinion of the world. The moral objections to the policy are conclusive, even if it were not obviously in itself wholly imprac- ticable. President Roosevelt has evidently been imposed upon. Among the nominations which he sent to the Senate on Monday was that of Henry D. Saylor of Penn- sylvania for United States Consul at Dawson City, Yukon Territory, Canada. In the pressure of public business, Mr. Roosevelt doubtless looked no further into the application of Mr. Saylor for a place than to learn that he has been a member of the Pennsylvania Senate and has been endorsed by some people of standing in his State, as any office- seeker is pretty sure to be. The truth, however, is that he is one of the most disreputable politicians that the Quay machine ever developed, and that he was detected only a few years ago in an attempt to defraud the Trea- sury of his State. Exposure caused such a scandal that Quay feared to let Saylor run for reelection in the close county which he represented, and de- cided to unload him upon the McKin- ley Administration. He was therefore endorsed by the machine for a place in the consular service. As soon as this scheme was made public, the business men of Philadelphia sent a committee to the White House to protest againsc such an appointment on moral grounds, and to tell the President that it "would be regarded as scandalous by the right- thinking people of Pennsylvania, and as a reward for reprehensible practices." Mr. McKinley promised the Business Men's League to give their protest "due con- sideration"; but when the Quay organ- ization insisted upon the carrying out of the job, he yielded, and Saylor was nominated for Consul at Matanzas, Cuba, i\ October, 1897. The breaking out of the war with Spain, a few months lat- er, deprived him of his place, and Mr. McKinley never gave him another. levied and collected under the tariff laws of the United States upon similar prod- ucts of the most favored nation." In re- turn for these concessions, they offer to admit all products of the United States at half the rates of duty levied and col- lected under the tariff laws of Cuba on similar products of the most favored na- tion. Probably these delegates have learned from our own favored producers the art of asking for twice as much as they expect to get, so that, when the business is taken in hand seriously, they may have an ample basis for compro- mise. Nobody expects that Cuban sugar will be admitted free of duty. Probably the Cuban delegates do not expect a re- duction of more than 20 per cent. This would put their industry on a prosper- ous footing. If granted, it ought to be extended to the other West India Islands on the same reciprocal basis. In any event, the United States ought not to bind itself for all time to grant better terms to one foreign country than to others. Besides this, we have no inter- est in ruining our customers in the other countries south of us by giving a pre- ponderant advantage to Cuba. A formal petition in behalf of reciproc- ity in trade has been presented to Con- gress by the Cuban delegates. They ask that Cuban sugar and molasses be ad- mitted to the United States free of duty, and that other Cuban products be ad- mitted "at one-half the rates of duty Gen. Chaffee's first annual report is not a very encouraging document, de- spite his praise of the military govern- ment of Manila and his belief that a ma- jority of the inhabitants of the islands wish for peace. There is no assurance that, even where they desire the cessa- tion of hostilities, the natives are real- ly glad to accept American rule. Some hundreds of rebels, it appears, are still in arms, all efforts to bring about a gen- eral surrender in Southern Luzon hav- ing failed. Nowhere does Gen. Chaf- fee make use of language which con- firms the view expressed by President Roosevelt in his message, that "the in- surrection has become an affair of lo- cal banditti and marauders who de- serve no higher regard than the bri- gands of portions of the Old World." Exactly the same language is used by Chamberlain and the most rabid sup- porters of the English Government about the Boers. Yet the English troops feel that it is a very respectable kind of guerrilla warfare with which they are contending, just as Gen. Chaffee speaks of his enemies as guerrillas. Two of the General's recommendations are quite opposed to the views of the Government. He urges that no further material re- duction of troops be made before Janu- ary 1, 1903, and opposes Gen. Corbin's plan of concentrating the troops in large bodies except in the vicinity of Manila. Gen. Chaffee also declares that there is but one sure way of ascertaining the progress of the people in self-govern- ment— by observation by the army.

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4=4=e The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 There was a meeting of the Chicago Branch of the American Transvaal League at the Auditorium on Sunday evening. Mr. Bourke Cockran delivered an address, which was listened to by an audience of 4,000. At the conclusion of his speech, Mr. Cockran expressed the opinion that President Roosevelt might put an end to the war in South Africa by a single word. "One word spoken to the English Ambassador or in the hearing of the English nation," he said, "would restore peace, establish justice, secure liberty to those burghers, pro- mote enormously the prosperity of the human race, and bring immeasurable glory to the American nation. . . . Will Theodore Roosevelt improve this opportunity for himself, his country, and the whole human race?" We think that he will not. No President of the United States who holds that the Fili- pinos are banditti who must be put down with fire and sword, can offer any advice to a nation that holds the same opinion about the Boers. We have been glad to recognize in President Roose- velt's message to Congress a disposition to regard the future independence of the Philippines as an open question. He has said no word which commits him to the policy of holding a foreign race in sub- jection. He has held out some encour- agement to those who regard such a pol- icy as destructive of the principles of self-gcvernment. But there is still a long bridge to be crossed before he, or the American people as a whole, can set up for tutors to Great Britain in the science of Imperialism, or colonization, or conquest, or whatever name may be given to the doings in South Africa. Gov. Boutwell, or Herbert Welsh, or William J. Bryan, if occupying the Presi- dential chair, might say words to the British Ambassador which Mr. Roose- velt could not say, and never will say while we have an army hunting down the so-called banditti in Luzon and Samar. Recent revelations of the costliness of the army transport service have re- vived the discussion as to whether this part of the Government service should not be under control of the navy, instead of being in the hands of the army. Dur- ing the past year, over four millions of dollars were expended on the fleet of an- tiquated vessels bought in 1898 at prices far beyond their value. One of the larg- est, it appears from an official report, "carries practically no freight, requires constant repairs, and burns enormous quantities of coal, besides being too cum- bersome." Very few of the fleet are suit- ed for transports, the report declares. Moreover, there have been a number of accidents, and several complete wrecks, while some ships have been sold at but a tithe of their original cost. Under the circumstances the navy could hardly do worse, while English experience shows that the service would be in much better hands were trained naval officers in charge. It is altogether probable, how- ever, that before this change can be made, the transport service will be abolished. The traffic between Cuba and Porto Rico has now been given to private companies, and Secretary Root, in his annual report, states his belief that the Government should not own and navi- gate a large passenger and freight fleet in competition with merchant steamers in time of peace. There is not much more to be said at the present time, regarding the wild per- formances of Amalgamated Copper shares on the stock market, than that the whole episode illustrates in the strongest way the need of that publicity of accounts urged by President Roose- velt. The Copper Trust, as every one knows, has never published any report whatever. Even when its promoters asked the investing public, a year and a half ago, for $75,000,000 to use in buying up copper mines, nothing was said as to what the Trust already owned, or what was the earning power of the mines to which it held option or title. Nobody outside the management has at any time known, since then, what the Trust was actually earning. It was sus- pected in some quarters that the concern had been organized, like the famous Bar- nato Bank of 1895, as a convenient vehi- cle for "unloading" on the outside pub- lic, at extravagant prices, a collection of mining properties which had already be- gun to recede from the high-water mark of the. period's prosperity. There was no way of verifying or refuting such as- sertions; all that the outside investor knew was that certain men were "in the company." Even in this regard, he could not know, of course, whether they were not cautiously climbing out. That the Stock Exchange value of the shares of such a company should be cut in half within ten weeks of the first de- velopment of unfavorable bona-fide news, need hardly cause surprise. The question now is, how to prevent recur- rence of such scandals, and it is not easy of answer. The Stock Exchange, which practically puts such securities in touch with the investor, has been appealed to in the matter, and some reform of meth- ods here is doubtless possible. The Ex- change lays down an excellent code of rules as to what a company must show when its shares apply for admission to the official list. But in the case of en- terprises like the Copper Trust, It nulli- fies the whole of this precaution by pro- viding another department, with equal facilities for trading, where no report whatever is required. Sooner or later, this rather naive anomaly must be re- formed; but, unfortunately, the reform cannot be retroactive. Statements of earnings cannot well be exacted from companies whose shares are already on the so-called "unlisted list," and it is doubtful if they could be required even in the listing of a block of newly issued shares by a company already represented on the list. The single safeguard left, apparently, is compulsory publicity, un- der the auspices of the Federal Govern- ment. To this, in our opinion, the situ- ation must eventually reduce itself. Since the Amalgamated Copper episode, and the subsequent publication of the Steel Corporation's earnings, we do not be- lieve that the plan will be seriously op- posed by any properly and honestly con- ducted trade organization. The Nebraska anti-Trust case has been finally closed by a decision of the Su- preme Court of that State. The suit was brought by Attorney-General Smyth, who contended that the Standard Oil Company should be excluded from Ne- braska on the ground that its business is illegal, under the acts passed in 1897. Those laws gave an elaborate definition of a Trust as "a combination of capital, skill, or acts by any person or persons" to control prices or monopolize indus- tries, and made the organization of such Trusts a criminal conspiracy. As a pen- alty for violation of the acts, they im- posed fines, and provided that the char- ters of domestic corporations should be forfeited, while foreign companies should be prohibited from doing busi- ness within the State. The outcome once more demonstrates the inefficiency of anti-Trust legislation, and it further illustrates the difficulty of getting evi- dence even from the books of the cor- poration itself, since the turning-point in the case was the investigation of the accounts of the Standard Oil Company by a referee. This inquiry resulted in a re- port recommending that the suit be dis- missed, and the present decision is the necessary sequel to the referee's findings. No exceptions to the findings were filed. "There are no Trusts," exclaimed Sen- ator Hanna, a year ago, in a passion of indignation over what he called " a ficti- tious issue." It is apparently in this Hannian sense that Privy Councillor Goldberger of Berlin has declared that the German sugar Kartell, or combination, is not a Trust. It is not secret, he says; it does not in- clude all sugar manufacturers, and its members "do not lose their financial in- dependence." Of course it maintains prices, regulates production, receives a bounty from the Government, and keeps new factories from starting — but then, he ingenuously adds, what use in dis- cussing these things? They are merely incidents in business organization. Herr Goldberger's argument takes on even more the aspect of a "business proposi- tion" when he contends that foreigners have no cause for complaint, since they get their sugar cheaper because of the

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation. 4=4:7 German combination. This sounds strangely like some of the discoveries of our Industrial Commission concerning foreign prices for American goods. Ger- man consumers do not worry over the conditions of American production be- cause they get our goods cheap, so why should we not return the compliment? There may be some foolish people in Germany who are annoyed by the Trusts, but they belong to the same stupid class with Americans who want removal of protective duties on Trust-made prod- ucts. Dr. Paache, a member of the Reichs- tag, and one of the speakers on the new German Tariff Bill, is a professor in the University of Halle, and, therefore, ought to know better than to say that Germany must put herself in an atti- tude of defence against the American tariff policy. Apparently, he means by this that, if the United States enacts a prohibitory duty on German textiles, Germany can defend herself by increas- ing the duties on American food prod- ucts. This policy is sometimes called re- taliation, and sometimes patriotism, and sometimes simply defence. We in Amer- ica know the value of words in conceal- ing ideas on this subject, and we recog- nize Dr. Paache's dexterity in the use of them. We know also their real meaning as commonly employed in tariff debates. The only effect of the new German tariff is to change the distribution of the earn- ings of German producers, so that some persons shall get more and some less than they now get. This change affects mainly the laboring classes, because they are the great majority of the people. The special aim of the new German tariff is to make the laborers pay more for their food, but there is not a line in the pro- posed measure which promises to give them more work to do or more pay for what they are now doing. To call this scheme by the name of patriotism or of defence is a complete inversion of terms. Instead of defending German industry, it constitutes a deadly attack upon it. In- stead of being a patriotic movement, it favors other nations, and especially England in her rivalry with Germany as a manufacturing and exporting country. As for retaliation, nobody in the United States will feel the blow half so much as Germany herself if she passes the pending bill. The enthusiasm called forth by Herr Bebel's speech on the new German tar- iff on Thursday shows what a powerful weapon the new bill has placed in the hands of the Social Democrats. Even if the proposed tariff should benefit the agricultural laborer, as it pretends to do, the result would be merely to tax 85 per cent, of the population for the advantage of the 15 per cent, who work the soil. Herr Bebel, however, was correct in maintaining that the advantage would accrue to the land-owner, and not to the farm laborer, since there would be nothing to compel landlords to pay out their larger profits in the shape of high- er wages. His contention that the con- dition of German agriculture is, if any- thing, better than formerly, although he adduced some striking facts in support of it, is perhaps not so sound as his ar- gument concerning the effects of the tax. The Government's defence of the tariff as a weapon to be used in securing fa- vorable commercial treaties is mislead- ing, since little short of a national up- rising could secure the withdrawal of such special favors when once granted. Moreover, the effectiveness of the bill as a measure of retaliation is a hypo- critical pretence. The erection of a monument upon Heine's grave at Paris has been a spon- taneous and enthusiastic, if somewhat tardy, tribute by French men of letters to the illustrious exile who passed his later years in Paris. The fact that prac- tically all attempts to pay honor to the memory of Heine in Germany have been thwarted, by either official opposition or religious intolerance, seems to show that there was something temperamentally un-German in the most brilliant writer that Germany has produced; for it is im- possible to believe that resentment of his satire is still a living issue. Possibly the grievance against Heine is not merely that he was in some respects un-German, but that he was more than German. He was, in fact, the most cosmopolitan writer that Germany has ever produced, and a cosmopolitan writer is never fully honored in a nationalistic community. It should be remembered that, in spite of the admirable educational facilities of the nation, and the uncommon knowl- edge of foreign tongues which its people possess, the German temperament re- mains irreducibly German. Germans an- nex certain territories of foreign litera- ture for the intellectual profit of the na- tion, but they rarely wander at. random in the foreign field for the sheer pleasure of that kind of journeying. The dilet- tantism and tolerance of a Heine are genuinely antipathetic to so stalwart a nationalism. He will remain an especial delight to a small class of Germans, as he will to the reading world at large; but even while they sing his songs, his fellow-countrymen will feel, and perhaps justly, that he is so unlike themselves that honor to him could be paid only as to a distinguished foreigner. He cer- tainly is more at home in Paris, where he lies, and where people delight to honor him. It remains to be seen whether the dis- patch from Paris announcing that the appointment of M. Lucieu Guitry to the stage-managership of the Theatre-Fran- gais has restored peace to that insti- tution will be justified by later devel- opments. When the jealousies of ac- tors have once been aroused, it is gen- erally a long time before they are quiet- ed. There is no more susceptible, vain, or suspicious class in the world. But it is plain that the meditated rebellion of the socictaires against M. Claretie, the Director, has been nipped in the bud very effectually, and it is not likely that anything more will be heard of it for some time to come, at all events. The abilities of M. Guitry as a stage- manager are more or less uncertain, but, as he took the second prize for tragedy at the Conservatory twenty years ago, and has since then won high reputation as an actor at the Odeon, the Gymnase, and other theatres, as well as in the support of Sarah Bernhardt, it is only reasonable to suppose that he under- stands his business pretty thoroughly. As for M. Claretie, he can now devote all his energies to the choice of good plays, which the company will have to act, in accordance with his direction. This is as it should be. He and the Theatre-Francais are to be congratulat- ed upon his notable victory. The Compulsory-Arbitration Bill has been finally approved in New South Wales. It modifies the New Zealand sys- tem in several important respects. Any inefficiency of compulsory arbitration as there applied has been attributed to the mildness of the act. No such complaint can now be made in New South Wales. The weak and quarrelsome boards of conciliation are abandoned, and the sole and ultimate power of deciding labor disputes is vested in a Court of Arbitra- tion, to which disputes are to be carried directly. Furthermore, New South Wales does not, like New Zealand, leave any loopholes for private labor contro- versies. Strikes and lockouts are pro- hibited by the act, and even the sus- pension of industry in order to remove a dispute from the jurisdiction of the court is made a misdemeanor, punish- able by a heavy fine or by imprison- ment. It would be hard to imagine more inclusive powers than those vested in the Court of Arbitration. It may practically determine its own authority in concrete cases, prescribe its own rules of procedure, investigate the business of firms and individuals, and, at any time, vary its own decisions and reopen any dispute. No body of men could more closely approach the authority of an earthly Providence. It need hardly be said that the act is most favorable to the trade-unions, or, as they are called, "industrial unions." Individual labor- ers have practically no standing before the Court, and it is even provided that minimum wages may be fixed, and that the members of unions may be given preference in all cases over non-union men who apply for work. This statute will at least put the theory of compul- sory arbitration to » thorough test.

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4=4=& The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 THE CRIME OF TOUGHING THE TARIFF. The Republicans at Washington are rapidly working themselves into a frame of mind about the tariff comparable only to that state of nervous dread which afflicted the Democracy, and, in- deed, nearly the whole country, in con- nection with the agitation against slav- ery from 1833 to 1860. Now as then we have, or are told that we have, a sacrosanct law against which it is a crime to breathe, and which it is almost treason to attempt to modify or repeal. As the old man eloquent, John Quincy Adams, found that even the right of petition must be denied, on the ground that it would "open" the slavery ques- tion, about which it was the duty of every patriot to keep for ever mum, so now the most glaring injustices of the tariff, even its provisions that prevent us from honorably and humanely keep- ing our promises to the Cubans, must not be touched, because to touch them would be to "open" the tariff question. At the sound of these words there rise up before the affrighted vision of Re- publicans, as Mill said in reference to talk of disestablishment of the English Church, "images of rapine, violence, plunder, and every sentiment of abhor- rence which would be excited by a pro- posal to take away from an individual the earnings of his toil or the inher- itance of his fathers." This spirit of fear has been impressed even on a courageous President. His message regards tariff revision as a kind of calamity from which all Christian folk will pray the good Lord to deliver them. How about Mr. Babcock's bill to remove tariff protection from Trusts that sell their goods cheaper to the for- eigner than to the favored consumer in the blessed "home market"? Is not that a simple measure of social justice? Yes, but, you see, that would be to "open" the tariff! and the opening of Pandora's box did not let loose more evils than we should see following so reckless a proceeding. So of doing something for the Cubans, so of reducing taxes. We are told that it is all very sad, that we really ought to provide a market for Cuban products, that we ought to cut down the surplus by cutting down taxes, but there is the sacred tariff in the way, and who so impious as to propose to take away one jot or tittle of that? It has its comic aspects, this treating the tariff as a kind of Mumbo Jumbo, which will bring nameless woes upon you if you touch it irreverently; but the obsession is real enough and serious enough in many honest minds. No one can doubt, that President Roosevelt is perfectly sincere in thinking a "general revision of the tariff" a thing to shrink from as from the plague. He recalls, we presume, the MoKinley tariff and the political disasters that followed it. and the Wilson tariff with the troubles that came after, and agrees with the timid Republicans who flock to the White House to say, "No more of that, an thou lovest me!" Yet a little reflection will show that a tariff law is no more exempt from the frailties of human legislation than any other measure. Tar- iffs always have needed revision, and always will. Their framers are neither omniscient nor infallible. They cannot legislate for the unknown future. Con- ditions change, trade shifts, the inci- dence of taxation alters, new devices to thwart the tariff or to profit by it are discovered, the needs of revenue change, international relations and foreign com- merce take on new aspects of depen- dence upon tariff revision, and it is ab- surd to suppose that we cannot modify a law made to fit other times and other circumstances. No such old man of the sea, in the shape of a tariff law that altereth not, can be allowed to impede the free play of a nation's expanding energies. The case is different, of course, if the tariff is not an honest law, honestly in the public interest. If it is a bundle of favoritisms, a combination of bargains, a resultant of log-rolling and selfish in- terest striking hands with selfish inter- est, then, indeed, we can understand why it must not be touched. One part of an edifice propped up by swindling agree- ments cannot be taken away without bringing the whole to the ground. And the old familiar threats we already hear once more about making the grass grow in the streets of manufacturing cities if the McKinley treaties of reciprocity are ratified, or if the duties on hides or wool or sugar are touched, unpleasantly re- mind us that there is only too much truth in the theory of the tariff as a co- venant between its beneficiaries, not one clause of which can be repealed with- out a loss of honor among — protection- ists. Now it is exactly this suspicious view of the tariff which the Republicans will do their best to foster if they continue in their present attitude of hare-like ti- midity in respect to any tariff changes. People will not be put off by the official sighs of regret that the confessed blem- ishes of the tariff cannot be removed. Would the duties on steel and iron have been placed at the Dingley figure if it had been foreseen that a great Steel Trust would arise to sell goods cheaper to Englishman and German than to the American? Surely not. Then why cannot the blunder be now retraced? Western Republicans, clear-eyed citizens, every- where, are not to be told, as if they were children, that this needless and abused protection to the Steel Trust cannot be taken away. Only a bill of a few lines would be necessary. Why would this nec- essarily "open" the whole tariff? Why, unless it is true that the Dingley tariff was a great grab by special interests, possible only because they agreed to pool their demands, and stable only as long as each one's plunder remains intact? We do not assert at this time that such is an accurate description of the Dingley tariff; but we do affirm that, if the Re- publicans continue to kotow before it in their present cowardly and slavish fashion, this will be the idea of the na- ture and end of all tariffs which will become fixed in the popular mind. Mere self-interest and self-respect should prompt the Republican party to shake off the contemptible paralysis, as respects tariff amendment, which it professes itself unable to escape. It cannot afford to appear bound in fetters of its own forging. It cannot desire, by a stupid persistence in its alleged help- lessness, to create a soul even under the ribs of death in the Democratic party, and see itself turned out of power for not having used its power for the gen- eral good. The times clearly call for tariff modifications. They are needed to do justice at home and secure trade abroad, as also to reduce a dangerously swollen revenue. And every day's delay to urge and secure them is, for the Re- publicans, to deposit just so much more in what Burke called the "bank of dis- content," upon which every political op- ponent may "draw at pleasure." THE NEW TREATY. The surest way to measure the sig- nificance of the new Hay-Pauncefote treaty is to compare it with the old one, and with the form of the old one, as amended by the Senate, which Great Britain rejected. We may say, briefly, that all three aim at the same great ob- ject— a neutral canal to be used on equal terms by the ships of commerce and of war of all nations; that the changes of phraseology successively made look only to the manner of guaranteeing this fun- damental principle; and that the agree- ment finally reached reveals the ordi- nary give-and-take of diplomatic adjust- ment. There is no "backdown," as there i-^ no sweeping victory, on either side. Sensible representatives of two sensible nations have simply devised a form of words to cover the end which both have at heart. The first Hay-Pauncefote treaty was, in effect, a modification of the Clayton- Bulwer treaty. One of the Senate amendments brusquely declared, in ref- erence to the latter, "which Convention is hereby superseded." To this, Lord Lansdowne made the perfectly sound objection that no "international contract of unquestionable validity ought to be abrogated or modified, save with the consent of both the parties to the con- tract." Accordingly, we have now the orderly supersession of the Clayton-Bul- wer Treaty set down in Article I. of the new treaty as that to which "the high contracting parties agree." The Senate gets what it wanted, but gets it in the

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation 449 way that the British Foreign Secretary- indicated as the only proper way. One of the famous Senate amendments is quietly dropped, as it should have been. We refer to the paragraph which the Senate added to section 5 of Article II., to wit: "It is agreed that none of the immediately foregoing conditions and stipulations . . . shall apply to mea- sures which the United States may find it necessary to take for securing by its own forces the defence of the United States and the maintenance of public or- der." Such vague language has no place in a treaty. If it was intended to take away with one hand what was given with the other — that is, the real neutral- ity of the canal — it should have been so stated in explicit terms. If it was only meant that, in case of war, the United States might defend itself to the utmost of its ability, that was a matter of course, and needed no clause of a treaty to make it certain. All this is left out of the new instrument. The Senate has its way, however, in the leaving out also of the third Article of the original treaty, agreeing to invite the adhesion of other Powers to the canal convention. There is the less rea- son for such a provision now since the joint guarantee of neutrality has been exchanged for the individual guarantee of the United States. This is the most marked change of all. Before, the Unit- ed States and Great Britain agreed to- gether to guarantee that any Isthmian canal should be open to all the world on equal terms; at present, the United States agrees with Great. Britain that it will, on its own responsibility, adopt and enforce rules securing neutrality and equality. It is our own affair now. With England out of it, there is no reason to ask other nations to come in. The old clause prohibiting fortifica- tions commanding the canal has been dropped. That does not mean, however, that forts are now permitted. The one military right specifically granted to the United States is that of maintaining a "military police along the canal to pro- tect it against lawlessness and disorder." By a well-known rule of judicial con- struction, this specific grant would be held to bar out any not mentioned. Be- sides, in section 2 of Article III. of the new treaty, the United States definitely agrees that "the canal shall never be blockaded, nor shall any right of war be exercised within it." This would pre- clude forts, or at any rate the use of them. It is absurd, therefore, to suppose that they will ever be built. The only defence of the canal possible, in case of war, is a naval defence. This is now well settled, and we should hear no more talk about fortifications. One entirely new Article — the fourth- appears in the latest treaty. It pro- vides that "no change of territorial sovereignty or of international relations of the country or countries traversed by the canal shall affect the general princi- ple of neutralization, or the obligation of the high contracting parties under the present treaty." The need for this is obvious. It is a necessary consequence of the abrogation of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. By Article I. of that treaty the United States bound itself never to "oc- cupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume, or exercise any dominion over Nicara- gua, Costa Rica, the Mosquito Coast, or any part of Central America." That re- striction being now removed, it was vi- tally important for Great Britain to ob- tain a guarantee that, in case the terri- tory through which the canal is to run should ever come under the sovereignty of the United States, the right of English ships freely and equitably to use the waterway (which would then be domes- tic property of the United States) should never be impaired. All told, the treaty is admirably de- signed to secure the ends aimed at by both parties to it, and the manner of its drafting should quiet most of the old cavilling opposition. There will doubt- less arise a few alarmed patriots to scent mysterious dangers in the new document, as they did in the old. And the breed 01 American politicians who object to any agreement with England simply be- cause it is an agreement with England, is not yet wholly extmct. But we be- lieve that the Administration is justified in its confidence that the opposition will amount to nothing, and that the treaty will be speedily ratified. It ought to be, as promotive both of good relations with Great Britain, which should be a prime object of our national policy, and of an Isthmian canal, which the American peo- ple are determined to have. Opponents of the treaty may, therefore, be classed as either haters of England or enemies of a canal. THE TREASURY REPORT. The principal features of Secretary Gage's report this year are a recommen- dation for a reduction of taxes to the amount of $50,000,000, and one for a change in the currency system by a modification of existing requirements for the security of bank-note issues. The reason for the reduction of taxes is that the public revenues for the cur- rent fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, are estimated to show a surplus of $100,- 000,000 over expenditures for the same period. These facts are rather grudging- ly set forth by the Secretary. Appar- ently he would rather have the whole amount of this surplus than the half of it which he desires to retain, not be- cause he has any use for it, but because it is very comfortable for the person who pays the Government's expenses to have a large pile of money in sight. Here was an opportunity for some wholesome instruction to Congress and the people on the dangers of an over- flowing Treasury in the way of pro- moting extravagance, jobbery, and cor- ruption in public life, but Mr. Gage did not see fit to use his opportunity. He could not have done so very consistent- ly when advocating as he does the pol- icy of "navigation bounties," otherwise ship subsidies, which he seeks to mini- mize, however, by saying that they "need not in any year exceed the total cost of a couple of battle-ships." The last Congress considered Mr. Gage's plans for revenue reduction much too conservative. It made a much heavier cut in the taxes than he recommended, and yet did not cut deeply enough. It is to be hoped that the present Congress will supply the shortcomings of its pre- decessor and those of the Secretary also. Mr. Gage introduces his plan of cur- rency reform with a prefatory treatise on the principles of banking, which is entirely sound and perhaps not longer than needful to explain to uninstruct- ed readers the reasons for the change which he proposes. In brief, the expla- nation is that a bank is an apparatus for swapping credit rather than for lending money; that its chief function is to sup- ply the means for transferring property without the actual handling of money; that the means consist of credits trans- ferable in part by checks and in part by notes; and that the checks and the notes are identical in substance, although dif- fering in form. The law sees no ob- jection to the extension of bank credits by means of checks, subject to a cer- tain amount of cash reserve, the cus- tody of which is left to the banker him- self. But when the credit takes the form of circulating notes, the law says that the banker must deposit security of a particular kind with the Treasurer of the United States to the par value of the notes. This security is obtainable only in limited quantity, and is con- stantly diminishing. It is so costly that the advantage of note-issuing, as compared with other investments, is considerably less than 1 per cent, per annum. No banker can buy Government bonds, deposit them in the Treasury, and take out circulation with the hope of making a profit of more than sev- enty-hundredths of 1 per cent, over and above what he could make by lending the same money on mortgage security. In other words, the profit to bankers is not sufficient to warrant them in in- creasing their note issues. This is not the whole story. Govern- ment bonds are a diminishing quantity. The fact that they will wholly disap- pear within a measurable time has been often advanced by economists as a rea- son for taking timely measures to sup- ply a bank-note currency on different principles; but men in responsible posi- tions in public life have manifested great reluctance to grapple with that problem. Mr. Gage is the first one, we believe, to face it squarely. He says that

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450 The USTation. [Vol. j 3, No. 1902 we must look forward to an increasing population with a diminishing paper circulation, and asks how the difficulty and the incongruity can be met. To in- crease the amount of Government legal- tender notes is not to be thought of. On the contrary, the existing ones ought to be retired, and the Secretary proposes a plan by which this end may be reached simultaneously with an enlargement of the bank currency. The plan which he proposes is that any bank which shall deposit with the Treasurer of the United States 30 per cent, of its capital in the form of United States bonds and 20 per cent, in green- backs, shall have the right to issue cir- culating notes to an amount not ex- ceeding its paid-up and unimpaired cap- ital. In addition to the deposited se- curity of 50 per cent., the plan provides that all banks which issue notes shall contribute a sum equal to one-eighth of 1 per cent, of their capital as a guarantee fund for the protection of the notes of all the banks in the system. Whenever a bank fails, the sum needed for the prompt redemption of its outstanding notes, over and above the 50 per cent, of deposited security, shall be taken from the guarantee fund, and when the assets of the failed bank are distributed, the amount taken from the fund shall be restored, so far as the assets will go. The note-holders are not preferred creditors of the bank, except that they have a first and exclusive lien on the 50 per cent, of bonds and greenbacks originally deposited. What would have been the actual results of a system of this kind if it had been adopted at the beginning of the national banking sys- tem has been computed by the Actuary of the Treasury, who finds that not only would there have been no loss to note- holders by bank failures, but there would now be in the guarantee fund the sum of $27,421,950. Mr. Gage's plan is a modification or variation of the plan which is common- ly described as "banking on assets," meaning the issue of bank-notes against the general credit of the banks. The Secretary adopts this idea in principle, but would require at the beginning bank issues to be secured absolutely, to the extent of 50 per cent, of their volume. Even this is probably farther than Con- gress is prepared to go at present, but the time is ripe for a more general dis- cussion of the proposed change than it has yet received, and Mr. Gage is en- titled to much credit for having given a fresh impetus to it. FRIEDRICH ALBREGHT WEBER. Born nearly a generation after Lassen and Burnouf, Albrecbt Weber for half a century has been one of that German triumvirate to whom Sanskrit scholars In all lands have given the place earned by ability and age. Boehtllngk still keeps his wonderful vigor, but Roth is gone, and now Weber has died (on December 1) In his seventy-sixth year, with his latest 'Vedische Beitrage' still fresh from the press; a man whose place none other is ready to fill. For it was characteristic of Weber's schol- arship that it alone covered the whole ground of that immense literature which be- gan a thousand years or more before the Christian era, and was still growing a thou- sand years after that era. In this his genius was more akin to that of Boehtlingk than to that of Roth, the Vedic specialist. A Sanskrit specialist he was always, but there is nothing narrow in a scholarship which touched and illuminated at all points so great a literature as that of India. This is shown most clearly in his 'History of Sanskrit Literature,' a work which, while It lacks all literary charm (for Weber did not possess the gift of expression), became from the time of its publication, just fifty years ago, the standard book of reference for the history of the whole literature. So, in his occasional publications, he glided easily from a raking critique of a Vedic text to an incisive review of a classical drama, always clear-headed, commanding, and, it must be added, ruthless, in judg- ment. For the general reader he was too dry; for the confreres who came under his caustic criticism he was too withering; pop- ular he could never be, but he was well hated and always compelled admiration. One of his victims is said to have died of cha- grin after Weber had "noticed" his book, and there were probably few who felt much affection for the hand that chastened them. But, for all that, his own work was so su- perb that they were glad to come under his patronizing commendation, and forgive him his offcncs Wort if, at a later date, they could cite his opinion for support in some new venture of ideas. Even Max Miiller, though he depreciated him, was unable to ignore him, and continued sedulously to court his approbation. But, while Weber had many foes, he had many firm friends, and these were the best scholars of the time; those already named as his peers and our own Whitney, among others. Weber's great technical achievement was the edition of the White Yajur Veda, the Vedic work next in importance to the Rig Veda, the latter being published in the editio princcps of his friend Aufrecht a couple of years after the completion of Weber's ten years' labor (1859). But this was only the beginning of' his work. The seventeen volumes of the 'Indische Studien' are chiefly from his hand, and, besides these, he has a wealth of observation and new material in the supplementary ISkixztn and Strcifcn, putting as much new matter into an ordinary review as an ordinary re- viewer could put into a book, should he write one. Full forty years were spent on his superb 'Catalogue of Sanskrit Man- uscripts," and he also edited and translated various classical texts. Of late years he had been publishing a series of liiitragc, concerned chiefly with Vedic text-critique. His style was atrocious, even for a German, and his pet weakness was vain etymologiz- ing and playing with words. His last pa- per, for example, published this year, gravely proclaims that surds are used to express hard ideas, and sonants, soft ideas; whence pat, nero^at, means ' fly,' which is hard, but pad, the root of pes, means 'walk,' which is easy! This, however, was rather an amusement than a business with him, and it always seemed as if he took his own etymologies with as little serious- ness as did Plato. The old man led a true scholar's life. Buried in his library all day till the lec- ture-hour, which he put at as inconvenient a time as possible, thereby (to his great satisfaction) dissuading many courses out of existence, he would rush out of his house at the last minute, and go whirling up the avenue with coat-tails flying and a slouch hat jammed close over his one eye, dash into the lecture-room, drop into his chair, begin "Meine Herren" before his notes were ready, ask two questions of interpretation, and then, with a grunt (generally of dis- approval), fling himself back and begin to talk, answering his own questions, dis- puting his own previous interpretations with as much vigor as he did those of others, and genially spending an hour on a single line of text. This was his daily routine till Saturday afternoon, which he gave up to his family and to a frolic. In summer especially he dearly loved an ex- cursion, and would tramp about in the woods for hours, followed by a line of col- leagues and students and his own children, leading the march, the singing, and the drinking, till evening brought him back to his study. Though a ferocious an- tagonist, he was very chivalrous in his way, and, in the presence of his students, always spoke with the greatest respect of those he so bitterly assailed, as if to say, "Ye are not yet of the Initiate, and all work is good when done for Sanskrit." On one oc- casion a presumptuous student asked him about Haug, that Sanskrit Keats whose life was snuffed out by one of Weber's extin- guishing critiques. The old man stared for a moment, and then lifted his hat; "Ein ausgezeichneter Gelehrte," was his sole reply. While it is true that Weber did nothing to popularize the study of Sanskrit, for even his 'History of Literature' is scarcely read- able for one not a Sanskrit scholar, and for that reason won no popular applause, his iecord as a scientific writer places him on a lasting eminence. His work was essen- tially that of an Investigator. He hewed out blocks for others to chip at and build with, but it was he, too, who found the blocks. Owing partly to his political prin- ciples, and partly to the fact that his work appealed to few, he was not honored at court, and on state occasions could show only one medal. Yet there were not many of the more decorated scholars in his com- pany who could claim to have done work half so great as his, either in extent or in importance. But it Is the lot of Oriental- ists to be perforce content with the medal of a good conscience and their colleagues' approval. THE "IPHIGENEIA" IN ATHENS. Athens, November 15, 1901. The opportunity of seeing a classic play is no longer rare at Athens. In 1896 was called into existence a Society whose sole aim is to rehabilitate the ancient drama and to render it familiar to the Athenians of to-day. The founders of the Society are Professors Mistrlotes and An- toniades. Dr. Mark Sigalas, the only teach- er of elocution in all Greece, trains the amateur actors. These amateurs are Uni- versity students mostly. Miss Apostolou,

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D ec. 12, r9oi] The Nation. 451 who for the last three years has taken part, is a graduate of the Arsakeion, a girls' academy. After having appeared on former occasions as Elektra and as Iokaste, she now represents the priestly heroine in Eu- ripides's Tauric "Iphigeneia," the play which the Society has selected for this year. Three performances have already been given, and three more are arranged for. The last of these will take place in springtime, so as to profit by the presence of the tourists who always visit Athens at that season. The following notes and reflections were occasioned by the performances of Novem- ber 9 and 14. If the reasons for reproducing an ancient Greek play be purely and exclusively an- tiquarian, then much can be said against the performances given at Athens. Ad- vocates of strict antiquarian accuracy con- tend that a modern reproduction of such a play should be, as far as possible, merely a repetition of the original performance, with all its conventional setting, and even with the imperfections of the stage and drama of those days. From an artistic point of view, such imitative performances might be quite absurd. Moreover, they are beyond the present resources and desires of Mistriotes and his philo-classic associates. The So- ciety, either intentionally or by happy fate, pursues a method which shows that its ideal of a perfect representation of an old play would be such as is best consistent with the play itself considered as a pro- duction of literary art. According to this view, it is not necessary to introduce co- thurns and masks so as to conform to the stage customs of the days of Euripides, but it is absolutely necessary to represent the characters of the drama in a manner as true as possible to their ofiBce and actions as presented in the text. It would be bet- ter to dress Iphigeneia and the other per- sonages in accordance with the practice of the Mycenaean age than to drape them in robes similar to those which they wore when this play was first produced. In other words, the Society, in reproducing these classic dramas, follows the rules laid down for the presentation of any other drama. But their success in detail is not as praise- worthy as is their unconscious principle. For an antiquarian representation, a theatre built in conformity with Dorpfeld's doctrine of theatrical structures would be most suitable; and Greeks who sigh for such representations should hope for the generosity of some rich benefactor furnish- ing the necessary funds for the restoration of the ruined theatre of Dionysus on the south slope of the Acropolis. But, for artis- tic representations, the ordinary modern theatres of to-day are not unsuitable, see- ing that by richer scenery and more per- fect machinery the setting can be made much more correct and more attractive, to us at least, than was possible in the days of Euripides. It should not, however, be demanded that the setting be entirely con- sistent with the text and with historic accuracy. There must always be more or less of a compromise between the require- ments of the drama and of actual truth. It is on the ordinary stage of the Demo- tic theatre here that the "Iphigeneia" is being performed. Only one scene is re- quired, for the entire action takes place before the temple of Artemis on the shore of the Euxine. This temple, which occu- pies the rear corner of the right side of the stage, Is a Doric structure of late pattern, in no way recalling the Mycenaean period of architecture. The spaces between the tri- glyphs were left open so as to account for Orestes's remark that Pylades and he might stealthily enter the temple through these window-like apertures. Close to the tem- ple is a blood-besprinkled altar, where the human victims used to be sacrificed to Arte- mis. Back of the temple are cliffs leading down to the sea. From the beginning to the end of the play the actors enunciated their lines in a vio- lent, grandiose style, not easily avoided in a language in which emphasis and tone are less necessary than in unlnflected lan- guages, and in which the value of each word is apt to be sufficiently evident simply from its position in the sentence. The actor who speaks Greek lines, not being obliged, by certain conventional colorings, to make the meaning clear and to show the grammati- cal construction of the words, is entirely free to use or misuse his voice in inton- ing or almost chanting his phrases, as Italian orators often do, or in pompous declamation. Correct elocution, when it is question of a Greek speaking to Greeks, is quite different from what this same high art is when applied to the English lan- guage. Unfortunately, the modern Greeks have no practical way of enunciating with accuracy the mellifluous metres of the an- cient verses. They cannot adopt our sys- tem of indicating the poetic feet by using accents for that purpose, because, In order not to make a hopeless jumble of their lan- guage, they have to allow the accents to remain undisturbed on the accented sylla- bles, regardless of the metre; and to indi- cate the poetic measures solely by the proper observance of long and short sylla- bles is practically even more impossible to a Greek than it is to us. It may be that the Greeks are logical enough in sacrificing metre to accent, but their logic is not ap- parent at a glance to foreigners. In order to render the choric odes proper- ly, the Society annually offers a small mone- tary reward and heaps of verbal honors to the composer of the most suitable music for them. The condition imposed upon contestants is that they respect the an- cient prosody, and that their compositions be either original or adaptations of the melodies of the traditional songs of the modern Greek people. The music whicl1 won the prize for the choric songs of the "Iphigeneia" was written by a native of Constantinople, Dr. Pachtikos. He has travelled much through Greek countries, col- lecting remnants of folk songs, and declares that this popular music has preserved the ancient scales, and that by studying it we may greatly improve our knowledge of the ancient modes. It was on these native mel- odies and on the canons of Byzantine church-song that he based his music for the "Iphigeneia." He arranged it for three sets of voices, asserting that, even if har- mony was unknown to the ancient compos- ers, it ought nevertheless to be now ad- mitted into the music of these odes. But the rules of harmony which he applies arc those of Byzantine music, which are not precisely at one with those known and ac- cepted in ordinary European musical science. The singing was performed by a choru3 of girls from the Arsakeion Academy. They had been trained to sing their parts with sufficient accuracy; but the grand spectac- ular movements, the entrance march, the steps and evolutions and gestures which were so closely in harmony with the voice in the execution of such odes, and which as- sisted so powerfully in showing the rhythm of verses and stanzas, were all missing. Likewise, the music did not emphasize the metre strongly enough. It is not impos- sible to forgive the loss of the trimetrlc swing in the recited iambic lines cf the dialogue, but the listener is sorry to wit- ness any fault in the musical time of the chcric systems. It was by hearing these odes that the ancient Greeks learned their intricate rhythm, and the audiences of Eu- ripides— just as clumsy as we, were they to try to learn these lines correctly by readiug them in a book — had the easy pleasure of be- coming acquainted with them by hearing them sung. Those of us who happen to go to hear a Greek play always expect the same easy pleasure; but such expectation is usually, here in Greece, doomed to at least partial disappointment. It has been my fortune to see the deus ex machine in several plays, but perhaps never with such freedom from absurdity and with such pleasing effect as in the closing scene of these performances, in which one of the Arsakid students enacted the part of Athena* She was quite a little goddess, however, re- minding one of the noted Barbakeian stat- uette rather than of one of the colossal deities which an old master such as Pheidia3 would present. Her divinity was pretty rather than sublime, but the presence of di- vinity of any kind is something soothing, and on this occasion the spectators were delighted. Daniel Quinn. THE WIFE OF JUNOT — I. Paris, November 20, 1901. M. Joseph Turquan puts forth a sequel to the series of volumes he has already pub- lished on the ladies of the period of the First Empire. 'Generate Bonaparte,' 'Em- press Josephine,' 'Napoleon's Sisters,' 'Queen Hortense,' 'Citoyenne Tallien,' 'Ste- phanie de Beauharnais' are the titles of his preceding volumes. He now gives us the history of the wife of General Junot, the Duchess d'Abrantes, from, he says, her journal intime, her letters and inedited pa- pers. Madame d'Abrantes herself pub- lished, at the end of her life, voluminous Memoirs, which made a great noise at the time, and which are still read. They can hardly be ranked among the historical doc- uments of the time of the Empire, for they contain many errors, and are not inspired, in many parts, by a pure love of truth. They can be consulted only with care, but they throw a vivid light on many historical characters; they read in some places like an amusing novel, in others like a curious psychological study. M. Aubert, the grand- son of the Duchess d'Abrantes, placed, we are informed, at the disposal of M. Turquan all the documents he possessed relating to his grandmother. The Viscount de Spcel- berch de Lovenjoul (who has an immense collection of manuscripts on our time, chiefly of authors belonging to the Ro- mantic school) authorized M. Turquan to publish the fragments which he possesses of a manuscript of the Duchess, which he entitles "journal intime."

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452 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 M. Turquan owes also to M. de Loven- joul some letters from Madame d'Abrantes to Balzac, who was her great friend. The "journal intime" gives the details of Ju- not's liaison with the Grand Duchess of Berg, a sister of Napoleon, and of Madame Junot's liaison with Metternich, the Aus- trian Ambassador; it is, so to speak, a dou- ble confession. M. Turquan defends him- self against the imputation of revealing indiscreetly all he found in this "journal intime." All that concerns the Duchess d'Abrantes, he says, belongs to history; and her reputation cannot suffer much, after all that has been said about her in the memoirs of the time and in the 'Memorial de St.-Helene." Laura de Permon was born on the 6th of November, 1784, at Montpellier. Her father was a contractor for the French army during the American war; he was a "receveur de finance," and married a lady belonging to a Greek family established in Corsica. Mme. de Permon was said to descend from the il- lustrious family of Comnenus. M. de Per- mon was on the point of buying the office of "fermier-general" when the Revolution put an end to his project. He was fortunate enough to pass unperceived through the days of the Terror. After the 9th Thermi- dor, Mme. de Permon reopened a salon, and surrounded herself with those of her friends who had not emigrated, and with her Corsi- can friends — among them the young Gen. Bonaparte and Saliceti, deputy from Bastia. The young Laura de Permon, very hand- some, like her mother, became acquainted with Bonaparte, who often came, after he had become the hero of the 13th Ven- demiaire, accompanied by Junot, one of his aides-de-camp. The Duchess d'Abrantes wrote afterwards that Bonaparte wished to marry her mother, because she was a Com- nenus, in the hope that this name would help him in the great plans he was forming for the East. Mme. de Permon had become a widow. Her husband lost all his fortune in the Revolution, and she was not at all inclined to marry a general who was ex- tremely poor at the time, and whom she had been accustomed to consider as her infe- rior in a social point of view. There seems, accordingly, to have been an estrangement after this period between Mme. de Permon and Bonaparte, which lasted some time. Madame de Permon went, with her daugh- ter Laura, to the great banquet given by Talleyrand to Gen. Bonaparte on his re- turn from Italy. Bonaparte shook hands with her and complimented her on her daughter. After the 18th Brumaire, Bona- parte rose to the highest place in France, and became the arbiter of her destinies. Laura de Permon felt much admiration for him, and when Gen. Junot, one of his aides, made her an offer of marriage, she was delighted at the idea of entering the Court of the First Consul, the momentary Idol of France. Junot had accompanied Bonaparte to Italy and Egypt; he had been a prisoner in England for a little while in 1800, but had been exchanged and was Mil- itary Governor of Paris. He was fanatical- ly devoted to Bonaparte, who wished him to take a wife to "make himself older by ten years," and to give great receptions, since these receptions given by the first dignita- ries of the Republic were a part of his pro- gramme. Junot was young, fond of plea- sure, handsome, but without distinction. Mile, de Permon was only sixteen years old. She modestly says of herself at that age: "I was not at all handsome; I may af- terwards have grown not disagreeable, but I then offered only the aspect of a pale girl, suffering, very dark, and with an ha- bitually sad expression of physiognomy." Madame de Permon insisted upon having a religious marriage in addition to the civil marriage. Junot objected at first, but Bonaparte decided him to accept this condi- tion, if the Permon family would have it, but to consent to a religious ceremony only at night. "There was as yet," says M. Turquan, "no question of the Concordat, and, if the First Consul was thinking of it, he did not find that times were ripe for religious liberty." Bonaparte gave to Laura de Permon a dot of 100,000 francs, and 40,- 000 francs for what is called the corbeille (jewels, clothes, etc.). Madame Junot became a member of the Consular Court and a frequent inmate of Malmaison. The First Consul, we are told, was at times a little too attentive to her; but she would not satisfy his caprice, and to Bonaparte's resentment she partly at- tributed the disgrace into which Junot afterwards fell. Junot was a very unfaith- ful husband. We must never forget, when we read the history of the Empire, that the comrades of Napoleon — even those who became Marshals and Kings — were unedu- cated men. They personified the class of soldiers to be found in every army, for whom personal bravery constitutes the only ideal. Bonaparte himself appears at times, even after he has become the ar- biter of Europe, the successor of the Caesars, as one of those heroes who pride themselves on a certain sort of coarse- ness and vulgarity. Junot was essential- ly the type of the brave soldiers who abounded in the armies of the Revolution and of the Empire. Madame Junot suf- fered at first from his infidelities, but she soon constructed a philosophy of life suited to her circumstances. After the coronation of the Emperor, Junot was sent as Ambassador to Portugal, which was for him almost an exile. He was al- lowed to leave Portugal when Napoleon began a new campaign, and he arrived at Austerlltz just in time to perform his sci vice as aide-de-camp. Madame Junot was soon afterwards appointed lady-in- waiting to Madame Letitia, the mother of Napoleon. Junot was again appointed Governor of Paris, in July, 1806. The Grand Duchess of Berg, Napoleon's sister, had become Junot's mistress, and M. Turquan gives us all the details of their liaison. Madame Junot was courted by Metternich. Some of the incidents of these liaisons are almost incredible. They were, however, such as they are, related at length in the "journal intime" (which the Duchess d'Abrantes afterwards gave to Balzac, and which was found among his papers bought by M. de Lovenjoul). Napoleon was warned in Poland of the relations which had been formed between the Grand Duchess of Berg and Junot. On his return, he received Junot very coldly and reproached him. "The General replied that if Marshal Murat felt offended, he was ready to meet him in a duel. 'My hotel,' he said, 'is near the Elysee' [where Murat and his wife then lived]. 'Yes, yes,' said the Emperor, 'much too near' — and he for- bade him to fight with Murat." Napoleon took from Junot the post of Governor of Paris and sent him to the south of France, to take command of a corps d'armee. Ma- dame Junot remained alone; she spent most of her time at her country house in Le Raincy, and Metternich took a house at Boulogne, near Le Raincy. She had almost ceased to receive news of her husband, who had gone from the south of France to Por- tugal, and there lost the battle of Vimeira against the English army, immediately af- ter which he showed the first signs of the cerebral malady of which he was to become a victim. All the details of that campaign are to be found in the curious Memoirs of General Thiebault, who was in Portugal at the time Junot signed, on August 30, 1808, with the English Commander the fa- mous convention of Cintra, specifying the evacuation of Portugal by the French army; which was to be taken back to France by the English fleet. Meanwhile, Madame Junot continued to live in Paris. It was through Metternich that she had the news of the Convention of Cintra. "As soon as I heard of it," she says, "I asked for an audience of the Em- peror. He was at Saint-Cloud, on his re- turn from Bayonne. 'How did you obtain this news?' said he, very dryly. I made no answer. 'I guess I know,' said he ironically. 'Well, Junot may take this as he likes; I wash my hands of it.' " In the 'Memorial de St.-Helene' it is said that Napoleon added much advice to the Duchess d'Abrantes about her expenditures and her intimate relations with a foreigner. "She got angry," said the Emperor, "and I was treated by her like a little boy (un petit gargon); all that was left to me was to send her away (Venvoyer promener) and to abandon her to herself." Correspondence. CONTINENTAL EXPANSION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Continental or Colonial? That is the question which is forced upon the Amer- ican people by occurrences that they did not initiate. The authority of the Tsar of Russia extends over territory larger than that of the United States and Canada com- bined, and is entirely continental. The area of Russia has supplied abundant room for expansion, but she has always been alert to extend her bounds to include adjacent regions rather than to acquire de- tached dominions. She has even proved ready to haul down her flag from lands she once possessed, apparently because those lands were not adjacent; ceding Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States in 1867, and the Kurile Islands to Japan in 1874. By the policy of European nations, Rus- sia has been excluded from such seaports as are open to navigation at all seasons. The wide extent of her land frontier has compelled the maintenance of a great army, but she has had no need of great naval forces for either offence or defence. The position of Russia would seem and has thus far proved to be safe against foreign at- tack. So Napoleon found it at the height of his power; and so it was when Great Britain, France, Turkey, and Italy were al- lied against her. There are no detached colonies or fortresses to be protected, and

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation. 453 in time of war Russia has always the benefit of interior lines to meet attack. Year by year she has extended her frontiers, including and affiliating neighboring popu- lations in Europe and Asia, and spreading her own people over the original and ac- quired territory. The power of England depends upon the supremacy of her navy, as she is open to assault in every quarter of the world, while Russia is really impregnable. Until within the last few years America was equally im- pregnable. There was no place within our bounds at which it was not easy to as- semble a force greater than any nation — perhaps all nations — could bring against us. There was not a city, nor even a coaling station to defend, beyond the seas. A navy less powerful than that of France was suf- ficient for defence or for offensive defence. An army inconsiderable in numbers suf- ficed to maintain the knowledge of progress in the arts of war, and we had millions of men for service in time of need. How is it now? If we are assailed in Hawaii 01- Samoa, we have no advantage of position over Great Britain or Japan, and to hold the Philippines we must keep there a standing army larger than is needed for home defence. Our destiny is at some, perhaps not re- mote, time to absorb all of the continent north of us. Keeping closely to our conti- nental position, this could be easy of ac- complishment, even if opposed by the whole power of Great Britain. The seacoast States could defend themselves while the interior States were overrunning Canada; but if the time should come when Great Britain was not able to maintain all of its possessions, the annexation of Canada could be made peacefully. It would be no more difficult to defend the United States including Canada than excluding that Do- minion, and expansion over an adjoining region peopled by our kinsfolk ought not to be hampered by the necessity of defend- ing the isles of the Pacific Ocean. P. J. December 2, 1901. ANTI-ENGLISH FEELING IN GERMANY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The current outbreak of anti-English feeling in Germany is not wholly surpris- ing to one who has been observing pub- lic sentiment in recent months. While Chamberlain's Edinbuigh speech is the os- tensible cause of the commotion, it is, in fact, hardly more than the convenient oc- casion for the open expression of the feel- ing prevailing throughout Germany. In ordinary conditions such a storm of pro- test following upon such a speech would seem ridiculous. As matters stand, it is far from ridiculous, for the comforting be- lief, which many in England are disposed to hold, that the movement is largely manufactured by the newspapers and cer- tain selfish political interests, and is not the result of genuine public sentiment, is wide of the mark. The newspapers, with a few notable ex- ceptions, have, of course, done their part to increase the popular dislike of Eng- land's attitude and methods in the Boer war. For months past they have shown a purpose to belittle or discredit reports of English success and to magnify disasters to the English arms. In depicting English brutality they have spread on the colors lavishly. By the use of all the meth- ods so familiar to us at home they have helped, to the extent of their ability, to make the nation believe that England is politically and morally decadent, that her military power has already vanished, and that her commercial prestige is wan- ing. Whoever concludes, however, that the present outbreak is only a wordy war of the press, misjudges the real sentiments of Germans of all classes very seriously. For months past the utterances of the newspapers have been perhaps milder than the tone of private conversation. Most Germans seem to have come to the set- tled conviction that the conduct of the war shows the decline of English power. They are equally convinced that the charg- es of inhuman brutality are true, and that England is guilty of cruelties which should put a savage to shame. When they speak of Tommy Atkins as "scum," they are using one of their milder epithets for the English soldier. At least three elements go to make up this pretty unanimous public opinion. The first is the general dislike of the Eng- lishman which the rest of the Continent shares, and which is more or less evident always. However vulgar and unreasoning it may be, it is nevertheless a factor which must be considered in all times of national excitement. In the second place, Germany's competition with England for the business of the world evokes a sense of rivalry which is keen and often bit- ter. Perhaps the present financial crisis helps increase the intensity of this feel- ing. The third element is a very real and genuine sympathy for the Boers, and the belief that England is engaged in an unjustifiable war against them. Leaving all speculation about causes aside, it seems pretty clear that the average German wants to believe that England is treating the Boer with inhuman cruelty, that the Eng- lish soldier is a debased specimen of hu- manity, and that England's power and greatness are things of the past. Cham- berlain's speech, with its allusion to the German soldier in 1870-71, brought the pent-up feeling to explosive utterance. The students at Greifswald were among the first to meet and protest publicly. Since then the movement has spread rapidly over Germany, and fiery resolutions have been voted in numerous gatherings. So far the end is not in sight, although a few newspapers, not all of them semi- official, have tried of late to calm the ex- cited public opinion. The present atti- tude of the English press increases, rather than lessens, the storm. What the out- come will be is uncertain; but, in view of the possibly serious results of such in- creasing of international enmity, it may be hoped that the whole demonstration is in reality, what it now seems to be, an attack of national hysterics. W. R. Berlin, November 27, 1901. Notes. Readers of the London Athitiaum will re- call Mrs. Humphry Ward's communication to that paper, above two years ago, respect- ing the proposed statue to Amiel in one of the squares of Geneva. Admirers of that writer's 'Journal Intime,' in this country, may be glad to know that there is still an opportunity to contribute towards the memorial. Subscriptions should be sent to Prof. F. F. Roget, President of the Amiel Committee, at the University of Geneva. About half the thousand pounds desired has, we understand, been raised. John Lane will shortly publish 'Esoteric Christianity, or the Lesser Mysteries,' by the late Annie Besant; and 'Ancient Royal Palaces in and near London,' by Thomas R. Way, with 24 full-page lithographs, in a limited edition of 100 copies. Ginn & Co. have almost ready 'Nature Study and Life,' by Prof. Clifton F. Hodge of Clark University. Two years ago we welcomed the late Grant Allen's edition of Gilbert White's 'Natural History of Selborne' (John Lane) in perhaps the most beautiful form this classic has yet been clothed in. The pub- lishers have now wisely brought it out less expensively, but from the same plates, with all the illustrations; and the result is still a beautiful — only not a luxurious — book, at a price within reach of anybody. There is nothing that may not fall within the province of Dent's handy books, and hence the "Temple Bible" does not surprise (Philadelphia: Lippincott). Indeed, one wonders that such an issue of the Bible was not thought of sooner. 'Genesis' is before us, and shows that, for a prime merit, the text will be paragraphed rationally; the poetry will also be indicated by the type and form of setting. Each book will have an historical introduction. At the end will be gathered a certain amount of notes, maps, and other matter, besides a list of "Biblical references in English literature." There should be a wide demand for this edition. Of the Introduction to Genesis we will say no more than it makes no allu- sion to the parti-colored divisions of the book by which criticism has displayed a mingling and confusion of sources, but sees only "the stamp of individual authorship" and a conscious shaping of material. The indispensable Minerva, the learned world's annual (Strassburg: Karl J. Triib- ner; New York: Lemcke & Buechner), re- sorts in its eleventh volume to a novel device of inserted folios that collectively swell the size of the book by fully three "signatures," yet leave the total pagina- tion identical with that of last year's vol- ume. The excuse for this is the saving in overhauling the index; the inconvenience, that the intercalation of A-folios causes odd and even pages to change places con- stantly. But one must have compassion for the index-maker, to whom the users of Minerva owe so much. Among the institu- tions in this country now first reported in Minerva, as to constitution, personnel, etc., are the Chicago School of Dentistry, the Philadelphia Dental College, the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, the St. Louis Col- lege of Pharmacy, the Public Libraries of Bangor, Salem, and Dayton, the New Hamp- shire State Library, the Forbes Library of Northampton, the Peck Library of Norwich, together with art and other museums and certain learned bodies — in all, twenty-three, if we count aright. The frontispiece por- trait is of Prof. Oscar Montelius of the Swedish Academy of Fine Arts, a fine type of "Gelehrter," physiognomically speaking. From the same New York house we re-

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4=54= The ISTation. [Vol. jz, No. 1902 ceive Part I. of the newest Stieler's Hand- Atlas, the ninth link in the endless chain of revisions with which the house of Perthes in Gotha honors itself by main- taining this great work up to date. There will be a hundred sheet maps, beyond all precedent, of which the United States are allotted seven, in company with its sister giant, Russia, and the whole continent of South America. Altogether, the New World fills nineteen sheets. What is novel is the printing of the copper plates in two impressions, one orographic, by which hand coloring is dispensed with and the cost of the atlas enabled to be reduced by nearly one-half — $12.50 in advance. This is truly a great boon, not to scholars alone, but to the public at large. The initial in- stalment contains maps of the Eastern Alps — from Munich to Graz, Trieste, Venice, Padua and Verona; and of China and Korea. The new mode of coloring has secured a decided gain in legibility. The ninth number of Miss Hurll's "River- side Art Series" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) is devoted to 'Landseer,' and does not dif- fer in any essential particular from the earlier volumes of this useful little publi- cation. It is a pity that the art of Landseer is not of a higher quality, but his subjects will appeal strongly to the juvenile audi- ence addressed by Miss Hurll. "With embellishments by E. H. Blash- fleld" — that classical phrase would have been an exact description of Mr. Blash- field's contribution to the volume of come- dies by his wife entitled 'Masques of Cu- pid.' For illustrations, in any strict sense, the drawings are not. They are graceful decorative fancies, drawn in pencil or crayon and reproduced in half-tone, and, as they are uniformly on separate pages, their delicate grayness has to bear no di- rect contrast with typograpny. Mrs. Blash- fleld's comedies are four in number, two being modern in subject (one French and one American); one, taken by permission from Stevenson's tale of 'The Sire de Mal6- troit's Door,' being mediaeval; and one an- cient Greek. All are in one act save "The Honor of the Cr§quy," which has two. The pieces are written in a cultivated style, with some feeling and a pleasant ripple of wit, and, except for the scenic demands, might make good material for the exercise of amateur theatrical talent. The Messrs. Scribner have provided the best of paper and print and an attractive binding, and the total result should prove most accept- able as a holiday gift-book. Sampson Low and Dutton & Co. publish 'Dutch Painters of the XlXth Century,' ed- ited by Max Rooses, and translated by R Knowlos, in a handsome quarto volume profusely illustrated with etchings, photo- gravures, and process cuts. Of the dozen artists dealt with, Matthys Maris is the only one whose reputation has been much extended in this country; and as, for the most part, the qualities of modern Dutch painting are lost by translation into black and white, it is not easy to determine what effect the present publication may have. Modern Dutch painting is preemi- nently the art of "tone" rather than of composition or form or even representa- tion; and tone is practically incapable of reproduction. In the present volume the illustrative quality of the work of Alexan- der Hugo Bakker Korff, with his delicately humorous types of ancient maiden ladies, shows to the best advantage; while John Van Essen, with his animals, comes off second best. The text, by various Dutch writers, seems to be of a touch-and-go, journalistic order. Fittingly intended to be the first of the "Rulers of India Series," fortunately de- layed till the last, the volume on Asoka, by Vincent A. Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: H. Frowde), incorporates the most recent discoveries in regard to the Emperor and his time. The plan of the book necessitates an ex-cathedra dogma- tism, but, granting the solemn jest implied in a non-specialist deciding between the opposing views of specialists, the general, or ignorant, reader will find in 'Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India,' an excellent summary of what is known in regard to the great Maurya, whose coronation and death are here given as b. c. 269 and 232, re- spectively, as against the preferred dates in Miss Duff's 'Chronology' (259 and 222), of a year ago. Mr. Smith generally follows Senart and rejects Ceylonese chronology prior to 160 b. c. Asoka ascended the throne, according to the system of reckon- ing adopted by Senart, in 273 (or a year later, according to Mr. Smith), his corona- tion taking place just five years before the outbreak of the first Punic war. It is not easy to find a reason for the ex- istence of Mr. Johnstone's little book, 'Mu- hammad and his Power,' except the fact that such an element was needed in Messr.i. T. & T. Clark's series, "The World's Epoch Makers" (New York: Charles Scrlbner's Sons). Yet Mr. Johnstone has performed his task brightly and efficiently. He has used his sources — European all, apparently —with due care. What handicaps him most is a theory about Anti-Christ, which is both theologically unsound and morally regret- table. He deals, also, rather much in points of exclamation, which have reacted on his style. But there can be little doubt that his estimate of Muhammad is generally fair, and his book, for its size and possibilities, is a really solid piece of work. The invalid in Egypt may find a certain sleepy satisfaction in Mr. E. A. Reynolds- Ball's 'Cairo of Yesterday and To-day' (Boston: Dana Estes & Co.). Its value for others will probably lie in giving a num- ber of references to more thorough books. In itself it is a chatty but irritating skim- ming over of all the possible fields of in- terest In Cairo and Egypt. It is said to be illustrated; the illustrations are three in number. 'The Young Folks' Cyclopaedia of Litera- ture and Art,' by John Denison Champlin (Holt), is in line with this well-known com- piler's collections of 'Persons and Places,' 'Common Things,' and 'Games and Sports.' The notices are necessarily brief; perhaps the longest Is (properly enough) on the 'Twelve Labors of Heracles.' There Is no fixed standard to determine admission to a book of reference, but few poems, plays, novels, pictures, statues, or fictitious char- acters that children— or most of their pa- rents—of our day are likely to Inquire about will be missed here, unless their fame is very recent. 'The Crisis' and 'Eben Holden' are absent, but not 'Janice Mere- dith' and 'To Have and To Hold.' Some may think that too many of the small fry of letters and legend have been preserved, but things odd and out-of-the-way are not therefore valueless, and, in a case of this kind, excess is better than defect. Mr. Champlin's judgment seems usually sound, and his experience might guarantee accuracy. Hence it is surprising to come upon a state- ment (p. 127) that Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall' "includes the period from the time of Trajan (a. d. 52-117)," whereas Gibbon gives Trajan and Hadrian a paragraph each, and the Antonines four pages; after this and previous introductory matter, the history proper begins with Commodus. The numerous illustrations represent notable paintings, statues, or buildings. The book will be welcome and useful; but why should it exclude many hymns that are more fa- miliar to the young than most of the secu- lar songs here cited? Col. Nicholas Smith's 'Hymns Historically Famous' (Chicago: Advance Co.) enters into competition neither with Mr. Julian's 'Dic- tionary of Hymnology' nor with those pio- neer books which, ranging in merit or de- merit all the way from Belcher's 'Histori- cal Sketches of Hymns' (1859) to Josiah Mil- ler's 'Singers and Songs of the Church' (1869), aimed to mention all writers of such sacred lyrics as were supposed to be in gen- eral English use. Besides three chapters about laymen, American women, and tha 'Gospel Songs,' Mr. Smith devotes twenty- seven to as many hymns "which are noted for the history they have made." Most of these are widely popular, but one at least (on p. 211) is familiar only in certain quar- ters, and at least two others have declin- ed from the first rank, if they ever held it. Why should "Blest Be the Tie that Binds" be counted "among the world's best hymns;" and who, except lovers of the commonplace, ever put it there? This book, of course, is "popular" rather than critical, or it would not call Dr. Watts "the founder of our Christian hymnology." He was, if one likes, "the father of English hymnody," which is another affair; but the Germans, not to mention Greeks, Latins, and some ethers, had been singing long before, and "our Christian hymnology" draws on all these sources. Since its catholic charac- ter is here admitted and welcomed, why should so eminent a man as W. J. Fox be ignored as maker of the collection to which "Nearer, My God, to Thee" was contribut- ed? Mr. Smith comes not uninstructed to his task; yet St. Stephen the Sabaite had little part in "Art Thou Weary?" Some of the portraits (as the hideous one of H. F. Lyte) are quaint; those of Toplady and Ray Palmer should change expressions to fit their characters. Mr. Jacob A. Riis has won fame as a reformer and philanthropist. His labors have borne no small fruit in cleansing New York, and his reports of slum experiences have reached an audience far beyond the city. His later magazine articles are now gathered in an autobiography of frankness so singular as at once to invite and dis- arm criticism. The sumptuous get-up of this book, 'The Making of an American' (Macmillan), contrasts oddly with the dem- ocratic plainness of the text. Pen and pen- cil here reveal matters over which a veil is usually cast; but if the author has little regard for personal dignity or domestic pri- vacy, the thorough goodness of the man, his naive sincerity, his forceful disinterested- ness, command no less respect than his pub- lic services. He has no pretences and no reserves; in his view, apparently, "each man's life is all men's lesson,"

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Dec. 12, 1901] The DSTation. 455 and his own life is all of a piece. His wife and children are partners in his work; his early struggles and re- verses, the difficulties that came of his headlong impulsiveness in youth, his dole- ful years as a day-laborer and hungry tramp — all these are as much part and parcel of the record as his intimacy with Mr. Roose- velt and the consideration he won from policemen and politicians. Once he fainted from starvation; twice, at least, he was in mortal danger from thugs; always he was in the thick of the fight; and he "would not have missed being in it all for anything." The title is no misnomer; this is a typical American, though born in Denmark — never idle, never discouraged, resourceful, uncon- querable. But his hustling was not of the vulgar sort; he "never cared to be rich," and blushes still to remember that he once held an office for three months. Here are some good anecdotes, and hints of many more. Mr. Riis saw Grant, after his sec- ond term, meekly submitting to be clubbed and ordered out of the fire-lines by a police- man. He tells of a Danish woman who could be friends with a Jewess on earth, but as to "our heaven," she must be excused. But the best thing in the book is the art- less picture of a strong and generous nature bringing forth fruit after its kind. Mr. Fred Mather, in 'My Angling Friends': Being a Second Series of Sketches of 'Men I have Fished With' (Forest and Stream Publishing Co.), gives incidentally a good deal of instruction in nature and natural history, and his narratives are themselves interesting — perhaps those concerning the Grand Duke Alexis and the old Michigan guide, L<en Jewell, the most so. Mr. Mather met the Duke at a little place on Curri- tuck Sound, where the latter had gone, un- der the name of Mr. Brown, for some fishing and shooting, and Mr. Mather found him simple, agreeable, and possessed of the ele- ments of a sportsman. There is an amus- ing sketch of the well-known E. Z. C. Jud- son ("Ned Buntline"); and the late Presi- dent Arthur, Amos J. Cummings, and others less known to fame are treated from the angling standpoint. The "Handbooks of Practical Gardening" edited by Harry Roberts (John Lane) con- tinue to appear in rapid succession. Vol- ume iii., by H. W. Ward, for twenty-five years head gardener at Longford Castle, is entitled 'The Book of the Grape.' It dis- cusses grape culture under the conditions met with on English estates. The chap- ters dealing with the construction of the vinery, the making of the border, and methods of handling the individual clusters indicate the author's standpoint. To those interested in fancy-grape growing under cover the book will be useful. Its value to the practical American grape-grower is doubtful. Volume iv., 'The Book of Old- Fashioned Flowers,' is written by Harry Roberts, editor of the series. Readers of 'The Chronicle of a Cornish Garden' will recall his pleasing style, which is equally in evidence in the volume at hand. Here we have less in the way of specific direction than is found in the other handbooks, al- though practical suggestions abound. The nature of the subject allows the author to indulge in many charming observations on his favorites. The smaller flower-garden of the cottager furnishes his main theme. He has made a useful, attractive, and thorough- ly readable little book. 'Civics for New York State,' by Charles De Forest Hoxie of the New York bar (The American Book Co.), is the title of a small volume designed for teachers. The book follows closely the plan laid down by the New York State Board of Regents, with a view to meeting their re- quirements for examination. It is virtual- ly a hand-book of Constitutional Law, Gov- ernment and History, of an elementary sort, and should be of use in teaching. The mass of information it contains is present- ed in a form which makes assistance in going through it convenient, though per- haps not necessary. The plan adopted of combining concrete illustrations of the working of the ordinary civic machinery together with a general view strikes us as good, and capable of further development. Many references for additional reading are given. For the purpose intended the book should prove a valuable help. An educational novelty is an 'Introduc- tion to the Study of Commerce," by Fred- erick R. Clow (Silver, Burdett & Co.). It is intended to aid teachers to employ to the best advantage the time now add- ed to the curricula of secondary schools for the study of economics. The question raised by such a book is whether it is really more than a medley of political economy, arithmetic, and statistics. The design, of course, is to make economics a satisfactory school study, and the author thinks that by approaching the subject in this elementary way a better foundation can be laid than by devoting the same time to strict economic theory. An introduction, by Prof. F. W. Taussig of Harvard, states his conclusion as to the book to be that, "rightly used, it may be expected to prove stimulating and profit- able." 'Shacklett: The Evolution of a States- man,' by Walter Barr (D. Appleton & Co.), is a novel of Western life. As the pro- logue informs us, it is a tale of "pivotal heredity," the hero being "a kind o' cross between a good woman and a devil" — so, at least, one of the less virtuous characters in the narrative remarks. He is also de- scribed by the Reverend Mr. Bradbury as "a fin de siicle knight, careless of his weapons, and careful only of his armor and the object at the other end of the lists." The style is strenuous, and the English sometimes peculiar, as when the author declares that Shacklett "made an impression" upon some "corporation men" similar to that "euthanasia which comes over an editor when he finds a really new lode in literature." As a picture of West- ern life, the story will have, for those who derive their ideas of Western life entirely from the newspapers, a kind of vraisem- blance; but it is not an attractive picture. To the fastidious it will seem extremely raw. A new attempt at constructing a scheme of popular scientific ethics is to be found in 'Le Battaglie per la Vita,' by Prof. Gustavo Strafforello (Milan: Hoepli). This treatise, while accepting the evolutionary hypo- thesis, strives to reconcile the rigor of its application with the claims of altruistic morality by insisting that the struggle for existence must be a fair one. The general method reminds one forcibly of 'Self-Help' and all its kin. Among the illustrative ex- amples of worldly success, the author se- lects Sir Robert Peel, whose reforms are said to have been achieved in spite of the "ammasso di volganita" of his speeches. The fact that M. Fierens-Gevaert's lit- tle volume, 'La Tristesse Contemporaine' (Paris: Alcan), has passed through three editions, makes it seem probable that the author's hope of "touching a few hesitat- ing souls" has not been altogether vain. The book is serious rather than sad, since the author, though dealing with the lead- ing representatives of modern pessimistic thought, from Leopardi to Nietzsche, does not accept their philosophy and influence as definitive or paramount in determining the moral and intellectual state of con- temporary humanity. On account of the sincerity of conviction which pervades the whole essay, it gives one the impression of a personal confession. An article on "The Significance of Greek Pottery," from the pen of Prof. J. H. Hud- dilston of the University of Maine, printed in the Monatsberichte iiber Kunstwissenschaft und Knnsthandel, Heft 11 (Munich: H. Hel- bing), may convince any reader of the importance of Greek vases as a means of study of Greek life in all its phases. The article forms a chapter of a larger work on the subject which will appear ere long in book form, and, we feel assured, will prove of no mean interest to archaeologists and to all students of Greek. Pctermann's Mitteilungen, No. 10, opens with an examination by Prof. F. Ratzel of the Kant-Laplace nebular theory in its relation to geography, from which he concludes that it does not satisfactorily solve the problem presented by the earth's surface. The early history of the Pitcairn Islanders is related by Dr. R. A. Hermann in approaching an inquiry as to the light it casts on certain questions, such as the fruitfulness of mixed races, inbreeding, adaptation to natural conditions, and de- generacy. Prof. Langhans contributes a census study, accompanied with maps, of maritime Germany, with especial reference to internal navigation, and including the building and equipment of ships. Further in- formation is also given of the progress of the Koslow expedition in Central Asia. The iron-ore deposits of New South Wales are described by J. B. Jaquet in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey (Geology No. 2). It appears that the failure of the efforts of half a century ago to establish the iron- smelting industry in that State was not due to defects in the quality of the ore, which was excellent, but to the expense of carriage of coal and limestone and tne high price of labor, which so raised the cost of the product that it was unable to compete with imported iron. In the present work only those de- posits of iron ore known to exist within easy distance of supplies of coal or the seaboard are described. The iron-ore beds at Coomb- ing Park, near Carcoar, and those near Ca- dia, on account of extent, quality, and rela- tive proximity to coal and limestone, are far more important than any others exam- ined. Other valuable deposits occur near Rylstone, where masses of brown ore exist in the neighborhood of limestone and coal; at Cliefden, where the ort is found in large pockets in the limestone, and in the Goul- burn and Breadalbane districts. There are extensive beds of aluminous iron ore (ferru- ginous bauxite) in the Wingello and Moss- vale districts and near Inverell and Emma- ville. It is shown by the estimates of T. A. Coghlan, Government statistician, that there

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4:53 The ^STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 is sufficient ore in sight in New South Wales to produce all the iron required by the va- rious colonies of Australasia for many years. The volume contains numerous maps and plans and is copiously illustrated. The current Bulletin of the New York Public Library (vol. v., No. 11) presents a useful check-list of American county and State histories on the shelves of that insti- tution (Lenox Building). Berkshire County in Massachusetts shows seven histories, and three other counties five. In New York, Queens and Westchester have been oftenest chronicled. As a rule, a single county his- tory has sufficed; and as a rule it may be conjectured that the quality of the history is pretty mediocre. Mr. George Watson Cole, No. 1725 Seventh Avenue, New York, has printed for private distribution 'Bermuda and the Challenger Expedition: A Bibliography,' embracing the scientific results of that expedition at and near Bermuda in 1873. This thin pamphlet is designed as a check-list for a more ex- tended bibliography, and corrections and additions are reauested. — In 1878 the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution requested the Secretary to pre- pare and publish a history of the origin and progress of the foundation. Mr. W. J. Rhees, for many years chief clerk of the Smithsonian, was, under the instructions ol Professor Henry, intrusted with this duty. The volume which resulted is now out of print, and, by direction of the present Sec- retary, Mr. Rhees has prepared a new and enlarged edition, bringing the narrative and documents up to date and prefixing a selec- tion of the documents which passed be- tween the United States and the attorneys in England before the actual reception of Smithson's bequest, from which so many benefits were to proceed. The work is less a narrative than a documentary history, in which may be also found the debates in Congress over the acceptance of the trust fund, and over its use after it was received- and as to what should be done all or Lhe fund (invested in bonds of the Southern States afterward defaulted on) had been lost. The gradual growth of confidence in the integrity, wisdom, and purely scientific spirit of its management under the foati ing care of Henry and Baird may be easily traced in these documents by those who know how to read between the lines. M seems almost incredible that men of intel- ligence should have expressed many of trie opinions which appear here in black an. I white. For instance, the late Andrew John- son of Tennessee argued from his sea' in the House of Representatives that the fund should be used to educate indigent youth of the District of Columbia, and even that the United States should not restore the fun.] wasted through the improvident inv. ments made by its official agent. The [>• . ^- ont edition comprises two volumes, of which the first is now available and con- tains 1,044 pages, bringing the matter down to the date of January, 1887. The second volume, which is to appear shortly, will complete the century. — The ideas commonly entertained by persons who have never inquired into the subject as to the status of the Institution are so generally erroneous that it may be worth while to restate the facts so little understood. The Smithsonian is not a Gov- ernment institution supported by public funds. It is a Board of Trustees represent- ing the United States, who, with their sci- entific collaborators, administer the fund left by a private individual for the public benefit. This administration has been so successful that to the same body Congress has seen fit from time to time to intrust other functions in the administration of scientific bureaus of a strictly govern- mental character, which, unlike the Insti- tution, are supported by Congressional ap- propriations. Such are the Bureau of Eth- nology, the National Museum, the National Zoological Park, and the Astrophysical Ob- servatory. The executive head of these or- ganizations is the Secretary of the Board of Regents, assisted by a small Executive Committee of the Board. The Secretary is appointed by the full Board, which com- prises a certain number of ex-ofjtcio mem- bers, a proportion of members of the House or Senate, and a number of private individuals of high standing, selected by Congress from time to time, so that there is always a majority of hold-over members in the Board, which meets one or more times a year. The manner in which this organi- zation has developed is clearly shown in the work of Mr. Rhees, which acquires add- ed interest as the history of the most suc- cessful, best-known, and most generally appreciated scientific institution in exis- tence,which has carried the name of Smith- son and the influence of his bequest to the remotest parts of the earth. — The unevenness of execution noticeable in Mr. J. L. Onderdonk's 'History of Amer- ican Verse' (Chicago: McClurg), and the obvious defects of style, would doubtless have been corrected had the author lived to revise his work and superintend its pub- lication. Mr. Onderdonk, who died in 1899. was for a time a journalist in Portland, and later a lawyer in Chicago, and his studies in American verse were made in the midst of the exacting routine of business life. This latter fact speaks well for his sincere delight in poetry, which, indeed, is every- where patent. His book is well enough fitted out with information, and, except for some dawdling over early trivialities and Puritan absurdities, is not unskilful in its engineering. The chapters trace continu- ously a certain correspondence between the development of poetry and the phases of national life. Freneau is justly honored; the "pomp and circumstance" of the Hart- ford wits and the pseudo-culture of the Delia Cruscans are well characterized; and the clever worldliness of the "Knick- erbocker School" and the cheap sen- timentality of the Percivals and Si- gourneys get due definition. Among the more elaborate estimates of the greater poets, those of Longfellow, Whittier, and Whit- man are particularly sound in substance and style, though the extreme eulogies bestow- ed on the "Occultation of Orion" and the "Mystic Trumpeter" are certainly mis- placed. Lowell's serious verse gets scant justice; his satire is duly lauded. Of oc- casional misprints, inept phrases, and in- stances of bad syntax, it is hardly worth while to speak. In style the book at its best never rises above conventional respec- tability, and when this is missed, a critic should, in fairness, bear in mind the lack of revision. — The 'New Glimpses of Poe' (M. F. Mans- field & Co.) collected by Prof. James A. Har- rison of the University of Virginia are fleet- ing and slight. Upon controverted points, the memoranda which various gentlemen have provided for the 'Glimpses' throw lit- tle new light. There are some photographic facsimiles of college records to prove that Poe was not expelled from the University, and that, on the authority of his own state- ment, he had never heard of "hotel-keep- ers playing cards and drinking with stu- dents." But no one of late has suspected Poe of the former misfortune; and as to the latter question, it is not of great moment, yet, in view of his well-established mis- use of his high imaginative power, the evidence is not convincing. Apart from this, the volume contains no noteworthy in- formation, and no true hints of character, not to be found somewhere in Mr. Wood- berry's standard Life. It is a pity that the distinguished reputation which rightfully belongs to Poe should continually be jeop- arded by his champions. We fail to see that the present collection fulfils the rather un- Attic promissory sentence which embellish- es the Introduction. This may be quoted as a fair specimen of the temper and manner of the work: "The fading fires of the poet's great gray eyes kindle anew in these sym- pathetic pages, and throw out new and characteristic sparks of grotesquerie and pathos as his early escapades are recount- ed: and this human opal becomes charged and charged again with malignant or with beautiful fires slyly retreating or unexpect- edly shooting forth under the magnet of circumstance." — Most men in this country who write books on sport belong to one of two classes: (1) those who have knowledge on the sub- ject and lack the power to express it prop- erly; (2) those able, without any real fa- miliarity with sport or nature, to present their mixture of facts and misinformation in a way to attract the general public. Mr. Thomas Martindale, author and illustrator of 'Sport Indeed' (Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co.), does not belong to the sec- ond class, for he undoubtedly writes from his own experience of the various hunting trips he describes. The best are those on moose hunting, and give very good accounts of the wild life in the forests of Maine and New Brunswick, and the methods for suc- cessfully pursuing and killing this noble ani- mal. The rather inflated and disconnected style evident in some of the chapters devoted to other subjects, such as "Cupid in the Wilderness," "A Fire and Water Medley," etc., is absent when the author addresses himself to plain narration of facts. To be sure, he calls a porcupine a hedgehog, as a distinguished writer on sport and natural history calls the male of the black-tail deer a stag — neither hedgehogs nor stags being natives of America. The volume is dedi- cated to Mr. Martindale's son James. One of the chapters treating of this youth is en- titled "A Beardless Sport," and this offen- sive word is used throughout the book to designate those who shoot, fish, or go to the woods for almost any purpose. — One of the recent Yale Bicentennial publications is an edition of 'Plutarch's Themistocles and Aristides,' by Prof. Ber- nadotte Perrin (Charles Scribner's Sons). It may be commended for its scholarship, its literary quality, and for the admirable typography and illustrations, which should

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation. 457 ensnare alike the lover of books and the judicious holiday purchaser. In all these respects it is the right kind of book for the library of the gentleman and scholar, and it is appropriately inscribed to Secretary Hay. The translation is idiomatic, and shows, In many small touches, a conscien- tious accuracy, following, if anything, too closely the mould of the original sentences, which are not always over-graceful or transparent, and are now and then curious- ly crabbed. In this matter we believe that Mr. Perrin might have allowed himself the same liberty that Professor Jowett em- ployed with Thucydides, and with better reason. A small speck in the English is the translation of fa, in several passages — "claiming that the people treated their leaders" like old triremes, etc., a conve- nient, though doubtful, expedient for fol- lowing the turn of the original. Doubtless, Mr. Perrin would have plenty to say for himself in this regard, for his introduction has a literary savor as delightful as his analysis of the great biographer's methods is sympathetic, fascinating, and instructive. The special merit of the work consists in this introduction, and in the very full notes by which the editor introduces the reader into Plutarch's workshop, and shows how he mixed his materials to paint his ideal- ized portraits. The time has gone by when the simplest reader of history can take Plutarch, as Madame Roland and her com- patriots did, au pied de la lettre. Mr. Per- rin supplies the sources for inquiry and correction, and traces most instructively the growth of a nimbus of myth about these great names. He shows the process by which there grew up a legendary Themis- tocles, endowed with supernatural acute- ness used for selfish and treasonable pur- poses; and the manner in which the some- what prosaic and mediocre Aristides be- came invested with a slightly artificial halo of virtue. A capital instance of myth-mak- ing is the tale that Themistocles commit- ted suicide by drinking bull's blood; the probable origin of this invention Mr. Perrin traces in a very interesting note. Among the illustrations is an ostrakon scratched with the name of Themistocles, and doubt- less used against him in 483 b. c. or 472 B. c; and a didrachm of Magnesia struck under his administration of that city. The apparatus is, in short, a neat compendium of the historical sources of the period which might be recommended to the student bent on research; and this detracts nothing from the charm of the book for the general reader. — Gen. William Farrar Smith (popularly known as "Baldy" Smith) sends us a pamphlet review of the decision of a board of ariuy officers appointed by the Secretary of War to adjudge between the claims of Gen. Rosecrans, commander of the Army of the Cumberland in October, 1863, and Gen. Smith, Chief Engineer of the army, to the origination of the plan of bridging Brown's Ferry, over the Tennessee River, which, with Hooker's cooperative movement from Bridgeport, raised the siege of Chat- tanooga by the Confederate Gen. Bragg. The Chickamauga Park Commission had in- serted in its Atlas a legend to the effect that the plan was devised by Rosecrans, against which statement Smith made pro- test, with the result of the appointment of the Board to review the testimony. The Board decided that the legend was histori- cally correct. It would be Interesting to discuss at length the history of this series of operations, which had a most exhilarating influence upon the depressed spirits of the Army of the Cumberland, but space will not now permit. It seems to us, however, that Gen. Smith makes reasonably good his right to the credit of the plan, and that the ev- idence in Rosecrans's behalt Is mostly of that after-the-event type which attempts to vin- dicate so many hurt reputations. Rosecrans wrote in 1885 that the plan was given by him to Gen. Smith. But the indirect con- temporary evidence is against this declara- tion. The late Charles A. Dana, when As- sistant Secretary of War. was at Rose- crans's headquarters from the beginning of the siege until that officer was removed from command, and his testimony is that he heard no discussion of any hopeful method of driving Bragg from the south bank of the Tennessee until Smith told him of his idea of seizing the valley of Lookout Creek, close . by Chattanooga, by means of a surprise at Brown's Ferry, the only point where such a surprise had any prospect of success. Gens. Grant and Thomas gave the orders to Smith for its execution, and bestowed upon him warm praise for its successful accomplishment. In addition to Dana's positive insistence that no plan was discussed at headquarters, we have first the letters of Grant to the War Department, urging the immediate promo- tion of Smith on account of his genius and efficiency — qualities which had been display- ed under Grant's eye only in the Brown's Ferry action; and, second, the designation of Smith to lead the expedition, for Smith was a staff officer just from the East, with no reputation in the Army of the Cumber- land for leading men, and therefore having no claim to be put over the heads of tried field officers except the consideration that he was carrying out his original conception of an operation whose success or failure would vitally affect the fortunes of the army. MURRAY'S BYRON. The Works of Lord Byron: A New, Revised, and Enlarged Edition. Poetry. Vol. IV. Edited by Ernest Hartley Coleridge. — Let- ters and Journals. Vol. VI. Edited by Rowland E. Prothero. London: John Murray; New York: Scribners. The new Byron is rapidly approaching completion. The sixth volume of the 'Let- ers and Journals' brings that portion of the enterprise to an end. Of the 'Poetry,' two more volumes remain to be published. Mr. Prothero, the editor of the 'Letters,' has maintained to the very end the high standard which he set for himself when the first volume of the new Byron was pub- lished in 1898. Not the least remarkable thing about his work is its steadiness. The annotation is copious, as it ought to be, but it is almost perfectly proportioned. History, literature, topography, social chit- chat, the scandalous chronicle — every con- ceivable variety of material had to be sorted and sifted in these notes and il- lustrations; and in all departments Mr. Prothero has shown himself equal to his task. He is fully aware of the principle which most scholiasts have never conceived —that a foot-note should be as artistic as a cameo; and he is never in too great a hurry to give the last finish. As accurate as any Dryasdust of them all, he does not forget to be entertaining, and he seems in- capable of losing heart or spirit over the most discouraging masses of detail. He never groans, like Carlyle, at the rubbish heaps he is forced to ransack. If, as we are disposed to believe, nobody ever wrote better letters than Byron, surely no one ever, made better notes than Mr. Prothero. It was a fortunate moment for the history of modern literature when Mr. Murray se- cured the services of so accomplished a scholar for this important undertaking. In our notices of previous volumes we have adverted more than once to the neg- lect to designate the source from which each letter is derived. It transpired that the omission was deliberate, for, in the preface to volume ii., Mr. Prothero hinted broadly at bookselling reasons which made such designation impolitic. Happily, these reasons appear to be no longer com- pulsive. The concluding volume of the se- ries furnishes a chronological list of all the letters, with an exact statement of the provenance of each, whether manuscript or printed book. The richness of Mr. Mur- ray's archives and the futility of competi- tion are alike evident. Moore printed 561 letters; Halleck, 635; the present collection includes 1,198. Much of the old material, and nearly all of the new, Is printed from the original manuscripts. Thus, almost sev- enty years after Byron's death, we have for the first time a complete and definitive edi- tion of his letters and prose miscellanies. The great majority of these letters were dashed off without a thought of their ever being published — and this is emphatically true of the new material. Altogether, they set forth the writer's character with a piti- lessness that is the best assurance of fidelity. If we do not know him after read- ing them, we need never expect to know anybody who is dead and gone. The test is heroic, but Byron stands it well. He exhibits much fallible human nature and a good deal of perversity, but, on the whole, his character improves in the intenser light that is thrown upon it. No foible is concealed, but the picture has many ami- able traits. Above all, there is no mystery of iniquity about it. The faults and vices are obvious enough; obvious also is an impish tendency to put the worst foot fore- most, which misled the poet's contempora- ries and has left its trace on subsequent censors. We laugh at the Italian doctor who expected to be torn to pieces by By- ron's myrmidons if he offended his employer in the least trifle, but his tremors were no more ridiculous than the declamatory horror of the critics. For Byron at his best — tolerant of censure and confident in the verdict of the future — see the letter of December 25, 1S22, written to Murray after reading Bishop Heber's review of "Cain." The appendices to this volume are of the highest value. They include a minute his- tory of the quarrel between Byron and Southey, with all the documents, and an ex- cellent sketch of the "state of political parties during the first three years of the Revolution" in Greece. The latter is in- dispensable to a right understanding of the (losing incidents of the poet's life. There is also an index to all six volumes. It is a model of its kind, covering not only the text, but the notes as well, and extending

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458 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 to more than a hundred pages of fine but legible type. The fourth volume of the 'Poetical Works' begins with "The Prisoner of Chillon" and ends with "The Blues." It includes also "Manfred," "Beppo," "Marino Faliero," and the unmatchable "Vision of Judgment," with other pieces, large and small. No wonder Mr. Coleridge is moved to eloquence by the "manifold motions" of Byron's "versatile and unsleeping talent." It is something of a pity, however, that he so often finds it necessary to assert the poet's claim to consideration. A few things must be regarded as well settled in literary history. Yet the editor's defence embodies one significant, if somewhat prosaic, sug- gestion—that Byron "taught us a great deal which it is desirable and agreeable to know— which has passed into common knowledge through the medium of his poetry." Of Mr. Coleridge's editing we have no- thing to say which has not already been said in our previous notices. It is good, but neither so scholarly nor so finished as Mr. Prothero's. We observe that Mr. Cole- ridge has not got over his disposition to sit in judgment on his author. Witness bis animadversions (p. 19) on what he calls a "feeble and irritating paronomasy" in "The Prisoner of Chillon." For whom are such notes intended? They may relieve the ed- itor's mind, but they form no part of his official duties. The proofreading appears to be better than in volume iii. — at least, in the text. MORE NOVELS. The Cavalier. By George W. Cable. Charles Scribner's Sons. D'ri and I. By Irving Bacheller. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Co. The Road to Ridgeby's. By Frank Burlingame Harris. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. Tom Beavling. By Gouvcrneur Morris. The Century Co. Unconscious Comedians. By Caroline Duer. Dodd, Mead & Co. The Pints of Lory. By J. A. Mitchell. Life Publishing Co. In his war-romance, entitled 'The Cava- lier,' Mr. Cable appears to have yielded to the pressure of a fashion, and not to the urgency of an inward voice bidding him write. His natural ways are ways of plea- santness, and the paths he follows Instinc- tively are the sunny paths of peace. He is not at home in the narration of a se- quence of bloody scrimmages, and his at- titude towards them is timorous, apolo- getic—altogether more fitted for candid con- demnation of war than for its glorification in romance. As a war-romancer, too, he is still more heavily hampered by his ortho- dox religious convictions. Really talented war-romancers recognize religion only In the same way and to the same extent that kings and victorious generals do, by for- mal thanks to the God of Battles, with oc- casional touching appeal to the God of the Widow and the Fatherless. Religion and science are notoriously hard to recon- cile, and no one except Oliver Cromwell has been able to make religion and war appear suitable companions. With all his eagerness to inculcate religious belief, both by illustration of its efficacy in emergency and by homily, Mr. Cable fails to make its practice appear consistent with the prac- tice of fighting. Those defects in 'The Cavalier' which are easily traceable to the author's nat- ural inaptitude for war-romance are less surprising than a general vagueness and weakness in matters where clearness and strength are expected from so experienced a novelist. There is no attempt made to give a comprehensive picture of the civil war, or to describe any great figure or critical battles. The action is restricted to insignificant exploits of some Confed- erate scouts, in most of which a spy named Charlotte Oliver plays the great part. This Charlotte is a doubtful lady, and no one could be more uncertain about her than is the author. In the early chapters her manners are reprehensibly light, and there follow scenes in which the lightness seems to have infected her morals. But, behold, later on, an impeccable Charlotte, with rigid views about the sanctity of mar- riage, and sermons at her tongue's end wherewith to edify the dying soldier. On the other hand, the Misses Harper are per- fectly clear and easy to understand. These damsels, with "starry charms" and "witch- ing glances," jog through the tale in a carryall, demanding military escort at every corner and always meaning to be made love to. We should be thankful to Mr. Cable for reviving the memory of such dear girls (the kind is now extinct), and for letting us look on at their great game of hide-and-seek, to which all men used to be cordially invited. When the romancer is driven for mate- rial to the war of 1812, one hopes that he is at the end of his tether, and almost be- lieves that patriotism has shouted itself dumb. For it may be said, without dis- paragement to any one, that the war was neither so great nor so glorious as some other wars, and that there are few people now living who know what it was all about, fewer perhaps who care. On the obscurity of its origin the tale of 'D'ri and I" casts no light. Except in the title, 'I' (Capt. Ray- mond Bell) takes precedence of D'ri. D'ri comes in chiefly when the somewhat vain- glorious Captain has a fit of shrinking modesty and permits the second fiddle to take up the theme. This duty D'ri performs in a harsh dialect, garnished with strange adjectives such as "joe mightiful," and un- impressive oaths, such as "Jerushy Pep- per." When his patriotism is red hot, he gets down to a commoner and, we think, more expressive form of profanity. "Give 'em hell," he cries to Capt. Perry, as he is leaving the Lawrence for the Niagara. When the order to strike the flag on the Lawrena is given, he thus reproves her commander: "Let her sink, damn her. Wish to God I could put my foot through her bottom. When the flag goes down I want to go tew." It is not to be supposed that any subordi- nate ever so addressed his superior officer, but, if he did in 1812, and a modern war- romancer has private knowledge of the fact, he should have kept it to himself, animated by a sense of respect for his country and for his young compatriots, at whom, for their adoration, he so enthusias- tically waves "Old Glory." Separately the adventures of 'D'ri and I' are sufficiently exciting, but they are not well connected. Through the capture of the heroes by the English and their sub- jection to an ordeal by a society called "Avengers," we are introduced to an Eng- lish lord as he used to be seen on the stage, but never anywhere else. He wears con- spicuously a single glass, smokes an eter- nal cigarette (in 1812?), and has an ac- cent and a languor expressive of the high- est-bred insolence. Moreover, he carries a parchment in his pocket just to show the unbeliever that he is a lord and the cousin of a king. High society is further repre- sented by a group of French ladies and gen- tlemen. Though the splendor of the noble emigres dwelling in a wilderness is, we think, exaggerated, their presence lends grace and their company is cheerful. In his preface the author says that the romantic marriage of Capt. Bell and Mile, de Lam- bert is "almost literally a matter of rec- ord." The word "almost" permits us to doubt whether a marriage ceremony per- formed by a passing minister or "dominie" could satisfy a young Frenchwoman, noble and a Catholic, that she had been married either by the law or by the Church. Many tales of farm life in the Middle West are dreary records of a hard existence written by persons with a talent for seeing and describing the worst side of things. Remarkable among stories of that vast and uninteresting region is 'The Road to Ridge- by's,' because, while nature and life are pre- sented with fidelity to the fact, the author goes beneath and behind the fact to reveal the strength, pathos, and even humor of the human struggle for existence. 'The Road to Ridgeby's' is only a new form of words for the old road to happiness, and, accord- ing to the modern doctrine, the goal is leached not by prayer and renunciation, but by labor and love. The tale is preceded by a biographical sketch of the author. His actual achievement is somewhat overesti- mated, yet in his short life he undoubt- edly gave promise of ability to go far. The tale of 'Tom Beauling' is told in two parts. The first is the tale of the orphan, Tom, in the New England home of his father by adoption, Judge Tyler; the second is the tale of Tom the rover, one foot on sea and one on shore, but always pretty constant to a pretty girl who dwells by Long Island Sound. Both Toms are lively to a de- gree, but the second does not clearly derive from the first; the boy is not positively the father of the man, and that is a matter about which careful writers of fiction have no doubt. It is not a very serious matter, and is mentioned only by way of admonition to a young writer who has a great deal to say, and already manages to express him- self in good form and style. So good, in- deed, is the first part, so keenly observed, sympathetic, and natural, that a reviewer should say nothing but make a bow to a "tal- ent." The talent is still in evidence through the second part, but it is skittish and way- ward, giving itself an easy time in de- scription of foreign lands. The descrip- tions are, however, entertaining, and well flavored with Tom's personality — a person- ality so engaging that the chance of his being undone at the end by a past for which he had no responsibility, excites the deepest agitation. Considered as a debut in fiction, this little tale deserves to be called brilliant; and considered as a declaration of a "good American" point of view, it is ad- mirable. The author is apparently at home among persons of wealth and fashion, who are Americans, not English or another, nor

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Dec. 12, 1901] The USTation. 4:59 wishing to be; and, being Americans of the best sort, they accept Tom Beauling as a man, for himself, without anxious solici- tude about his ancestors, and, indeed, with full knowledge of his irregular birth. Neither the good American nor the good American point of view is discoverable in the volume of tales entitled 'Unconscious Comedians.' These are American society tales, imitations of English society tales. A copy is never so good as an original, and, If the original be notoriously worthless, the copy is likely to be flagrantly bad. The English society tale seems to be the fee- blest effort of the human mind, until one has read the American imitation. The sayings and doings of the Duke and Duchess lose a thrill in the process of transfer to plain Mr. and Mrs., and that loss is not compen- sated for by the greater number of flunkeys who serve the untitled, nor by their greater prominence in the narrative. Miss Duer's imitations are not, however, all bad, for once she comes so close to her model that the statement that a young soldier is at home on leave from "Porto Rico" is for a moment bewildering. One is sure that she meant to write "South Africa." In the sketch called "My Niece, Mrs. Dove," Miss Duer shows ability for original work, for Mrs. Dove is drawn from life cleverly, keen- ly, with almost spiteful satire. The lady is unmistakably American (a bad one), with a kind of badness inconceivable in the old- er civilizations, where women are not en- couraged to grab everything— time, health, money — from anybody, and to give absolute- ly nothing in return. In 'The Pines of Lory' Mr. Mitchell, with happy unconsciousness, takes pointedly the American attitude towards the grabbing woman. His story is, in event, the story of Paul and Virginia, modernized, American- ized, and cast, so to speak, on the inhos- pitable Northern shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The situation, with its many im- probabilities, is well conceived and carried off with spirit. But more interesting than the romantic adventure is the author's in- genuous admiration for his female casta- way, who (perhaps in a spirit of homage) is given the haughty name of Elinor, while the male castaway proclaims his inferiority by permitting himself to be called Pats. This Elinor treats Pats rudely, contemptuously, even brutally. Though she knows he has just come home from the wars with wounds and fever, though she sees that he is ema- ciated and wobbles rather than walks, she lets him drag her luggage about and other- wise serve her; then, refusing, on the score of propriety, to let him sleep under the good roof which he, under the guidance of Providence, has discovered, drives him and his' dog forth to the forest. In the night rain descends, and by morning Pats is de- lirious with fever, but his faithful dog has hard work to compel Elinor to come out in the wet and help his disabled master. When Pats recovers from his fever, he utters no word of reproach, but, on the contrary, tells Elinor that she is an angel, and goes on adoring her, till an archbishop and a princess come in a steamboat and take them away to a place where they can be married. This, from the American point of view, is all very natural and right, and Mr. Mitchell likes his Elinor so much that he cannot criticise anything she does. He even per- mits her without reproof to ask the Prin- cess, after an hour's acquaintance, a lead- ing question about a family affair, for no reason except the gratification of curiosity. We have no sort of doubt that Elinor asked the question point blank, but feel that Mr. Mitchell may not have reported correctly the answer of the Princess. It is a pity that the author should have felt it neces- sary to utter flippancies about the Roman Catholic doctrine and methods, and also to reiterate his journalistic statements about the merits of the "South African" war. Whatever his opinions on such subjects may be worth (for ourselves we do not prize them), they are here out of place; they have no bearing on the situation, and, in fact, nothing whatever to do with the case. Elinor's leaning towards Catholicism is of no importance; and If the emaciation of Pats had to be ascribed to bullets and fever, he might just as easily (and with more reason) have returned from fighting in the Philippines with his compatriots, or even against them. SEVEN BOOKS ON MUSICAL TOPICS. A Critical History of the Opera. By Arthur El- son. Boston: L. C. Page & Co. Highways and Byways of Music. By Hugh A. Clarke. Silver, Burdette & Co. Wagner, Bayreuth, and the Festival Plays. By Frances Gerard. E. P. Dutton A Co. Mendelssohn. By Stephen 8. Stratton. E. P. Dutton & Co. Beethoven's Piano Playing. By Franz Kullak. G. Schirmer. Musical Ministries in the Church. By Waldo Sel- den Pratt. Fleming H. Revell Co. The Laurel Book. Edited by W. L. Tomlins. Boston: C. C. Birchard & Co. Just in time for the impending opera sea- son, Mr. Elson appears with a volume which lovers of that form of art will find both entertaining and useful. He plunges at once in medias res, dispensing with the usu- al explanatory or apologetic preface. Nor was any apology needed; for such a bright, readable summary is always welcome. Mr. Elson has here shown his critical sense in the ignoring of useless knowledge, as well as in bringing forward vital facts, and dwelling on them with an excellent sense of their relative importance. He does not give much space to the origin of opera, but proceeds promptly to the great masters, mentions a few biographic details, and then describes their best works, both as to their music and their plots. In condensing the stories of the operas, he has shown rare skill. Separate chapters are devoted to the Italian, French, and German schools; nor are Russia, England, and America ignored. The book is nothing if not up to date. Not only are all the young men of Italy discussed, but there are accounts of so re- cent a work as Charpentier's "Louise" and even Paderewski's "Manru," and Professor Paine's "Azara," the scores of which ap- peared only a few weeks ago. Wagner, of course, is treated more fully than any one else. He is now in the lead, and those who have not caught up with the procession will learn from these pages that the trouble with them is that they have no sense for harmony: "Wagner has forced the world to admit that harmony is of more value than melody in portraying the emotions depicted on the stage." "It can easily be seen that those who do not possess the sense of harmony (and they are numerous enough in many operatic audiences) cannot understand the beauty of works that rely upon varying harmonies for their best effects. Hence the acrimonious contest over Wagner's works. They are, of course, a sealed book to those whose sense of harmony is merely rudimentary, or who cannot properly asso- ciate harmony and emotion." A Pennsylvanian once remarked to the writer of this review: "What would you New Yorkers do without the Philadelphia Joke?" No doubt that joke has been over- worked; but is there not some justification for its continued use? Here is Hugh A. Clarke, Mus. Doc, professor of the science of music at the University of Pennsylvania, writing a chapter on "Modern Tendencies in Music." We naturally look for a dis- course on Richard Strauss, Grieg, Dvorak, Brahms, MacDowell, or at least on their predecessors, Liszt, Wagner, and Berlioz, or Chopin and Schumann; but our Philadel- phian calmly discusses Bach and Handel, Gluck (or Gliick, as he persists in mis- spelling the name), Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, all of whom were dead three- quarters of a century ago! When the au- thor does incidentally refer to a real modern tendency, he . does it only to repeat such antiquated nonsense as that the modern opera "discards melody," and regards form as bondage, or that the Leitmotiv is merely the revival of an "old artifice"! In the other essays embraced in Professor Clarke's volume — on literary men and music, the Teutonic element in music, some musical myths, etc. — he is fortunately somewhat less Philadelphian. Frances Gerard's book on Wagner and Bayreuth is a rehash of oft-told tales which may possibly appeal to those who have never read anything else on the sub- ject. A few fresh biographic details have, however, been transferred to its pages from the recently published letters of Heckel. The author's treatment of the German lan- guage is not always kind. Mr. Stratton's book on Mendelssohn is of a much higher type. It does not profess to furnish any new data, but it is & careful compilation of facts regarding the life and works of Mendelssohn, gathered from a great variety of sources, and presented in a readable manner. The author, though an admirer of his subject, is glad that the time when England "was inundated with diluted Mendelssohn" has almost entirely passed away. Mendelssohn lived only thirty-eight years. Mr. Stratton calls attention to the fact that he "was broken and worn at thir- ty-seven." On another page he states that "his brain had from boyhood been taxed excessively." Doubtless there was a con- nection between these two circumstances. Nearly sixty of the hundred pages of Kullak's monograph on Beethoven's piano- playing, which Dr. Th. Baker has done into trustworthy and readable English, are devoted to a discussion of the proper exe- cution of the trill. In the other pages. Dr. Kullak has busily compiled all the testi- mony published regarding the way in which Beethoven played his own sonatas. As the proper interpretation of these sonatas by modern virtuosi is the most disputed point in present-day criticism, the utility of this little volume is obvious. It will supply gunpowder for both camps, as the testi- mony varies. Perhaps Clementi best sum- med up the truth when he wrote, regarding

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4=GO The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 Beethoven, that "his playing was but little cultivated, not seldom violent, but always full of spirit." Mr. Pratt is professor of music and hym- nology in the Hartford Theological Semi- nary. His little book addresses itself to ministerial candidates rather than to mu- sicians, the subjects being "Religion and the Art of Music," "Hymns and Hymn- Singing," "The Choir," "The Organ and the Organist," "The Minister's Responsibility." There are also some carefully compiled lists of books on church music and of books on hymns and hymn-writers. It is a valu- able little book for those whom it concerns. The author declares his hearty belief in choirs and choir music, and he thinks that "the musical leader is an assistant pastor." Mr. Tomlins's collection of songs is in- tended for advanced classes in school and for choral societies, as well as domestic circles. It differs from most other similar collections in having a considerable num- ber of contemporary American composers on the list — Waller, Hadley, Harris, Foote, Whiting, Chadwick, Huss, Parker, Gilchrist, and others, whose contributions are by no means unworthy of the company in which they appear. A special merit of these songs is that they are not set to translations, but in all cases to original verses of the best English and American poets. Mr. Tomlins, who has a national reputation as a successful chorus-trainer, has also taken great care to exclude cheap translations in the case of the foreign songs he has adopt- ed. These include melodies by most of the great German and many English masters. It is an admirable collection. Constantinople ami its Problems: Its Peo- ples, Customs, Religions, and Progress. By Henry Otis Dwight, LL.D. Revell Co. 1901. Pp. 298. It is long since we have had a sociologi- cal study like this — sociological in the broadest sense — of Constantinople. "Odys- seus," in his recent admirable book on Turkey, developed more largely the his- torical side, not only of the Turks, but of the other Balkan peoples, and declined ex- plicitly to enter upon a description of things in Constantinople itself. Here it is precisely Constantinopolitan affairs which are dealt with, and that not on the political side, but rather where politics are rooted, in the problems of the populace. For a mis- sionary, Dr. Dwight is singularly free from prejudice of any kind. This is probably due, to some extent, to the metropolitan, or rather cosmopolitan, position which he held as head of the Bible House in Constantino- ple, but it is still more largely due to his own breadth of sympathy and keenness of insight. He evidently is not a case of the missionary of commerce, that most unfor- tunate development of our religious life, but a calm-eyed man who has seen and knows the world, and can have no sympathy with hysterics of one kind or another. In view of that, it is a pity that he has not allowed himself much more space, and se- cured for his book- a better get-up than its present cheap-looking exterior. It might be one of the most commonplace of mis- sionary publications. Its dominant idea is a true and weighty one. Constantinople by its position must be one of the imperial cities of the world. There all the threads of western Asia run in and are knotted together; there one may sit and see the crowds pass and have a finger on the pulses beating from Samar- cand to Morocco. It has held the gorgeous East in fee, and will do so again. Mean- while, it is the centre of Islam, and mis- sionary work and influence exerted there are felt wherever the Koran has gone. It is there that the Muslim problem exists in its quintessence, and there it must be stud- ied and attacked. This the book goes on to do. The real Islam of to-day is stated tersely and fairly; as it is for good and for evil. There is no display of learning in this statement, but it has not either any of those inexplicable blunders which haunt the non-specialist when he meddles with the Faith of Muhammad. The Turkish wo- man question is described graphically and incisively. Evidently the Young Turks have achieved little yet in that matter; the few years of English rule in Egypt have done far more to shake those characteristic in- stitutions. And in Turkey, as in Egypt, the remedy must lie in girls' schools. Those, above all, who think that woman in the East has little power or influence should read this chapter. The following one on the Eastern Church begins with much se- vere but true criticism. It ends with a confession, most refreshing from a mission- ary, that only through that church again become alive can the masses of western Asia be reached and helped. The problem is how to arouse the Church. For that and for the arousing of Turkey in general, Dr. Dwight holds that Western civilization in itself can have little value. There has been a European colony at Pera for years, and it has accomplished nothing but to bring Christianity into disrepute. The meeting there of East and West is most amusingly pictured, and more fully than we have seen ■ 1: 1 a here. The last two chapters describe the school system in Constantinople — the ecclesiasti- cal schools, if the term is allowable, in which the future Ulama are trained; the secular schools up to what is practically a university, and the different missionary en- terprises from Robert College down — and the book trade as it is and is not. These chapters are admirable. They give a mass of information nowhere else brought to- gether in English, and our regret is that they do not contain far more details. It is part of our general regret at the limits of an admirable book. We trust that Dr. Dwight will take this to heart, and give us a thorough and exhaustive study of Con- stantinople supplementing the present most interesting sketch. 'Ih' Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Trans- lated from the Arabic by E. \V. Lane. With one hundred illustrations in photogravure by Stanley Wood. Don- don: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Mac- millan. 1901, ti vols. Experience lias accustomed us in Messrs. Dent's books to a combination of artistic excellence in the net-up and of scholarly excellence in the editing. But in this edi- tion the scholarship has left us deplorably in the lurch, and the pity is the great- er as there is actual need of a beautiful and not too expensive 'Arabian Nights' which could bo read by all and offend or injure none. Family editions are usually the abomination of desolation, but 'The Nights' demand such. They demand, too, however, in their editors a keen aesthetic sense joined to self-restraint, discretion, and real knowledge. But it has been their unlucky fate to draw upon themselves, like captive Queens of romance, the awkward caresses of the would-be learned. Amateur Orientalists hazard wondrous conjectures on their origin and nature, and the dear public takes it all very gravely. For that public, in its unconscious wisdom, remains calmly unlearned, and, for it, "The Nights" still pass in an undisturbed land of faery. On its title-page this edition professes to contain the translation of Lane. As a matter of fact, that part of it which is derived from Lane is a reprint, page by page, and it may be from the same plates, of the edition of Mr. J. Jacobs in 1896 which, in its turn, was a reproduction of the editions of Lane published in 1847 and 1850 by John Murray. In these, Lane's commentary was cut away, and the old spelling of the proper names was restored. The anecdotes and short tales which Lane put in small type also vanished, and with them much of the characteristic flavor of the book. On Lane's protest, the two editions were withdrawn and suppressed. The present reprint follows Mr. Jacobs so closely that, in the table of contents, we have account taken of two appendices which the Jacobs edition has, but which here are fortunately absent. As for the few notes, which probably go back to the editions of 1847 and 1S50, the less said about them the better. But in the "Foreword" we are further informed that this edition con- tains the additional tales to be found in Galland and not in Lane. That is true with a remarkable plus and a still more remarkable minus. The minus is of the entertaining story of "Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Peri Banon," expressly mention- ed in said "Foreword" and an illustration to which absurdly heads volume v.; also of the story of "Codadad and his Broth- ers." which we can better spare. The plus is of the tales first translated and printed by Jonathan Scott in the sixth volume of his edition of Galland in 1811. These are not given entire, nor do they seem ever to have been completely re- printed since that first edition. The illus- trations are those which accompanied the reprint of Scott by Pickering in 1890. To put it shortly, we have here a reprint of Mr. Jacobs's edition of Lane and of the Pickering Scott, in which, when the same tales occur in both, the Jacobs Lane is given the preference. That all this should masquerade as Lane's translation shows, at the least, a singular elasticity of con- science. Of the little "Foreword" we need not say much. Its unnamed author evidently de- rives his learning from Mr. Jacobs's preface, and, as that erudite essay is full of the most curious blunders, the disciple here comes off but sorrily. It may be enough to say that Professor de Goeje would prob- ably be moved to mirth if he were to hear that his acute reconstruction of the ref- erences to Homai was "the generally ac- cepted tradition of the origin" of 'The Nights,' and that "the probability is that the tradition here represents facts." Fur- ther, Aladdin has been found in an Arabic MS. of "The Nights.' It may be worth while to draw attention to a converse blun-

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Dec. 12, 1901] The ISTation. 461 der in the life of Sir Richard Burton in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' (Suppl. i., p. 355), where we are told that the Arabic original of Ali Baba has come to light. In reality it is the one of Galland's tales to which we have yet no clue. Further, Lane's translation is by no means complete, though it is certainly the most scholarly. And, again, Lane's text is most emphatical- ly "bowdlerized." Lastly, Lane's "monu- mental edition" was fully and, so far as Oriental tone is concerned, admirably il- lustrated. Mr. Stanley Wood's pictures may be artistic; as illustrations of 'The Nights' they cannot compete for a moment with those of Harvey or Letchford. If there had been neither editor nor "Foreword," but simply a bibliographical note, as in the Temple series, referring to the two editions from which this book is derived, it would have been open to much less exception. But it seems to be the fate of 'The Nights' to draw upon themselves such attentions. Culture and Restraint. By Hugh Black. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1901. It is not an indifferent problem of ab- stract philosophy, but an urgent question of every-day life, that Mr. Black discusses in this fascinating volume. And it is not as a pedant, but as a practical man, that he deals with it, anxious not to spin plausi- ble theories, but to give facts their exact weight. His work is that of a critic in the true sense of the word: he is not a spe- cial pleader, but recognizes both the merits and the defects of the opposing cases, with the result that his summing-up is a recon- ciliation. Not many books on ethical questions show such a breadth of sympathy with divergent views; and it is not often that we find one which, while free from casuistry, supplies its readers with such wholesome guidance for the direction of their own practice. Its subject — the old conflict between He- braism and Hellenism, self-repression and self-expression, restraint and culture — needs for its satisfactory treatment a more catholic spirit than commonly belongs to the partisans of either side. This equip- ment is possessed by Mr. Black, who knows, and rightly appreciates, his Montaigne as well as his Augustine. First he describes, with adequate understanding, the aesthetic ideal, and follows his account of it by a discussion of its value, laying special em- phasis upon the test of history. He then proceeds to deal with the ascetic ideal in the same way. He attributes the failure of the latter to the facts— in addition to its creation of an artificial distinction in the ethical standard — that it raises into an end what can be justified only as a means; that it leaves out an essential ele- ment of the moral ideal, happiness, and is therefore led to look upon pain as in itself good; that it makes abstinence a higher virtue than temperance, and the evasion of natural responsibilities more worthy than the mastery of the temptations involved in them; and that it is on that account a mis- take in method, spending its force on ex- ternal and repressive rules. He therefore reaches the conclusion that, of the two ideals, that of culture is essentially higher than that of restraint, since culture is at least a positive end, and to some extent must include restraint as a means to reach its full fruition. His final solution is that, while neither culture for its own sake nor sacrifice for its own sake is a sufficient end, they each find scope and are made rea- sonable by the thought of service. This "does not mean that all must become pro- fessional or amateur philanthropists, but it does mean some form of consecration of gifts. The artist and poet serve by creat- ing their works of beauty or of inspiring song, and to ask them to leave the spheres for which they are specially endowed, In order to work in a city slum, would be folly." This purpose combines both the fullest self-expression and the stern tem- per which takes self-discipline as a serious task. For the true moral of the brevity of life is not Pater's, that we should gather all we are into one desperate effort to see and touch by the stirring of the senses, but the better part mentioned by Amiel: "Life is short, and we have never too much time for gladdening the hearts of those who are travelling the dark journey with us." Australasia, Old and New. By J. Grattan Grey. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Pp. xvi, 396. This is a readable, somewhat loosely writ- ten book. The author is a journalist, and his style shows it. "Old and New" is correctly descriptive of his treatment of the theme "Australasia." We are told most of the foundation and present condition of the sev- eral colonies. Their middle state is some- what lightly passed over. Jenks's 'Austra- lian Colonies,' of the Cambridge Historical Series, is a more evenly constructed book on the same subject, and has the great ad- vantage of being furnished with an index. The reader who has both publications at hand may acquire a good working knowledge concerning Australasia. Mr. Grey is to be commended for his sym- pathetic attitude towards the aborigines. We miss treatment of the complicated ques- tion of the employment of Kanaka labor in Queensland. He gives a gloomy enough his- tory of the transportation period and sys- tem, which, with bushranging and the affair of the Eureka stockade in 1854, furnish so far the main picturesque incidents in the history of Australia proper. He is at times inclined to exaggerate horrors, as where he writes of Smith O'Brien's "dungeon" on Ma- ria Island. The cottage he occupied, though small, was in truth cheerful, with a little garden. Taken as a whole, the book does not convey an unfair impression of Austra- lian soil and climate; there are, however, passages that unduly extol it. Mr. Grey would have done better to assim- ilate for this book information previously given by him in other books, instead of re- peating whole paragraphs between quotation marks. It gives to his work an impression of rechauffe which it does not deserve. He holds decided opinions upon leading ques- tions, calls New Zealand severely to task for not entering the new southern common- wealth, and is "convinced that, long before this century draws to an end, Australia will be an independent nation, politically and in all other respects." He "spent a very large portion" of his life in Australasia. This has in many respects fitted him for writing such a book as the present. In others he may have imbibed strong political prejudices. We know, although it is not mentioned by him here, that he was hardly treated by the New Zealand Government because of his sympathy with the Transvaal. (The Aus- tralian communities out-Heroded the mother country in their ungenerous attitude towards the minorities that opposed the war.) Whether unduly biassed or more clear-sight- ed than other observers, his views of New Zealand politics and experiments are gloomy in the extreme, and he has brought upon him- self a storm of abuse, from both New Zealand and other parts of the world, from the ad- vocates of principles being there tried in practice. "New Zealand abounds in politi- cians who are incapable of grasping the sit- uation, whose ideals are not of a very lofty kind, and who fear, above all things else, . . . their own political extinction." He accuses them of having established "a reign of terror." "So the whole community has been blighted by this reign of terror, by this policy of 'spoils to the victors, of punish- ments and rewards'; until feelings of per- sonal interest have dominated all classes, sapped their manliness, and made them what they are — either arrant hypocrites or dumb, unresisting spectators of a system which should be fearlessly condemned by every honest man who has the real inter- ests of a pure, untarnished democracy at heart." He considers female suffrage In New Zea- land to have proved a failure: "Not only has it not fulfilled any one of the improving and refining services which were claimed for it when the mea- sure was before Parliament, but, as an ab- solute fact, public and political life and the personnel of Parliament itself have degenerated to a most deplorable degree ever since the introduction of female fran- chise at Parliamentary elections in that colony." Of the old-age pension scheme he writes: "The system at work there is not a solu- tion of the problem: it is outdoor relief pure and simple, with the high-sounding title of old-age pensions applied to it." In like manner he considers that the boards for settlement of disputes between employers and employed have not answer- ed their purpose: "These boards are a con- stant source of irritation to employers, and the cost and loss of time entailed upon em- ployers and employed is enormous." These are not times when we can well afford to have dashed more of our old gold- en anticipations for humanity. Mr. Gray's book claims the careful consideration of reformers. Christopher in his Sporting Jacket. By John Wilson (Christopher North). Illustrated. McClure, Phillips & Co. 1901. This handsome little book is a reprint of the article which originally appeared in Blackwood's Magazine for September, 1828, and is included in the 'Recreations.' Chris- topher North is thought by many to have been the best writer of his day on sport, and this little volume treats of all varie- ties of out-door amusements of the time, from rat-catching to deer-stalking, at all of which, as well as every form of athletic ex- ercises, "Christopher" was proficient. The angling chapters, with which the volume commences, are charming in their descrip- tions of the natural healthy boy beginning his pastime with a minnow and ending with a salmon. Then follows shooting, and so on, with various excursions into other themes of nature, art, and literature, all

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462 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1902 treated iD the fascinating, simple, me.oly way native to Christopher North. It is a great service to literature that these articles are reprinted in so attrac- tive a form, and it Is to be hoped that they may bring to many of the younger genera- tion a knowledge they will increase by a larger acquaintance with the books of this wonderful and versatile professor, of whom a distinguished writer says, 'I can never read the 'Recreations' without a feel- ing of exaltation and delight, as if I were treading the heather beside 'Christopher in his Sporting Jacket,' with the free breezes of the Highlands tingling in my cheeks." Practical X-Ray Work. By Frank J. Addy- man. London: Scott, Greenwood & Co.; New York: The Van Nostrand Co. 1901. 8vo, pp. 207. With twelve plates and 52 cuts. Being really well written and put to- gether with good judgment, this book better deserves mention than the common run of technical publications. It treats amply of every part of Its art without being swamped by Inutilities. The historical division of the work is naturally brief. More than half of it is taken up with discussing the ad- vantages of different forms of apparatus, sources of electricity, coils, tubes, air- pumps, screens, localizers, etc. Then there are chapters on Installations, Radioscopy, Radiography, and the applications of the new art to dentistry, to chemistry, and to war. Much depends upon the fact that, other things being equal, opacity to X-rays is apparently increased by the presence of an element of high atomic weight, although nothing that can be called a law has been formulated. But lead glass is far more opaque than soda glass; Iceland spar than silica or alumina; imitations than genuine precious stones (exclusive of the pearl). The application of X-rays to examinations of the roots of teeth and their surroundings must be a matter of no little difficulty; which explains a chapter being devoted to it. The localization of what is seen is a branch of the art which time will, no doubt, greatly improve. At present, it Is done on the principle of a plane-table triangulation, but with various sorts of in- struments. Apparatus depending upon our natural stereoscopic judgments has hith- erto been found too troublesome. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Ashmore, S. G. A Brief Survey of the Writings of Quintus Horatius Flaccus. The Grafton Press. Beaton Biographies: (1) Schouler, James. Alexan- der Hamilton; and (2) Carpenter, G. B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Boston; Small, Maynard & Co. Bell's Miniature Series of Painters: (1) William- son, G. C. Pra Angellco; (2) Bell, Malcolm. Sir Edward Burne-Jones; (3) Williamson, G. C. Velasquez. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Maemillan. Biblical and Semitic Studies. (Tale Bicentennial Publications.) Scribners. $2.50. Brownell. Elizabeth B. Dream Children. Indian- apolis: The Bowen-Merrill Co. 95 cents. Burroughs, John. Songs of Nature. McClure, Phillips & Co. Caflin, C. H. Photography as a Pine Art. Double- day, Page & Co. $3. Capps. Edward. From Homer to Theocritus. Scribners. $1.50. Carrion, M. R., and Aza, Vital. Zaragiieta. Sil- ver, Burdett & Co. Carruth, W. H. Schiller's Die Braut von Messina. Silver, Burdett & Co. Castiglione, Baldesar. The Book of the Courtier. Scribners. Colton, Arthur. "The Debatable Land." Harpers. $1.50. Curtis, D. A. The Science of Draw Poker. Pub- lished by the Author. Daudet, Alphonse. (1) Letters from My Mill; (2) Monday Tales. (Little Masterpieces.) Boston: Little. Brown & Co. $2.60. Daskam, Josephine D. The Best Nonsense Verses. Evanston (111.): William S. Lord. Davis, R. H. Her First Appearance. Harpers. Digby, W. 'Prosperous' British India: A Revela- tion from Official Records. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Puller, H. B. Under the Skylights. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50. Gambli', Itev. H. R. Sunday and the Sabbath. London: John Murray; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. Gates, Josephine S. The Story of Live Dolls. Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrlll Co. $1. Gummere, Amelia Mott. The Quaker: A Study In Costume. Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach, $3. Happy Playtimes. London: Ernest Nister; New York: K. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. Hardy, Thomas. Poems of the Past and the Present. Harpers. $1.60. Hassall. Arthur. The French People. D. Apple- ton & Co. $1.50. Hird, Frank. King Fritz's A. D. O. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Maemillan. $1.75. Holmes. Edmond. Walt Whitman's Poetry: A Study and a Selection. John Lane. Ilchester. Countess of. and Stavordale. Lord The Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox,' 1745- 1826. 2 vols. London: John Murray; New York: Scribners. $9. Kuhns, Oscar. The German and Swiss Settle- ments of Colonial Pennsylvania. H. Holt & Co. La Mara. Franz Liszt's Briefe an die Filrstin Carolyne Sayn-Wittgensteln. III. Leipzig: Breit- kopf & Hartel. 7 marks. Lawrence, Katherlne D. The Fairy Dream. Bon- nell. Silver & Co. 60 cents. Lee, Dr. G. H. Kith and Kin. Washington, D. C: The Neale Co. Lounsbury, T. R. Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist. Scribners. $3. Merriman, H. S. The Velvet Glove. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Meynell, Alice. Later Poems. John Lane. $1. Morgan. T. H. Regeneration. Maemillan. $3 Morison, M. Time Table of Modern History: A. D. 400-1870. London: Archibald Constable & Co.; New York: Maemillan. $3.50 Morris, M. C. F. The Vowel-Sounds of the East Yorkshire Folk-Speech. Henry Frowde. Murger. Henry. The Latin Quarter. Doubledav, Page & Co. $1.60. Peabody, Josephine P. Marlowe: a Drama In Five Acts. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Ramsay, William. Modern Chemistry: Theoretical and Systematic. 2 vols. London: J. M. Dent & Co.; New York: Maemillan. Rankin, Reginald. Wagner's Nibelungen Ring. Done into English Verse. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50. Rathery, E. J. B. Journal and Memoirs of the Marquis d'Argenson. 2 vols. Boston: Hardy, Pratt & Co. Riley, J. W. Riley Farm Rhymes. Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill Co. Rousiers, Paul de. Les Syndieats Industrlels at Producteurs en France et a l'Etranger. Paris: Armand Colin. Salvarona. The Wisdom of Passion. Boston: Mys- tic River Book Co. $2. Sheldon, H. D. Student Life and Customs. (In- ternational Education Series.) D. Appleton & Co. $1.20. Singleton, Esther. The Furniture of Our Fore- fathers. Parts VI., VII., and VIII. Doubleday, Page & Co. Stedman, E. O. Mater Coronata: Recited at the Bicentennial Celebration of Yale University. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1. Tilton, G. H. A Memorial of Marshall Henshaw. Cambridge (Mass.): University Press. Tennyson, Alfred. In Memoriam. London: Ernest Nister; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. Trubner, K. Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. Strassburg: Karl J. TrUbner; New York; Lemcke & Buechner. Vieie, H. K. The Last of the Knickerbockers: A Comedy Romance. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co. New Books for the Discriminating THOMAS'S SCHILLER Illustrated. $3.25 net. (Postage 21c ) MRS. C0NKL1NS AMERICAN POLITICAL HISTORY To the Death of Lincoln. Popularly Told. $1.50 net. (Postage 14c.) BEERS' ENGLISH ROMANTICISM XVIII Century, $2. XIX Century, -*1.7.r> net. (Postage 150.) CHAMPL1NS YOUNG FOLKS' CYCLOP/EDIA OF LITERATURE AND ART With 270 illustrations. £2.50. BENNET'S THYRA, Illustrated. SI. 50 MRS. RHYS'S WOOING OF SHEILA $1.50. MRS. WOOD'S SHOULDER STRAPS AND SUN BONNETS. $1.50. Henry Holt & Co., 29 W. 23D ST., NKW YORK. Life on the Stage By CLAHA MORRIS In its 2d Edition This is probably the greatest autobiography written in America in years, as well as one of the most unique books of the season. It is the wonderful story of a woman's life throughout a great career, giving the best portraits of the personages of the stage ever put into literature. Says Charles Warren Stoddard in the N. Y. Tribune : — "It is an admirable example of what an autobiography should be. There is hardly a page in the book which is not quotable." " It is a book of human, tender, and personal interest, written in a style fluent and luminous." — The Dial. "It will add to the author's theatrical fame a lasting literary reputation." — Book News. $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.62. Publishers McCLVRE, PHILLIPS ® CO., New York RARE PRINTS, XVI. & XVII. Century Armor. Old Delft Ware, etc. Illustrated Catalogues sent free on application. HENRY T. COATES & CO., 1222 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. European Maps and Guide Books BRENTANOS UNION SQUARE OLD BOOKS AND MAGAZINES | J&VftSS; A. .1. CRAWFORD. 10th & Pine Streets, St. Louis, Mo.

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation. XI y y, _-.W^^ By the Specially Constructed, Magnificent, New, Twin-Screw Cruising Steamer Vrinzeffin Victoria Luise OF THE HAMBURG-AMERICAN LINE January 4-th, 1902 — Lea-ding JVekv VorK. — February 8th. 1902 These cruises offer unparalleled opportunities to visit— under the most favorable auspices, and upon a specially designed and perfectly equipped steamship— the new possessions of the U. S. In the WEST INDIES, the neighboring islands, the SPANISH MAIN, and MEXICO. / TI/fE "RA-R V FIRST CRI1ISF from New York to San Juan (Porto Rico); St. Thomas, St. Pierre (Martinique)- riiyji vauuh port of Spain and La Brea (Trinidad); La Guayra; Puerto Cabello (Venezuela);' Curacao; Kingston (Jamaica); Santiago and Havana ^Cuba); Charleston, S. C, and return to New York. A total distance of 5320 miles, occupying 30 days. WITH SIDE TRIPS TO CARACAS and VALENCIA, VENEZUELA. SFfftNTl CRIIISF from New York to San Juan(Porto Rico); Domingo City (Santo Domingo); JLVUmi vnuuu K ingst0I1 Qamaica) . Santiago de Cuba;Vera Cruz ( Mexico ) ; Havana ( Cuba) ; Charleston, S. C, and return to New York. A total distance of SS10 miles, occupying 28 days. WITH SIDE TRIP TO MEXICO CITY. For further information, rates, etc., apply to Dept. 26 of the HAMBURG-AMERICAN LINE 35-37 Broa.dwa.y, New York 1229 Walrvut St., Philadelphia 70 State St., Boston 159 Randolph St., Chicago 106 N. Broadway. St. Louis 401 California. St., San Fra-ncisco <LRC I SPANISH ITALIAN FRENCH A miscellaneous selection of romance and drama by the modern writers of above nationalities. SALE AT REDUCTION FROM NOW TO JAN. 1ST. ! Pitas e Come and Inspect ! JOHN LANE, 67 5th Ave., N.Y. ^ NINETEENTH CENTURY and AFTER Edited by JAMES KNOWLES. The Foremost Review of the World— Original English Edition at About Half the London Price. The contributors are the leading writers, and the subjects the ablest and most timely discussions of the topics and problems of the day. It is indispensable to all who keep in touch with the best con- temporary thought and criticism. Yearly subscription, $4.50; with The Contemporary, The Fort- nightly, or The Westminster Review, $8.50; any three, $12.00; all four, $16.00. Specimen copies free. LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION COMPANY, 7 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK.

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Xll The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1 902 The Third Edition of SIR RICHARD CALMADY Is Now Ready A gradual but increasing popularity is being achieved in America to-day by Sir Richard, undoubtedly one of the most remarkable novels of recent times. It was published nearly three months ago. Other than the fact that it was by a daughter of Charles Kingsley, and by the author of " The Wages of Sin," little was known of the book. There were many things to prevent its success. It was considered too long, it was accused of being morbid. It was a deeply serious work. It was a story of English life. It offered the American reading public not a single duel, not a single historical character or hairbreadth escape, and never a marked pack of cards, or a glimpse of Cardinal Richelieu, in a red gown. It was, therefore, considered unlikely to be popu- lar in America. For six weeks it filled the predictions of the most cyni- cal. With the exception of strong and fervid criticisms, from the better portion of the American press, it received no mark of favor. Gradually, however, by its inherent strength, by its absorbing interest, and by its deep seriousness of purpose it began to arouse popular attention to a remarkable degree. It is in London, to day, the book most talked about and most discussed. "The Athenaeum" has voted it the second most important novel of the year. In New York it has, for /our consecutive weeks, been among the six "best-selling" books, and the sale is daily growing larger. In Boston it is third on the list of six "best-selling" books. It is a novel to challenge a fair and honest comparison with the very best work of George Eliot, and the author of it has, by general consent, been placed above Mrs. Humphry Ward as a master in the art of depicting certain phases of life and character as they exist in England to-day. At all Bookstores. DODD,MEAD&COMPANY,Publishers NEW YORK. Holiday Books Types of ••• •Naval Officers With Some Remarks on the Develop- ment of Naval Warfare Dur- ing the 18th Century. — BY- CAPT. ALFRED T. MAHAN Author of " The Life of Nelson" "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History," etc. Sije Photogravure "Portraits, 8%)o Croban. "Price £2.50 net; £2.68 postpaid. A JAPANESE MISCELLANY By Lafcadio Hearn, author of " Ex- otics and Retrospectives," "In Ghostly Japan," " Shadowings," etc. Illustrated, i2mo, $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1.73. More than any other writer Lafcadio Hearn catches the charm, the daintiness and the beauty of Japanese life.— Chicago Hecord-Herald. LITTLE MASTERPIECES By Alphonse Daudet. Comprising " Letters from My Mill" and "Mon- day Tales." Illustrated. 2 vols., l6mo, in box, $2.50. The two volumes will far better repay reading to-dav than the great mass of recent fiction.— The Outlook. MAIDS AND MATRONS OF NEW FRANCE A series of historical sketches by Mary Sifton Pepper, portraying the lives of the pioneer women of Canada. Half-tone illustiations, i2mo, cloth. $1.50 vet. Postpaid. $1.65. Important from a historical standpoint and as a narrative entertaining and full of charm and interest.— Philadelphia Telegraph. LITTLE MEN (Illustrated) New holiday edition of Miss Alcott's famous story, with 15 full-page pictures by Reginald B. Birch. Crown 8vo, $2.00. LITTLE, BROWN <a CO., PUBLISHERS, 254 Washington St., Boston.

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Dec. 12, 1 901] The ISTation. Xlll NEW B00K5 NEW FICTION COUNT HANNIBAL A Romance of the Court of France By Stanley J. Wetman, author of "A Gen- tleman of France," "Under the Red Robe," "The Castle Inn," etc. Crown, 8vo, cloth, ornamental, fl.50. "Mr. Weymau's really tbrillin? novel." — N. Y. Tribune. The Fiery Dawn: A Novel. By M. E. Coleridge, author of "The King with Two Faces," "NonSequi- tur," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.50. "Is steeped from end to end in the magic at- mosphere of enchantment. The story, in a word, has the glamour of a very beautiful and brilliant dream. ... It was a happy instinct which prompted Miss Coleridge to choose France in the early 'thirties' for ber scene, and that singularly romantic personage, the Duchesse de Berri, for her central figure . . . following in its essential outlines the course of the historical narrative, from the Duchess's sojourn at Massa — where the plot of the invasion took shape — to her capture and imprisonment at Nantes. Miss Coleridge in- troduces many of the historic worthies of La Ven- dee, de Charette, the de la Roberies, Cathelineau, de Masnard."— Spectator. Cynthia's Way A Story by Mrs. Alfued Sidgwick, author of "The Inner Shrine," "The Grasshoppers," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, 11.50. "'An interesting story of the experiences of an English girl of good breeding, who, for the sake of adventure, took service as a governess in a middle- class family in Germany, There is. of course, a romance in the tale which ends happily for all concerned. The GoId=Stealers: A Story of Waddy By Edward Dtson, author of "Below and on Top," etc. With 8 Full-Page Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, cloth, $1.50. •••A story of life in Australia with a good deal of human nature and fresh local color, the time being the early days of the Victorian settlements. A Medley Book By George Frost. Crown 8vo. $1 50. Contents.— What Mrs. Dunn Knew— Worry- Shopping— The Immanence of Poetry in Life— A Point of View— A Forgiveness— Bodies— ' Cupid's Blunder'— Bed Time. Memoirs and Letters of Sir James Paget, Bart., r.rv*^*, D.CL., Late Sergeant- Surgeon to Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Edited by Stephen Paget, one of his sons. With 3 photogravure por- traits, 3 portraits in half-tone, and 4 other illustrations. 8vo, cloth, pp. v.— 438, $5.00. A Practical Guide to the Administration of Anaesthetics By R. J. Probvn-Williams, M.D., Anes- thetist and Instructor in Anesthetics at the London Hospital ; Lecturer in Anaesthetics at the London Hospital Medical College, etc. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, pp. iv.— 211, $1.00. Books Make the Best Gifts LONGMHNS.GREEN. St CO. 91-93 Fifth Avenue, New York. Other Famous Homes of Great Britain (completing the series, which includes the fol- lowing) : Famous Homes of Great Britain More Fa nous Homes of Great Britain Edited by A. H. Malan — Nearly 600 illus- trations. 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XIV The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1902 PAGE'S LEADING BOOKS Captain Ravenshaw By Robert Neilson Stephens, author of "Philip Winwood," etc. Illustrated. iamo, cloth, $1.50. "The reader will not lay It down until it is finished." — Boston Transcript. A Model Village, Being a little book of Essays. By C. E. Bolton, M.A. One vol., cloth, decora- tive, $1.25. This little volume of essays, dealing with many themes of practical interest, contains much in the way of valuable suggestion along the lines of civic reform and social improvement. The Historical Memoirs of John Henea^e Jesse In Fifteen Volumes Covering English History from the Stuarts to the Cieorjjes The original editions of these fascinating His- torical Memoirs are rare and out of print. The only other edition existing is a high-priced one, published by subscription, so that we are con- fident in offering this new and handsome edition to the public that we present a set of books of value and importance. Per vol., cloth 12 50 Per set, 15 vols., cloth 37 50 Per set, 15 vols., three-quarters morocco 75 00 Back To The Soil By Rev. Bradley Gilman. 1 vol., library 12mo, cloth, $1.25. In this interesting story Mr. Gilman suggests a practical solution of the tenement-house prob- lem. She Stands Alone Being the Story of Pilate's Wife By Mark Ashton. 1 vol., library 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. Few novels of the present day can stand com- parison with this remarkable book, which must be ranked in modern literature dealing with the early Christian era as only second to "Ben- Hur." Leading Books for Young People The Little Colonel's Holidays By Annie Fellows Johnston. 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated, $1.50. The Little Colonel's hosts of friends have been giving her chronicler no rest with their ques- tions; so that, she has had to write a new "Lit- tle Colonel Book." The Rosamond Tales By Cutler Reynolds. Large 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. With many full-page illustrations from orig- inal photographs, and with a frontispiece from a drawing by Maud Humphrey. These are just the bedtime stories that chil- dren always ask for, but do not always get. The Little Cousin Series By MARY HAZLETON WADE Four vols., boxed. Illustrated, per volume, $0.60. Our Little Japanese Cousin Our Little Browix Cousin Our Little Indian Cousin Our Little Russian Cousin These are the most interesting and delightful accounts possible of child-life in other lands, filled with quaint sayings, doings, and adven- tures. 'Tilda Jane By Marshall Saunders, author of "Beau- tiful Joe." 1 vol., 12mo, fully illustrated, $1.50. "I am sure that every one. young or old, will be proud aud happy to make the acquaintance of the delicious waif."— Cyrus Townsend Brady, in "The Book Buyer." Prince Harold A Fairy Story By L. F. Brown. Large 12mo, with 60 illus- trations, cloth, §1.50. A delightful fairy tale for children. For sale by all booksellers, or sent prepaid, on receipt of the price, by the publishers. Complete catalogue mailed free on application. L. C. PAGE & COMPANY 200 Summer St. Boston, Mass. TWO IMPORTANT BOOKS The most important book of the year. GAIL HAMILTON'S LIFE IN LETTERS. Edited by H. Acqosta Dodge. Large 12mo, two volumes, 600 pages each, pho- togravure frontispieces, fine laid paper, gilt top, boxed, $5.00 per set. No more Informing work than this In many re- spects has been published In a long time, and as the New York Times remarks, " the book Is suro of a host of readers." The finest gift of the year's books for lovers of nature. AMONG FLOWERS AND TREES WITH POETS Or, The Plant Kingdom in Verse. A Prac- tical Cyclopedia for all Lovers of Flowers- Compiled and arranged by Minnie Crit- tis Wait and Prof. Merton Cuanning Leonard. Illustrated. Cloth, richly bound, gilt top, $2.00. Send for our Illustrated Holiday Catalogue. LEE AND SHEPAUD, Publishers. BOSTON T5he Ordeal of Elizabeth One of the most vivid pictures of modern society that has been painted in years Ornamental Olath,oitt top, Si. 50. J. F, TAYLOR «. CO., New York F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors;, 420 5th Ave., bet. 88th and 89th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books, Agents for the leading Paris publishers; Tauchnitz's British authors, Teub- aer'B Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thnckeray'sWorksand Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper Large type, easy to read size 4WbyOS4 inches and only !.. Inch thick. Bound In cloth, $100 each. Sen! prepaid on receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. TI10S. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 1 8th St., New York. Studies of French Criminals of the 19th Century By H. B IRVING. A fascinating study in criminology by the talented son of Sir Henry Irving, and author of "The Life and Times of Judge Jeffreys." 8vo, Cloth $2.50 Redemptioners and Indentured Servants In the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania By Dr. Karl F. Geiskb, Professor of Political Science In the Iowa State Normal School. Price In paper covers, $1.00; In cloth, $1.50. This essay, published as a supplement to the Yalb Keyiew for August, 1001, treats in an exhauntive man- ner of an interesting but comparatively neglected phase of colonial life, and Is of special value to historians, economists and students of sociology. The volume, which Is provided with full bibliography and index, will be mailed postpaid on receipt of price, by THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR CO. Publishers, New Haven, Conn. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. address Mr. Orant. Before buying books write for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues and special slips of books at re duced prices sent for 10-cent stamp P. E. ORANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St. NEW i'ORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount)

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Dec. 12, 1901] The Nation. xv Jl/ST PWBLISHEV ! Studies in History and Jurisprudence BY JAMES BRYCE. D.C.L. Author of " The American Commonwealth, " etc. 8vo, Cloth. $3.50 net. Postage 27 cents. SUBJECTS TREATED. The Roman Empire and the British Empire in India. The Extension of Roman and English Law throughout the World. Flexible and Rigid Constitutions. The Action of Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces on Political Constitutions. Primitive Iceland. The Constitution of the United States as Seen in the Past. Two South African Constitutions. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. Obedience. The Nature of Sovereignty. The Law of Nature. The Methods of Legal Science. The Relations of Law and Religion. Methods of Lawmaking in Rome and in England. The History of Legal Development at Rome and in England. Marriage and Divorce in Roman and in English Law. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS (American Branch), 91 and 93 Fifth Ave., New York NOTABLE HOLIDAY BOOKS LONG'S BEASTS OF THE FIELD. LONG'S FOWLS OF THE AIR. All of Mr. Long's animil stories bound in two vols., satine cloth, stamped in full gold. Square iamo, cloth, $1.75 per volume. Neatly boxed together, $3.50. OPIJVIOJVS FF^OM THE PP^ES'S: From Public Opinion, Nov. 14, 1901 : " His [Mr. Long's] work is above all that of a close observer, and a charm of manner and delicacy of feeling make the books the work of an artist as well. While imputing to birds and beasts no other faculties than they possess, the spirit of the woodland, the friendship of the author with all animate things, and the ease of the narrative place Mr- Long in the front rank of nature students." From The Outlook, Nov. 23, 1901- " Mr. Long knows how the squirrel, the rabbit, the fox, and even the bear live, and he knows also how to make alluring stories for children out of this knowledge. So, too, he lays under contribution for young folks' amusement the partridge, the duck, the oriole, the crow, and even the eagle. We have praised some of these sketches before; we are glad to see them here all gathered in two pretty volumes with many pictures." Bird Portraits. By Ernest Seton-Thompson; described by Ralph Hoffmann. Quarto, doth, $1.50. Old Indian Legends. By Zitkala Sa. Illustrated by Miss Angel de Cora (Hinook-Mahiwi-Kilinaka). i2mo, cloth, 75c. King Arthur and His Court. By Frances Nimmo Greene. With illustrations by Edmund H. Garrett. Square i2tno, cloth, 75c. The Stars in Song and Legend. By Jermain G. Por- ter, Ph. D. With illustrations reproduced from Albrecht Diirer's famous drawings. i2mo, cloth, 75c. GINN & COMPANY. PUBLISHERS Trade Department, BOSTON.

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XVI Tlie Nation. [Vol. j$, No. 1902 Financial. PVLFORJD, HOW <&C0. Mortgage Loans and Municipal "Bonds. MANAGE AND SELL REAL ESTATE DULUTH, MINN. Refer to Prominent Banks and Trust Cos. in the East, also Banks of Duluth. New York Security & Trust Co., Correspondents. Pueblo, Colo. Is becoming the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of population employed In profitable production largest of any Western city. Superior In climate and commercial promise. My specialty the care of properties and mak- ing investments for non-residents. Home, Eastern, and Foreign references. Established in 1879. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Colo. LAWTOI & FERTIG Colorado Springs, Colo. An experience of twenty-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for in- vestment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. CRUTCHER & WELSH have for many years demonstrated to a large clientele that money was to be made In Kansas City Kcal Estate If It be conservatively selected and administered. Every facility for the care of non-resident estate'. Property wisely purchased now is certain of steady advance. Our purpose Is to serve faithfully and efficiently a few more Eastern clients. We are an essential part of the his- tory of KANSAS CITY, MO. Denver, Colorado. Our earnest conviction Is that this Is the time to pur- chase selected property In Denver. The underlying fac- tors which go to make permanent prosperity arc con- spicuously present all over this section, and Denver's real estate will never again be purchasable at such at- tractive prices Let US submit facts by correspondence WHIPPLE & REYNOLDS, Boston Bldg., Denver, Colo. The care of property for non-residents a specialty. AN OPPORTUNITY. Would you consider an opportunity to secure a per- manent annual income by investing your surplus capi- tal In such sums as you might desire? If, moreover, you were afforded perfect security and the atmtrana 01 more than the average Interest or dividends, would vou Invest ? If so, we simply ask you to Investigate the proposition offered by the Isthmus Plantation Association of Mexico. Full particulars will be mailed you upon request. C. M KRNDALL. Gen'l Agent, 414-417 First Nation- al Bank Building, Milwaukee, Wis. The Midsummer of Italian Art "Re-Vised Edition Illujlraied 1 2mo, $2.25 Four Great Venetians Illustrated, l2mo. $2.00 By F. P. STEARNS. " Mr. Stearns, if not so dainty a critic as Walter Pater, writes with a manly strength and with much scope of knowledge and thought."— Prof. S. W. Hoppin, Professor of Art at Yale University. "An excellent book to carry on a tour through the great European galleries." — Edin- burgh Scotsman. " The book is so pleasant in style as well as instructive in matter that we cannot help ac- cording it a cordial welcome." — London Globe. G. P. PVTNANTS SONS. New York <a London Financial. ARE YOU considering a new location or to increase your present facilities of manufacturing? If so MILWAUKEE, WIS., offers you that chance. It is rapidly being recognized aB the Philadelphia of the West Many of Milwaukee's manufacturers have their offices In Chicago Goods ordered by Phone or Wire as late as six o'clock in the evening are placed at the doors of the Chicago mer- chants as earlv as six o'clock next morning. Come and see for yourself. It Is one of the handsomest residence cities of this country. It is the city of homes. Correspondence solicited BENJ. M. WKIL SONS & CO., Real Estate and Investment Krokers, Milwaukee, Wis. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for investors who appreciate skill and conservatism in se- lection and administration. SAFE MARGINS for the mojt EXACTING INVESTOR! My life has been devoted to the study of property values In Minneapolis. Am In a position to give you the benetlt of expertnesB In placing Investments where botn security and fair percentage may be relied upon. An opportunity Is solicited of presenting facts which in- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wetmore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. GEORGE AND COMPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite Investigation of their methods of conserving the Interests of investors. A successful record in the selection of Income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds in substantial productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. LETTERS OF CREDIT We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfers of money on Europe, Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and Issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available in all narts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Hisrh-Grade Securities Send for our Li8t ot ln- ■ ■IX" urauc ocLuriues. 00Dlc.,)earlng securities. Mailed on request. E. H. GAY & CO., 131 Devonshire St., Boston, and 1 Nassau St., New York. Financial. Kansas City, Mo. The present condition of Kansas City is exactly suita- ble for purchase of city property. Prices of to-day guarantee appreciable increase. There is no surer city in the United States for investors to make money in real estate. We have been Identified with the real-estate interests of this city during its steadily healthy growth and would like to tell a few Eastern investors how others have made money here, and how any one with a reasonably unprejudiced mind can do the same. Choice loans on hand for sale at 5 and 6 per cent, in- terest. Our responsibility Is unquestioned. Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co. ^EOlTRlfTFIRST, Profit the Next Consideration Our experience In and near Duluth as Real Estate and Loan Agents should make our Judgment worth something to you when considering a conservative investment. W. M. PRINDLE & CO., Duluth, Minn. Notice to Creditors aod Note-Holders of The People's National Bank of Pulaski, Tennnessee The People's National Bank of Pulaski. Tennessee, located at Pulaski, In the State oi Tennessee, will begin closing up its affairs on December 31st. 1901. All note-holders and other creditors of said association are therefore hereby notified to present the notes and other claims against the said association for payment. October 1st, 1901. N. A. CROCKETT, Cashier. R EMINGTON Standard Typewriter 327 BROADWAY, MEW YORK THE NATION an independent weekly journal, was established in 1865. Its contributors include the most prominent names in literature, science, and art, both In this country and abroad. It is emphatically found in the homes of people of culture and refinement. No intelligent American, desirous of keeping abreast of the best politi- cal and literary thought of the day, can afford to be without it. Sub- scription price, J3.00 a year, post- paid. Address PUBLISHER OF THE NATION, 208 Broadway, New York City.

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Dec. 12, 1901] The ]STation. XVll Zo jBugers of Cboice jBoofes ! 5. m Bouton, 10 WLest 28tb Street Invites tbe attention ot collectors of rare anD cboice boohs to bis unrivaleo stoch, embracing Stanoaro, ffine Hrt ano Ullustrateb TlUorhs, Earls print* eb JBoors, miuminateb flbissals anb flbss. 3600RS illustrateb bg Cruih= sbanh, Xeecb, pbi.i anb IRowlanbson. jErtra Ullustrateb JSoors anb cboice JBinbfnqs bg tbe most famous JEiwlisb anb foreign worhmen. ILLU51 RaTID EDITION. THE SALT-BOX HOUSE By Jane de Forest Shelton. Eighteenth Centurv Life in a New- England Hill Town. New Edition, $i.j;o net. Illustrated by JOHN HENDERSON BETTS. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., New York. GERMAN ROOKS^ REMTAEJOS VNION SQUARE, New York PALESTINE. WESTERN ASIA, EOYPT AND SINAI, ST. PAUL'S TRAVELS OXFORD MAFS By PROF. H. S. OSBORN, LL.D. These maps coverall Bib- lical Geography, contain all recent discoveries,and are accepted authority. Can be seen over large rooms. Special terms for the maps as a set. OXFORD MAP PUBLISHERS, Oxford, Ohio. ELLIS & ELVEY, Sealers In Old and Rare Books and M«S. CATALOGUE 07 just published, fully illustrated, and sent post free on application. Rare Editions. Early Printed Books, Illuminated Manu- scripts, Fine Bindings, ancient and modern, etc., etc. 29 NEW BOND STREET. LONDON, ENG. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt of postal card specimens of paper, type. Illustration and binding will be fent. KNIGHT & BROWN, 150 Fifth Ave.. New York ANY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- -*Z piled to out-of-town residents. Questions an- •wered. Orders promptly filled. Liberal discounts. I, Baylies, 418 Puttam Ave. (Brooklyn), New Tork City. Travel. OOINQ ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for "Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly, Boston— Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin, $40,$45. upwards, depending on steamer. "Philadel- PJ"a °; Dec. 18; " Lancastrian,' Dec. 25 ; "Devo- nian, Jan. 1 ; " Cestrian," Jan. 8 ; •■ Kingstonian," tOLondon, Dec. 17; "Iberian," to London, Dec. 28 F. O. HOUQHTON & CO., Oenl Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. PINE,HURST The Healthiest and Most Perfect Resort in the South Located in .he Highest and Dryest Section of the LONG LEAF ftTORTH CAROLINA PINE ll- REGION 0/ In a climate which offers a happy medium between the malarial, enervating qualities of the more Southern States and the rigorous winter of the North. Four Splendid Hotels, IN- CLUDING npTTir PAR OT TXT A the best appointed and one of the lUIrf S*sf\.E\.VJL*l.rHfJ\. iarge;t hotels in the South. All of these hotels are new, and are equipped with the most modern sanitary plumbing. FIFTY MODERN COTTAGES PUBLIC CASINO Two Splendid Golf Courses One of Eighteen Holes (Six Thousand Yards). By common consent among players the best in the South. One of Nine Holes (equally good) for beginners. Handsome, well- appointed club house, with two professionals in charge. PINEHUFkST is a private estate, about ten miles square, ranking second only among the estates in the South in size and attractiveness to Mr. George Vanderbilt's " Biltmore." It has an altitude of about 1,000 feet above sea level, and is. therefore, free from the cold wintry climate of higher points. Among its many natural charms is the large percf ntage of bright sunny days it enjoys during the winter months, and its absolute freedom from damp, penetrating winds. The best quail shooting in America is in the neighborhood of Pinehurst. The only village in the country where consumptives are excluded. Through Pullman Service a One night out from New York, Boston and Cincinnati 0 Via the Southern Railway or Seaboard Air Line. Special Rates during December and January. Send for beautiful pamphlets and rates, address JAMES W. TUFTS, Owner, BOSTON, MASS. Address Resident Manager, PINEHURST, NORTH CAP0LINA ATTRACTIVE NEW BOOKS WOODLAND AND MEADOW Out-of-door paDers written on a New Hampshire farm. By W. I. Lincoln Adams, author of " In Nature's Image," etc. Large 8vo, handsomely bound. £2.50 net. This book has a graceful and charmingly suggestive style, is illustrated by one hundred pho- tographs, which show the highest development ot the art, and is a splendid specimen of book- making. NEW ILLUSTRATED EDITION THE SALT BOX HOUSE Eighteenth Century Life in a New England Hill Town. By Jane dk Fokest Shelton. 12mo, $1.50 net. The success of Miss Shelton's sketches of New England Colonial Life has led the publishers to issue this illustrated edition. There are six full-page drawings by John Henderson Betts, together with gome charming tail-pieces, allot which greatly increase the Colonial atmosphere of the work. THE TIMES AND YOUNG MEN By Dr. Josiah Strong, author of "Our Country," "Expansion," etc. l2mo, cloth, 75c. a' I. A most valuable book for young men. Dr. Strong's position and style are well known. In this book he discusses the great social laws which must ba obeyed if social ills are to cease, and applies these laws to the solutijn of everyday problems in the life of every young m n. THE BAKER & TAVLOR CO., UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK

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XV111 Tlie Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1902 MacDonald, Hey ward Co. SUCCESSORS TO WILLIAM MOIR. Elegant Selection of DIAMONDS, PEARLS, and other Rich Jewelry. Headquarters _for American and Jftviss Watches. Clocks and Masonic Charms and Pins. 26 West Tiventy-third Street, NEW YORK. e/*ww%> '%/%■! %^ -%/%. -%/%. -w? BOCKS FOR XMAS At WK HAVE JUST ISSUED A LIST OF THEM. IT COM- PBISES BRIEF DE'CRIPTIOSB OF SELECTED ITEMS OF BP£ CIA1, VALUE AND INTEREST ini: THE SEASON FKOM OvE OF THE MOST EX ENSIVE GATHERINGS OF CHOICE ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BOOKS EVER SHOWN IN THls i (U N IKY. NO BOOK LOVER CAN AFFORD TO Miss SEND- INOFORACOPy. ONE WILL BE MAILED TO YOU FREE 301 Was'iiarton Street Ojp. "Old South " Church BOSTON '%** FRENCH BOOKS^ REMTAMOS VNION SQUARE, New York THORPE'S Constitutional History The Constitutional History of the United States for the period from 1765 to 18015, with Maps, Tables and Original Documents lie- printed, by Francis Newton Thorpe. This great work comprises a complete his- tory of the system of constitutional develop- ment exemplified by the organization, ad- ministration and reorganization after the Civil war of Federal Government in the United States between the years 1765 and 189b. Volume I. covers the period 1765-1787, and accurately details events in the colonies from the attempt to enforce the Stamp Act and laws against smuggling to the comple- tion of the present Federal Constitution. Volume II., 1787-1860, is a carefully writ- ten history of the first twelve Amendments to the Constitution, and of the administra- tion of Federal Government under it as amended during the period of early ques- tions concerning Its interpretation and con- struction, and of the great compromises upon Slavery, State Sovereignty and cog- nate issues. Volume III., 1860-1895, covers the period of armed contest for the preservation of the Union, and the reorganization following the close of the Civil war. The books are quite well indexed, and con- tain numerous useful maps. In shoit, the author has presented us with a clear, ex- haustive, and very readable digest of Amer- ican Constitutional History.— Yale Law Journal. Professor Thorpe's "The Constitutional History of the United States" is a record of the rise and progress of the American Con- stitution, from a new point of view. While this work differs from all those on the sub- ject which have preceded it, it does not aim to displace any of them, but consti- tutes a distinct addition to the group.— The Dial. )t is a complete and accurate chronicle of events, well put together, and useful alike to the student and the general reader.— Chicago Tribune. 3 -volumes. Cloth. $7.50 net. Callaghan & Company CHICAGO. Rc&Xeral Tradt Mtrh. Holiday Table Linens Especially suitable for holiday gifts are the lace trimmed, em- broidered, and fine hemstitched Table Linens, including — Afternoon Tea and Luncheon Cloths $6.00 to $75.00 each. Fine Hemstitched Sets (Cloth aud one dozen Napkins) $10.00 to $50.00 a Set. Centerpieces Embroidered, $1.50 to $30. Lace, . . . 4.00 to 25. Doylies Finger Bowl, $3-00 to $50.00 doz. Plate, . . 9.00 to 100.03 " These goods will be placed in boxes bearing our name and trade-mark — the seal of sterling quality in lineus. Mail orders have prompt attention. "The Linen Store." James McCutcheon & Co., 14 West 23d St., New York. tADtWCW Winter Hosiery and Underwear For Men, Women and Children. Best English Manufacture. Silk, Silk and Wool, and Merino. Shetland Wool Hand-Knit Spencers. Golf Hose. JJtooAvau cAJ 1 <)tto 6t NEW YORK. IX /A N TED— "Johnstons History of Cecil VV County, Maryland, Elkton. 1881." J. L. Schwahtz, Box 594. Pittsburgh, Pa.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 903. ^ THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1901. ^ PRICE TEN CENTS. CHRISTMAS GIFTS The Se&ts of the Mighty BY GILBERT PARKER. Illustrated. 12mo. cloth, $1.50 D. APPLETON & COMPANY A Sailor's Log BY Rear-AdmiraJ ROBLEY D. EVANS Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $2.00 The EternaJ City BY HALL CAINE 12mo, cloth, $1.50 The Quiberon Touch BY CYRUS TOWNSEND BRADY Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 fihe Life and Letters of Thomas H. Huxley By LEONARD HUXLEY Two vols., 8vo, cloth, net $5.00 Other Worlds: Their feature. "Possibilities and Habifabilify By GARRETT P. SERVISS Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $1.20 net; postage, 11 cents additional The Mai\ Who Knew Better BY TOM GALLON Illustrated by Gordon Browne 8vo, cloth, $1.50 Vivcle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings By JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS With 112 Illustrations by A. B. Frost New and Revised Edition. Cloth, $2.00 Mills of God BY ELINOR. MACARTNEY LANE Illustrated. 12 mo, cloth, $1.50 The Apostles of the Southeast BY FRANK T. BULLEN 12mo, cloth, $1.50 At all "Booksellers

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City PostrOffl.ce as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 463 Editoeial Articles : The Cuban Peril 466 The Schley Verdict 466 Branch Banking 467 The Eight-Hour Day 468 Rosebery and English Politics 468 Special Correspondence : A Religious Eiot In Athens 469 The Wife of Junot.— II 470 Correspondence : Toasts Drunk and Omitted .'... 471 "Equity's" Inequitable Pleading 471 Notes 472 Book Ketiews: Some Books on Art 47ft Still More Novels 476 Kings of the Rod 477 Famous British Homes 478 Heroines of Fiction 479 The Fireside Sphinx 480 China In Convulsion 480 Books of the Week 481 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part 0/ the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. The date when the subscription expires is on the address label of - lVIooi WINDSOR HALL FOR GIRLS ) orxass. Anna M. Goodnow, B.A., Assoc. Prln. School Agencies. 'T'HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. A Everett O. Fisk & Co, Proprietors. 4 Aahburton Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 15H Fifth Ave., New York; 414 Cent. Bldg .Minneapolis; 533 Cooper Bldg., Denver; 4 Evans Bldg.; Oskaloosa; 203 Mich. Blvd., Chicago; 5258tlms'nBk.. Los AngeleB; 420 Parrott Building, San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, Jx 81 Chapel St.. Albany, N.Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. Harlan P. French. Proprietor. (TCHERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. \Jj Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Hcyssoon & Rookwell, Mgrs., 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. A Superb Set Pocket Balzac (The Comedie Humaine of lionore de Balzac.) The Wormeley Complete in 30 6 3-4x4 1*8. Large, clear type, ure frontispieces, Any volume sold Translation, vols.; size photograv- separately. It is a pleasure to get Balzac at last in suitable form. — N. Y. Sun. The edition is most handy, convenient and satisfactory in every way. — Boston Herald. In cloth, $1.00 per vol. In limp leather, $1.25 per vol. In full crush crimson morocco, gi\t edges, in leather box, satin lined, $80. LITTLE, BROWN . The world, the fic*h. and even occasionally (it mutt be admitted) the devil, figure a* origini for the Quaker'* tdioiyncratics of garb. Quaker and worldly fashions have been ttudied on parallel line*. A *aned array of original sources in literature, of early recordi and other document! not rawly accessible, and of quaint garment! and trapping! handed down from old Quaker famrliei, hai been laid under contribution in the preparation of thii volume. The liberal u»e of illustration! of the latter makci (he work a veritable museum of picturesque Quaker antiquities, yet every picture tails needed light on the argument. l2mo. printed on dectcel-^dged paper, bound In half oozc-catf, with a corer design In Quaker tints by Miss Amy Otis. SJ.oo net. For Sale by all' Booksellers, *^J^ £ ^'tfT-SZZL FERRIS & LEACH, Publishers, 19 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. lititt

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Dec. 19, 1901] The Nation. 111 J VST TV-BUSHED! Studies in History and Jurisprudence BY JAMES BRYCE, D.C.L. Author of "The American Common<wealth," etc. 8vo, Cloth. $3.50 net. Postage 27 cents. SUBJECTS TREATED. The Roman Empire and the British Empire in India. The Extension of Roman and English Law throughout the World. Flexible and Rigid Constitutions. The Action of Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces on Political Constitutions. Primitive Iceland. The Constitution of the United States as Seen in the Past. Two South African Constitutions. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. Obedience. The Nature of Sovereignty. The Law of Nature. The Methods of Legal Science. The Relations of Law and Religion. Methods of Lawmaking in Rome and in England. The History of Legal Development at Rome and in England. Marriage and Divorce in Roman and in English Law. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS (American Branch), 91 and 93 Fifth Ave., New York Redemptioners and Indentured Servants In the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania By Dr. Karl F. Geiser, Professor of Political Science in the Iowa State Normal School. Price in paper covers, $1.00; In cloth, $1.50. This essay, published as a supplement to the Tale Keyiew for August, 1H01, treats In an exhaustive man- ner of an interesting but comparatively neglected phase of colonial life, and is of special value to historians, economists and students of sociology. The volume, which Is provided with full bibliography and index, will be mailed postpaid on receipt of price, by THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR CO. Publishers, New Haven, Conn. The Collected Poems of WILLIAM WATSON With Photogravure Portrait. 12mo. Price $2.50 net. THE LONDON SPFCTATOR: "Here is true gold of poetry— the 'authentic airs' of Parnassus. The chief, the dominant characteristic of Mr. Watson's poetry is felicity— and felicity not merely of word and phrase, but of thought. He Is not only happy In language, but in the ideas which he presents and interprets " JOHN LANE, Publisher, 67 5th Ave.,N.Y. When calling please ask for MR. GRANT. Whenever you need a book address Mr. (jrant. BOOKS AT LIBERAL DISCOUNTS. Before buying books write for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues and special slips of books at re duced prices sent for 10-cent stamp F. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St. NEW FORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors;, 429 5th Ave., bet. 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books, Agents for the leading Paris publishers ; Tauchnltz's British authors, Teub- ner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. OLOOOKS AND MAGAZINES I f^e'ldSE. A. J. CRAWFORD, 10th & Pine Streets, St. Louis, Mo. FOUNDED BY E LITTELL IN 1844 THE LIVING AGE A Weekly Magazine of Contemporary Literature and Thought. The Living Age presents the cream of foreign periodical literature and reprints without abridgment the most noteworthy essays, travel sketches, fiction, social and political papers, and discussions of literary, artistic and scientific subjects from the leading quarterlies, monthly magazines, and reviews, and literary and scientific weekly journals. SPECIAL TO NEW SUBSCRIBERS FOR 1902 To all New Subscribers to THE LIVING AGE for the year 1902 there will be sent FREE, until the edition is exhausted, the SEVENTEEN WEEKLY ISSUES FREE i • for the four months September, October, November and December, 1901 SEND AT ONCE AND SECURE ADVANTAGE OF THIS SPLENDID OFFER SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, SIX DOLLARS A YEAR. SINGLE NUMBER, FIFTEEN CENTS THE LIVING AGE COMPANY, '■"■"•"p^goVKS'808™ ^NINETEENTH CENTURY and AFTER Edited by JAMES KNOWLES. The Foremost Review of the World — Original English Edition at About Half the London Price. The contributors are the leading writers, and the subjects the ablest and most timely discussions of the topics and problems of the day. It is indispensable to all who keep in touch with the best con- temporary thought and criticism. Yearly subscription, $4.50; with The Contemporary, The Fort- nightly, or The Westminster Review, $8.50; any three, $12.00; all four, $16.00. Specimen copies free. LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION COMPANY, 7 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK. RARE PRINTS, XVI. 4 XVII. Century Armor, Old Delft Ware, etc. Illustrated Catalogues sent free on application. HENRY T. COATES & CO., 1222 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. r By the Author of ESTHER WATERS SISTER TERESA By GEORGE NOOR.E Cloth, £1.30 I J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia. 1 J

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 Good Books for Christmas Gifts SECOND EDITIONS IN THE HANDS OF THE BOOKSELLERS. Old Time Gardens A Book of " The Sweet o' the Year" Newly set forth by ALICE MORSE EARLE Author of " Home Life in Colonial Days," " Child Life in Colonial Days," " Stage Coach and Tavern Days," etc. Profusely illustrated from photographs collected by the author. Cloth, crown 8vo, $2.50 net ; postage 20 cents. Limited edition de luxe, 350 numbered copies, with extra plates, $20 net. "A VOLUME that every one who cares for flowers will wish not only to read x\_ but to have for his own."— New York Tribune. " (~y OOD reading for old eyes and for young eyes, too. . . . The pictures \y of gardens make a man homesick. Something quaint or delightful peeps out of every page of this book."— New Tork Sun. The Making of an American An Autobiography by JACOB A. R1IS Author of " How the Other Half Lives," etc., etc. ProfuseK illustrated. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net. Postage, 25 cents. Third Edition in Preparation. 4 '/~\\E of the brightest, wholesomest, most fascinating books of the season." V^ —Record-Htrald, Chicago. '•TT^HE life-story of the author of that epoch-making book, 'How the Other _L Half Lives.' . . . The author's adventures, struggles, sufferings, courage, hope, triumph, and love, will stir the hearts aud ennoble the lives of all who read his fascinating autobiography. . . . The book has a most stimulat- ing effect. After reading it one has a strong desire to do somethingfor those who are struggling with adversity. The fascinating story will have a special charm for boys and young men."— William T. Elsing in The Book Buyer. William Shakespeare: Poet, Dramatist and Man By HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, Author of " My Study Fire," "Under the Trees," etc. Fully illustrated with 8 full-page and 100 text illustrations. [New and cheaper edition. Cloth, i2mo, $2.00 net ; postage, 20cts. *k "lir ILL give the student a sympathetic under- TV standing of both the writer and what he wrote "It is tor this reason the work has been Riven a foremosl place among the studies of Shakespeare. ... t is Incisive, eloquent and enlightening." — Chion tele* Telegraph , Pittsburgh . George Washington A Biography By NORMAN HAPGOOD Author of "Abraham Lincoln," etc. Il- lustrated with a frontispiece in photo- gravure, interesting portraits and fac- similes. Half-leather, $1.75 net. Postage, 16 cts. kt-^r-OTHiNt; could be more discriminating than _L>| the estimate of Washington's character and power with which Mr. Hapgood's volume opens, and no story of his life could be written in brief compass that would tell so much that is new to the ordinary student of history."— The Outlook. The Temple Pocket Balzac Balzac's works complete in forty handy pocket volumes, handsomely printed and bound in cloth and limp leather, with an etched frontispiece in each volume. Sets only. i6mo, cloth, $30 ; leather, $40. "VfO edition is more satisfactory on the whole X^ than that which has been issued under the supervision of Professor Saintsbury, . . . forty volumes in all. They make a brave show and are remarkably good value for the money."— Boston Journal. »» The Benefactress By the Author of "Elizabeth and Her German Uarden," etc. New Fiction. Each, cioth, $1.50 Marietta : A Maid of Venice .» ONCE In a while— a long while— a clever novel IS vouchsafed US. . . . A real storv. fresh, original, amusing. . . . The author of ' Elizabeth and Her Qerman Garden ' has turned the Curse ot Cadmus into a blessing by writing 'The Benefactress.'"— Miss Agnbs Kki'I'I.ikr In the Sat- urday Evening Poet, The Crisis By F. MARION CRAWFORD Author of " Saracinesca," "In the Palace of the King," etc. ** \TO LIVING writer can surpass Mr. Crawford JN In the construction of a complicated plot and 1 he skilful unravelling of the tangled skein."— Record-Herald, Chicago. '*God Wills It." A Tale of the First Crusade By WILLIAM STEARNS DAVIS Author of " A Friend of Csesar," etc. Illustrated by LOUIS BETTS. ** \ S a pure romance of the historical type it il would be hard to find its equal in recent literature. . . . The story grips the reader from the start,"— Springfield Republican. 350TH THOUSAND By WINSTON CHURCHILL Illustrated by Howard Chandler Christy. Holiday Edi- tion in a box, with " Richard Carvel," $3:00 net. « rpHE description of those early days In 8t. Iiouls, before and after the fail X- of Fort Sumter, Is really wonderful fur Its Insight and sustained In- itandpasalon . Mr. Churchill's portrayal of Lincoln Is one of the strongest and mosl moving things in the book. It Is strong, tender full of work- manship—1 he best portrait of Lincoln yet seen in llctlon."— Brooklyn Eagle THE GARDEN OF A COMMUTER'S WIFE Recorded by the Gardener With Eight Photogravure Illustrations. *4 "|>EADING it is like having the entry Into a home of the class that is the A\ proudest product of our land, a home where love of books and love of nature go hand In hand with hearty, simple love of 'folks ' It is a charming book, written with a grace of style and a breadth of feeling hard to over- praise."— Tin Interior. FOR DESCRIPTIONS OF HOLIDAY BOOKS SEND FOR THE CHRISTMAS CATALOGUE OF THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK.

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The Nation NEW YORK, TBURSDAT, DECEMBER 19, 1901. The Week. The ratification of the Hay-Paunce- f ote treaty has not been in doubt at any time since its terms were made public, but the majority in favor of it was un- expectedly great. Out of seventy-eight Senators voting, only six were in the negative. All the amendments offered were voted down. All private interpre- tations now go to the waste-paper basket. The treaty is to be interpreted by its own language, and if disputes arise hereafter as to its meaning, they will no doubt be settled under the terms of the Hague Conference. Certain Senators pretended to find in the treaty a reserved right to grant discriminations in tolls in favor of our ships engaged in trade between our Atlantic and Pacific ports — in face of the clause which forbids discriminations of any kind. It does not apply, they said, to our coasting trade. The fact is — and it is the bottom fact of the whole business from the time of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty to the present moment — that the aim of the two governments has been to give absolute equality of rights to all ships, not merely of the United States and Great Britain, but, as the text says, of those of all nations, in order to avoid any conflict in reference to the use of the canal. That is the very raison d'Ure of the present treaty. That is the reason why the words were added providing that the anti-discrimination clause should still apply even if the country traversed by the canal should hereafter become a part of our territory. An amendment offered by Senator Bacon of Georgia to strike out the latter clause received only eighteen votes, out of sev- enty-eight, and not one Republican vote. On this particular amendment the Dem- ocrats divided sixteen yeas to ten nays. Senator Morgan of Alabama rendered a great service to civilization by his ef- forts to prevent the Democratic party from "lining up" against the treaty. It is by no means likely that the Phil- ippine Commission will be supported either by Congress or by the Adminis- tration in its extravagant demands for almost royal powers. The Commission not only asks the right to issue bonds to improve Manila and to buy up the lands of the religious orders — a tre- mendous undertaking — but also sole power to grant municipal and insular franchises, subject to confirmation by an overworked President 10,000 miles away. It demands the right to grant lands to railroad companies, and wishes Congress to require an educational suf- frage qualification. Both President Roosevelt and Secretary Root are com- mitted to the granting of franchises for the "legitimate exploitation" of the islands as prerequisite to their develop- ment. But no complete plan has yet been published by which the award of such franchises can be properly made and kept out of the hands of politicians of the stripe of Representative Hull. The Administration will probably favor aid- ing capitalists ready to go into railroad- ing, by land-grants, or by guaranteeing a modest return on necessary bond issues. It will be a new and radical departure in American methods of government if five men are given the right to carry out all these projects without the slightest check except their own feeling of re- sponsibility, and without any reference to the millions upon whom their arbi- trary rule is imposed. The case of Cuba is infinitely more pressing than that of the Philippines, so far as the necessity of Congressional action is concerned, but the dominant party becomes very deliberate when it is a matter of saving an island from threatened and imminent ruin. The Ways and Means Committee has post- poned all consideration of changes in the tariff affecting Cuba until after the holidays, and meanwhile the beet-sugar interests are rallying their forces to pre- vent anything being done even then. It is encouraging to observe, however, that leading Republican newspapers which believe in a high tariff will not consent to so heartless a policy. The Tribune returned to the subject on Saturday, cit- ing the letter written in 1899 by Messrs. Oxnard and Cutting, the chiefs of the beet-sugar industry east of the Rocky Mountains, which the Evening Post published on Thursday, as a conclusive answer to the pleas that this industry would be harmed by concessions to the sugar interests of Cuba. It sums up the argument forcibly when it puts these questions: "In the face of these authoritative and voluntary declarations of only two years ago, with what consistency can the beet- sugar interests now oppose reciprocity with Cuba? If in 1899 they had nothing to fear from free trade in sugar with Cuba and all the world, what can they have to fear in 1901 from only a 50 per cent, reduction in the duty on Cuban sugar alone?" The writers of the letter in question did not depend upon a-priori reasoning to prove that they could make sugar at a profit without tariff protection. They pointed to the fact that, under theMcKin- ley tariff of 1890, when sugar was free of duty, the price of the article was 4 cents per pound. Yet a net profit of $3 per ton was made by the beet-sugar fac- tories under those conditions, not count- ing any bounty on the home production of sugar. They boasted that they made this profit while working under absolute free trade, and they have a right to be proud of this result of their skill and in- dustry. Many beet-sugar factories had been started in bygone years, in the six- ties and seventies of the nineteenth cen- tury, and had failed, because the pro- jectors did not understand the business. Since then great progress has been made, both here and abroad, in the cultivation and manipulation of the beet. What was impossible thirty years ago is now en- tirely feasible. The industry is al- ready on a solid and enduring basis. There are factories in the United States, these gentlemen tell us in their letter, capable of using 350,000 tons of beets per annum at a profit of $3 per ton, and this would make a profit of $1,050,000 as the income to be earned under absolute free trade. That is an extremely cruel amendment of the civil-service rules which Presi- dent Roosevelt approved on December 10, and which forbids the disbursing and auditing officers to pay the salary or wages of any person "holding a place in the civil service in violation of the civil- service act and rules." The deliberate malice of this we must leave it to the spoilsmen to describe in suitable lan- guage. All their tricks and shifts to "beat the law" and get a "place" for a "man" will be in vain if the place is to be cut off from the money that goes with it. What shall it profit a spoilsmonger to compass sea and land to get a follow- er in the classified service by stratagem or irregularity, and then lose even the wages expected for the underhand work? It is the most heartless use of the power of the purse that ever was heard of. Lit- tle did the politicians think that Mr. Roosevelt would take advantage of the expert knowledge which he gained as Civil-Service Commissioner, for their special discomfiture. Indiana politicians will consider the selection by President Roosevelt of Judge Baker of their State Supreme Court for the vacant United States Cir- cuit Judgeship, in its real or supposed aspect, as an indication of the influence at the White House of the two Senators; Baker having been zealously urged by Mr. Beveridge, while Mr. Fairbanks pre- ferred almost anybody else. A far more important feature of the appointment is the evidence which it furnishes that the President does not regard sympathy with the Expansion policy as an indis- pensable qualification of a new Federal judge. The appointee has been an Anti- Imperialist all along, and openly opposed

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4=34= Tlie Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 the Porto Rico policy of the McKinley Administration two years ago. Many politicians supposed that evidence of this would bar him from further considera- tion, despite his conspicuous fitness, and it is greatly to Mr. Roosevelt's credit that he attached no weight whatever to the argument. Another anti-Addicks appointment in Delaware, with President Roosevelt's compliments to Senator Hanna! That gentleman's friends, North and South — particularly South — are beginning to mutter in pain over the entire disregard shown by the reckless young man in the "White House for a carefully con- structed political machine. Answering, but (as yet) subdued, wails of anguish come from the Fairbanks machine in Indiana and the Kerens machine in Mis- souri. The various chief engineers ex- change looks of amazement. "He thinks he can get along without Us!" That is the thing which overcomes them with special wonder: a President of the Unit- ed States goes coolly, even gayly, right over the heads of the bosses to select good men for office! Is he mad? Or does he not really want to be renominated? As to that last, we presume that Presi- dent Roosevelt is not bothering his head about it. He does not need to. No Pres- ident by taking thought could do so much to increase his real political strength as Mr. Roosevelt has done since he entered the White House by not tak- ing thought. The country has seen in him a President unafraid and absolutely hoi) est. For all that such a man needs to care, even in political matters, the bosses may go hang. Grover Cleveland showed how to be renominated though opposed by all his party bosses; and it may be that Theodore Roosevelt will again exhibit in that way the power of "bravery's simple gravitation." Apropos of Saylor's appointment, the following paragraph from President Roosevelt's message has a special signifi- cance: "The guardianship and fostering of our rapidly expanding foreign commerce, the protection of American citizens resorting to foreign countries in lawful pursuit of their affairs, and the maintenance of the dignity of the nation abroad, combine to make it essential that wur amm/ls should be men nf character, knowledge, and enterprise. It is true that the service is now, in the main, efficient, but a standard of excellence can- not be permanently maintained until the principles set forth in the bills heretofore submitted to the Congress on this subject are enacted into law." No words that we could write would be half so fitting to apply to the case of Saylor as those we have quoted. How is "the dignity of the nation abroad" to he promoted by an exposed swindler? The fact is, that an exequatur has been refused in Germany to a man appointed as American consul whose misconduct was less notorious than that of Saylor. If the Canadian authorities should re- fuse one to Saylor, they would deserve and receive the applause of the best por- tion of the American people. The na- tion ought not to be exposed to such a rebuke. Mr. Roosevelt owes it to him- self and to the cause of consular reform, to which he is so grandly committed, to recall this nomination at once. In the issue for November 25 of the Revue Americaine, a journal published in Brussels expressly in the interests of South America, the Consul of Venezuela in Amsterdam, Sefior R. Blanco Fom- bona, set forth with great frankness and precision what he calls the true "formu- la" for the foreign policy of the Latin- American republics. This is, he declares, "to arm themselves with the Monroe Doctrine against Europe, and with the Latin idea and Latin commercial inter- ests against the United States." Senor Fombena points to the successful way in which his own country, Venezuela, in- duced the United States to pull its chest- nuts out of the fire in 1895. As for any real affinity, or grateful return on ac- count of such favors, he scoffs at the idea. He has lived in the United States foi several years, and thinks he knows the Yankees well; and this is what he says of them: "Between their ideals and ours there is an abyss. There is the greatest difference between their conception of life and our own. They, the children of the English, are selfish, proud, hateful; they believe only in their own race. They hold us to be their inferiors. We South Americans feel our- selves much nearer to Latin Europe. France, Italy, Spain are the land of our race and of our love. In literary matters, and socially and politically, these are the countries which influence us the most." If there are some exaggerations and some oversights in this, there is un- doubtedly a great deal of truth in it. That truth it is high time we got into our heads. We have been, in some re- spects, made tools of by the South Amer- icans. Our interferences in their behalf have cost them nothing, but have cost us dear, while they have still given the greater part of their affection and their trade to Europe. This is an aspect of the international situation which the United States would do well to consider in the pending case of Germany's new claim against Venezuela. A German war- ship is said to be on her way to collect a Venezuelan debt, and our Jingoes are ruffling with displeasure. Has not the day come, however, to take a business \ iew of these business matters? Are we going to let the South Americans think they can safely, in our shadow, play fast and loose with their European obliga- tions while not even dissembling their aversion to us? resolutions favoring the construction of a "United States Arts Exhibition Build- ing," it practically announced the suc- cessful completion of negotiations ex- tending over some years. It meant the renunciation of many traditional rival- ries, and the declaration of a spirit of comity which art societies have rarely shown. In its tersest expression, the plan is this: to build in a location above Fourteenth Street and, if possible, on some park or great thoroughfare in this- city, an exhibition building, to oc- cupy an acre of ground, and to cost not less than a million and a half dollars. Since the resources of the eleven so- cieties which make up the Federation are totally inadequate to carry out the plan, the artists must count upon the support of such laymen as are interested in art. Good causes seldom languish in New York when they are properly pre- sented, and we may assume that the Fine Arts Federation has in view some more elaborate presentation of its case than is contained in the recent resolutions. When the appeal for public support comes, it will be made clear that the building of a dignified home for cur- rent art is rather more in the interest of the public than of the artist. For the art societies are already creditably housed, and if artists generally are suf- fering from lack of popular apprecia- tion, their case is not so grievous as to force them to open complaint. That the artists will gain by exhibiting in a more impressive fashion is certain, but the average cultivated New Yorker will find an even greater benefit and convenience in the annual exhibition of the Federat- ed Art Societies. We greatly need in this city a clearing-house between the artist and the public. Studio visiting, as it obtains on the Continent, has never become a custom in New York. With the best will in the world, it is really diffi- cult for one interested in the art of his own time to see and enjoy what is be- ing done in his own town. When the Fine Arts Federation, for its eleven constituent societies, passed Mr. Coler took up on Saturday a neg- lected aspect of the debt-limit question. He acutely pointed out that, as things now stand, the more New York's assets amount to, the less it can borrow. That is to say, if such works as docks, the subway, and others of similar character were not owned by the city, they would be owned by individual corporations, and as such would be taxable. The city's borrowing power would thus be increas- ed by the due proportion of the assessed valuation of these public works, where- as now they are not assessed at all. Of course, this assumes that if the city had not undertaken the works, some other agency would have done so, and that may not be wholly certain. But the main point of Mr. Coler's argument is clear — the works exist and do add to the tangi- ble property of the city. They should, therefore, be regarded as an asset. Prob-

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Dec. 19, 1901] The IsTation. 4=35 ably his suggested plan that the Consti- tution be so amended as to permit cities to assess their own property would be as feasible a process for getting at the matter as any. The official announcement that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is go- ing to bring its line into the heart of New York city, by means of a tunnel under the North River, and is to extend this tunnel under the East River, so as to make an underground connection be- tween its main system and the Long Island Railroad, which it now controls, insures the greatest advance in trans- portation facilities for the metropolis ever made in a single step. It will give the travelling public, for the first time, two lines by which people may leave the city for distant points in through cars, and may reach New York from the far West or South, without the de- lay and discomfort of transfer to ferry- boats; and it will also enable residents of Manhattan to take cars from a cen- tral locality on this island to any point on Long Island without having recourse, as now, to a ferryboat across the East River. With the assured growth of Long Island as a summer resort for New Yorkers, this latter change alone would be one of great importance. Of tre- mendous consequence also to the peo- ple of Brooklyn is the fact that it will be possible to take through cars for re- mote points in the country from the business centre of that borough, and in like manner to reach that spot from a distance as easily as though Brooklyn were a part of the mainland. But it is in the larger aspect of the matter— as showing the conclusion of the best en- gineering experts and the wisest finan- ciers that, with electrical development, the tunnel is superior to the bridge when there is a choice between the two— that the action of the Pennsylvania Com- pany is most important. Such an ex- ample will attract attention and secure imitation all over the country. The shrinkage in Europe's use of cop- per, since the sudden contraction in the French and German electrical industry, has been so great that, notwithstanding a decrease of some 60 per cent, in Eu- rope's copper imports from the United States, the European price has fallen within a year some £20 per ton, or more than 25 per cent. Of this violent de- cline, the greater part has occurred in the past three months. Only last month "spot copper" sold in London at £66.17 per ton; a week ago it was quoted at £52.10. Keeping in view the sudden- ness and widespread violence of the trade contraction, this fall in prices was scarcely to be wondered at. It may con- ceivably have been exaggerated, though it must be remembered that the price of copper has been ruling about the highest level reached in the Secretan corner of 1889, and that the world's present copper production is probably nearly double what it was at that time. In the face of this heavy and continuous break in the European price of copper, the so-called official price of our Amalgamated Copper Company has virtually not been reduced at all. Two very interesting results have followed this curious situation. A large stock of unsold copper has accu- mulated in the hands of the American company, which has had to cut dividends in consequence. On the other side, Eu- ropean companies have actually in- creased production from nine thousand tons a month to ten thousand; and that they have sold all this increased output, even in the depressed condition of Euro- pean trade, is shown by the fact that Europe's reported visible supply has not increased at all. This, on the whole, was a very comfortable situation for such properties as the Rio Tinto, which oper- ates the rich Spanish copper mines. But it was obviously less agreeable for the Amalgamated Copper, which last month was confronted with a further fall in American copper exports to the lowest monthly total in five years. Nothing is more natural than that the Amalgamat- ed Copper Company should use every ef- fort to bring the Rio Tinto Company to terms — at least, to stop this continued increase in competitive European pro- duction. Marconi's marvellous experiments of Thursday and Friday last naturally find doubters, for it not only strains the faith, but almost baffles the imagination of the layman, to believe that from a signal pole in England to a kite in Newfoundland recognizable signals passed across eigh- teen hundred miles of ocean. That such was the fact, however, there seems hard- ly the slightest ground for doubting. In fact, Mr. Marconi's published interviews on the subject only heighten the confi- dence that is felt in him as a man of science. The frank acknowledgment that a signal rather than a verbal message was chosen because the instruments are still too imperfect for the more difficult test, shows the temper of the scientist rather than the headlong enthusiasm of the mere inventor. When the first At- lantic cable was laid, it worked badly, and transmitted few public messages, and many cautious people denied that it had worked at all. The most circum- stantial evidence was necessary to prove that the uncertain and intermittent workings of an imperfect cable were anything other than fabrications of a disappointed and unscrupulous promot- er. It is needless to say that Cyrus W. Field's vindication came. It seems as unlikely that Marconi and his skilled operators can have been deceived in the repeated experiments of two days, as it was either that the first operators of the Atlantic cable imagined they got mes- sages from Ireland, or that Cyrus W. Field lied about his great enterprise. In the enthusiasm that the marvellous suc- cess naturally arouses, and in the field it offers to the imagination, one may well imitate the example of moderation which the great inventor himself has shown. Wireless telegraphy is still in its begin- nings, and while there seems reason to hope that its practical application may prove successful until it is in every-day use across great distances, we suspend speculation upon the changes which such an invention may effect. A movement now on foot against duel- ling in Austria-Hungary gives hopes that the days of the code in that empire are numbered. Duelling has survived the last century only in virtue of a facti- tious but most tyrannical public opinion. Its discontinuance in England and America has been less the result of leg- islation than of social disapproval. The fact that the Viennese committee, con- sisting of three hundred persons, has se- cured the adherence of the best Austrian society, is the most encouraging sign that the campaign against a barbarous practice is likely to prove successful. The proposal that personal disputes of a serious nature be referred to courts of honor has a mediaeval flavor, although it may be very well suited to Continen- tal conditions. For the Continent differs from England and America in having a more highly developed social and collec- tive sense, and a deeper regard for aristo- cratic tradition. Since the duel, though rare, is still a fight to the death in Aus- tria, where a distressing case has re- cently aroused general indignation, one cannot doubt that the reform is under- taken in all sincerity. The report that the Kaiser will hence- forth pass on all cases where the mili- tary courts of honor have declared a duel necessary, seems to show that the attitude of the court towards duelling has chang- ed of late, and that the horror which Ger- many has felt at the sacrifice of Lieut. Blaskowitch to the code is shared in the highest quarters. It has been overlooked that the imperial order of 1897 for the courts of honor was already admirable in tone. "If an officer has given offence in haste or in passion," it reads, "his honorable course is not to persist in the wrong, but to strike hands in an amica- ble arrangement"; and, again, the duty of a council of honor is "to use every in- telligent effort to secure a friendly ex- planation." It was the signal failure of Lieut. Blaskowitch's commanding officer, since dismissed the service, to act in the spirit of this order, which has led the Emperor to supervise personally the de- cisions of the courts of honor, and to make himself the arbiter in cases of deadly insult.

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4=ee The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 THE CUBAN PERIL. In his recent message to Congress President Roosevelt called attention to the distressing conditions impending in the island of Cuba, and pointed out the necessity of some immediate steps to avert a grave danger. He said: "I most earnestly ask your attention to the wisdom, indeed to the vital need, of providing for a substantial reduction in the tariff duties on Cuban imports into the United States. Cuba has in her Constitu- tion affirmed what we desired, that she should stand, in international matters, in closer and more friendly relations with us than with any other Power; and we are bound by every consideration of honor and expediency to pass commercial measures in the interest of her material well-being." Since these words were uttered by the President, additional information has been received from the Military Gover- nor, showing that unless something is done at once to afford relief to the planters, bankruptcy will befall the greater number of them. They will not be able to pay the money they have bor- rowed to make the present crop. They cannot keep their laborers employed, and the latter will be reduced to beggary or brigandage. The situation is already desperate. It may become revolutionary. The President is said to be contem- plating a special message to Congress to recommend the passage of a temporary measure for the admission of Cuban sugar to our ports free of duty, or at half the present rates, for six months, in order to save the island from the im- pending disaster. It is to be hoped that he may do so before the holiday recess, and that he may put into it the energy that he displayed in pushing the Fran- chise Tax Bill in New York. He might not be able to secure the immediate passage of the bill, but he could produce so profound an impression on public opinion that it would be likely to pass early in January, and so avert the threatened calamity. Of course, it will be said that the bill is unphilosophical; that It will be vir- tually a donation of money from the United States to Cuba, and that if such a donation is to be made, it would be better to make it directly by an appro- priation of Congress than indirectly by a contribution from the taxpayers. It will be said also that if we admit Cuban sugar at half rates for six months, we shall be obliged to admit the sugar of other countries at the same rates, un- der the "most favored nation clause" of our foreign treaties. It has already been urged by objectors to the proposed plan that it would give a large addition- al profit to the Sugar Refineries Com- pany, or Trust. It is certainly desirable that the re- mission of duties shall be shared by the American consumer as well as by the Cuban producer. This might be secured by making the remission or reduction applicable to all the sugar imported during the six months. No American interest could be much harmed in that short period, and if some of them should lose a profit which they are now enjoy- ing at the expense of the people, the lat- ter will merely have recovered a small portion of their just dues. The admis- sion of all sugar, refined as well as raw, for six months, at half the present rates, would prevent the Trust from getting any greater advantage than it enjoys un- der the present law. It would also pre- vent any difficulty from arising under the most-favored-nation clause. Our own sugar-producers will resist the small concession to Cuba because it embodies what they call a breach of the principle of protection. They fear the effect of one example, even if it is only of six months' duration. They take the same ground that the owners of pine forests took after the great fire at Chi- cago, thirty years ago. The burned-out people of that city petitioned Congress for a remission of the duties on lumber used solely to replace buildings in the burned districts. This was a very small matter in itself, but it would be a very great matter if it should be customary to allow burned-out Americans to re- build their houses without paying a tax to the lumber barons. When the Chicago petition reached Congress, it was oppos- ed in the bitterest terms by the pine-for- est owners of the State of Michigan, and they actually defeated the measure. The protected sugar interests should bear in mind that the annexation of Cuba is one of the alternatives that they have to face. By resisting any and every measure for the relief of Cuba now, and by thus precipitating bankruptcy, beg- gary, and lawlessness upon the island so lately freed by American blood and trea- sure, they can create a public opinion which will bring Cuba into the Ameri- can Union with all the trade privileges that Porto Rico now enjoys. Then there will be no duty on Cuban sugar. That is the future which our cane and beet- producers will have to face if they are blinded by their greed to the present danger. It is plain that a treaty of reciprocity would not meet the present exigency. Even if there were parties by whom it could be negotiated, the time is not suf- ficient. It could not be made effective in regard to the present crop. But there is no treaty-making authority in Cuba now. There can be none until after the election next February. Our Supreme Court has decided that Cuba is a foreign country, yet the present government of the island is our government. We can- not make a treaty with ourselves, or with our own Military Governor in Cuba. Therefore, the crisis can be met only by an act of Congress. THE SCHLEY VERDICT. It was an English Admiral, John Byng, whose execution, on the verdict of a naval court-martial, gave point to the famous irony in "Candide," that he was shot "pour encourager les autres." Byng was found guilty simply of "neg- ligence." He was expressly acquitted of "cowardice or disaffection," and the court recommended him to the mercy of the King. Yet the articles of war as- signed the penalty of death for neglect in a naval officer to "do his utmost" to take or destroy the enemy's ships, and the sentence was carried out for rea- sons which, of course, were long and bit- terly debated. The real reason, however, may well have lain hidden in Voltaire's sarcasm. To "encourage the others" is, after all, the most powerful argument for hold- ing a naval officer to the strictest ac- countability. The discipline, the pres- tige, the high sense of duty of the whole service are at stake in every naval court- martial or inquiry. Personal considera- tions cannot live in the atmosphere which should envelop the officers sitting in such a court — namely, that of pure devotion to the highest interests of the navy. They have nothing to do with the distribution of glory or the nice assignment of rewards. Their one duty is to determine and apply the loftiest standard of professional responsibility. For an American board of inquiry the sole questions should be, "Does the con- duct of the officer before us conform to the stern laws and the glorious tradi- tions of the American navy? Does it measure up to the example of a Law- rence, a Decatur, or a Farragut? Will it be an inspiration or a discouragement to the youngest midshipman, taught and resolved that to do his duty at all haz- ards is the one ambition and the suf- ficient laurel of every American naval officer?" It goes without saying that the verdict against Admiral Schley, made public on Saturday, was rendered only In the discharge of a painful duty laid upon the able and high-minded officers com- posing the Board of Inquiry which the accused Admiral so tardily demanded. They find him guilty of "vacillation, dil- atoriness, and lack of enterprise." They assert that "he did not do his utmost" to capture or destroy the Colon on May 31, 1898. This offence is punishable, in the American Articles of War, as In the English, with death. The verdict also finds that Schley did not "promptly obey" the order of the Navy Department, that his official reports regarding the coal supply and the coaling facilities of the Flying Squadron were "inaccurate and misleading," and that he "did injustice" to Lieutenant-Commander Hodgson by publishing a garbled ver- sion of the correspondence that passed between them. Schley's personal cool- ness and courage in battle are, on the other hand, certified to as unquestioned. This last is reason for general congrat- ulation. The American navy is at least

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Dec. 19, 1901] The USTation. 467 relieved from the charge — always un- thinkable— that it had an officer in high command capable of cowardice in the face of the enemy. The verdict of the Board of Inquiry, by a further example of the unhappy fate which has attended the Schley con- troversy from the beginning, is exposed to misunderstanding by the public. The Admiral's friends at once began to shout that he was condemned only by a ma- jority of the court — composed of two offi- cers who were never in a really impor- tant battle — while glorious Dewey stood by his brother-hero in every particular. But what is the cold fact? Admiral Dewey must be held to agree with Ad- mirals Benham and Ramsay except in the points where he records a specific dissent. These are entirely minor. They do not touch those capital features of the verdict which we have already quot- ed, and which constitute the final con- demnation of Admiral Schley. Dewey, in other words, found him guilty on all the main counts of the indictment, but cleared him on subordinate charges. Then, in a burst of amiable but mistak- en generosity, he gave an opinion on a matter not before the Board, and on which evidence had been rigidly ex- cluded— namely, that Schley was senior officer present in the battle of Santiago, and was entitled to the credit for the "glorious victory." That this is the total legal effect of Dewey's "vindication" of Schley is made clear by the Judge-Ad- vocate's explanation, which has, indeed, silenced all but the more unblushing partisans. Much keen disappointment and indig- nation is naturally expressed by Schley's counsel at the damaging nature of the verdict against their client, and some of his partisans are clamoring for a Congressional investigation to break the effect of the findings of the Board of Inquiry. But this is only a counsel of rage, which will be given no heed, we devoutly hope, after the first ebullitions have subsided, and after the crushing character of the findings against Ad- miral Schley has had time to impress itself upon the public mind. The Board recommends that nothing be done, and surely that is the one way to relieve the Navy from further bitterness and impairmenr. of morale in connection with this most unfortunate affair. Leave it hereafter to the historians. Let the case take its place among the historic disputes like that over the con- duct of Grouchy in connection with the battle of Waterloo, about, which men may debate to the end of time without coming to an agreement. It is enough that Schley's brother-officers have now spoken. To them the Navy, at any rate, will listen. And their verdict will ac- complish the one great result desired — that is, make it certain that no Ameri- can commodore will ever again think that he can be dilatory, negligent, inac- curate, vacillating, and disobedient, when charged with an important mis- sion, and still be able to retain the ap- proval and respect of his brothers in arms. BRANCH BANKING. Mr. A. B. Stickney, President of the Chicago Great Western Railway, deliv- ered an address before the Marquette Club in Chicago on Saturday evening, in which he set forth, at somewhat great- er length, the views on changes needed in our banking system which he had given in outline at the Bankers' Con- vention in Milwaukee last October. He holds that we need a "Central Reserve Bank," akin to the Bank of England in its function as keeper of the ultimate gold reserve of the country, but not as a Government bank, like the old Bank of the United States, nor as a note-is- suing institution. It should be an out- growth, a product of evolution, and would be such, in his opinion, if the Government would simply withdraw from the banking business itself and al- low the national banks to have branches, according to the system prevailing in Great Britain, and especially in Scot- land, where it has reached its highest perfection. In some comments on Mr. Stickney's address at Milwaukee, we assumed that he contemplated the establishment of an institution akin to the Bank of the United States, which expired in Jack- son's second Presidential term after a bitter political contest. This, we said, was "practically and politically impos- sible, and could be expected only by a thorough Utopist." Mr. Stickney dis- avows and expressly repudiates any such intention, saying: "It was not my intention to advocate the establishment of such a bank. I entirely agree that the establishment of such a bank, which would be rehabilitating the old Biddle Bank of the United States, is prac- tically and politically impossible. I am prepared to go further than my critics. I deny that it is ideally perfect in theory, and it is my conviction that such a bank not only never could, but never should, be again established in the United States." Mr. Stickney goes even further, and says that he does not advocate any sys- tem to be established by Congressional legislation. He merely wants Congress to keep hands off and leave banks to grow in their own way. But in order to keep hands off, the Government must retire its circulating notes of all kinds. The Treasury must restrict itself to the collection and disbursement of the pub- lic revenues, and cease to act as the keeper of the ultimate gold reserve which guarantees the solvency of all business, public and private. It must leave the banks free as regards their deposit and discount operations — as free as they are in Europe. They must be allowed to have branches, many or few. Out of such a system he thinks that a central reserve bank would grow as a labor-saving device, in order to avoid the necessity of duplicating the re- serves and moving large masses of metal hither and thither. Any existing bank might be selected for this purpose, or a new one might be created by common consent, and it might be incorporated under the law of a State. We have at all times favored the re- tirement of the Government from the banking business. By this is meant its restriction to the fiscal operation which it performed before the civil war. By the act of March 14, 1900, the fiscal and the banking functions of the Treasury were separated from each other, and two de- partments were created, one containing the divisions of issue and redemption, and the other the general fund. The di- visions of issue and redemption embrace what are commonly called the banking functions. Once get rid of these, and the Treasury reverts to the ante-bellum conditions. To get rid of them alto- gether is only a question of detail, but it is a formidable one, requiring, in the first place, a renovation of public opinion on the whole question of banking and currency. This does not seem so for- midable to Mr. Stickney as the change which has been effected on the silver question since the enactment of the Bland Silver Law in 1878. In this con- jecture he is probably right. At all events, this divorce is what all advocates of a sound currency system must con- tinue to strive for. It is only six years since it was a doubtful question whether the legal-tender notes of the United States should be redeemed in gold or not, and if the decision had been left to Con- gress, they would not have been re- deemed. President Cleveland and Secre- tary Carlisle received no help from that quarter, but rather the contrary, in their endeavors to perform in good faith the banking functions of the Government, by maintaining the parity of the green- backs. We agree with Mr. Stickney that the banks should be allowed to have branches for discount and deposit wher- ever they please. Such a system would be greatly to the advantage of the bor- rower, by distributing the capital of the banks where it is most needed. Under such a system the rates of interest would be equalized, or would tend toward equal- ity, between the large cities and the small towns. Knowledge of the demand and supply of money would be quickly conveyed by the branch at the small town to the parent bank in the city, and funds could be quickly transferred to the branch, either from the parent bank or from any other branch where the de- mand was less pressing. The advan- tage of branch banking consists in the facility which it affords for gaining knowledge of the relative needs of busi- ness in different places and of respond- ing to those needs, through agents on

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468 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 the ground possessing the necessary lo- cal knowledge. It is this which has made the Scotch system so effective and useful to the small industries of that country, and especially to agriculture. Whether a central reserve bank would result naturally from the branch system or not, that system should be adopted for its own sake. This might be done with- out waiting for the Government to retire its greenbacks and take itself out of the banking field. THE EIGHT-HOUR DAY. Mr. Low's stand in favor of a short working day for public employees, and President Roosevelt's urging of further Federal legislation on the same sub- ject, give special timeliness to a com- prehensive account of the eight-hour movement published by Dr. A. F. Weber, in the last report of the New York Bu- reau of Labor Statistics. It appears that the movement has thus far failed to at- tain its object, except in special classes of industries. The only country which does not fall under this general state- ment is Australia, where the hours of the working day have, all round, been reduced to eight. Great Britain and the United States follow with averages of 9 and 9% hours, respectively, but most Continental laborers work longer. While these averages hold good for the general field of industry, the eight-hour day has frequently been secured in em- ployments where the nature of the in- dustry made it possible to form a close organization among the men, and where employers were not directly exposed to competition with others who could get labor on more favorable terms. Of such occupations the building trades furnish a conspicuous example, the world over. Although the hours of work in other trades have materially decreased, there are not more than three or four cases in the United States in which they have been generally reduced to so low a fig- ure. The slowness with which the move- ment has progressed by private agree- ment has naturally led to a demand for legislation. Uniform laws on the sub- ject have, however, been impossible in our commonwealths, because of the Con- stitutional guarantees of freedom of con- tract. New York was among the earliest States to pass laws for an eight-hour day, and her experience is typical. The original law of 1870, amended in 1894, 1897, 1899, and 1900, is very explicit in fixing eight hours as the standard day, but the provisions of the act have been practically a dead letter because of the Constitutional necessity of admitting agreements for overtime. Yet this has not prevented the regulation of the work of women and children in factories and stores, as regards both their hours of labor and the age at which they may take up such employment. Quite a different phase of the ques- tion is presented in regulating the work of public servants. The Government may, of course, prescribe the conditions under which it will enter into contracts, and many of the States have limited the hours of work for public employees — usually to eight. Furthermore, it has been sought to interpret some of these short-hour statutes in such wise as to include not merely direct public service, but also the work of all employed in the manufacture of commodities under pub- lic contract. Such an issue was in- volved in the recent New York case of Downey vs. Bender. The decision of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court last January rejected this attempted ex- tension of the scope of the law. How difficult would be the enforcement of an act covering indirect labor for the pub- lic was clearly shown by Secretary Gage in a letter written March 12, 1898, when a similar bill limiting the hours of all workmen employed in producing goods or engaged in services for the Federal Government was being discussed before the House Committee on Labor. Mr. Gage pointed out that: "A proper and efficient supervision of L'ae hours of service of the employees of con- tractors and sub-contractors, for the pin- pose of noting any violation of the law, would necessitate the employment of 1 force of inspectors sulficiejit to over, v Mi' work performed under every contract and sub-contract, extending cut indefinitely." Before an eight-hour la.v can be in- telligently enacted, it must be under- stood whether or not a reduction in hours is to be accompanied by a corre- sponding reduction in pay. If wages are to be lower, the eight-hour plan is mere- ly a proposal to subdivide work and to help solve the problem of the unem- ployed. Such an altruistic motive as this is very far from the intention of Hie advocates of a shorter working day. What they mean when they ask for eight hours, is eight hours with the same wagea that are now paid for a consid- erably longer period. The main eco- nomic argument advanced in support ot such a demand is the fallacy that lim- itation of hours will necessarily result in higher wages. This idea was recent- ly expressed by a labor journal, cited by Dr. Weber, as follows: "If we succeed in passing this bill [a Federal eight-hour law], it will create such a demand for labor as was never experienced, will raise wages, and give a boost to the labor movement that will make it respected by those who are its antagonists." From the purely economic standpoint, the eight-hour question turns merely upon the point at which the maximum productiveness of the worker is reach- ed. Whether this point is represented by the OVi-hour day is, of course, open to question. One thing, however, is cer- tain^a maximum efficiency cannot be attained by equal hours of work in all occupations. An example of the strange results which may follow a general en- forcement of the eight-hour plan is seen in the experience under the New York law of 1899, which necessitated largely increased payments to lock-tenders em- ployed on the State canals — a class of men to whom the eight-hour principle is absolutely inapplicable, since their work is intermittent, and most of their time may be spent at their homes near the locks of which they are in charge. The absurdity of an eight-hour day in domestic service and in farming is mani- fest. Yet there are many occupations in which it would lead to difficulties fully as great. The point of maximum efficiency of labor can be determined, not theoretically, but only by the study of a large number of specific instances, under free competition. As for the rea- sons advanced for granting unusually favorable terms to public employees, thus making them a favored class, we have frequently expressed the opinion that they are not sound. ROSEBERY AND ENGLISH POLITICS. Lord Rosebery might well pray to be saved from those friends of his who aroused such extravagant expectations in regard to his Chesterfield speech. No orator could have so cleft the earth with a single utterance as it was thundered in the index that he would do. The re- sult is inevitable disappointment. Like the French plenipotentiary who sent re- lays of heralds and messengers to an- nounce his coming with excited and re- peated cries of Monseigneur vient! it is a rather pitiful figure which his Lord- :hip cuts when we at last see the real man instead of the trumpeted hero. As a trained public speaker. Lord Rosebery must know that it is a tactical mistake to key up in advance the curiosity of his audience to a pitch which it is im- possible for him to satisfy; and nothing is more disastrous to a political leader than for predictions of his supernatural wisdom to have no fulfilment. If Rose- bery's speech had not been heralded as a kind of new political gospel of sal- vation for English parties, one might have thought rather well of it; the odi- ous comparison is that of the assumed demigod with the man himself, who has to confess that he sometimes thinks he has no more wit than an ordinary Chris- tian. Punch had, some time ago, a clever cartoon in which Lord Rosebery appear- ed as the "Deus in (not ex) Machina." He was staying in the bathing-machine, thence safely to give bland advice to those struggling in the waves. This air of detachment clings to his latest deliverance, in spite of his somewhat theatric intimation that the country would know where to find him if it wanted his services. Yes, but how is he to serve? Not by well-turned phrases I about efficiency of government and the

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Dec. 19, 1901] The ISTation. 469 need of technical education. Salisbury or Bannerman would agree to all that; what politician, in fact, so abandoned as not to agree? Political service in England means service through a party, and what has Rosebery to say about par- ty government? Not a word that alters the situation. He severely arraigns the Conservatives, and says that Great Brit- ain is lost if there is no possibility of an alternative party in power. But what about the only possible alternative par- ty, the Liberals? They are hopelessly divided. They ought to "get together"; but how, Lord Rosebery warns his hear- ers not to ask him. He does not know. But he did know how further to divide the Liberal party, and proceeded to do it, so far as in him lay, by contemptuous- ly throwing over the Irish alliance, and by going out of his way to differ with the National Liberal Federation. As late as December 4, that body of more than 500 delegates unanimously adopted a resolution calling for the displacement of Lord Milner as High Commissioner in South Africa. On December 16, Rose- bery coolly remarks that he cannot understand the desire of "certain per- sons" to "get rid of Lord Milner"! Thus to flout the accredited action of his par- ty is his way to harmonize it and to lead it. We can see no promise either of a pro- gramme or of leadership in Lord Rose- bery's speech, so long awaited with such comical anxiety. The most that he can possibly do at present is to form a small "cave." Into it he could probably draw a few Liberals. Into it there might also tentatively go a discontented Conserva- tive faction. There can be no doubt of the great and growing dissatisfaction with Lord Salisbury's Government with- in the ranks of his own nominal follow- ers. Mr. Winston Churchill has already organized a little group of dissident Con- servatives. Bluff Lord Charles Beres- ford is expected to join them when he gives up his Mediterranean command in February and enters Parliament again. He recently wrote a letter expressing the gloomiest discontent with the course of the Conservatives, and saying, "We have no strong, bold, clear-headed lead- er, and we are drifting — where?" This body of disgusted Conservatives, joined possibly by a few Liberal Unionists, have been thought of as possibly going over to Lord Rosebery's Liberal nucleus to form a new party — the party of "all the best men," as it has been called. It is indeed true that such an independent element in Parliament might play a val- uable part in the way of fearless criti- cism; it might even, in time, become a new party if it had a definite pro- gramme and a resolute and untiring leader; but with Rosebery cracking jokes in the Lords, instead of pushing the fight in the Commons, and with no platform except disagreement with both parties, what hope is there of the for- mation of any such new party? We con- fess we see none. On all the questions connected with the Boer war, Lord Rosebery's trumpet gives a perfectly modulated but most uncertain sound. Where he would have changed the Government's policy in the past, or would alter it in the present, he scarcely intimates, except in the one matter of greater tact. He seems to think that a graceful and honied speak- er in the Colonial Office could have pre- vented the general ill-will which Great Britain has suffered as a result of the South African war. Mr. Chamberlain's blunt and unmannerly phrases have, he apparently believes, wrought all the mischief. This is an amazing evidence of the purely academic view which Lord Rosebery takes of the whole matter. Skilful phraseology, in his mind, could make ignoble actions seem worthy; fine words could have kept Germany and France and the United States from feel- ing as they do about England's attitude in the Boer war. Talk about the effi- ciency of Government comes ill from a statesman capable of such a pure trifler's inefficiency as that. Let Rosebery say what he may, the Boer war lies like a frightful nightmare upon English politics. Until it is over, there is no possibility of turning out the Conservative Government. There are recent signs — chief among them the con- fident feeling in the financial world — that some way out of that horrible war may soon be found. Then there will undoubtedly come a readjustment of parties in England. When it does, and the Liberals look about for a new lead- er, it will be strange indeed if they turn to a man who has, in these times of stress, had no clear note of leadership to sound, and who has so perversely taken for his motto the advice given by Talleyrand to Thiers, "If you want to rise, make enemies." A RELIGIOUS RIOT IN ATHENS. Athens, November 23, 1901. The Greek portion of the Eastern Church has never made any noteworthy effort to have the Bible become a popular book. The Septuagint version and the original texts of the New Testament cannot be read with ease by the uneducated Greek, because of words and constructions that are obsolete and unfamiliar to him. The Church has published and disseminated no official translation, although at least three patriarchs of Constantinople were in favor of doing so. The arguments commonly ad- vanced here against such a translation are, that the original text should remain the palladium of Greek orthodoxy so long as a Greek people exists; that a paraphrase of it into modern Greek would be an un- necessary profanation; that the possession of the Testaments in ancient Greek is one of the special glories of the churches of Constantinople and Greece and the other Hellenic Sees of the East; that if a trans- lation into modern Creek were sanctioned, then translations into Bulgarian and Al- banian and Arabic and other languages of nations hostile to Greek interests would likewise have to be sanctioned, and thus the Greek division of the Eastern Church would lose her quasi-primacy and the Rus- sians come into undisputed supremacy; finally, that a translation would be injuri- ous to traditional orthodoxy, and there- fore likewise injurious to Hellenic nation- al aspirations. Accordingly, the opposition is based partly on religious and partly on national grounds. Notwithstanding these reasons, specious or honest, various translations have been made and have been freely circulated in the kingdom of Greece, both by foreign Bible Societies and by native Hellenes. About two years ago, under the patronage of Queen Olga, who is notably interested in the welfare and morality of the lower peo- ple, Dr. Papadopoulos, professor in the ecclesiastical seminary here, elaborated a careful translation of the New Testament, and the Queen made an effort to have it approved by the Holy Synod of Arch- bishops which directs the religious affairs of Greece. The Synod did not approve of the translation, but the Metropolitan of Athens, Prokopios, was personally in favor of it, and therefore the Queen felt at liberty to cause the translation to be pri- vately published and quietly distributed, especially to the army. Ever since that time the question regarding the usefulness or harm of such a translation has come up for occasional discussion in the daily papers of Athens; and some months ago one of the leading morning journals, the Akropolis, began publishing as a serial an entirely new and sensational translation, the work of Mr. Palles, a Greek merchant residing in Manchester. His translation was made in a most vigorous popular form of language, not free from slang phrases and innumerable vulgarisms. It heated the indignation of various classes ot oppo- nents, for it was offensive not only to those who on principle object to all translations, but likewise to such as were unwilling to see the Bible used as a mere advertising scheme, and to such as for other reasons, glossological rather than religious, are op- posed to the style of language adopted by Mr. Palles. The Akropolis, in leading ar- ticles, defended the Pallesan translation. All the other journals of Athens, except the Asty, attacked it fiercely. Somewhat more than a month ago, the Patriarch of Constantinople addressed a letter to the Metropolitan and the Holy Synod of Athens, exhorting them to forbid the publishing and circulating of Palles's translation and others of the same kind. The Synod, instead of conforming with this wish, resented the Patriarch's interference, and took no action. The Patriarch has no jurisdiction over the Church of Greece. The professors of the theological faculty of the University likewise sent a memorial to the Synod, asking that decision be taken against translations. The Synod still remained in- attentive. At the same time Palles direct- ed a disrespectful open letter against the Patriarch, and the Akropolis used the theo- logical professors as butts for its sar- casm. The matter seemed to be chiefly a news- paper war until, on the afternoon of No- vember 18, eight hundred students of the University unexpectedly assembled, and, compelling the professors to stop their lee-

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4:70 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 tures, undertook to solve by riotous force all questions involved. Their anger was directed against Palles's translation and the Akropolis, which published it, against the Asty, which defended the translations, against the Holy Synod, which had not act- ed, and indirectly against Russian intrigu- ing in Greece. Queen Olga is a Russian by birth and an active apostle of Panslavism, and the students imagined that her interest in the spread of the translations must in some way be a bit of Russian propaganda. The entire populace of Athens was in blind sympathy with the students. These, about two thousand in number, stormed the offices of the Akropolis and the Asty, and exacted promises that these papers would on the following day retract their defence of the translations. The promises were given, but were not kept. They gathered around the palace of the Metropolitan, and demanded that the Synod disapprove of the transla- tions and anathematize them. The fright- ened Metropolitan immediately consented, and, on the following day, November 20, the Synod gave out a decision forbidding such translations and their use, without, however, adding the anathema. Because of this omission, on November 21 the stu- dents, accompanied by thousands of other men and boys, kept up the disturbance. Finally the Government, which kept detach- ments of soldiers and sailors drawn up in all the principal streets round the Univer- sity, where the students had their head- quarters, decided to interfere more ener- getically, and to prevent the students from leaving the University in a solid body. The result was a conflict of the students and populace against the police and soldiers. According to inadequate reports, eight were killed outright and thirty-four were wound- ed. For a few hours it was feared that a revolution might break out. News came over the wires announcing that the excite- ment had spread to the provinces, and that the men from other towns were preparing to come down into Athens. But the Gov- ernment, entirely cowed, made overtures immediately to conciliate the students and the multitude, and agreed to withdraw the troops from the streets around the Univer- sity. On the following day, November 22, the bodies of the students who had been shot by the police were carried in funeral proces- sion to the cathedral and cemetery, follow- ed by thousands. The Government, to ap- pease all excited spirits, promised to keep all police and soldiers away from the streets through which the funeral cortege was to pass, and kept its word. After the rites were over, the students returned to the University in a body and slept there during the following night, as they had been doing since November 18. They have stationed guards around the building, and no one is now allowed to approach save students. The Government has promised not to molest them there, if only they keep inside the premises. What the final out- come will be is not certain, but in all prob- ability they will, after one or two days, return the keys of the University to the Rector, and this odd and disgraceful affair will be at an end. Possibly they may cause some further trouble by insisting on their demand that the Synod curse the transla- tions. It seems, however, not easy to be- lieve that the Synod will be so weak as to yield to such a demand made in such a way. To satisfy the students and all others concerned, the Metropolitan was on the 22d of November ordered to resign, and he obeyed at once. Daniel Quinn. THE WIFE OF JUNOT.— II. Paris, December 5, 1901. On his return to France, after the Con- vention of Cintra, Junot was not allowed to come to Paris. He was to land at Nantes or at La Rochelle, and immediate- ly go back to Spain. Napoleon, after he had landed at La Rochelle, showed Madame Junot the translation of a paragraph from an English newspaper, conceived in these terms: "We had the good fortune to bring back to France one of the brave generals of the army of the Corsican; but he was not alone, and we were able to convince ourselves again that the East has incul- cated its manners in him. His seraglio was even more numerous than in 1801; Madame F and the Countess d'Ega had the first place in it." Madame F was wife of one of the French officers then serving in Spain. Madame Junot went, nevertheless, to La Rochelle. Her meeting with her husband was painful, as they had many reproaches to make to each other. War against Aus- tria was imminent, and Metternich had to leave France, but he continued to keep up a very active correspondence with Ma- dame Junot. "Every week," says the "journal intime," "I had two letters, which came to me by a very safe channel." Junot was not allowed to take part in the campaign of Wagram. He was appoint- ed commander of the Third Corps in Spain, and had to lay siege to Saragossa before returning to Portugal. The siege, as is well known, was terrible. The Emperor, dis- contented with Junot, replaced him with Lannes. Marbot tells us in his Memoirs that during the siege Junot, "established in a rich convent, a league from the town, led a very gay life." When Junot returned to France, his wife found him greatly al- tered; he had become very irritable. He learned soon afterwards that his wife was still in correspondence with Metternich. Caroline, Queen of Naples, bribed the old maid-servant who received Metternich's letters to tell her where Madame Junot kept them. A terrible scene ensued be- tween Junot and his wife, and the "journal intime" tells us all the details of it. In order to save appearances, Madame Junot resolved to follow her husband to Spain, whore he was again sent by the Emperor. "It was I, and I alone, who wished to fol- low him. The Emperor at first objected, and then consented; but, I repeat, it was my own will which took me to Spain." Junot left with his wife for Spain on the 2d of February, 1810. He stopped a few days at Bordeaux, and Thigbault says, in his Memoirs, that "Junot went there to see an actress, and, after a single visit, gave her twelve hundred francs. Thereafter, she was commonly called in Bordeaux 'the Duchess.' " Madame Junot made the jour- ney on horseback with her husband. She had much difficulty in hindering him from fighting a duel with Massena. the commander-in-chief of the army. Junot was with Madame Junot, at Valladolid, in the great palace constructed by Charles V., when Massena arrived with a young mis- tress whom he dragged all over Spain with him, dressed in the costume of a lieutenant of dragoons. "Marbot," says M. Turquan, "who was on Massena's staff, and had come in advance to prepare lodgings, warned General Junot of this circumstance; but, says Marbot, in his Memoirs, the General only laughed at my observations, saying that he and Mas- sena had often lodged in the same casine in Italy, and that the ladies would arrange matters between themselves. Junot did not know that the ladies, who often do not ar- range matters with men, find it even more difficult between themselves." Madame Junot made great objections. She did not like to be lady-in-waiting to the mistress of the old Marshal, and avoid- ed her company. The Memoirs of the Duchess d'Abrantes gave many particulars about the life of privation and sometimes of danger which she led in Spain. She was confined at Ciudad-Rodrigo, which was in ruins after a bloody siege, and Junot de- sired his son to be named Rodrigo. (This son, born on a battleground, died on one, as colonel, at Solferino, in 1859.) Madame Junot stayed for some time in Salamanca, which was under the command of Gen. Thiebault (whose Memoirs were published a few years ago). "It was," says Thiebault, "an inconceiv- able piece of good fortune, the society of so distinguished a person ip Estramadura. De- sirable everywhere, she was more so among those provincial Spanish ladies, the best of whom did not in education or in breeding approach our ladies' maids of good houses. She was all that our time could produce that was most amiable, literary, and bril- liant; she transported a Paris salon amidst a population who seemed to belong to past ages." Junot was recalled to France, and his wife returned with him. She immediately opened her salon in Paris and her house at Le Raincy. When the Russian war was decided on, Napoleon took Junot on his staff; he afterwards gave him, during the campaign, the command of the Eighth Corps, which he took away from his own brother Jerome. Madame Junot remained at Aix during the campaign. She received news from her husband regularly at first; then came a long silence, which was first interrupted by a letter written by Junot from Mozhaisk: "I advise you not to tor- ment yourself on reading the bulletin of the 23d; you know well that many inno- cent victims have felt the fury of Vesuvi- us. It is a dangerous volcano. Woe to him whom he wants to strike, at the time of his eruption." "Vesuvius" was the Em- peror, and the enigmatic letter showed that Junot had incurred his wrath. He had, in fact, disobeyed orders, and the Em- peror, in the bulletin of October 23, 1812, made him responsible for the ill success of the movements prepared by Marshal Ney against the Russians after their retreat' from Smolensk. Murat loudly complained of Junot, and found an occasion to satisfy his old grudge against him. "Junot," says Napoleon, in the 'Memorial of Saint Helena,' "greatly displeased me; I could no longer recognize him. He made some capital mis- takes, which cost us very dear." Junot was, in reality, no longer the same man, and could not console himself. The bulletin in which he had been blamed by Napoleon became a "fixed idea"; his mind became seriously affected. He received an appointment as Governor of the Illyrian provinces. His wife could not follow him; she hoped that he would find tranquillity in occupations more administrative than mili-

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Dec. 19, 1901] The ISTation. 471 tary. Her hope was disappointed, and, af- ter having given at Trieste many marks of extravagance, caused by a cerebral disease, Junot had to return to France. He cam? back by way of Geneva, but would not stop there. His wife was on the point of being confined, and the news she received from her husband affected her so much that a still-birth was the result. She could not go to Montbard, where Junot had stopped, but sent her brother, M. de Permon, to meet him. M. de Permon found him quite delirious. Being left alone for an instant, Junot quitted his bed, stabbed himself with a pair of scissors, and threw himself out of the window. He died from his wounds on the 29th of July, 1813. The Duchess d'Abrantes, after thirteen years of married life, was left with four children — with many debts, too, as she, like her husband, had always been most im- provident and extravagant. Junot had al- ways counted on the boundless generosity of the Emperor, from whose hand he had received large estates in Prussia. His wife, when the Allies came to Paris, was visited by the Emperor Alexander, who offered to intercede in her behalf in order that these dotations might be preserved for her children. Hardenberg informed her, a few days after, that he would bring her letters- patent giving a new investiture of the Prussian dotations for her children, on con- dition that her sons should be naturalized Prussians. She refused. She asked Louis XVIII. to give her eldest son the majorat of 200,000 francs a year which Junot had received from the Emperor. Louis XVIII. received her most graciously, and told her he would pay to her children the country's debt to Junot. There are curious details in M. Turquan's book on the relations which she had in 1814 with Wellington, Metternich, and others. During the Hundred Days she remained quietly in Paris, but did not go to the Tuileries. We find her in Rome in 1818. After this journey to Italy she returned to Paris, living on the small pension which she received as widow of a general. She had to leave Paris for Versailles, where life was cheaper, and Balzac, in his 'Femme de Trente Ans,' gives us the exact descrip- tion of her house, a large pavilion in the midst of gardens. He describes her, too, under the name of Madame d'Aiglemont, with that extraordinary abundance of items which, under his pen, are never fatiguing. The Duchess d'Abrantes was not thirty but forty years old at the time; she be- came the type chosen by Balzac for the woman who has lost her youth, but has still many charms, and who seems more pathetic in the autumn of her life. He made her acauaintance in the salon of Madame Sophie Gay, a literary star of her time, now well and justly forgotten. He took the greatest interest in her, and she had a great influence over him and his work; she has, in many ways, left great traces in the prodigious construction of the "Comedie Humaine." It was Balzac who advised her not to write novels, but to publish her Memoirs. With all their faults, these Memoirs had an enormous success; they gave the Duchess a new reputation. She was, unfortunately, always the same person, entirely unable to conform her expenses to her means. Her last years were spent in constant difficulties. Balzac was faithful to his friendship for her, and dedicated to her in 1832 a short novel, 'La Femme AbandonnSe,' a very eloquent and suggestive title, though all his thoughts belonged now to Madame Hanska, who be- came his wife. The Duchess d'Abrantes died on the 7th of June, 1838, after several years spent almost without the necessaries of life. Correspondence. TOASTS DRUNK AND OMITTED. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: At a recent banquet given in New York by the Chamber of Commerce, where were present the Secretary of State, Sena- tors, Representatives, and business men of affairs, one of the first toasts drunk was to his Imperial Highness King Edward of England. A sense of the propriety of things leads me to inquire why that toast should not have been followed by one in honor of the kingling Alphonso of Spain, whose crown we robbed of one of its brightest diadems. It is not so long since the Senate chamber echoed with fervent speeches con- demning Spanish cruelties then being per- petrated upon the Cubans. Spain being a third-rate Power, matters were settled to our satisfaction. Later on, Solons in that chamber listened with indifference and with- out results to resolutions tendering our sympathy to the struggling little sister re- publics against whom King Edward's armies, under the valiant Roberts and Kitchener, were then and are now waging a relentless warfare, imitating and adopting the mode of warfare of the notorious Weyler. An in- quiry in Parliament elicited the informa- tion that the army of Roberts, on its vic- torious march to Pretoria, burned 600 farm- houses, and from English sources we learn that, A la Weyler, the great portion of the hostile South African population are now confined in concentration pens, where they are dying at an excessive rate. For reasons given, my toast would rather be to that heroic people who are now so valiantly struggling through "the last sweet hours of freedom's morn." N. Christensen. Beaufort, S. C, December 9, 1901. "EQUITY'S" INEQUITABLE PLEADING. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I observe from a perusal of your last issue that "Equity" is again pleading the "cause" of the Blameless Boer against the Brutal Briton. He devotes his last communication to an attempt to emphasize the "difference" of the treatment accorded to the belligerent Boers by the British and that accorded to the Confederates by the Federals during and at the close of the civil war, suggesting that that of the Unit- ed States was far more humane than that of the British. He evidently is of opinion that he has proved his case by merely hint- ing at this supposed "difference." Says "Equity": "The demeanor of the Federal Government, its generals and the Northern people generally towards the van- quished Confederates was generous and magnanimous. They did not insolently in- sist on abject and humiliating submission." Did they not? It happens, as any one ac- quainted with the facts very well knows, that they did ("insolently" or not) Insist upon this very thing — If "abject and hu- miliating submission" mean, as "Equity" evidently intends it to mean, "uncondi- tional surrender." These were the terms of Gen. Lee's capitulation; and when Sher- man took upon himself to accept Johnston's surrender, subject to a few minor condi- tions, his action was disavowed by the Fed- eral authorities, and he himself censured for his action. In every 'respect the terms lately offered to the Boers, and rejected by them, guar- anteed as liberal treatment as that given to the South by the Northern authorities, If not more so. They were to have repre- sentative government, in which every man of them was to be represented by men of their own choice, and this without any period of probation, such as the Southern States were subjected to, and which en- gendered such ill-feeling toward Northern officials. No iron-clad test oath was re- quired of them, as it was of the belliger- ents of the South; and in deference to their racial feeling it was stipulated that their language should be taught in the schools. This last provision was ill-advised, and will not be renewed, but every other priv- ilege offered is theirs for the asking, or even without the asking; for, when the final surrender of the Boer leaders comes, such a form of government will be inaugu- rated as soon as the country has become peaceable. The only thing that was — and is and will be— refused them is such an au- tonomous government as would give them the legal right to invade the territory of their neighbors, as they have done before, or to keep them in a ferment of disquiet by their intrigues. Would any Northern man in the possession of his senses have been In favor of granting such terms to the Con- federates? Again says "Equity": "Nor did the Fed- eral press and platform pour a torrent of bloodthirsty insult and menace upon the fallen. There was no hanging for disloy- alty." Well, the press and the platform did not by any means sprinkle them with rose- water. Something very like "a torrent of abuse" against the secession leaders, polit- ical and military, was not unknown dur- ing the civil war, as the writer can testify to having heard and read at the time. If "Equity" be not old enough to have heard such, he may still satisfy himself of the fact by turning over a file of old newspa- pers. As to "bloodthirstiness," no less a personage than Gen. Sherman wrote recom- mending the banishment and execution of the Confederates who did not surrender within a stated period. As to "hanging." The Boers who have been executed have been tried by the laws of war, and fairly convicted. They were one and all British subjects, and had been so all their lives. They had enjoyed all the political rights of any other British citizen, but had taken up arms against the country to which they owed allegiance. In spite of this fact, with a generosity that never would have been exercised by the people of the European nations that are now .denouncing England for her barbarity, they had been treated as prisoners of war and paroled upon taking the oath of neu- trality. They had broken that oath and again had gone to killing Englishmen, and were taken red-handed. At least one of them had been proved guilty of slaying

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4:72 The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 peaceable non-combatants in cold blood. Would the military authorities be doing justice to the brave men that they com- mand if they had spared such malefactors? "Equity" implies, in his usual fashion, that there was no hanging for "disloyalty" by the North during the civil war. He should better inform himself. The writer was living in the city of Cincinnati at the close of the war, and well remembers standing on the spot where, a few days before, a youth of seventeen or eighteen had been shot by the orders of the general in command, after a hurried drum-head court-martial, for the crime of being found with a loaded musket in his hands. This, I think, was shortly after Lee's surrender, and took place in a State which had never been the seat of war. Some time after this, the writer met Mr. Murat Halstead, who informed him that he had just come from Louisville, where he had witnessed the hanging of three Confederates. These men had been convicted of being "guer- rillas," but I am confident that they had violated the laws of war to no greater ex- tent than had the men executed in South Africa. "Equity" has something to say of "farm burning," and insinuates that the Northern troops never resorted to this practice. If he had ridden, as has the writer, through the war-devastated regions of the South during the war, he would not have sug- gested such an idea. The desolated farms, with their fences, out-houses, and dwell- ings lying in ashes, with nothing left but the chimneys, pointing like tall fingers to the sky, would have taught him his error. Has he never heard of the Shenandoah Valley so devastated by the orders of Gen. Sheridan that, as was said at the time, a crow could not fly across it without car- rying his rations with him? Arthur Johnston. Santa Ana, California, December 5, 1901. Notes. Mr. Edmund Clarence Stedman has as- sumed the chief-editorship of a 'History of the New York Stock Exchange,' undertaken by the Stock Exchange Historical Company. It is expected to be ready upon the com- pletion of the Exchange's new building. F. Tennyson Neely will issue immediate- ly, to subscribers only, 'Men and Memories,' by the late John Russell Young, edited by his wife. A FitzGerald Omar, done (after the first translation) entirely on vellum, at the Astolat Press, Guilford, England, will be marketed in this country by M. F. Mans- field & Co., who have also arranged to be Mr. R. Brimley Johnson's factor on this side of the water. In still another con- junction, they are about to issue 'Fifty Bookplates Engraved on Copper' and 'One Hundred Bookplates Engraved on Wood,' done by Thomas Moring. Mr. Berenson's 'Lorenzo Lotto,' publish- ed by the Putnams in 1895, has just been reissued, in a "revised edition, with addi- tional illustrations," by Bell-Macmillan. The illustrations now number sixty-two, as against thirty in the first edition. A cursory inspection shows no other change in the text than the discussion of certain pictures and drawings by Lotto and Alvlse Vivarini, discovered or identified since the* first publication. In the additions to the preface, Mr. Berenson shows that he is outgrowing the point of view from which the book was written, and "feels bound to confess that he now concerns himself lit- tle with the work of art as a document in the history of civilization, and laments the confusion that such an interest is apt to create between historical and aestheti- cal standards." In other words, he is com- ing gradually to have the artist's concern only with the work of art as such, and the artist's lack of interest in other and non- essential matters. The book has gained in appearance and material beauty of paper and print. There is a short table of errata, which, however, does not mention the er- ror by which the titles of Lotto's "S. Vito" and of "A Herald" by Jacopo di Barbari have been interchanged. Six additional volumes of Professor de Sumichrast's admirable translation of Gautier (George D. Sproul) demand fully as fervent commendation as their forerun- ners. Their contents, which include trav- els, tales, and a selection of artistic criti- cisms, naturally offer a great variety of styles, to each of which ample justice is done in this most careful English version. Without evading a single serious difficulty, or completely dislocating typical construc- tions, the translator has nevertheless suc- ceeded in writing eminently readable Eng- lish. Such passages as the descriptions of Venice, the remarks on Venetian painting, and the tales of "King Candaules," "Arria Marcella," or "The Vampire" ("La Morte Amoureuse"), are in every respect models of accurate work. S. G. Tallentyre's 'Women of the Salons, and Other French Portraits' (Longmans) fulls in the same class with Gribble's 'Lake Geneva and Its Literary Landmarks,' being cheap and pert in style and extravagant in its judgments, but also handsomely printed and illustrated with portraits which are the purchaser's almost sole return for his nioney. The author's subjects are Mmes. Dudeffand, Geoffrin, d'fipinay, Necker, de Stael, Rgcamier, Sevigne, Vigee le Brun, and Napoleon's mother, with Dr. Tronchin thrown in. We quoce a few phrases from the notice of Mme. d'Epinay: "Not one so characteristic of the worst side of that great eighteenth century as Madame d'Epinay"; "with the falsest smiling face that ever woman had"; her husband "was more cheer- fully and good-naturedly wicked than any other Frenchman in history"; she discovered one day that he, "The 'angel,' had been giv- ing his portrait, mounted in pearls, to Some Other Person"; "there is no sentence in his- tory, perhaps, which reveals so total a de- pravity of all moral sense as this one", "Madame had now the satisfaction of seeing every day the greatest scoundrel and genius of his time [Rousseau]"; "there was a cold- ness. Then she sent Rousseau some flannel fur a waistcoat — to restore warmth, one may suppose." We need add no more. Prof. Maurice Francis Egan has prepared, apparently for the use of parochial schools, 'An Introduction to English Literature' (Boston: Marlier & Co.). A text-book of Etglish literature so arranged that the no- tice of Bishop Berkeley precedes by many pages the account of the 'Shepherd's Calen- dar' will not be taken seriously by any but those who are compelled to study it. In- deed, a work which sums up Shelley with the remark that he "was born a poet of a very high order; he made himself a bad man," does not rise to a level where serious criti- cism can touch it. Professor Egan's book may be characterized for the judicious, and at the same time commended to those for whese use it was written, by the simple statement that in it Carew, Herrick, Suck- ling, Lovelace, Shelley, Keats, Southey, I.andor, Matthew Arnold, and Clough, taken together, occupy no more space than is given to the singular verse of Robert Southwell, S. J. 'Kemble's Pickaninnies: A Collection of Southern Sketches' (R. H. Russell) fornix a thin folio in this artist's well-known vein. Each plate is a character study, and a single line suffices for legend. The humor is unmarred by vulgarity or race prejudice, and the enjoyment of it need not be limited to white folks. Uncle Remus's imitator, Raymond Fuller Ayers, abandons dialect in his 'Four-Footed Folk' (R. H. Russell), exchanges "Brer" for "Mr.," and writes as good English as be permits himself. Whoever reads his open- ing story, "Mr. Wildcat and Mr. Owl Go Hunting," will be favorably disposed at first, only to find a writer who is not destitute of invention needlessly indulging in slang which children should be spared and can- not appreciate. J. M. Condg's illustrations also make their best bow at the very be- ginning, in the frontispiece, though we must say a good word for the decorative vi- gnette that faces the story, "Why Mr. Tiger has Stripes on his Back." Any child will be interested in the great colored drawings of 'The Big Book of Horses and Goats,' by Edward Penfield (R. H. Russell). The jingles might easily have been improved, and illustrate a too common disregard for the rights of adults who have to read "the story" to young ears. 'Pictures from Forest and Stream,' thir- ty-two proof impressions (folio) selected from that joiirnal's illustrations, are ex- cellent half-tones from nature and from drawings of wild game (including nine bird portraits from Audubon) or aquatic sport. They are naturally of uneven quality, and on purely aesthetic grounds would not have been bound up together; but they appeal to the sportsman's taste. In 'Stories of Bird Life' (Richmond: B. P. Johnson Publishing Company) Prof. T. Gilbert Pearson does for birds of South- ern States what many writers have done for the birds of New England. He is well acquainted with the literature of his sub- ject, and has a good deal of productive field-work to his credit. He records ob- servations made in Virginia, North Caro- lina, and Florida, descriptive chiefly of the feeding and breeding habits of birds, and relating largely to birds of prey and water birds, species often omitted from popular works. Some of his sketches have the story form, and nearly all describe individual birds in particular localities. He tells of finding in Florida a bald eagle's nest that had been used for fifteen years. It was 130 feet from the ground, in a pine tree, but he reached It after an hour and a half of climbing, and inspect- ed it and its two downy eaglets. The account of a robin drunk with the juice of china berries la one of the most interesting notes in the book, for comparatively few observers find so good

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Dec. 19, 1901] The ISTation. 473 a verification of the statement that these berries are intoxicating to birds. Professor Pearson aims to teach the usefulness of birds and their right to protection. He il- lustrates the wanton destruction of the use- ful sparrow hawks and barred owls, tells of robin hunts in Tennessee that caused the slaughter of 400 innocents in a night, and describes the work of feather hunt- ers who, on Cobb's Island, Virginia, gath- ered the skins of 10,000 terns in a single season to furnish forth the milliners. The book is Interesting to the general read- er, but is adapted to the school-room by the insertion of questions and supple- mentary information and suggestions. It is to be regretted that more care was not taken to avoid errors in style. Less than two hours suffice for the pe- rusal of the entertaining little book, en- titled 'Louis Agassiz,' by Alice Bache Gould (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.). It gives the main points in the career of the great naturalist and teacher and the more prominent items of his personality. The portrayal necessarily lacks much of de- tail, but is thoroughly pertinent. The pic- ture is drawn by a woman, and evidences her judgment and touch; the features that most appeal to her are deftly outlined, hap- piness and sunshine are dwelt upon, the shadows are more lightly suggested. One Is most impressed by the industry, hope ■ fulness, and cheerfulness, by the splendid accomplishments and the recognitions fol- lowing them, and hardly notices such vex- ations and disappointments as may have been. In the difficult task of epitomizing, the author has succeeded admirably, and her book is comparatively free from minor defects. The name over the en- trance of the museum is "Museum of Com- parative Zoology" without the prefixed word "University" of this volume. Appar- ently the great Professor is not given cred- it enough for his first grand work in the simple statement, "He edited the Brazilian Fishes." This gives a poor idea of what the work really amounted to; it is a very Insufficient rendering of the legend on the title-page; "Digessit, descripsit et obser- vationibus anatomicis illustravit Dr. L. Agassiz." The Geological Survey of Canada has be- gun the publication of a "Catalogue of Ca- nadian Birds," by John Macoun, in which it Is Intended to enumerate all the birds of the Dominion, Newfoundland, Greenland, and Alaska, and to bring together the principal known facts in regard to their distribu- tion, migrations, and breeding habits. The first part has appeared, and is devoted to water birds, gallinaceous birds, and pi- geons. As the work aims at being popu- lar and practical, the English names are placed first, but the species are arranged in their scientific order and in accordance with the nomenclature of the latest Check- list of the American Ornithologists' Union. It is proposed to issue the secondhand con- cluding part as soon as possible. The same Survey has recently published its annual report for 1898. It opens with a summary of operations during the year by the director, the late Dr. George M. Daw- son, which fills 208 pages. The special re- ports, all of which are illustrated, are on the geology and natural resources of the country traversed by the Yellow Head Pass route from Edmonton to Tete Jaune Cache, by James McEvoy; on the geology of the west shore and islands of Lake Winnipeg, by D. B. Dowling; on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg and adjacent parts of Manitoba and Keewatin, by J. B. Tyrrell; and on the geology of the region comprised in the "Three Rivers map-sheet," by R. W. Ells. The south shore of Hudson Strait and of Ungava Bay, and the northern side of Hud- son Strait are described by A. P. Low and Robert Bell, respectively. In the report of the section of mineral statistics and mines, Elfric D. Ingall declares the growth of Canada's mineral industries to be very en- couraging. During 1898 all the metallifer- ous products except lead and silver showed marked increases. The Annates dc Olographic for November opens with an account of the recent evo- lution of agriculture in Europe, in which numerous statistics exhibit the increase and specialization of crops, as well as the rise of agricultural schools and cooperative associations. There is also a description of the Hungarian plain and the peculiar life of its inhabitants — townspeople in the win- ter, shepherds and semi-nomad cultivators of the soil in summer — a condition dating back to and the result of the Mohammedan invasion. A change is at hand, however, and, with the construction of roads and ar- tificial irrigation, the strife between seden- tary and nomadic life will cease, and the plain will become one of the richest prov- inces of the dual empire. We have received — useful and valuable works all, but not amenable to literary crit- icism— the fourth edition of the 'Newspaper Rate-Book' of Nelson Chesman & Co. (St. Louis, Pittsburgh, and Chicago), which con- sists of a catalogue of newspapers and periodicals in the United States and Can- ada having a circulation of 5,000 or over; the older, larger, and complete 'National Newspaper Directory and Gazetteer' of Pettingill & Co. (Boston and New York), for 1901; the 'American Bank Reporter' (Stumpf & Steurer), issued every ninety days, and now in its sixty-sixth year; and the 'International Cable Directory of the World, in conjunction with the Western Union Telegraphic-Code System,' published in this city at No. 30 Broad Street. This directory, now four years old, lists not only corporations and firms, but individuals, with local and cable addresses and nature of business, and is a clear economy for those who avail themselves of it. — In a peculiar sense the December Har- vard Graduates' Magazine is the Editor's number. It has for frontispiece a portrait of Mr. Henry Lee Higginson, whose latest munificence to the University has been the Harvard Union; and it contains the proceed- ings at the opening of this general college club on October 15. Mr. William Roscoe Thayer, who first projected the Union, has therefore the satisfaction of recording its realization among the news of the magazine which he conducts and had so large a share in founding also. Both Mr. Higginson and President Eliot in their speeches dwelt on the democratic intent o£ the new gathering- place for undergraduates, graduates, and the teaching force; and democratic its operation undoubtedly is, with the sole limitation of the annual fee of ten dollars. That it does not invent democracy at Harvard is suggest- ed by the writer (in the same number) of "From a Graduate's Window," who takes up the common contrast of Yale and Harvard in this particular, candidly and forcibly. The number is extremely good reading in all de- partments. Mr. Curtis Guild tells not ful- somely of Theodore Roosevelt at Harvard, and there are obituary sketches, with por- traits, of the late Joseph Le Conte and J. B. Greenough, while Mr. F. B. Sanborn contrib- utes his reminiscences of Prof. E. A. Sophocles, with a copy of a contemporary "caricature" (by no means gross) of that monkish but kindly scholar, drawn by Austin Flint and lithographed by Rowse — a remark- able combination of talent. Professor Hart lucidly relates the rise and fortunes of the three-year A.B. degree, and shows that it is attained by one-sixth of the students who en- ;er and persist to graduation; and the propor- tion tends to grow. Amid the various offi- cial reports on the departments, Professor Storer's on the Bussey Institution and its students should not be overlooked. Here will be found a very curious comparison of the receptivity and perseverance of the three classes who seek instruction, particularly the sons of farmers and the sons of florists. Of the former, Professor Storer says that "the best of them have been sons of New England yeoman farmers, descended from the old English stock, i. e., men of that typi- cal town-meeting pattern which many unin- structed people have erroneously supposed to be as good as extinct." — Not since the publication of the Rec- ords of the Plymouth Colony has so im- portant a contribution to the early history of Massachusetts been made as in Mr. John Noble's 'Records of the Court of Assis- tants.' Unfortunately, the first volume of the manuscript records of this court has long been lost, and the present publication begins with the second, but covers the pe- riod from 1673 to 1692, during which many of the early regulations of the colony were in force. The Court of Assistants was the first form of the existing Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, and represented the highest jurisdiction in judicial matters prior to the grantingof the Province Charter in 1692. Its records, therefore, give the best picture of the many questions relating to persons and property of which the Govern- ment assumed control, and throw much light upon the minute supervision exercised under a body of law strongly influenced by Biblical precept and intense religious fa- naticism. The very form of complaint in criminal cases illustrates this, for it reads, "he not having the fear of God before his eyes, being instigated by the Devil"; but the temporal authorities were not over- looked, as the fault was "contrary to the peace of our sovereign Lord the King his Crown and Dignity the laws of God & of this Jurisdiction." It is on the criminal side that this book is most suggestive, and a careful study of the procedure and deci- sions of the court will do much to clarify our ideas of the public and private morality of the time. Whether it was a Quaker, an Indian, or a pirate, the charge and evi- dence as presented in the formal language of the court illustrate the attitude of the rulers towards those who had unfortunate- ly run against their decrees. — It would be interesting to dip into these pages for striking examples of dogmatic justice, but the opportunity is offered for dwelling rather upon the manner of their editing. Mr. Noble has long been known for his interest in the great collection of court records in his keeping, and for the

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4=74= The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 devoted care which has placed them be- yond loss or injury. That is the mechan- ical aspect of the case, and the danger of turning editor lay in a too rigid applica- tion of mechanical rules. The result, how- ever, disproves the fear, as the volume represents the best example of careful and scholarly editing we have seen in many a year. The old spelling and arrangement are retained, and enough of the odd sym- bols used by Rawson, the scribe, have been reproduced to increase the flavor of an- tiquity. The names of persons and places are not tampered with, either to confuse or to force upon the reader what is self- evident. The marginal notes of the orig- inal have been retained in full, and every omission and interlined word is indicated without marring the typographical appear- ance of the page. A page of the original record is reproduced by the photogravure process, and the hogskin cover is also shown, adding to the sense of reality as well as proving the difficulties encountered in transcribing. Finally, a very tull in- dex, almost too full for most purposes, of- fers a complete guide to the contents of this notable book, and amply proves the loving care bestowed upon it by Mr. Noble and his assistant, Mr. Upham. The size of the page is dignified, as suited to the mat- ter, and the type is clear, in spite of the old letters and signs plentifully sprinkled through the lines. Altogether, it is an Is- sue that is extremely creditable to the city of Boston and the editor, and of very high service to the student of early Massachu- setts history. —Mr. Charles Hastings's 'The Theatre, its Development in France and England, and a History of its Greek and Latin Origins' (London: Duckworth & Co.; Phila- delphia: Lippincott) is a translation by Miss Frances Welby from the original French edition of the work, which appeared some eighteen months ago. It Is the mis- fortune of writers upon theatrical history — that is, upon the concrete, physical fac- tors of the dramatic art — continually to de- feat expectation. Mr. Hastings has proved no exception to the rule. Despite the pres- ence upon the title-page of the great name of Victorien Sardou, whose note of person- al compliment is somewhat gratuitously prefixed to Mr. Hastings's essay, the work itself is far from satisfactory. For use as a supplementary text-book in a college course upon dramatic history it is probably sufficient, but as a treatise for the special student, or even for the general reader, its shortcomings are numerous. There is a distinct place for a compact book in Eng- lish presenting a concise documentary ac- count of the rise of the mimetic art, the development of stage properties, the his- torical schools of acting, the accumulation of conventional stage "business," the rela- tion of the actor to the dramatist at va- rious periods and in different countries, the psychological evolution in the audience, and similar matters subsidiary but indispensa- ble to dramatic history proper. Mr. Has- tings, it seems, has aimed to produce such a book, but he has fallen a little beside the mark. In the first place, there is, in the architectonic scheme of his book, a hiatus vaUle deflendua. By the general tone and temper, the confiding reader will be led to believe that the whole course of theatri- cal history is being unrolled to his view. But no word is said of the theatre in Ger- many, Scandinavia, Italy, or Spain. The defi- nitive historian of the theatre will have to consider the play-acting of each of these with the utmost care. To the stage upon which were produced the multitudinous plays of Lope de Vega and the marvellous poetic dramas of Calderon, he must pay particular heed. Moreover, there are sim- ilar lapses in the narrative even as Mr. Hastings has limited it. Of many very im- portant matters there Is scant mention or none at all. On such significant points as the relation of the masque to the later Elizabethan stage, and of the opera to the Restoration heroic play, or the part played by the commedia dell' arte in determining the histrionic tradition of MoliSre's comic stage, Mr. Hastings is especially baffling. Indeed, if there were space for more de- tailed criticism of this unprofitable sort, It would be a long way to the end. It is, per- haps, ungracious to complain that a ser- viceable text-book Is not other than it is, and a permanent contribution to theatrical history; but when one contemplates this field in which the harvest is so plentiful, and the laborers numerous but inefficient, it is a cause for regret that a writer with such excellent intentions as Mr. Hastings should not have lent a more attentive ear to counsels of perfection. — 'The Diamond Necklace' (Lippincott) is a translation by H. Sutherland Edwards of M. Funck-Brentano's excellent work on this most celebrated of causes cilibrcs. Never has an intricate story been more lucidly ex- plained. From the moment when Marie Antoinette arrived at Strassburg In April, 1770, to August, 1843, when the French courts were still perplexed by a lawsuit springing out of the too famous jewels, each figure and each incident are brought for- ward at the proper moment, given their place in the development of the drama, and dismissed when no longer needed. By com- bining the critical methods of the ficole des Chartes with the talent of a raconteur, M. Funck-Brentano creates a vivid effect, while at the same time the bounds of sober fact are not transgressed. So much evi- dence was taken at the time of the different trials that it becomes possible to insert passages of lively dialogue which neverthe- less appear to be quite authentic, and thus extraordinary situations are reproduced in colors unborrowed from romance. Regard- ing the innocence of the Queen there can be no doubt, and her indiscretion is equally unquestionable. Had Vergennes been con- sulted, the arrest of Rohan would not, prob- ably, have occurred, the Cardinal would have paid for the diamonds out of which he had been swindled by Mme. La Motte, and a scandal involving grave political conse- quences would have been averted. The Queen's dislike of Rohan, which had so long been fanned by Maria Theresa, led to the issue of a Icttre de cachet, the Cardinal's imprisonment in the Bastille, and universal publicity. However innocent the Queen and however innocent the Cardinal, the mind of contemporaries could not be disabused of the most sinister ideas. As Beugnot says: "The great fact which dominated the whole affair was this, that M. and Mme. de La Motto had had the audacity to feign, one night, in one of the groves of Versailles, the Queen of France. The wife of the King had made an appointment with Cardinal de Rohan, had spoken to him, had given him a rose, and had suffered him to throw him- self at her feet. That was the crime that respect for religion, majesty, morals, out- raged to the last degree, could not but con- demn." M. Funck-Bretano gives Rohan full credit for a kind heart and many attractive qualities, but does not spare his incredible gullibility. The daring and ingenuity of Mme. La Motte are also depicted with much force. The translation runs smoothly; but the author never intended to say that Jeanne de Valois had a "spiritual physiog- nomy"! — 'Washington, and Other American Ad- dresses,' by Mr. Frederic Harrison (Mac- millan), recalls a visit which was made to this country by the author in February and March of the present year. Mr. Harrison has recently been much interested in the life and works of King Alfred, but it was not through the arrangements for the Win- chester Millenary that he was led to come to America. "The occasion of my visit," he says, "was an invitation with which 1 was honored by the Union League Club of Chicago to de- liver the public address in the Auditorium of that city on the annual commemoration of the birthday of George Washington." The paper on "Washington and the Repub- lican Ideal" furnishes the title, and in im- portance it is also the most considerable factor of the volume. Mr. Harrison, though in a spirit of profound sympathy, approaches Washington from the European standpoint, and his method of treatment is one which a citizen of the United States would hardly think of employing. It is perhaps on this account the more interesting; certainly the address is in a high and stimulating strain and strikes the right note for its peroration: "He anticipated the great so- cial reformation accomplished in this com- monwealth some sixty years after his death, when he freed his own estate by will from the curse of negro slavery. No man that ever bore power over his fellow-citizens shrank with a more scrupulous, more relig- ious horror from the thought of ruling by force instead of by free choice — no man was more truly the republican to the very marrow of his bones, and was less the despot or the master. May the spirit of George Washington, the just, the free, the far-sighted patriot, inspire the people of this commonwealth in all their problems of government; guide them in all the tasks they undertake to wise and prosperous ends; enable them to crown his work when, in the words of our English historian, 'he founded a democratic republic with no shadow on it of military despotism.' " Of the other addresses, two are on King Al- fred, while the remaining seven deal with such varied subjects as Lincoln, Republican- ism and Democracy, the Dutch Republic, recent biographies of Cromwell, municipal government, and the nineteenth cen- tury. There is also a delightful discourse entitled "Personal Reminiscences," which the undergraduates of Bryn Mawr were for- tunate enough to hear. It is bright and anecdotal, without being garrulous, and its frank admiration for the best in human genius is an invigorating tonic after the vile detraction of contemporaries which is affected by the baser journals and critics. Whatever else Mr. Harrison may or may not have learned from the writings of Auguste Comte, he has been taught by them to revere great men, and to worship the aspi- rations by which the noblest souls are moved.

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Dec. 19, 1901] The ]STation. 475 SOME BOOKS ON ART. Italian Sculpture of the Renaissance, By L. J. Freeman, M.A. Macmillan. William Hamilton Oibson, Artist, Naturalist, Author. By John Coleman Adams. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Photography as a Fine Art: The Achievements and Possibilities of Photographic Art in America. By Charles H. Caffin. Double- day, Page & Co. Bell's Miniature Series of Painters. Edited by G. C. Williamson, Litt.D. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. (Velaz- quez. By G. C. Williamson, Litt.D. Sir E. Burne-Jones. P.y Malcolm Bell. Fia Angelico. By G. C. Williamson, Litt.D. O. F. Watts, R.A. By C. T. Bateman. Oeorge Romney. By Rowley Cleeve.) Mr. Freeman's book on 'Italian Sculpture of the Renaissance' is of a kind that Is some- what rare in these days, and rather refresh- ing. The author has occupied himself lit- tle with history and less with connoisseur- ship. There is no attempt to treat of all the sculptors of the period, no attempt at complete lists of the works of the sculptors dealt with, no biography, and next to no consideration of art as an historical docu- ment, and only the minimum of reference to questions of authenticity and attribution. What Mr. Freeman attempts is criticism, pure and simple; his interest is with the work of art "as in itself It really is," not with those who produced it or with what it can tell us of the time when it was produced. The works discussed are well known, and, for the most part, undisputed, and the effort Is to explain the nature of their aesthetic appeal — the kind and quality of pleasure to be received from them; and the success of this effort is considerable if not distinguish- ed. The author's style, if neither eloquent nor fascinating, is lucid, his reasoning is sound, and his point of view eminently sane. He has produced a work not for the special- ist but for the general public, and we know of no book more likely to give that public some idea of the artistic qualities of Re- naissance sculpture. The illustrations are well selected, well executed, and sufficiently abundant, and we only regret the smallness of scale in a few of them which renders de- ciphering difficult. A plate, on a larger scale, of at least one of Delia Quercia's won- derful reliefs on the doorway of S. Petronio at Bologna would have been a great addition; these reliefs having, apart from their own merit, an especial interest from their influ- ence on Michelangelo. When we reflect that these reliefs and those of Ghiberti on the gates of the Baptistery of Florence were pro- duced nearly a century before the ceiling of the Sistine and the Stanze of the Vatican, we see how far sculpture anticipated paint- ing in both the force and the grace of the Renaissance. Looking at William Hamilton Gibson from the point of view of the author of 'Nature Studies in Berkshire,' it is natural that Mr. Adams should somewhat overrate that ar- tist's purely artistic achievement. If Mr, Ruskin's teaching were true, Mr. Gibson should have been a very great artist indeed, for, though there is no evidence of interest in geology, he studied botany with a thor- oughness and a minuteness and accuracy of observation that are rare indeed. Mr. Ad- ams holds, as did Mr. Gibson himself, that there is no little and big in nature, and that the microscope is as great a revealer of in- finity as the telescope. Undoubtedly, this Is true for science, but it is not true for art. A minute study of the little facts of nature may result in valuable contributions to sci- ence and Interesting contributions to litera- ture, but it has never resulted in great art. The eye "only fit," as Millais said of Rus- kin's, "to judge of insects," is not the eye of a great painter. The accuracy of bot- anizing attributed to some of the old masters has been greatly exaggerated. Fra Angelico, or Botticelli, or the young Titian may have placed a certain number of carefully drawn flowering plants in their foregrounds, but their aim in so doing was primarily decora- tive— the creation of a pleasant pattern to fill, like a mediaeval diaper, an otherwise empty space. They were mainly occupied with other things, with the human figure and the large balancing of masses; and as land- scape art was developed, it became more and more an art concerning itself with composi- tion and expression, with light and air and color, and less and less with the depiction of natural detail. Mr. Gibson, then, was a naturalist equip- ped with the power of drawing delicately what he finely observed, rather than an artist able to observe closely when it suit- ed his artistic purpose. He saw nature In detail, and only moderately succeeded in building his details into some sort of a whole, whereas the artist sees a whole into which he builds, on occasion, a certain amount of detail. Mr. Gibson's work is graceful, fine, intensely interesting; it Is not large, massive, or truly decorative. How scientific was his naturalism it is not for an art critic to judge, but it is as a student of nature that he has interested the world. Mr. Adams has rightly placed him with Thoreau and Burroughs as a popularizer of nature study, and we suspect that his writ- ing is of more importance than his drawing. The latter was admirable for diagrammatic illustration, and as art it had delicacy and charm, but its qualities are not of the highest order. The man, as depicted in Mr. Adams's pages, seems to have had a hearty, wholesome nature, but there is no convinc- ing proof of intellectual distinction. Mr. Caffin's book is an attempt, to which the treatment of particular pictures by particular men is subordinate, to prove that photography may be, and already is or is becoming, a fine art, fairly comparable in some degree with painting, sculpture, or architecture. He contends, what we should not deny, that a photographer may be pos- sessed of artistic feeling, and may show true artistic taste in the selection of ma- terial in nature, in the posing and grouping of figures, etc. The possession of taste, however, is not enough to constitute an ar- tist, or its display enough to constitute a fine art, and Mr. Caffin is, therefore, In- terested to show that photography may be creative and self-expressive, and that the art affords means of manipulation and al- teration of mere record which place It be- side painting as a method of expressing the individuality of the artist. He is con- stantly bracketing the truly artistic paint- er and photographer together and contrast- ing them with the mere recorder of fact, and he considers the mechanical action of the lens as a mere "limitation" through which the photographic artist has to work, like the limitations of construction and utility in architecture or the limitation ot the power of pigment to express color and light. He thinks that "the most important difference between the painter and the pho- tographer Is in their respective tools," and that "if he has the equipment of an artist and an artistic individuality, the photo- grapher can . . . produce work which, barring colors, may have the characteristics of a beautiful picture." We do not think Mr. Caffin has made out his case, or that any one ever can make it out. His error comes from a radical mis- apprehension, of the aim of art and the processes of the artist, which is widespread, but which it surprises us that he should entertain. This misapprehension is, that the aim of the fine arts is so to modify the record of natural fact as to express the personality of the artist and to attain to a certain harmony and beauty. This Is in- deed all that a good deal which passes for art attains to, and there are, undoubtedly, a good many painters whose art reaches no farther than that of the artistic photo- grapher; but true art escapes entirely from this formula. The true fine arts aim first of all to create beauty and harmony and to express the individual feeling of the artist, and they accept of natural fact only as in- cidental to that end. "Both painter and photographer work from a model," says Mr. Caffin. Pardon, but they do not in the same sense. The ordinary painter may "work from a model," trying only to soften defects and to improve beauties; the great artist works "out of his head" — works from a preconceived notion of what he wishes to do, often without any reference at all to nature, and always with such ref- erence only to help out the defects of his conception. Even the means at the photographer's disposal for such alterations of record as Mr. Caffin seems to conceive of as the aim of art, are extremely limited. It is not necessary to go into details of processes, but what it comes to is that the photo- grapher can blur or eliminate details, can alter light and shade, can produce effects of tone unlike those furnished him by na- ture. He cannot, however, to any consider- able degree or with any success, alter form or composition. In these matters he can only select and arrange. His landscapes, however modified in effect, must be always topographical; his figures must be starkly naturalistic in form, and with no other composition than accident or the painful tableau vivant may furnish. If he should attempt the serious alteration of form, his art, whatever else it might be, would cease to be photography, though it might utilize photography, as painters sometimes — too often — do. Imagine Turner compelled to get what he could out of a picture the lines of which must be literally accurate to the facts of a given scene, or Michel- angelo trying to express himself through a photographic outline of a real model, and one has a measure of the smallness of the claim of photography to be called a fine art. Even such alterations of light and shade as the tricks of the trade permit of seem to us, in the instances illustrated in this vol- ume, to fail of real artistic result while spoiling the integrity of record; and the best things shown are "straight photo- graphs," in which the operator has at- tempted no more than may be accomplished by intelligence and taste in selection and arrangement of material, choice of light- ing, etc., etc.

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476 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. tqo3 Mr. Caffin's most astonishing paragraph 's the following. He is comparing Millet's "Sewer" with certain photographs of a peas- art sowing, and says: "Can the photographer emulate the meth- ods of the painter, even if he fail to reach his results? I am unable to see why not. Millet must have made an exhaustive analy- sis of the man at his work until he had mas- tered the salient features of the Operation; then, many studies were probably executed before he reached the final formula of ex- pression. The analysis is certainly within the possibilities of the photographer: and repeated snap-shots might take the place of sketches, until, at last, the desired lesult had been attained." One might as well "emulate the methods" of the sculptor of the Medici tombs by tak- ing repeated casts from nature in the bope of evolving another "Night." No, photography does not, and never can. possess "the qualities common to painting, with the sole exception of many colors." There are other exceptions to be made — ;uc'i as drawing, composition, imagination, crea- tive power. The composition of the meat figure painters is entirely impossible of imitation by arrangement of actual figures. as the tableau vivant proves; and compo- sition of landscape is, of course, a denial of topography. The photographer may be sen- sitive to composition when he sees it, and may record accidental composition when be finds it, but he can never compose. The camera may record form correctly, some- times, but it can never give us anything re- motely resembling the life-enhancing and significant drawing of the masters. Pho- tography is not a fine art because it can in- vent nothing. It can give us a true record or a muddled and falsified one, and it can show the taste and judgment of him who se- lects the facts to be recorded. It is I rue that many so-called artists do no moK and do not do that so well. If artistic photog- raphy shall succeed in showing us the dif- ference between their work and that of the true artists, it will have done much. The little volumes of Bell's "Miniature Series of Painters" vary considerably 111 quality. The first three are admirable little works in their way, giving as much fact aud as much sound criticism as could well be expected in so small a compass. Dr. Wil- li.mson's 'Velazquez' takes its tone largely from R. A. M. Stevenson's 'The Art of Ve- lasquez,' and his 'Fra Angellco' is greatly influenced by Langton Douglas's wotk on that artist, though the traditional view is also recognized. In both cases the choice or a guide was judicious and natural, not say inevitable, and we by no means wish ii to be understood that Dr. Williamso.i has no feelings or Ideas of his own. Th.' vol- umes on Watts and Romney are much less satisfactory, the former dwelling on the artist's avowed didaetic purpose, to the al- most entire exclusion of any considera' ion of his artistic merits, while the latter ten 1.; to lose itself in anecdote and sentimen*. The books are well printed, decently illus- trated, and hideously bound. STILL MORE NOVELS. Bagsby's Daughter. By Bessie and Marie Van Vorst. Harper & Brothers. Maggie MacLanehan. By Gullelma Zollin- ger. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. The Westerners. By Stewart Edward White. McClure, Phillips & Co. Flood -Tide. By Sarah P. McLean Greene. Harper & Brothers. Blue-grass and Rhododendron. By John Fox, jr. Charles Scribner's Sons. The Laird's Luck. By A. T. Quiller-Couch. Charles Scribner's Sons. Calumet K. By Merwin-Webster. Macmil- lan. The Making of Jane. By Sarah Barnwell El- liott. Scribners. In the opening scene of 'Bagsby's Daugh- ter,' the hero first meets the heroine at an afternoon reception in a Chicago drawing- room. After the introduction, she retreats to the library and ensconces herself in a crimson leather chair, to bend intently over the score in following the music of a Hun- garian orchestra. (Young girls do this at afternoon teas. In the words or the old-time showman, "My brother has often seen them myself.") The hero, as he prettily says, follows her when she departs to follow the score, and invites her to come to the win- dow for the view. Having conducted her thither, he says: "Miss Bagsby, will you be my wife?" This seems to indicate farce, but the hero means it; the heroine says yes, after considering for two pages (large type). Dutiful papa, the conscientious and wealthy manufacturer of Bagsby's Capsules, assents, and the marriage takes place in a few days, as the hero has a pressing engagement in London. The trousseau is as miraculous as if papa's factories turned out lingerie instead of pills. So far, the wonder has grown from page to page how a grown-up novel between real covers is to be evolved from beginnings that are certainly not with- out money, but, so far, without great price. Yet on it goes with burlesque jumps, taking itself more and more seriously, getting more and more involved in incident and situation. Pasts come up; innocent but evil-seeming travellers lose their steamers, rich men their fortunes, ladies their jewels, husbands their wives' London addresses — in short, every- thing is lost save honor; and that at mo- ments is strayed and stolen. The principals, however, settle down to story-book bliss af- ter a wild-goose chase, mental, moral, physi- cal, and literary, leaving the reader uncer- tain whether he has been at the vaudeville or the grand opera. The indecision between comic and serious is fatal; the overplus of clothes and local manners is unhappy. ("Every detail of his get-up was faultless, conventional, but worn with a personality which gave even his pockets charm" — and he the mere sub-hero!) The secret of the hero's past is rather neatly concealed, and, as secrets go, a good one. Its disclosure by the jealous woman in as frantic a desire to help tht- hero as she has hitherto shown to hurt him. is a device well-worn, but one that grows no more probable with the using. There must be merit in the book, for the reader undeniably wants to know how it is coming out; though why he should care, it is not given him to understand. From fiction which we have found at mo- ments juvenile, we turn to fiction for juve- niles in the shape of 'Maggie McLanehan,' a sturdy little story of an Irish girl who made her way in the world by sense and work. Noteworthily sane is its moral of concentration, whether one is picking strawberries or cooking beefsteak; equal- ly sane and even more noteworthy in young people's literature "as she is wrote," are the facts that Maggie feels no mission to reform her elders, and that the rich, child- less couple do not adopt her, but that her reward comes in opportunities for more work. The humble Irish folk who form the dramatis personw are genially drawn. It is a healthful story for girls and possibly some boys. Mr. White's book, 'The Westerners,' is of Indian wars and mining-camps in the early seventies, and shows an intimate understanding of both on the author's part. He seems to be writing from the inner consciousness of Indian, of half-breed, of frontiersman, and prospector, so as to be instantly felt as an authority. The long- planned and elaborate revenge of a half- breed for a wrong done him by a scout Is the motive of a long and elaborate study of a complicated yet one-idea'd personality. If it is hard for the reader to accept all that is told him of nourished and fiendish vin- dictiveness, yet he is compelled to belief by the author's terse "You may not un- derstand this unless you have known a half- breed, but it is true." Contrasted as a race-study is the picture of the young girl Molly, born of New Englanders and brought up among Indians, in ignorance of her origin — Molly, whom Lafond tries to make as base as her surroundings at the mining- camp simply that he may tell her of her ancestry and gloat over her humiliation; Molly, saved from disaster at the critical moment by the promptings of instinct, while punishment in its most horrid form overtakes the evil-doer. Other portraits there are, startling in relief and color, even where they merely appear for an instant. The author's feeling in relation to Govern- ment breaches of contract with the Indians finds brief but emphatic expression. A moment of breathless psychological inter- est is that when the dead face of the mas- sacred Custer smiles up at the baffled Indian, who, in that instant, perceives that his race's seeming victory is really defeat. Throughout the story, whether in the char- acters or in their surroundings, there is abundant power. The fault of power is found, too, in an overplus of material— of antecedent biography, of incident, epi- sodes, horrors; so that, while nothing is feebly done in this remarkable work, it suf- fers from congestion. One must approach it in a strong mood, for there Is much that is horrible, .little that is lovely, while yet one feels that all may be true. To readers of 'Cape Cod Folk' and 'Vesty of the Basins,' it is not necessary to de- scribe the salient attractions in Mrs. Greene's 'Flood-Tide.' They will expect and find a rare treat in fisher-folk por- traiture; a salty coast, the winds "a-breez- in' "; life, love, and death in simple, sol- emn guise as they come to dwellers by the sea; boundless humor shown in figures that are matchless, speaking a dialect that is peerless. The city-bred and the moneyed ones are less happily drawn, but they are a needed foil, perhaps. We wish the writer would forego a certain preciosity of lan- guage too often found in books of the sa- gaciously tender tone of this. We wish she would not say; "She glanced at him with contempt spotless of reproach," nor "She cherished herself, drawing the wrap closer"; nor "conspicuous traveller"; nor "glimpsed" for "seen" (the reverse of pre- cious, this); nor "conquery" for conquest. A noun is a name, and is not ex officio ac-

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Dec. ig, 1901] The Nation 477 companied by an adjective. These criti- cisms, however, are spotless of any con- spicuous reproach, and do but free the re- viewer's conscience. That done, there is nothing but delight in the fisher people and their ways, of week-days and of Sundays. Who can read of them and not long to sit on an inverted pail at the spring with all the other drawers of water, and "converse with the ease of those for whom frettish time has ceased and bland eternity be- gun"? Think what it would be to talk over the "topic" one had been "put under" by the "saints" for the coming Sunday. And what to hear Dorna say, "So 'tis as 'tis, and it can't be no 'User," or oh, desirable Dorna! "The lambness of a steer is like Sodom and Gomorrer to all them that puts their trust therein." And, for soberer mood, to lean on the strength of the great-hearted Infra or the cheery trust of Capt. Abe, whose doctrine was, "When ye've turned the evil inter good, then ye've killt it." There has not, to our knowledge, been written a more illumining document upon Kentucky open-air life than Mr. Fox's lit- tle book of sketches. Of Kentucky life we inadvertently said; but there is quite as much of death as of life in this graphic history. (The bearing of this observation lies in the application of it.) From men to 'coons there is hardly a chapter with- out its glut of "kill." The Kentucky moun- taineer kills his enemies among the rho- dodendrons; the Blue-grass lad and lass kill their foxes. The pages are punctured with rifle and pistol shots, even as we learn that the tavern sign-boards are, in the mountain towns. These, however, are familiar features in stories of the region. Where Mr. Fox has given fresh and valu- able matter to think about is in the ped- igree he suggests for the mountaineer's customs, traits, and codes, and the fair showing he makes of the lights whose shadows we already know. This pedigree he finds first of all in the mountains them- selves, reminding us that mountains have always imparted, as a birthright, isola- tion, individualism, and the necessity for righting wrongs outside the law. To these influences may be traced the feud, charac- teristic of the Kentuckian above other mountaineers, who know it, indeed, but not in so persistent and deadly a type. "It is not a wild fancy," he writes, "that the Kentucky mountain feud takes root in Scotland" — meaning that the instincts of the Revolution, the Whig and Tory wars, the clansmen's code, were handed down as instincts to wreak themselves upon the hostilities of to-day. Thirty years of lo- cal war resulted from a boy's making fun of a patch on another boy's trousers about thirty-five years ago, the factions fight- ing on after the cause had been forgot- ten. Intenser, too, than with other moun- taineers is the Kentuckian's every trait, good and bad. If he is more fierce, bit- ter, and, "when he is mean," mean, so is he more proud, hospitable, and loyal; he has his religion, "sternly orthodox and liter- al," shooting and praying in a breath. A curious fact, simple enough when once noted, is that, after the failure of Baring Brothers and the accompanying stop to the influx of English capital, with the in- terruption to railroading and civilizing, feuds that had been checked in '90 and '91 slowly started up once more. Strikingly interesting is Mr. Fox's account I of the formation of the first law-enforcing guard, made as it was of young Blue- grass men going up into the mountains to make their fortunes in the iron and coal mines. In a sketch of terrible picturesque- ness he tells how this police guard of gen- tlemen secured the first "victim to law and order" in the border region between Vir- ginia and Kentucky, "two sister States whose skirts are there stitched together with pine and pin-oak along the crest of the Cumberland." There is no page of all the book without its visible picture, its revealing incident. Tropical flowers of rhetoric are happily absent, but Mr. Fox is a poet, and even a lyric poet, when, as now and then, his theme permits; yet he does not poetize when he means prose. His manner fits his matter— fresh and springing like blue-grass; sturdy and sting- ing like rhododendron. His book is a lit- tle masterpiece of evidence in a case pro- foundly interesting to Americans and others. A "Q" is not discovered every day, nor may one in reason expect a discovery in every new volume from "Q's" hand. It is perhaps as a rebound from unreasonable anticipation that one explains a certain disappointment in the book of stories en- titled "The Laird's Luck." They are in- genious and original; they are written with "Q's" most facile and descriptive pen, and still, as one reads, one is half inclined to think that here is one more "nobleman gone wrong" on the modern hobby of an- cient adventure. True, subjects, scenes, and excitements lack neither distinction nor the effect of probability that only an artist can give to wild and moving tales. But the documentary evidence is almost too complete; we have the witnesses summoned and sworn unto the third and fourth gen- erations; while the tale-within-tale meth- od is followed in a way that even the Arabian Nights has never succeeded in mak- ing attractive. The fearsome story of buc- caneering in Panama is oue of the best and best-told of the number. Another is the concluding story, where myth and legend on the Cornish Coast bring Mr. Quiller-Couch to the field of many of his most shining successes. The building of a grain elevator does not at first sight seem to open up oppor- tunities for romance, but the authors of 'Calumet K' have succeeded in making in- dustrial life furnish a tale full of dramatic incident. With a corner in wheat depend- ing on the erection of a huge elevator by a certain date, with unfriendly railroads and frequent possibilities of strikes, there is no lack of occasions for the resourcefulness of the hero. Bannon, the foreman, on whom the issue of the work depends, is a gen- uinely American type. His passion is the overcoming of obstacles and the manage- ment of men. A love affair with the ste- nographer is only an incident between two jobs, and is inserted as a concession to the taste of the general reader. The grain-ele- vator, "Calumet K," is the real heroine, and the reader's attention is fixed on the prob- lem that exercises Bannon, and its tri- umphant solution. This is perhaps the sort of fiction that will one day supplant the sword-and-ruffles variety. At any rate, no one who thinks that great industrial enter- prises are interesting could find 'Calumet K' dull reading. It has the wind of real life blowing through its pages, and we com- mend it to those who grow weary of the perfumed airs of historical fiction. 'The Making of Jane' is a rather long study in individualism. Jane's aunt, Mrs. Saunders, is a repulsive individualist, while Jane is meant to be an attractive exponent of the creed. We cannot say that we like Jane much better than her aunt. To sac- rifice luxuries for the sake of having one's own way, even if it entails discomfort and hard work, is merely another form of selfishness. Nor are Jane's adventures as a school-teacher in the South, as a milliner, and finally as a manager of a large depart- ment store, convincing. Life is not made so easy, nor are chances of work so abun- dant, for a young woman who, without any previous training, abandons the delights of Newport and New York for the novel plea- sure of developing herself. Of course, she ends by marrying a millionaire, which is precisely the ending that real life would not have supplied, since real life does not offer the charming coincidences and eligible openings that console us in fiction. KINGS OF THE ROD. Kings of the Rod, Rifle, and Gun. By "Thormanby." London: Hutchinson & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 1901. 2 vols., 8vo. With portraits and illustra- tions. The above title fails to indicate the most interesting features of a series of biog- raphies which include men far better known in other departments of life than that of sport, together with many details and in- cidents of general interest hitherto unpub- lished. There are twenty-five of these sketches — among others, of Walton and Cotton; the Rev. W. B. Daniel, author of 'Rural Sports,' Col. Peter Hawker, Chris- topher North, Sir Humphry Davy, William Scrope, Sir Samuel Baker, Landseer, Mil- lais. The article on Walton and Cotton, which follows "The Fathers of Angling," is second in information and interest to none of the many which preface the Waltonian editions or have an independent existence. "Thormanby" thinks Cotton to have been incomparably a better sportsman than his friend Walton, and that it was marvellous to find two men, so utterly dissimilar in their lives and character, firm and affec- tionate friends. Walton, except for his amiable and interesting tendency to draw the long bow, which probably came from his excessive credulity, was a man of the most exemplary character and pure life. "I love such mirth," he says, "as does not make friends ashamed to look upon one another next morning." Cotton, on the con- trary, was a "roystering, dissipated, reck- less young squire," who says on one occa- sion in his later life: "I speak it with tears: I've been a toss-pot these twenty good years, And have drunk as much liquor as made me a debtor." Withal, Cotton was a "generous, free- handed, big-hearted gentleman, whose pvirse, cellar, and larder were ever at the disposal of a friend." He assist- ed the luckless poet Richard Lovelace for years, rescuing him twice from prison, and, towards the end of Lovelace's life, when near poverty himself, sending him twenty shillings weekly as he lay slowly dying. That interesting character, so dear to Scotsmen as an author and angler, Thomas

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478 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 Tod Stoddart, is the subject of a most in- teresting fifty pages. One of his best an- gling songs, "The Taking of the Salmon," is apparently misquoted; at least, "Thor- manby's" version is quite different from and inferior to that in Stoddart's 'An Angler's Rambles and Angling Songs.' Stoddart was a friend of Professor Wilson, who has im- mortalized his famous "Gaelic Sermon" in 'Noctes Ambrosianse.' Stoddart did not know a word of Gaelic, but he once heard an eloquent Highland minister deliver a sermon in that tongue in such a dramatic and impressive way that he grasped the meaning; and so great was his power of mimicry that he was able to reproduce every gesture and sound with such marvel- lous fidelity that a party of Highland drov- ers who overheard him give the sermon to some friends on board the Clansman (that historic craft), listened entranced, never doubting it was Gaelic they heard. The essay on "Christopher North" is a fitting tribute to that remarkable man, and full of fascinating details of his versatile accomplishments. No kind of sport or amusement seemed amiss to him. When at Oxford he jumped twenty-three feet, across the Cherwell, which was unbeaten until six years ago; and in his day there was no one in the three kingdoms who could approach him as a jumper. As a boxer, "Thormanby" says: "He was one of the best amateurs of his day, and no under- graduate of his time could take a diploma in boxing unless Wilson had tried him and awarded him a certificate of merit." On one occasion a professional pugilist of note obstructed Wilson's passage across a bridge. "Will you fight me?" exclaimed the angry undergraduate. "You'd better not try that game on, mister. I'm Tom So- and-so." "I don't care who you are, come on." Then each put up his fists, and at it they went. The professional was licked, and as he surlily gave in, said: "You must cither be the devil or Jack Wilson of Mag- dalen." "The latter, at your service," quoth the victor, and the pair of them adjourned to a neighboring tavern and quaffed a friendly pot of porter together. Among Wilson's pedestrian feats was a night walk from London to Oxford in nine hours, from Liverpool to Elleray, his home, within twenty-four hours, a distance of about eighty miles; and from Kelso to Edinburgh, forty miles, to attend a public dinner. As a shot he was equally eminent. In 'Recre- ation' he tells of having killed fifty grouse in fifty successive shots, one bird to each shot. In angling, however, Wilson found his greatest and most enduring delight, and this pastime he kept up until the end of his out-of-door life. Even in his later hours, his daughter says: "It was an af- fecting sight to see him busy, nay quite ab- sorbed, with the fishing-tackle scattered about his bed, propped up with pillows — his noble head yet glorious with its flow- ing locks carefully combed by attentive hands, and falling each side of his unfaded face." "The Cokes of Holkham" is really de- voted to Thomas William Coke, afterwards Earl of Leicester, "the father of modern agriculture." When member of Parliament, Coke was of the minority who voted against the American War, in 1776, and he moved and presented the petition to the King for the Independence of the colonies. In recog- nition of this, Mr. Stephenson, (be United States Ambassador, paid a visit to Holk- ham, for the purpose of offering, in the name of his countrymen, their "grateful acknowledgment to the man who had acted so early and so noble a part in vindication of America." Coke's numerous and success- ful experiments in scientific agriculture, which resulted in the transformation of his estate of 44,000 acres of poor and barren soil into the richest arable land in Norfolk, and in an increase of annual rental from £2,000 to £20,000, were the prime incentive to the advanced agricultural methods now prevailing in England. As a sportsman Mr. Coke was considered the best game shot of his day. Among his feats was that of killing 82 partridges in 84 shots, and it was at Holkham that the famous sculptor Chantrey performed his memorable feat of killing two woodcock at one shot, which was considered the more remarkable as he had but one eye, and that the left one. When sixty-eight years old, and for twenty-one years a widower, Mr. Coke married his goddaughter, a girl of eighteen and a daughter of the Earl of Albemarle. By her he had five sons and a daughter, and the eldest of the sons is the present Earl of Leicester, succeeding his father, on whom the title was conferred when he was eighty- three years of age. The exploits of Lord Kennedy and Capt. Horatio Ross were almost entirely of a sporting nature, but their recital intro- duces many interesting details of life in Britain in the early part of this century. George Osbaldiston is alluded to, but, rather strangely, a sketch of him is omitted, though it is not missed amid the wealth of other good matter. Sir Humphry Davy, we learn, used to go fishing in an entire suit of green cloth, which he thought from its color more likely to elude the observation of the fish; and his brother says, as to his patience and perseverance: "I remember fishing with him from early dawn to twi- light in the River Awe, in June, for salm- on, with little interruption, without rais- ing a fish." This must have meant sixteen to eighteen hours at least of hard, fruitless labor. Sir Richard Sut- ton, so eminent as a Master of Hounds, was at the same time a wonderful shot, as the following anecdote will show: He was once sitting on his shoot- ing pony during a shower, with his gun In his right hand and an umbrella over his head in his left, when a covey of birds rose at about thirty yards' distance. Without losing hold of the umbrella, Sir Richard killed a bird with each barrel. In the sketch of Alexander Russel of the Scotsman, who, "Thormanby" says, was "something far more than a great editor: he was the greatest Scottish force of his generation; greater even than Norman Macleod or Thomas Guthrie, because he appealed to the Scottish head as well as to the Scottish heart," this story is told: "On one of his fishing holidays, Russel met a clergyman with whom he had the following colloquy: 'Do you ever fish?' asked the editor of the Scotsman. 'Yes,' replied the man in black, with a peculiarly sanctimonious smile, 'but I do not fish for salmon or trout, I am only a fisher of men.' 'I am afraid,' rejoined Russel, 'you don't make much of it, then, for I looked into your creel on Sunday, and there was very little in it.' " With this we will end our notice of two captivating volumes, the half of whose rich- ness still remains untouched. They are well worth reading by any one fond of sport and of reminiscences of well-known and slightly known personages, charmingly told. FAMOUS BRITISH HOMES. More Famous Homes of Great Britain and their Stories. — Other Famous Homes of Great Britain and their Stories. Edited by A. H. Malan. Illustrated. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. 1900. Pp. xx-f- 337. 1901. Pp. xxv+ 352. Two years ago we reviewed in these col- umns the first volume of this series, and there are now before us the second and third, whose titles are the same as that of the first, with merely an addition of the words "More" and "Other." Each volume is, in fact, composed of wnoily separate pa- pers treating of wholly distinct individual subjects, namely, the different great man- sions of England; and these papers are by many different authors. Much the greater number are by the editor, A. H. Malan, but others are by the owners of the great houses in question or by persons closely connected with them. Thus, Knole is described by Lord Sackville, the owner; Glamis by Lady Glamis; Mount Edgcumbe by Lady Ernes- tine Edgcumbe, and Rufford Abbey by Lord Savile. As the essays differ greatly from each other, so do the illustrations, for Wil- ton House, which is described by the Count- ess of Pembroke, is illustrated by sixteen photographs, to which must be added two other photographs of famous paintings in the house; whereas the immensely impor- tant subject of Knole and its contents has but one photographic illustration, and is otherwise rendered in reproductions of drawings which, however accurate, are not at all the same thing as photographs when it comes to' questions of delicate seventeenth- century furniture and decoration. There is one interesting feature which seems worthy of mention — the table of contents, in which a brief summary of what Is notable concern- ing each home is given, and the position of the author with relation to the building named. An additional good quality is to be made much of, namely, that, although the pa- pers are of such a character that they would almost seem destined to be wordy and "gushing," this fault is conspicuous by its absence. How the editor has contrived to per- suade his noble contributors to write sim- ply and modestly about their own mansions, and how he has managed himself to avoid undue emphasis in his treatment of the buildings and their contents, In spite of the influence of the powerful families control- ling them, must remain unexplained, except by his own reputation for good taste and dignity as a critic. In short, the series, consisting now of three large octavo vol- umes, with hundreds of illustrations, is to be accepted with far greater confidence than the look of the thing, or the title, would lead one to give to a work of such a character. Books about "Gentlemen's Seats" are usual- ly such dreadful rubbish that it is very hard to shift the mental attitude and to accept the books before us as really valuable contri- butions to the architectural history of Eng- land and Scotland, as well as to that very curious and elusive study called Family His- tory. Each volume contains twelve essays, and is concerned with twelve mansions, and It

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Dec. 19, 1901] The Nation. 4=79 seems worth while to name them. The fol- lowing, then, have been treated by the editor, namely, Blickling Hall, Cotehele, Longleat, Naworth Castle, and Inverary, all in the second volume of theseries; andin the third volume, Dunvegan rlone. By persons closely connected with the houses described are the papers on Knole in Kent; Glamis, with its mystery known only to the Earl of the day, his eldest son, and one confi- dant; Levens Hall in Westmoreland; Mount Edgcumbe at Plymouth, beloved by Charles Kingsley; Wilton House in Wiltshire; Ruf- ford Abbey in Nottinghamshire; Compton Wynyates, described by Miss Alice Dryden; Wollaton, the house with the lofty hall ris- ing like a tower above the other buildings, described by Lady Middloton; Castle Brom- wich, by the Countess of Bradford; Castle Howard, a famous piece cf classical design- ing, the masterwork of Vanbrugh, by Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower; Osterley Park, near London, by the Countess of Jersey; Clumber in Nottinghamshire, by the Duchess of Newcastle; Audley End, by Elizabeth J. Savile; Dunrobin Castle, by the same author as Castle Howard; Stoneleigh, in Warwickshire; Dalkeith Palace in Scot- land, St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall, and Stowe in Buckinghamshire, each by some person closely connected with the estate it- self. All of those papers which we have as yet had time to examine arc written in a simple and pleasant style, and, though dif- fering greatly in merit, when considered as instructive accounts of a great building and its contents, or as pieces of English his- tory, are still worthy of their place in a col- lection which maintains a proper standard of literary merit. One has to be a student of art to appre- ciate to the full the extraordinary gathering of treasures which certain ones of these great houses offer to the visitor. We can- not help returning to Knole as being th--> well-known shelter of the greatest collec- tion of ancient furniture in England. Not only are the carved cabinets and sideboards and ponderous tables of old time carefully preserved, but the upholstery of James I.'s reign is in place, the crimson velvet turned gray, and even more lovely for the change, the passementerie and tassels tarnished, but in perfect preservation. Paintings of very considerable importance, not all of them family portraits, hang on the walls of the long gallery, and the ball-room, and the drawing-room. Recent centuries have add- ed to the ancient stock of artistic treas- ures a collection of porcelain, a collection of furniture by the famous makers of the eighteenth century, tapestry and gorgeous silks. And all this is housed in a castellat- ed structure enclosing two greater and sev- eral smaller courts, and adorned within by the fitting decoration of staircases, screens, plaster ceilings, oak wainscotings, and the like to an extent and with a uniformity of excellence that makes the house more than a museum — that makes it something which America has not yet seen, and may never I see: a palace perfect in itself and in its appointments. Osterley Park is almost altogether an eighteenth-century mansion, so completely was it remodelled by the famous Robert Adam and his brothers. Grandeur, there- fore, is not what this mansion pretends to; but order, symmetry, the dignity of reserve, are all given you in Osterley, and it is es- pecially fortunate that we have these eight photographs of the house within and with- out, inasmuch as a house so near London as this is must needs be kept shut up and shown to visitors only under exceptional circumstances. It is, moreover, ignored by the guidebooks, which deal with every county in England except Middlesex, while Middlesex is lost in London, and all extra- metropolitan regions are ignored. Audley End is an unspoiled Elizabethan mansion, although it is not now exactly as it was first built between 1600 and 1615; and here are pictures of singular impor- tance, the portraits alone being of merit sufficient to make the house famous, while the pictures in the long gallery prevent the curious visitor from seeing the extraordi- nary display of treasures in cases and on tables which this long room also presents. At Dalkeith Palace is Reynolds's "Pink Boy," not necessarily painted, as tradition has it, in competition with Gainsborough's painting having a similar name, but inter- esting enough by itself; and here are other paintings, too, in great numbers, which for- tunately have interested the photographer so much that a large number of them are given in very tolerable half-tones. All these, and many other portable treasures of art, are enshrined here within the most sombre and unattractive eighteenth-cen- tury house that can be imagined, but its gravity may be thought to suit the rainy climate which is given to the neighborhood of the "gray metropolis of the north"; and certainly the noble trees which reach al- most to Edinburgh are there for our ad- miration if the exterior of the house itself be unattractive. In this manner is given a much needed addition to the ordinary architectural his- tories such as we have had to review in re- cent numbers of this journal; with the sin- gle exception, noted in our review of two years ago, that no plans of the stories are to be had, nor even, except in one or two cases where there has been copied an old print in bird's-eye view, anything which can give the student a general sense of what the building is. This is the more to be regretted because few are the books in which any of these plans can be found. One folio volume known by the misappro- priated title, 'Vitruvius Britannicus,' and published in 1847, gives plans of Woburn Abbey, Hatfield House, Hardwicke Hall, and Cassiobury Park. Sutton Place, Guild- ford, is given in a series of measured draw- ings in connection with Frederick Harri- son's admirable monograph, 'Annals of an Old Manor House.' Shaw's 'Elizabethan Architecture' offers a few partial plans; and further aid is afforded by the recent folio books of Belcher and Macartney, and Gotch, as well as in Blomfield's 'History of Renaissance Architecture in England,' though the plans here are usually taken from drawings in old collections, and are not of necessity up to date. In fact, the same curious indifference to their own na- tional archaeology which is characteristic of Englishmen of thought ana research, and which has been the cause of almost no ruined abbeys or partly destroyed castles having been studied spade in hand by any investigator, allows a valuable book such as this to appear without the essential in- formation to be had only from measured drawings. There is, of course, to be con- sidered the natural reluctance of the occu- pants of a home, however stately, to have the arrangements of their sitting-rooms made clear to the world; but the reluc- tance is easy to overcome in most cases, and would disappear of itself in the face of anything like a serious interest in the architectural problems involved in the plan and structure of these ancient mansions. Hi mines of Fiction. By W. D. Howells. Harper & Brothers. These two volumes constitute Mr. How- ells's most extensive and important con- tribution to critical literature. Though the Heroines receive particular attention, he really passes in review the whole work of the most distinguished English novelists, from Richardson to Mrs. Ward, including in their company a few Americans. It is a case where the distinction between Eng- lish and American must be noted, because the author's point of view compels its recognition, and is itself, perhaps, most acutely the distinction. What comes out most sharply is the American view of the right use of fiction, of its importance in literature, and of the methods by which its best and most enduring effects may be at- tained. This is the view which Mr. Howells would perhaps most wish to emphasize; but one consequence of his attitude, wheth- er deliberately or unconsciously taken, is that his judgment of English novelists is, in several directions, and especially with reference to their art, or want of it, more interesting as the judgment of a foreigner passionately attached to his own canons of art, than just in the way that even a less appreciative and approving English- man could be just. The difference underlying disagreement about the values of aesthetic principles and artistic methods seems to rest, if not on a scant sympathy with the people by and pri- marily for whom English fiction is (or at least has been) written, certainly on an imperfect understanding. To Mr. Howells the novel appears the most serious and im- portant form of literature, and its function is to represent life (limited by the de- cencies) with accurate and unsparing truth. "Thackeray," he says (more in sorrow than in anger), "would talk of fiction as fable- land, when he ought to have known it and proclaimed it the very home of truth." To make the novel a thing of worth and beauty there is, he contends, only one method, the objective, impersonal method. The author's business is to represent. He must not intrude directly his personal opinions or feelings; he must not explain his characters or action, or comment upon them; he must just fling a bit of life with- out notes at the reader and leave him to make what he likes or what he can out of it. Very little stress should be laid on what the people in this bit of life do; they should, indeed, do nothing, if possible, be- cause, through a representation of psy- chological states, the mystery of being may be more positively declared and the novel elevated to a proper supremacy among literary forms. In respect to the use of the novel, Mr. Howells expresses the prevailing view of the American public; and in respect to the art, he expresses the American literary view derived from the French. Whether these views are the soundest, best, and final, and should, therefore, be vehemently urged for universal acceptance, is arguable, but must

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480 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 be left to combative spirits with plenty of space at their disposal. Here we can find fault with them only in their bearing on Mr. Howells's judgments of some great English novelists, in their relation to his reiterated belief that those novelists would have been greater if they had cherished such views and conscientiously illustrated them, and in their constant provocation of his surprise that novelists with a some- what frivolous conception of their voca- tion, practising false, blundering, ridicu- lous, even vicious methods, ever achieved any greatness at all. This judgment seems to us most interesting and faulty because, as we have said, it implies failure of in- timacy with Anglo-Saxons at home, and has the quality of a foreign judgment. It Is not a question of a degree of greatness that transcends the limit of race and language and defies time, but of that inferior degree appealing chiefly to one race and influenc- ing most profoundly one generation. The English people at home are romantic and sentimental in action, very staid and pro- saic in opinion. They like to do without reasoning why; and, in their novels, which they regard primarily as a means of dis- traction, they seek a reflection of their temperament. They demand that things shall be kept going at a pace; they have very little curiosity about mental states, and psychology is an amusement or fad tolerated in a small class but past under- standing of the general. They are keen on the story, and, if there must be edification or reflection or moralizing, they like the author to give it in doses. They then know where to skip without loss. To the cry of art in prose they are indecently cal- lous, whereas in poetry they respond to it instinctively. The great novelists of the nineteenth century did not spring from the aristocracy or from an exclusive literary class. They belonged to the people, and the methods they adopted were their natural methods through which they could express them- selves most clearly, and by which their public could be most readily and profoundly Influenced. We cannot agree with Mr. How- ells that Sir Walter Scott, Dickens, and Thackeray would have been greater had they been different, or that they would have delighted to write in conformity with mod- ern Continental and American theories of art, if only they had known how. English prose has indeed always thriven in a state of anarchy as to art, and an English au- thor, like an English judge, has always the privilege of establishing a precedent. The novelists especially have used this privilege, instinctively yielding to the will of the people, knowing, perhaps, that an arbitrary method would result only in their rejection as alien, and that, if they should insist on writing by rule, they would be read only by a limited class, while their greatness would be a matter to be searched for by posterity in library shelves, between the cracking covers of a first and only edition. It is not possible to go into the personal preferences and prejudices expressed by Mr. Howells, though they are, of course, worth reflection and contradiction. He ex- tends greater leniency than of old to Sir Walter Scott, but cannot help showing how much he dislikes the spirit of that con- scienceless romancer's work and despises his method. He cannot, however, bring himself to speak tolerantly of Thackeray's 'Esmond,' nor to see the use and beauty of an aristocracy; while towards the Stuarts, especially Prince Charlie, he maintains an austere contempt, an implacable hostility. In his selection of heroines of American fiction, Mr. Howells's obligation to ignore his own constitutes a great loss to the in- terest and completeness of his volumes. "Novelists," he remarks repeatedly, "are great in proportion to the accuracy and fulness with which they portray women." Again we hear the national note, and, as we recall Mr. Howells's numerous and ad- mirable portraits of women, we feel no in- clination to disown or qualify it. The volumes are profusely and, on the whole, agreeably illustrated, though, like the text, the point of view is sometimes too national to do the subject justice. The Vicar of Wakefield's Sophia is endowed with aggressively modern and American beauty, and to Gwendoline Harlett is given an air and a bodice like unto those of the up-to-date girls of Life's society le- gends. The Fireside Sphinx. By Agnes Repplier. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1901. The cat was created in the Ark, as the legend goes; and the Garden of Eden, where the comforts of home were incompletely organized, lacked the small inscrutable god- dess of the hearth in whose honor Miss Repplier has compiled these entertaining chapters. The Egyptians, true to their love of all animals, literally adored dogs and cats. "When the family cat dies," says Herodotus, 'they shave the eyebrows; when the dog dies, they shave the whole body and head." The Greeks, from Odysseus down, loved the dog, but Pussy came late to ornament Greek civilization. She was a caprice even then, not a necessary, as we see from the lament of the lover who lost his mistress because he would not buy her a kitten. We quote Graham Tomson's charming version: "Arsinoe the fair, the a mber- tressed, Is mine DO mere; Cold as tbe unsunned snows are is her breast. And closed her door. No more her Ivor; feet and tresses braided Make glad mine eyes; Snapt are my vie] -strings, my flowers are faded. My love-lamp dies. A little lion, small and dainty-sweet (For such there be!). With sea-grey eyes and softly stepping feet, she prayed of me. For this, through lands Egyptian far away. She bade me pass: But. In an evil hour, I said her nay; And now. alas! Far-travelled NlclaB hath wooed and wen Arsinoe. With gifts of furry creatures, white and dun, From over sea." The rejected youth probably shared the cynicism of the Greek in the comedy who says to an Egyptian acquaintance: "We really have nothing In common; if you see a sick cat, you shed tears, while my only thought is to kill it and get the skin." The mediaeval cat was rather feared than loved, and Miss Repplier's sprightly t;ih<s of her persecution are sad reading. Not oven to-day has the cat wholly tri- umphed over her past. The pampered minority may tyrannize over the modern household as they tyrannized over the meek Egyptians; but you have only to watch a cat cross a street to realize that she has acquired that distrust and shrinking cau- tion through the persecutions of all the centuries. The cat has long been the cher- ished companion of the literary man. It is a far cry from Cowper to Baudelaire; but, if they have not a single other idea in common, their feeling for the fireside Sphinx makes them kin. Cowper's affec- tion was of course admirably regulated. Baudelaire's passion for cats touched the grotesque. When he entered a friend's house he was "restless and uneasy" till he had seen the cat, and his exaggerated ecstasies over "mon beau chat" sometimes alienate our sympathy. But the verse from "Lies Chats" that Miss Repplier has plac- ed on her title-page appeals to all for whom a favorite cat is the essential orna- ment of the library fireside: "Ives amoureux fervents ot les savants austeres Ainient egalement. dans leur mure saison, Les chats puissants et doux, orgueil de la maison, Qui comme eux sont frileux, et comme eux seclen- taires." Miss Repplier's book is entirely popular in its treatment, and is written in a tone that will endear it to all lovers of cats. We think that the illustrations, in these days of photography, might have been made more interesting. The frontispiece is a most appealing cat, but, for the rest, the book would be quite as attractive without them. China in Convulsion. By Arthur H. Smith. Fleming H. Revell Co. The difference between a personal and even romantic narrative of adventure writ- ten hastily on the spot by an enterprising traveller, and the sober record of one who has had twenty-eight years of experience and close observation, with accurate scholarship and leisure to correct hasty judgments, is shown when Landor and Smith are compared. Those who want reading for pleasure only must and will have Landor's 'China and the Allies.' Those who would know just what did happen will read 'China in Convulsion.' Dr. Smith's equipment for his work is sufficiently stat- ed when the fact is grasped that he is the author of 'Chinese Characteristics' and 'Village Life in China.' The element of personal adventure is sufficiently prominent in his having seen and noted the genesis of the Boxer movement, in living through the siege in Peking, in being a witness of what afterwards took place, beholding both Peking and Tientsin in transformation, and last, but not least, able to talk with hun- dreds of native survivors. The two volumes are copiously illustrated with maps and in- dex. It is fortunate for the reader who attacks these portly volumes that the author's style is so clear, straightforward, and_ rich in literary graces. Yet, though strong in chastened rhetoric, Dr. Smith does not sacrifice facts to attractive statements. His knowledge of the background of events en- ables him to interpret them clearly, and with sufficient effectiveness. He is not only a narrator of events, but also a philosophic historian. His balance and judicial-minded- ness are seen in his frankly facing the facts. He does not deny the disturbing nature of Christianity itself, or the effect upon the Chinese of the presence of civil and mili- tary avengers from Christendom, with their almost indiscriminate looting and indul- gence of elemental passions. Further, he feels, even if he does not flatly express, his geographical limitations, which are shown in his restricted view. Without attempting to discuss the whole question of the Chi- nese Empire before the world, his view is

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Dec. 19, 1 90 1 J The Nation. 481 confined, too much, we think, to northern China and the region ot Peking. Despite his intention and ability to be fair all round, there are some things which an out- sider can see perhaps even more plainly. It seerrs quite clear now that, whether on account of the unintentional precipita- tion of the Boxer movement or otherwise, the whole series of events of the summer of 1900 is rather a matter belonging to northern China — an affair of Boxers and Mantchus — than a movement of "all the Chinas." Certainly, in the middle and southern parts of the empire, where reform, at least in intellectual conviction, has made more solid progress, where the Mantchu rule is less accepted, and the Mantchu dynasty most bitterly hated, there have been few signs of commotion or sympathy with either the Peking mandarins or the red-sashed Boxers. Having frankly declared the limitations, along with manifest excellencies which time will only reveal more fully, we are now pre- pared to look at the contents of the book, which we have read with pleasure, and we confess with a little pride that the author Is an American, albeit not a lover of Rus- sian policy; withal counting that China has been extraordinarily fortunate in having so plausible a defender in Minister Wu of Washington. Of the thirty-eight chapters in the two volumes, thirteen are devoted to the causes of the convulsion of 1900. Dr. Smith treats of the remoter sources of an- tipathy of Chinese to foreigners. He shows that the normal mind of an orthodox Chi- nese is very much like that of those Chris- tians of the Middle Ages, and later, who considered the "deposit" of faith divinely perfect, that they were the guardians of It, that originality of thought or any inno- vation of custom was not only blasphemy and sin, but in itself heresy, rebellion, and anarchy. As the logical fruit of mediaeval Christian orthodoxy was the Inquisition with its unspeakable horrors, men like Philip II., and the slaughter of heretics, so from the Chinese mind antipathy, and, through provocation, violence and murder, are logically bred. Whereas we foreigners see the three religions of China, Confu- cianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, as distinct and separated cults, they exist in the aver- age Chinese mind as but one amalgam. Whether Boxerism sprang out of Confucian- ism, or, as Landor would dogmatically as- sert, from Buddhism, or more immediate- ly from the old superstition and witchcraft which underlie all formal or book religions In China, it is certain that the Mantchu mandarins, especially, were too happy to use the convenient weapon to rid China once and for all of disturbing influences. By extirpating not only Christianity but all things alien, they hoped to insulate China from the shock of change. Dr. Smith demonstrates that, besides trou- bles from Protestants and Catholics, anti- foreign riots, and anti-foreign propaganda which, as early as 1890, was laid open to public view by the scholarly researches of the Rev. Timothy Richards, there were the "commercial intrusion" and the "territo- rial aggression," which convinced so strong a reformer as Li Hung Chang that foreign- ers were, in their morals, and notably in their greed, no better than Chinese. With masterly grasp and insight, the author de- scribes the reaction against the reform which had been begun by the Emperor, ad- vised by Kang Yu Wei. The genesis of the Boxer movement and the gathering of the storm are finely pictured. Dr. Smith makes clear the close collusion between the Box- er leaders and the Empress and Mantchu mandarins. Then follow fifteen chapters, describing the siege and rescue, given in smooth narrative, after laborious digest of details. Those on the punishment of Pe- king, the capital in transformation, the ruin of Tung-Chou, and Tientsin after the siege are wonderfully interesting. Not the least valuable part of the work is that containing the personal narratives of native Christians from various places in the zone of disturbance. These are mod- est, and notably free from hysteria and heated rhetorical reports. They give a fresh revelation of the staying powers and in- trinsic manhood of the Chinese, and open a new chapter in the annals of modern Christianity. The author confesses freely, with the shame that all civilized men must feel, the folly and cruelty in which the soldiers of "Christian" nations indulged. He does not spare exposure of the thieving propensities of civilians and tourists, nor does he hesitate to brand as abominable shams some of the so-called military and punitive expeditions of the Germans. He is firm in his conviction that more pun- ishment ought to have been meted out to the native offenders in high office. Nevertheless, acknowledging all these drawbacks without stint, and not palliating their evil effects on the native mind, Dr. Smith is an incorrigible optimist as to the future. China can never be the old China that she was, but must move into a new and better life. Not that the author has any faith whatever in a mere importation of "funded civilization" in the form of steam- ships, railways, and telegraphs. In them- selves, these have no regenerating quali- ty, but are simply disturbing forces, des- titute of all ethical value, occasioning more evils than they remedy. It is true of the Chinese, more than of any other non- Christian people, that they have never been profoundly moved by other than moral forces. When the tumult of fighting, and the inevitable divisions among foreigners, whose union is feebleness, are over, mortal forces will resume their sway. In short, one rises from this book, not only with the impression that it is a masterwork, but that the Chinese people are thoroughly human beings— no better, no worse, than those who call themselves Christians; and that honesty and unselfishness in work devoted to them are no more lost than the same ethical and philanthropic energy de- voted to human beings elsewhere. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. \vres R. F. Four-Footed Folk. R. H. Russell. Bateman, C. T. G. F. Watts. (Bell's Miniature Series of Painters.) London: George Bell & Suns; New York: Macmillan. 50 cents. Madame de Lamballe. God- frey A. s. Wieners. $1.50. Annie, i: .listianity. John Lane. Bryce, James. Studies iu History aud Jurispru- dence Henry Frowde. Caxton Series of Reprints: (1) Tennyson's In Me- im; (2) La Motte-Fouque. Undine and Asluuga's Knight. London: George Newnes; New York: Scribners. $1.20 each. Chinnock. E. J. A Few Notes on Julian. London: David Nutt. Is. Gd. Cliulili. E. W. English Words. Syracuse: C. 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482 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1903 New Books for the Discriminating THOMAS'S LIFE AND WORKS OF SCHILLER Illustrated. 83.25 net. (Postage 21c.) MRS. CONKLIN'S AMERICAN POLITICAL HISTORY To the Death of Lincoln. Popularly Told. $1.50 net. (Postage 14c. ) BEERS'S ENGLISH ROMANTICISM XVIII Century, $3. XIX Century, $1.75 net. (Postage 15c.) CHAMPLIN'S YOUNG FOLKS' CYCLOP/EDIA OF LITERATURE AND ART With 270 illustrations. S2.50. BENNET'S THYRA. illustrated. |1.50. MRS. RHYS'S WOOING OF SHEILA SI. 50. MRS. WOCDS SHOULDER STRAPS AND SUN BONNETS. 11.50 Henry Holt & Co., 29 W. BSD ST., NEW YORK. Uo JSusers of Cboice JSoobs ! 3, m Bouton, to Mest 28tb Street Unvitce tbe attention of collectors of rare ano cbotce boohs to bfs unrfvaleo stoch, embracing Stan&arD, jfinc art anb flllustrateb TKflorfcs, JEarlv fl>rfnt= eb $3oohs, miumlnateb rtbfesals anb /Iftes. JBoofcs Uluetrateb by Crulft= sbanft, Xeccb, TPbi^ anb TRowlanbson. jErtra flllustrateb Jfioohs anb cboice JBfnblnqs b? tbe most famous JEngllsb anb forelqn workmen. THE TIMES AND YOUNG MEN. By Dr. JosiBLh Strong, Author of " Our Country." " Expansion," etc. 121710, Cloth, net, 75c A simple philosophy of life for young people. Dr. Strong's position and style are well known. In this book he discusses the great social laws which must be obeyed if social ills are to cease, and applies these laws to the everyday problems in the lives of all young people THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., New York. i ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers In old and Bare Books and M»»B. CATALOOUH 07 just published fully illustrated, and sent post free on application Kare Editions. Early Printed Rooks. Illuminated Manu- scripts. Fine Bindings, ancient and modern. I'ulaskl. In the state 01 Tennessee, will begin closing up Its affairs on December 81st nun An note-holders and other creditors of said association are therefore hereby untitled to present the notes ami other claims ugali st the said association for payment October 1st, 1001. N. A. CROCKETT. Cashier The Fairy "BooKs of Extelyn Sharp ROUND Illustrated by ALICE B. WOOD WARD THE WORLD TO WYMPLAND 12mo. $1.25 net. Times Saturday Reviw : "She knows the whole geography of Fairyland, and all about its people and their ways. Each story in its succession has a perfect charm." Illustrated by NELLIE SYRETT THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SUN 4to. §1.50. Kenneth Orahame: " Miss Sharp has wit, wisdom, and imagination for her initial equipment, but she possesses also what is rarer far— the accent and the point of view. For instance, she would never introduce a bicycle into this old-fashioned country. 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An experience of twenty-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for in- vestment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. We buy and sell bills of exchange and make Cable transfers of money on Europe, Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and issue Commercial and Travellers' Credits available In all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. LETTERS OF CREDIT BROWN BROTHERS & CO., NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Travel. Travel. BRITISH MEDITERRANEAN SERVICE DOMINION LINE BOSTON TO S.S. Commonwealth (New twin-screw, 13,000 tons) GIBRALTAR, NAPLES, GENOA AND ALEXANDRIA, E6YPT S.S. New England (via Algiers) (11.800 tons) S.S. 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Is becoming the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of population employed in profitable production largest of any Western city. Superior in climate and commercial promise. My specialty the care of properties and mak- ing investments for non-residents. Home, Eastern, and Foreign references. Established in 1879. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Colo. ARE YOU considering a new location or to increase your present facilities of manufacturing? If so MILWAUKEE, WIS., offers you that chance. It is rapidly being recognized as the Philadelphia of the West. Many of Milwaukee's manufacturers have their offices In Chicago. Goods ordered by Phone or Wire as late as six o'clock In the evening are placed at the doors of the Chicago mer- chants as earlv as six o'clock next morning. Come and see for yourself. It is one of the handsomest residence cities of this country. It is the city of homes. Correspondence solicited. v BENJ. M. WEIL SONS & CO., Real Estate and Investment Brokers, Milwaukee, Wis. Lenroot & Jerrard WEST SUPERIOR, WIS., CAREFUL MANAGERS OF REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY INTERESTS, Have facilities for handling a few select accounts for Investors who appreciate skill and conservatism in se- lection and administration. OOINQ ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? Send for "Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad." LEYLAND LINE Sailing Regularly, Boston— Liverpool — London. Immense new steamers. First Cabin, $40, $45, upwards, depending on steamer. "Lancastri- an," Dec. 25 ; " Devonian," Jan. 1 ; " Cestrian," Jan. 8 ; " Winifredian," Jan. 15; " Philadelphian," Jan. 33; "Iberian," to London, Dec. 28. F. O. HOUGHTON & CO., Oen'l Agents. 115 State Street, Boston. Financial. SAFE MARGINS for the mojt EXACTING INVESTOR! My life has been devoted to the study of property values in Minneapolis. Am in a position to give you the benefit of expertness in placing investments where botn security and fair percentage may be relied upon. An opportunity is solicited of presenting facts which in- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wetmore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. GEORGE AND COMPANyT Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite investigation of their methods of conserving the interests of Investors. A successful record In the selection of income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds in substantial productive business properties. Refer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. Kansas City, Mo. The present condition of Kansas City is exactly suita- ble for purchase of city property. Prices of to-day guarantee appreciable increase. There is no surer city in the United States for investors to make money in 1 real estate. We have been identified with the real-estate Interests of this city during Its steadily healthy growth and would like to tell a few Eastern investors how others have made money here, and how any one with a reasonably unprejudiced mind can do the same. Choice loans on hand for sale at 5 and 6 per cent, in- terest. Our responsibility is unquestioned. Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co.

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VI The ISTation. [Vol. 73, No. 190; je*^##^*****^^^»^»*^***^**^*^****#*^******#* ************ PAGE'S LEADING GIFT BOOKS A History of American Art By S. Hartmann, author of "Shakespeare in Art," etc. , Illustrated witK sixty-six fvill-page plates. Two volumes, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $4.00. Same, three-quarters levant. $10.00. This work rills the place which has long been waiting for an authoritative history of Ameri- can art, and it furnishes an almost exhaustive list, with biographical notices, of our American painters, sculptors, and engravers, from the earliest days to the present. Beautiful Women in Art Translated from French of Armand Dayot by H. Twitchell Illustrated with sixty-six full-page pieces. Two volumes, 12mo, cloth, gilt top, $4.00. Three-quarters levant morocco, $10.00. These two volumes deal with the most beau- tiful women of history, whose physical charms have been celebrated either in stone or upon canvas Beginning with the Dark Ages, the art of each country is treated of, up to the well- known portraits of the present day. The Story of a Young Han Being a Life of Christ. By CLIFFORD HOWARD. Illustrated with eighteen beautiful drawiDgs by W. L. Taylor and T. Guernsey Moore. Cloth, decorative, bevelled edges, gilt top, printed throughout in red and black, boxed &2. 50 The same, three-quarters levant, boxed 5.00 " It has been my privilege to examine this story in manuscript, and I can assure those who may wish to read It that it is accurate in its statements, vivid and picturesque In its style, free from cant, and entirely reverent and earnest in spirit."— Rev. Ajiobt H. Beadfokd. Our Devoted Friend, the Dog By SARAH K. BOLTON, author of "Girls Who Have Become Famous," etc. One vol., large 12mo, illustrated with nearly 100 reproductions from original photographs, 450 pages, gilt top, cloth, decorative, $1.50. Every one who cares for dogs — and who does not?— will appreciate this beautiful book, with its valu- able information, numerous stories and anecdotes, and wealth of illustration. Little Pi fgri mages Among the men who have written famous books by E. F. HARKINS Among the women who have written famous books by E. F. HARKINS and C. H. L. JOHNSTON Two volumes, each illustrated with twervty full-page plates. Cloth,, decora- tive, boxed, $3.00. Threa-quarters levant, $7.00. Sold separately in cloth, if desired, unboxed, $1.50 It is hard to Imagine more charming pilgrimages than these The public Is always eager to reach the personality behind the writer; therefore the opportunity to mate the more intimate acquaintance through portrait and biographical sketch, of the many writers of famous books described in these little volumes, will be most welcome to their innumerable readers and admirers. For sale by all booksellers, or sent prepaid, on receipt of the price, by the publishers. Complete catalogue mailed free on application. L. C. PAGE & COMPANY 200 Summer St. Boston, Mass. T<wo Books by William J. Long Beasts of the Field Fowls of the Air All of Mr. Long's animal and bird stories bound in two volumes, satine cloth, stamped in full gold. Square i2mo, cloth, $1.75 per volume. Neatly boxed together, $3.50 Opinions J-rom the "Press: From Public Opinion. Nov. 14, 1901: " His [Mr. Long's] work is above all that of a close observer, and a charm of manner and delicacy of feeling make the books the work of an artist as well While imputing to birds and beasts no other faculties than they possess, the spirit of the wood land, the friendship of the author Willi all animate things, and the ease of the nanath e place Mr. Long in the front rank of nature students." From The Outlook, Nov. 23, 1901: " Mr. Long knows how the squirrel, the rabbit, the fox, and even the boar live, and he knows also how to make alluring stories for children out of this knowledge. So, too, he lays under contribu- tion for young folks' amusement the partridge, the duck, the oriole, the crow, and even the eagle. We have praised some of these sketches before ; we are glad to see them here all gathered In two pretty volumes with many pictures." GINN ®L COMPANY, PUBLISHERS Trade Department, BOSTON. 0. Men's Furnishings. Gloves. Courvoisier, Fownes, Dent Gloves. Fur Lined Gloves. Automobile Gauntlets. Coachman's Fur Capes, Collars [and Gloves. Carriage Lap Wraps and Rugs. Men's Neckwear. Imported Mufflers, English Squares, Puffs. Knots, Ties and Bows. Shirts to Measure. JOtO(Xi)w<Xll CAJ 1 Jin 6t. NEW YORK. These trade-mark crisscross ^Ines on every packaj*. Glut BARLE Perfect Breakfast PANSY FLOUR Unlike all For PARWELL & RUIN its i» STALS, ri Health Cereals. Cake and Pastry. Ask Grocers, write ertown. N. Y„ U SA. ANY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP- J± plied to out-of-town residents. Questions an- swered. Orders promptly filled. Liberal discounts, I. Baylies, 418 Putnam Ave. (Brooklyn), New York City.

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The Nation VOL. LXXIII— NO. 1 904. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1901. PRICE TEN CENTS. An Elementary Experimental Chemistry A new text. For students in high schools and junior classes in colleges as well as for private learners. By W. F. WATSON, A./Vl., Professor of Chemistry, Furman University. "A most admirable text-book; one of the best, in fact, we have ever seen on the subject The scheme of illustration can be highly commended. There are 20 full-page plates, showing all the apparatus and chemicals used in experiments. This is an entirely new plan. The text is clear, concise, and admirably written."— Scientific American, New York. " Teachers of elementary classes will do well to give this book a thorough trial."— Chem- ical News, London, Eng. Just Published. 12mo, cloth, 320 pp., 20 full-page illustrations. Price, net, $1.25. Postage 15c. A. S. BARNES & CO., 156 Fifth Avenue, New York The Collected Toems of WILLIAM WATSON With Photogravure Portrait. 12rao. Price $z.£0 net. THE LONDON SPFCTATOK: " Here Is true gold try Hie 'authentic airs' of Parnassus. The chief, tin' dominant characteristic of Mr. Watson's poetry Is felicity— ami felicity not merely of word and phrase, hut of thought He is not only happy in language, but in the Ideas which he presents and interprets " JOHN LANE, Publisher, 67 5th Ave.,N.Y. BOOKS | When calling please ask for AT riR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a book DISCOUNTS. address Mr. Oram. Before buying hooks write for quotations. An as- sortment of catalogues awl special slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 1 0 cent stamp. P. E. ORANT, Books. 33 W. 42i> ST. NEW YORK. (Mention ibis advertisement and receive a discount.) F. W. CHRISTERInT (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors;, 42115th Ave , bet Usth and 89th Pts.. New York iters of Foreign Books, Agents for the leading Paris publishers; Tauchnitz's British authors, Teuh- ureek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New hooks received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. TO BE PUBLISHED SHOR TL Y: The Oxford India Paper DICKENS. COMPLETE, WITH ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS. SEND FOB PROSPECTUS. Oxford University Press, American Branch, 9i & 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. RARE PRINTS, XVI. & XVII. Century Armor, Old Delft Ware, etc. Illustrated Catalogues sent free on application. HENRY T. 1222 Chestnut COATES & CO . Street, Philadelphia. ELLIS & ELVEY, ilers In Old and Rare Books and M8S. CATALOGUE 97 just published, fully illustrated, and sent post free on application. Rare Editions, Early Printed Books, Illuminated Manu- scripts, Fine Bindings, ancient and modern.etc, etc. <!9 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. LIMITED EDITIONS of Standard English and French Authors. On receipt of postal card specimens .of paper, 1 p illiistrnt ion and binding will be sent. KNIGHT & BROWN, 150 Fifth Ave., New York. A NEW GERMAN BOOK Just "Ready THEODOU STORM'S "IMMENSEE" Edited with Introduction and Notes, hy Riohabd Alexa.vdei: vox Mihkii nz and Anne Cbom- BIE WlLDKK. Mailing price 50 cents. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers Boston, New York, Chicago, London. Says the London 'Times of the LIFE of PASTEVR By R. VALLERY-RADOT. " It is one of the most delightful biographies of modern times." It; two handsome 8vo volumes, with a portrait frontispiece of the great scien- tist. Per set, $7.50 net; postpaid, $7.90. McCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO., Publishers, NEW YORK. r Is By the Author of ESTHER WATERS SISTER TERESA By GEORGE MOOR.E Cloth. $1.50 \ J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Philadelphia. Pocket Size Standard Novels. Thnckeray'sWorksand Dickens' and Scott's Novels. Thin paper Large type, easy to read Mze &H hy 6H incites and only )4 Inch thick. Bound In cloth, SI 00 each. Sent prepaid on receipt of price. Prospectus free on request. THOS. NELSON & SONS, 37 East 18th St., New York. A swered. Orders promptly NY BOOKS, OLD OR NEW, SUP piled to out-of-town residents Questions «n- Orders promptly filled. Liberal discounts. I. Baylies, 118 Putnam Av. 1 hrooklyn). New York City. Autobiography of a Journalist. By W. J Stillma.n. a Portraits. 2 vols.. 8T0 HOUQHTQN, MIFFLIN & CO. Bend tor 1 ata- 1 logue. Address A J CRAWFORD, 10th & Pine Streets, St. Louis, Mo OLD BOOKS AND HAGAZINES iv- 'ANTED — "Johnston's History of Cecil County, Maryland, Elkton. 18H1." J.L. SOHWABTZ, Box 594, Pittsburgh, Pa. Have You Read "A Gentleman Player," bj Robert Nellson Stevens? L. C. PAGE & CO., Boston, Mass. Twelve Trains Daily Between New York and the South via Southern Railway. The sunshine of popular favor has now set tied upon the Southern Railway; they have made their system one of the great steel highways of the world The gratitude of tourists who appreciate the acme of luxury in railroad travel is due in no small measure to this system. Their line of operation is the great highway that leads to and through the Southern States, Year hy year they have adopted every im- provement that could add in any way to the comfort of that army of visitors who make their 'Winter home in the vast territory covered by its network of lines. An example of the superb trains operated by the company is the "Southern's Palm Limited," which runs between New York and St. Augustine every day, except Sunday, during the Winter months. This magnifi- cent train, the most luxurious in the world, runs through solid from New York to St. Augustine, excepting one drawing-room sleeping-car, which is detached at Black - ville, S. C, and runs to Augusta, for the accommodation of travellers to this popular resort, and Aiken, S. C. The train is com- posed of Pullman compartment cars, draw- ing-room sleeping cars, library, observation and dining-cars. Other fast daily limited trains are operated, carrving through Pull- man drawing r om sleeping-cars to New York. Savannah, Jacksonville, Tampa, Charleston. Augusta, Asheville, Chattanoo- ga, Nashville, Atlanta, Birmingham, Mem- phis, New Orleans, affording excellent ser- vice to Florida, Mexico, and the Pacific Coast. Dining-car service on all through trains. For further information call or ad- dress New York Offices, 271 and 1185 Broad- way Alex S. Thweatt, E. P. A., 1185 Broad- way, New York. [I/ondcJoie £a3Co. Carpets. Foreign and Domestic Carpets. in our new and special designs and colorings. Oriental Rugs. ssed stock, prepared exclusively fi Upholstery. An unsurpassed stock, prepared exclusively for our trade Tapestries, Furniture Coverings, Curtain Materials. Direct Importations. Lace Curtains. Estimates and designs submitted on request. JJioodwcLU <^\J 1 Jin 61. NEW YORK. /

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11 The ^STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- class mail-matter. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Tub Week 483 Editorial Articles : The Panama Surrender 486 The Philippine Burden 486 The Future of Coal Exports 487 Progress of Labor Arbitration 488 Education as a Public Peril 488 Richardson Redivivus 489 Special Correspondence : Hauptmann's Tragi-Comedy 490 Correspondence : The Squiers Collection and Bishop Pavier. . . . 491 Notes 491 Book Reviews: Ridgeway's Early Age of Greece 494 Four Novels 495 Personal Recollections of John M. Palmer 496 Some Architectural Works of Inigo Jones.... 4U7 The Quaker 497 The Foundations of American Foreign Policy 498 The Life and Letters of Gilbert White of Selborne 499 The True Thomas Jefferson 499 The Science Of Penology 500 1 iragons of the Air 500 The Old Testament and the New Scholarship 501 The Civil War and the Constitution 60] A Ribbon of Iron 5111 Patterson's Nautical Encyclopedia 502 Books of the Week 502 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United Stales or Canada; toforeujn countries comprised in the Postal Union, $ ', on. The date when tin subscription expires is an the address label of ine/i paper, the change of which to a subsequent date becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the risk of tlie subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by cheek, express order, or Postal Order, payable to ••Publisher of the Notion." When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box79U, New York. Publication Office, 208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insert ion : 14 lines to the inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page, or top of column. A column, ftO each insertion; with choice of page, $2U. 1 page, $1:0 each insertion; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- speet. 1 opy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. Viscounts upon applicidion. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 insertions 6 per cent. 8 10 18 " 12^ ■' l« - 15 " so •• ao " 52 " 25 " Amount— SlOO within a year 10 per cent 250 " '• \*u •• 500 " - 15*4 .. 750 " " 20 •' 1,00 25 " 1.500 " •• 80 .. 8.000 " •• 38^ •• The NA TJON is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano'S, 17 Avenue de POpera, and in London of B. F. Steveri & Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. Educational. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. H^HE MISSES H EBB'S ± Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for college. Maryland, Baltimore. 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. T7DGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA V Jil, School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 26, 1901. Mrs H. P. Lefebvre, { pHnclnals Miss E. D. Huntley, j r"nc'Pa's- Massachusetts, Boston, DOS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. /} Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Oregon, Portland, Park and St. Clair Streets. T. HELEN'S HALL. A School for Girls. Miss Eleanor Tebbetts, Ph.D., Prin. s Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. Jl/fRS. LUCIA POLK CHAPMAN and IVl MISS JONES, SUCCESSORS TO MRS. COME- GYS AND MISS BELL. Boarding and Day School for Girls. For circulars address Miss C. S. Jones. A/TISS ANABLES Boarding and Day IVl School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St., Phlla., Pa. Royal Victoria College, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. A residential College for the Women Students of McGlll University. For conditions of entrance, schol- arships, ourses, "degrees, terms of residence, and other particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria College, Montreal. Miss Baldwin's School for Girls Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within ten years more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diplomas given In both General and College Preparatory Courses. Fine flre-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds For circular, address the Secretary, Bryn Mawr. Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to Smith, Vas- s:ir, Wellesley, and Wells. Four acres for out- door sports. Golf, Basket Ball, Tennis. Address Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, M.A., Prin., Lowell, Mass. School Agencies. rTHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. 1 1 kktt 0. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 1 \ ~!i 1 mrt on Place, Boston; 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington; 156 Fifth Ave., vcw York;414 Cent.Bldg., Minneapolis; i>crBldg, Denver; 4 Evans Bldg • Oskoloosa; 803 Mich, nivd., Chicago; 525? tlins'n Bk , Los Angeles; 420 Parrott Building. San Francisco. ALBANY TEA CHERS' A GE fVC Y, S~L 81 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Rents and Bells School Property. Harlan P. French, Proprietor. (TC//ERMERHORN Teachers' Agency. ^J Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. Huyssoon & ROOKWXLL, Mgrs., 8 E. 14th St., N. Y. Financial. PVLFORD, HOW&CO. Mortgage Loans and Municipal "Bonds. MANAGE AND SELL REAL ESTATE. DULUTH, MINN. Refer to Prominent Banks a.nd Trust Cos. in the Ea.st, a.lso Banks of Duluth. New York Security ®. Trust Co.. Correspondents. Pueblo, Colo. Is becoming the Pittsburg of the West. Percentage of population employed in profitable production largest of any Western city. Superior in climate and commercial promise. My specialty the care of properties and mak- ing Investments for non-residents. Home, Eastern, and Foreign references. Established in 1879. CHARLES C. STEIN, Pueblo, Colo. _ARE YOU considering a new location or to Increase your present facilities of manufacturing? If so MILWAUKEE, WIS., offers you that chance. It is rapidly being recognized as the Philadelphia of the West. Many of Milwaukee's manufacturers have their offices in Chicago. Goods ordered by Phone or Wire as late as six o'clock in the evening are placed at the doors of the Chicago mer- chants as early as six o'clock next morning. Come and see for yourself It is one of the handsomest residence cities of this country. It is the city of homes. Correspondence solicited. BENJ. M. WEIL SONS & CO , Real Estate and Investment Brokers, Milwaukee, Wis. SAFE MARGINS /or the mojt EXACTING INVESTOR! My life has been devoted to the study of property values in Minneapolis. Am In a nosition to give you the benefit of expert ness in placing Investments where both Becnrlty and fair percentage may be relied upon. An opportunity Is solicited of presenting facts which In- vestors everywhere ought to know about. Theodore Wetmore & Co., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Notice to Creditors and Noteholders of The People's National Bank of Pulaski, Tennnessee The People's National Bank of Pulaski. Tennessee, located at Pulaski, In the State 01 Tennessee, will begin closing up Its affairs on December 31st. 1901. All note-holders and other creditors of said association are therefore hereby notified to present the notes and other claims against the said association for payment. October 1st, 1901. N. A. CROCKETT, Cashier. Early Settlers of Nantucket Compiled by Lydia S. Hinchman — Second and Enlarged Edition HPHIS work, first issued in 1896, and now offered to the public in a revised and greatly en- ■*■ largcd edition, gives a brief history of t lie settlement of the Island and prominent events in the lives of the following settlers or their associates: Thomas Macy, Edward Starbuck, Tristram Coffin and his children, Christopher Hussey, Stephen Bachelor, John Wing, Stephen Green- leaf, Peter Folger, Thomas Barnard, Robert Barnard, Thomas Prence, William Collier, Thomas Gardiner, Richard Gardner, John Gardner, Samuel Shattuck, Peter Hobart, Thomas Mayhew, Sr., Thomas Mayhew, Jr., Richard Swain, John Swain. Also some genealogical detail of the following Nantucket families and their descendants: Mitchell, Russell, Swain, Barker, Swift, Rotcb, Bunker, Coggeshall, Wing, Hathaway, Newball, Colcord, Wadley, Waterman, Stanton: and of the families of Lucretia Molt, John G. \\ hittier, Thomas liarle, John Milton Earle, Josiah Macy, Aaron C. Macy. Handsomely illustrated with photographic plates and with numerous drawings by Alargaretta S. Jlituhtuan. For sale by all booksellers. FERRIS & LEACH,* Publishers, * ■■! !■■— MSSMM— MB— — «—l I IIIIIUMI ■ 5.00 29 N. Seventh St. PHILADELPHIA

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Dec. 26, 1901] The Nation. 111 Financial. GEORGE AND COMPANY, Investment Securities, OMAHA, NEBRASKA, Invite investigation of their methods of conserving the Interests of investors. A successful record in the selection of income-bear- ing securities for Eastern clients. Exceptional facilities for placing funds in substantial productive business properties. Kefer to United States National Bank, Omaha, and to a representative list of satisfied Eastern customers. Kansas City, Mo. The present condition of Kansas City Is exactly suita- ble for purchase of city property. Prices of to-day guarantee appreciable Increase. There is no surer city In the United States for investors to make money in real estate. We have been identified with the real-estate interests of this city during its steadily healthy growth and would like to tell a few Kastern investors how others have made money here, and how any one with a reasonably unprejudiced mind can do the same. Choice loans on hand for sale at 5 and 6 per cent, in- terest. Our responsibility Is unquestioned. Thayer=Moore Brokerage Co. Denver, Colorado. Our earnest conviction Is that this is the time to pur- chase selected property In Denver. The underlying fac- torswhlch go to make permanent prosperity are con- spicuously present all over this section, and Denver's real estate will never again be purchasable at such at- tractive prices. Let us submit facts by correspondence. WHIPPLE & REYNOLDS, Boston BIdg., Denver, Colo. The care of property for non-residents a specialty. AN OPPORTUNITY. ■Would you consider an opportunity to secure a per- manent annual income by investing your surplus capi- tal In such sums as you might desire? If, moreover, you were afforded perfect security and the assurance of more than the average interest or dividends, would you invest? If so, we simply ask you to investigate the proposition offered by the Isthmus Plantation Association of Mexico. Full particulars will be mailed vou upon request, Sk M; KENDALL, Gen'l Agent,'4U417 First Nation- al Bank Building, Milwaukee, Wis. CRUTCHER & WELSfl have for many years demonstrated to a large clientele that money was to be made in Kansas City Real Estate if it be conservatively selected and administered. Every facilitf for the care of non-resident estates. Property wisely purchased now is certain of steady advance. Our purpose is to serve faithfully and efficiently a few more Eaettrn clients. We are an essential part, of the his- tory of KANSA5 CITY, MO. LAWTOI & PEBTHf Colorado Springs, Colo. An experience of twentv-five years in local Realty makes our judgment competent in the safe selection of Six Per Cent. Loans, as well as the wise purchase of city property for in- vestment. An unbroken record of success in the profitable handling of money for a large list of Eastern investors is the best reason for your confidence. . _____ We buy and sell bills of exchange and LETTERS mal.rds. depending on steamer. " Devonian," Jan 1: ' Cestrian." Jan. 8; " Winifredian," Jan. 15; "Devonian," Feb. 5; "Cestrian," Feb. 12; "Ibe- rian," to London, Dec. 28. P. O. HOUOrlTON & CO., Oen'l Agts., 115 State Street, Boston. Refused Admission by the U.S. Post=Office R E MING TON Standard Typewriter Wilshire's Magazine of New York (which was recently refused second- class privileges by the U. S. Post-office) is now be- ing published at Toronto, Canada. Free sample will be sent per Canadian Post upon application to H. GAYLORD WILSHIRE, Editor, 74 Wellesley Street, Toronto, Ontario. Wilshire's Magazine is an illustrated monthly periodical advocating "National Ownership of Trusts." $1.00 per year. 10 cts. per copy. 32 7 broa o wa y, me w roRK American News Company, Wholesale Agts.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 Subscribe FOXD FOR. Uhe ER.A The New Illustrated Monthly Magazine SO AS TO SECWRE THE Opening Chapters of JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS'S CREAT AMETUCAJSf flOVEL of HECOJV- STUVCTIOJ* VA&S after the CIVIL WATi The Era is Devoted to Literature and Matters of General Interest Subscription Price $1.00 Per Annum HENRY T. COATES & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS Caroline the Illustrious, Queen Consort and Sometime of George II., Queen Regent. A Study of Her Life and Times. By W. H. Wii.kins, M. A., E.S.A. "The Love of an Uncrowned Cueen." With I'or- 2 vols., 8vo. cloth, $12.00. Author of traits and other Illustrations. The Epistles of Erasmus, From His Earliest Letters to His Fifty-second Year, Arranged in Order of Time. English Translations from the Correspondence so arranged, with a Commentary confirming the Chronological arrangement and supplying further Biographical matter. By Francis Morgan Nichols. 8vo. $0.00 >«?. With postage, 16.20. Researches on Cellulose, 1895-1900. By Cross and Bevan (C. F. Cross and E. J. Bevan) Crown 8vo pp. xii + 180, price, $1.75. Directions for Class Work in Practical Physiology : Elementary Physlo'ogy of Muscle and Nerve and of the Vascular and Nervous Systems. By E. A. Schaeer, LL.D., F.K.S., Professor of Physiology in the University of Edinburgh; Author ot the "Essentials of His- tology," etc. With 45 Diagrams, 8vo, $1.00. Diseases and Injuries of the Teeth, Including Pathology and Treatment. By Morton Smai.e, M.R.C.S., L.S.A., L.D.S., Dental Surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital, Dean of the School, Dental Hospital of London, etc.; and J. F. Colter, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.8., L.D.S., Dental Surgeon to Charing Cross Hospital and to the Dental Hospital of London. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by J. F. COLTER. With 640 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, $7.00. A Practical Guide to the Administra= tion of Anaesthetics. By R. J. Probtn- Williams, M.D.. Senior Anaesthetist and In- structor in Anaesthetics at the London Hospital; Lecturer on Anaesthetics at the London Hospital Medical College, etc. With 34 illustrations. Crown, 8vo, $1.60. *.* Tlif author's object In writing this hook is to supply something which will meet the Deeds ol Students, and be read by them during the period In which they receive the practical Instruction In this branch of their profession. A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence. By George Vivian Poore, M.D., F.R.C.P., Professor of the Prin- ciples and Practice of Medicine, University College, London. With I llusl rations. Crown 8vo, pages xxiv.-533, $4.00. A Treatise on Photography. By Sir WILLIAM »e Wiveleslie Aisnet, K.C.B., D.C.L , F.R.S. Tentu Edition, thoroughly revised. With 134 Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo, $1.75. %* In this edition the work has been recast In a great measure, and numer- ous and somewhat huge additions to Its pages have been made In order to bring It up to date. I'hoto-biock printing processes are described, ami orthochromatlc and three-color processes of photography are explained, together with other printing processes now extant. Notice of new researches on the theoretical side of photography arc also included and will be found of Interest to t' e scien- tific photographer tor whom these pages have been inaluly written. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91.93 Fifth Avenue, New York

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1901. The Week. Rear-Admiral Schley's objections to the verdict of the Court of Inquiry are disingenuous in many respects. He re- fers throughout to the report of the "ma- jority of the Court," evon when touching on those points upon which Admiral Dewey was in full accord with Rear-Ad- mirals Benham and Ramsay. In remark- ing upon the Hodgson matter, he calls attention merely to the question of the colloquy, when it was his treatment of the subsequent correspondence with Hodgson for which the Court censured him. As a whole, Rear-Admiral Schley's exceptions are simply those which any man might make in any court where a case had gone against him. To his question why the Court did not take his word on certain points, there is but one answer which the Court can give — it found the evidence to the contrary from many credible witnesses entirely too strong to be overlooked. It would hard- ly be advisable, if it were possible, for the Rear-Admiral to force the Court to still greater frankness. However he may succeed in puzzling the public by his protests, 95 per cent, of the officers of the navy have but one view, that he has got off remarkably well, and far better than he deserved. If this is a "con- spiracy" on the part of his fellow-offi- cers, it is the most complete, whole- hearted, and generally remarkable con- spiracy this country has ever seen. Secretary Long's action in approving the finding of the Schley Court of In- quiry and mildly disapproving the dis- senting opinion of Admiral Dewey can, of course, be attributed by the Schley press solely to the same conspiracy, which they know has so long "hound- ed" the hero. Even the evident fact that this was done with the consent of President Roosevelt will not, we are sure, save Secretary Long from more abuse at the hands of those who were quite ready to acknowledge and praise his able administration of the navy dur- ing the war with Spain, until they con- ceived the idea that he was wantonly planning to rob a gallant officer of his reputation and good name. As it is, we can only hope again that the incident is now closed for all time. The review of the case by the civilian tribunal com- posed of three lawyers proposed by Schley's adherents is not one to be en- tertained for an instant. So far as his- tory is concerned, the facts are on rec- ord, and the nation and navy have been saved from having the Schley standard of efficiency and honor made that of the service, which, fortunately for its good name, has had but one such unhappy incident in its history. The severity of the censure of Gen. Miles for his indiscreet interview upon the Schley case is probably without par- allel in the history of the army, in view of his rank and prominence, yet it would be hard to say that it is unde- served. The habit of talking too much seems to have fastened itself upon high officers in this country, as it has upon the Bullers and Whites and Colvilles in England and the Von Waldersees in Germany. Wherever it establishes it- self, it makes against discipline and sub- ordination, and it must be checked if a military service is to be kept efficient. If it seems to the civilian a hardship, the reply is that it is one of the condi- tions of the service which every officer accepts voluntarily — however irksome it may be to omit opportunities for rush- ing into print. In Gen. Miles's case the length of his service and his knowl- edge of the regulations make his mis- deed a far graver one than a similar indiscretion in the case of a younger of. ficer. The frequency of the fault in oth- ers, and the fact that this is not G^en. Miles's first offence, undoubtedly gave edge to Secretary Root's rebuke. The truth is, that Gen. Miles has lost touch with the present administration of the War Department, as he did witn previ- ous ones. In any other service an of- ficer of his rank so reprimanded would resign or retire, and give the Adminis- tration an opportunity to select a com- manding General in active sympathy with its endeavors to take the army out of politics, and to reform it from the bottom up. Another slip on the part of Gen. Miles might easily result in his forcible retirement by direction of the President. As it is, the feeling in favor of the abolition of his position and the substitution of a chief of staff, to be ap- pointed for four years by each President, is steadily growing. It has unexpectedly transpired that Secretary Gage will shortly resign the portfolio of the Treasury and take up again the role of banker, which he abandoned five years ago at the in- stance of President McKinley. This change will be due. wholly to his own volition, and not to any dis- agreement or friction with President Roosevelt. We have reason to believe that the latter would greatly prefer to retain the services of a financier so skilled, and an adviser so capaWe and many-sided, as Mr. Gage has shown him- self to be. But Mr. Gag<* is not a rich man, and he probably considers that he has given as much of his time to the pub- lic service as he can afford to do. Mr. Gage was among the bankers of this city on Thursday evening, and made a speech to them which may, perhaps, be consid- ered the last advice he can give them from the exalted position he has filled at Washington. He took thb opportunity to repeat a suggestion which he made in his last report to Congress, in favor of a great financial institution to be formed by the voluntary action of the banks for mutual support and strength in times of trouble. He did not, however, indicate any means of bringing about such a un- ion. He referred his hearers to his an- nual report, leaving the impression on their minds, perhaps, that they would there find a more definite exposition of his views. But the report itself does not supply the missing link. Mr. Gage there pronounces branch banking so opposed to the ideas and institutions of our peo- ple that it is not to be thought of. He does not now tell us whether the idea which he entertains depends for its reali- zation upon the lawmaking power, but we infer from his general drift that it does not. The difference between his views and those of Mr. Stickney, on which we commented last week, is in ref- erence to branch banks. Mr. Stickney favors them, Mr. Gage does not. If we correctly apprehend Mr. Gage's thought, there is no obstacle to the car- rying out of his suggestion now. The means for doing so already exist. It is only for the bankers to put their heads together and establish the great central institution. Some people may indeed ask whether this movement has not already begun. There has been an observed tendency toward bank consolidation in this great banking centre for some time. There has been a nucleus growing in the nebula for several years, and more lat- terly a second one has appeared. The first one in the field was the City Na- tional Bank and its consolidations and outside belongings. The second and lat- er one is the First National Bank and its affiliations. Now the idea of a great central institution is not consistent with the idea of two great central institu- tions, and if there are to be two, why not three or more? The two already in progress, we may be sure, are not form- ing with any thought of public benefit. That is not a banking conception. It has no proper place in the categories of finance. The two nuclei are forming to make money for their shareholders and managers. They want to bring large sums of money together in one place and under one control, in order to take ad- vantage of circumstances that may arise which promise gain. They may prove to be of advantage to the public in times of panic, or they may be promoters and

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484 The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 producers of panics, as the old Bank of the United States was, under its Penn- sylvania charter. The bright hopes founded upon Gov. Taft's report on the progress of civil gov- ernment in the Philippines are dashed by a cablegram to the Associated Press, which says that Gen. George W. Davis recommends that the province of Mi- samis, Mindanao, be again placed under military control. He says that he has proof that the recently elected civil of- ficers have been furnishing ammunition to the insurgents. Gen. Wade, who is in command on Cebu Island, concurs with Gen. Davis. Gen. Chaffee takes a more hopeful view, but thinks that military rule will be required in Samar for some months longer. "There," says the dispatch, "the situation demands a policy of rigid starvation, and the giv- ing of food only to those who surrender or who stay in the towns." Reconcen- tration is the watchword in Samar and South Africa, and to this complexion have we, in common with our English cousins, come at last. Or, rather, we came to it long ago, and we are keep- ing it up because it is so beautifully adapted to the purpose of crushing out the "rebellion." We have to admit now that Weyler understood his business, and that when he introduced the "pol- icy of rigid starvation," of which Sen- ator Proctor drew such a moving pic- ture, he was our master, our past-master, in the art of putting down rebellions. One of the most striking and signifi- cant facts in connection with the rela- tions of the United States to the Philip- pines is the prompt return to this coun- try of all soldiers who can get away from thg fglands. Recruits are being sent thither ^at the rate of nearly 1,000 a month, yet Gen. Chaffee has had to cable for a thousand more cavalry re- cruits. This is by no means due to the losses from disease, or sickness, or dis- ability, but to the circumstance that men cannot be got to reenlist when their terms have expired. Each returning transport brings several hundred dis- charged men to San Francisco, and a number of regiments in or near Manila which were reorganized and filled up with fresh recruits early in 1899, just after the war with Spain, have been al- most paralyzed by the refusal of these men to reenlist. Thus, of the 1,200 men in the Twentieth Infantry, 600 have tak- en their discharges, including the ma- jority of the non-commissioned officers, so that, as Col. McCaskey puts it, "the regiment will be practically disorganiz- ed." The First, Fifth, and Sixth Cav- alry, and Third, Fourth, Eighth, Twelfth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, and Twenty-ninth Infantry are similarly affected. The men have but one idea, namely, to get "home" as soon as possi- ble. Not one per cent, wish to stay in the archipelago, and it is well that not many are so inclined. When the volunteer army was mustered out last spring, there was an immediate glut in the white la- bor market, and, to prevent disorder and destitution, some ex-soldiers who had elected to stay were sent home. No- thing could show more plainly how little the Philippines have to offer to Americans without considerable means, and how utterly unattractive the insular conditions are to men brought up in the United States. How different the history of the Louisiana Purchase, of Texas, of California! Secretary Root's refusal to postpone the Cuban election set for December 31 is extremely creditable both to himself and to the Administration. It will be unsatisfactory only to the Maso party, which had hoped to bring about a delay, and it will not confirm the General's fol- lowers in their belief that there is to be governmental interference in the elec- tion. That there has been some parti- sanship displayed by Cuban office-hold- ers is altogether probable. Secretary Root, however, takes this opportunity to reaffirm the intentions of our Govern- ment to get out of Cuba at the earliest possible moment, and to permit no de- lay in the programme except for the "most weighty and substantial reasons." As to the specific charge brought by Mr. Fidel G. Pierra, the representative of the Maso interests, Mr. Root points out that the political bias of the Central Board of Scrutiny in favor of one candidate furnishes no ground for overturning the complicated election machinery erected by the Constitutional Convention. He believes that to be a false theory of of- ficial responsibility which assumes that men in places of public trust will be guilty of malfeasance because they pre- fer one candidate to another. Most ef- fective of all is Secretary Root's demon- stration that a compliance with Mr. Pierra's request would be the very inter- ference in the Cuban election against which the Maso party has all along pro- tested. The Secretary's admirable let- ter should go far towards reassuring the Cuban public and all others interested that the United States will withdraw from Cuba in the first half of 1902, if the Cubans themselves will permit such a withdrawal by the prompt establishment of their republic. The sbipsubsidy people will take small comfort from the recent visit of the great English shipmaster, Sir Chris- topher Furness. He came to this coun- try in order to see how we do things in the construction of seagoing vessels and in means of transportation general- ly. If he had had the interests of the subsidy people at heart, he would have pointed out the great disadvantage un- der which our infant shipping industry lies, and would have urged Congress to consider so pitiful a case. But, most inconsiderately, he had his own inter- ests in mind, and left in American ship- yards orders aggregating four million dollars for twelve steamers of an aver- age carrying capacity of eight thousand tons. The insidiousness of such an act would in the good old times have aroused the suspicion that the treasury of the Cobden Club was somehow involved in the purchase. To-day "British, gold" has not the hateful look it had a score of years ago, and probably even the ship- subsidy people will soon admit that we build ships cheaper than any other na- tion. Help is needed, not for the strug- gling ship-builder, but for the oppressed ship-owner. Sir Christopher Furness's untimely confirmation of the well-known fact that this is the best place in the world to buy ships, recalls vividly the aphorism that one should fear the Brit- ishers even when they bring gifts. One of the main difficulties to be en- countered by the arbitration committee of the National Civic Federation was well illustrated on Sunday. While clergymen were terming the arbitration plan a great victory for humanity, the less gentle-mannered spokesmen of Cigarmakers' Union No. 144 pointedly suggested that the arbitrators could have no control over any labor bodies, and that therefore no attention should be paid the proposal by asking for a re- port concerning it. Aspersions were even cast upon the conduct of labor delegates to the Civic Federation confer- ence. It is just this divergence in point of view between the clergymen and the cigarmakers that has always impeded the progress of arbitration. As soon as a plan which contains elements of fair- ness to both sides is prepared, and which consequently appeals to the out- sider's sense of justice, it is likely to be viewed with suspicion by one party or the other. When confidence in labor leaders is lost by the men they repre- sent, efforts at pacific settlement of a controversy are always regarded as showing readiness to play into the hands of the enemy. Labor organiza- tions have not the close military disci- pline that enables bodies of men to ac- cept defeat or its prospect without de- moralization, and victory without arro- gance. Justice Jerome's proposal that the Legislature pass an act opening all the saloons in New York city Sunday after- noon and evening without consulting the voters of the city, has met the reception which was anticipated by those who know the strength of the home-rule sen- timent in this State. Not a single news- paper, either in this city or in any other part of the commonwealth, endorses the idea that so radical a step should be

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Dec. 26, 1901] The Nation 485 taken by the lawmakers at Albany with- out a reference to the people; and in this attitude the press undoubtedly reflects public opinion. It is obvious that the only policy which can possibly secure fa- vorable consideration by the Legislature is that of local option, in the shape of a bill giving the voters of New York city a chance to show at the polls whether they want open saloons on Sunday or not. The movement for this referendum secures considerable support from peo- ple who oppose such opening, because it is now the general belief — shared by the shrewdest politicians in both parties — that the vote would show a large major- ity against Sunday saloons. For this very reason, however, those who favor Sunday opening are against applying the local-option idea — especially the liquor- dealers, who fear that, if the people should once vote against opening sa- loons on Sunday, there might be a move- ment for a similar vote by wards or elec- tion districts upon the question of hav- ing saloons open on week-days, which would result in making some sections of the city "dry" all the time. If Senator Piatt is really going to sue Mr. William Allen White and make it a test of personal and political friend- ship to read and denounce that writer's article on the boss, it can only be taken among the "boys" as a sign that the "old man" has lost his grip. Mr. White gives, to be sure, no flattering portrait of the boss, but it is difficult to find anything in his criticism which a jury would consider libellous. If Mr. White recalls a forgotten incident in Mr. Piatt's career at Albany, and says that he re- cently dozed through an important Re- publican banquet, these are presumably matters of fact, not of opinion. It can- not be pleasant for Senator Piatt to read that "he has no sort of conception of that part of a man which is called the moral nature"; but it would certainly be difficult for a more strenuous idealist than Senator Piatt to prove to the satis- faction of a court of law that he had a conception of what is called the moral nature. These, in short, are matters of opinion, not of fact. Mr. William Allen White has been generally recognized as the eulogist, quite as much as the ana- lyst, of those in high place, so that the very contemptuous tone of his article on Senator Piatt constitutes a double griev- ance. But we believe that Senator Piatt has no remedy except to appear so great and magnanimous to his fellow-citizens that the contemptible figure which Mr. White makes him out to be, will be gen- erally execrated as a grotesquely false caricature. With this sword envy may be always slain. Reciprocity has long been a favorite theme for meaningless verbal gymnas- tics, but the report of the Pan-American Committee conceals thought on that sub- ject more successfully than even a po- litical platform. It comes out strong foi reciprocity treaties between the several American republics, based on "mutual concessions" and involving "reciprocal advantages." What these may be, the report, with more than Roman firmness, refuses to tell. It defies the world, how- ever, to deny that reciprocity is "a fun- damental principle of Pan-American- ism," and angrily resents the charge that it favors any kind of reciprocity treaties which would not be both 'mu- tual" and "stable." We congratulate out- delegate, Mr. Buchanan, former Minister to Argentina, for having put his name to a report containing such irreproacha- ble sentiments. We congratulate him even more upon the skill with which he refrained from so much as mentioning the Argentine treaty of reciprocity with the United States, so contemptuously done to death in the Senate. This helps to make our national position clear. We are, to the last man, enthusiastically in favor of reciprocity in general; we are, to the last Senator, unalterably opposed to any given treaty of reciprocity. The speech of Seiior Casasus at Mexico (on December 17), on the proposal to es- tablish a Pan-iAmerican bank, expressed the undoubted policy of the Mexican Government in declaring that such an in- stitution is only a mirage. Governments, he said, cannot subsidize particular banks, since such a course would be un- constitutional, as well as unfair to other banks. It is good to find delegates at the Pan-American Congress perceiving the logic of the situation so clearly. In the first flush of enthusiasm at the Con- gress, a plan for a Pan-American railroad was proposed, and a committee was ap- pointed to secure subsidies and land grants in support of the road from "those Governments that were economi- cally able" to assist. The bank plan is another scheme of the same sort, and it is evident that Mexico is not to be one of the states that are "economically able" to support institutions without any clientele. Probably every one of the South American countries would say the same thing. The suggestions of the Congress will, therefore, amount to no more than mild hints that the United States supply banking and trade instrumentalities to her neighbors on the south. The fact is that there is no use in establishing banks and railways until there is business for them. Another occasion for Continental dread of American enterprise is afforded by the reported operations of the Ameri- can Tobacco Trust in Germany. The as- cendancy in the English market already acquired by the Trust makes this latest extension of its sphere all the more re- markable. President DuKe of the Amer- ican Tobacco Company is now said to have purchased four large German con- cerns. His plan is to unite two of these establishments and. with the three fac- tories then remaining, to begin a contest for the control of the German market. It is too early as yet to express any opin- ion upon the possibility of the Trust's succeeding in its present effort to enter Russia as well as Germany. Both in France and in Russia the production of tobacco is a most profitable Government monopoly, and, unless the Trust could introduce very marked economies in pro- duction, it could scarcely afford to pay the heavy royalty that would be exacted. That this, however, is a possibility, the success of the Trust in acquiring the to- bacco monopoly of Japan clearly proves. The significauce of these foreign opera- tions in tobacco lies in the fact that the Trust seems to be proceeding upon strictly commercial lines. In England, where it now has a firm foothold, it went only so far in its purchases of do- mestic firms as to gain a point of de- parture. It depends for the future upon its superior methods of production rather than upon artificial attempts at monopo- ly. How severely it is pushing the in- dependent English concerns may be seen from their frantic appeals to patriotic smokers to use only home products. An old sore was touched on Friday in the Italian Senate, when the ques- tion of the responsibility of the Unit- ed States for the security of Ital- ian citizens in America was raised. The Italian Minister of Foreign Af- fairs reasserted the eminently just position of his Government, that the payment of an indemnity as an act of grace is not adequate satisfaction for the failure to protect Italians in this country. That the families of lynched Italians should individually receive such indemnity he could not prevent, but he protested against a condition of things by which the United States re- fuses to foreigners the ordinary guar- antees of a civilized nation. Invariably the President has had to make the hu miliating confession that he had no jurisdiction in the matter, and as often Congress has taken the shabby course of offering blood-money, without apol- ogies or guarantees for the future, or, indeed, any of the formal reparations which civilized nations offer in such a case. A simple act of Congress would remedy this discreditable state of affairs. Twice, in his annual messages of 1899 and 1900, President McKinley urged that Congress, by law, assign to the Federal courts jurisdiction in all cases in which the responsibility of the Government is involved. Twice the matter was ignored by Congress. President Roosevelt cer- tainly does not yield to his predecessor in the sentiment of national honor, and we hope to see him take up vigorously a matter in which national honor is deep- ly concerned.

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486 The ^NTation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 THE PANAMA SURRENDER. Our Canal Commissioners at Washing- ton must have read with peculiar and perhaps slightly malicious pleasure the dispatches from Paris telling of the complete surrender of the Panama Canal Company. By the action of its stock- holders it has repudiated its former President, M. Hutin, whose discom- fiture in the negotiation which he car- ried on, too cleverly hy half, with Ad- miral Walker is now acknowledged. No one can read the correspondence which passed between them without smiling at the steady persistence with which the American met all the shifts and windings of the elusive Frenchman with the one question, "Tell us your price." At last M. Hutin named some figures — $109,000,000— which he said the Com- pany would regard as "just," though from them it would doubtless make "reasonable concessions" if it should appear that they were justifiable. But implacable Admiral Walker took the Frenchman at his word, reported that the Panama Company had demanded an "unreasonable price," and, in view of that fact, he and his fellow-Commission- ers favored the Nicaragua route. "Too late," it is said, comes the con- sternation of the Panama stockholders at the blundering of their President; and too late their repentance and re- newed offers to sell their property at a fair price. But why should it be too late for us to accept and profit by a situa- tion which our Canal Commissioners la- bored long and earnestly to bring about? It is impossible to read their able re- port without seeing how strong is their inclination to the Panama route. In their final summary they say in so many words: "There are certain physical advantages, such as a shorter canal line, a more com- plete knowledge of the country through which it passes, and the lower cost of maintenance and operation, in favor of the Panama route; but the price fixed by tin- Panama Canal Company for a sale of its property is so unreasonable that its accept- ance cannot be recommended by this Com- mission." The "unreasonable" price was, as has been said, $109,000,000. What is the canal really worth to the United States? Not 109,000,000 cents, say the Nicaraguan enthusiasts. But softly, kind friends, we must not ignore our own Commissioners. They, as skilled engineers, made a care- ful estimate of the value of the Panama Canal, which may be found on p. 103 of their report. Leaving the plant entirely out of the account — since all the build- ings, machinery, dredges, locomotives, etc., might be of no use to an American contractor — they reckon the whole to be worth in round numbers $40,000,000. This sum decomposes into $27,474,033 for the "excavation already done," $6,850,- 000 for the "Panama Railroad stock at par," and $2,000,000 for "maps, drawings, and records"— total $36,324,033, "to which add 10 per cent, to cover omis- sions, making the total value of the Panama Canal $40,000,000." It is this valuation by the American Commissioners which the Panama stock- holders have determined to accept. This shows how sweeping is Admiral Walk- er's triumph. He has succeeded in get- ting $69,000,000 knocked off the price named by M. Hutin. How will this leave the account between the two routes, purely on the money side? The Commissioners estimate the cost of con- structing a Nicaragua canal at $189,864,- 620; to complete the Panama Canal will require, they say, $144,233,358. Add in the $40,000,000 for the estimated value of the work already done at Panama, and we have the latter route the cheaper by $5,600,000. But this is by no means the whole story. On p. 256 of the Commis- sioner's report is printed the estimated cost of maintaining and operating the two canals. The figures for Nicaragua are $3,300,000 a year; for Panama $2,- 000,000. This advantage of Panama rep- resents a capitalized value of $40,000,- 000. Therefore, taking the estimate of our own engineers, we stand to save $45,- 000,000 by electing the Panama route. Is Uncle Sam so lavish and reckless that he will disdain to pick up a tidy sum like that? This is saying nothing of the techni- cal, engineering arguments. That these strongly favor the Panama route is now beyond dispute. There is practically a consensus, on this point, of the ablest engineers of all nations who have look- ed into the two projects. The engineer- ing preferences of our own Commission- ers are unmistakable in their report. They incline markedly to Panama, and bring out the difficulties and drawbacks of the Nicaragua route more conspic- uously than has been done in any previ- ous report. As they say, the "complete problem" involves a plan for a sea-level canal. This is wholly impossible through Nicaragua, and "the Panama route alone," say our Commissioners, "is fea- sible for a sea-level canal." To such a canal it is altogether likely that we shall want to come in the end ; and this is but one of the engineering considerations which make powerfully for the choice of the Panama route. If the French- men have perceived their great mistake and hastened to correct it, Americans should surely not seize the occasion to fall into a greater mistake of their own. Happily, it is not too late for sober reconsideration. The President is not committed to the Nicaraguan route; his message spoke only of an Isthmian canal. The canal treaty leaves the door wide open for "whatever route may be expedient." With the Panama Company at last brought to their senses, and with their canal, which is demonstrably the cheaper and better, offered to the United States at a reasonable price, the oppor- tunity for our Government is certainly fine both to save money and to build more wisely for the benefit of the gen- erations and the commerce yet to be. THE PHILIPPINE BURDEN. President Roosevelt was never frank- er or terser than when, in his message to Congress, he called the Philippines "a great burden" to the United States. In that phrase he may have builded bet- ter than he knew. Boldly to throw down by one honest word the gorgeous fabric of empire and of glory built up in the Philippine oratory of a Beveridge, was to invite, whether consciously or not, a calm and sane review of our attitude and our policy. If a great burden, why bind it upon our backs one hour longer than absolutely necessary? This is the question which the march of events is more and more insistently pressing upon the Administration, upon Congress, and upon the people. There are many ways in which the Philippine burden is show- ing itself too grievous to be borne. It is driving the Administration and the Republican party into self-stultifica- tion. On December 18 the House passed the bill reenacting the Dingley duties on Philippine products, which the Supreme Court had decided to have been uncon- stitutionally levied. But on the same day was published the report of our own Commissioners in the Philippines "ear- nestly recommending" that Congress "re- duce by 50 per cent, the United States duty on tobacco, hemp, and sugar and other merchandise coming from these islands." Such a measure, affirm the Commissioners ("generosity" they call it), "would strengthen the bonds be- tween the Filipino and American peo- ple." Out of our own mouths, therefore, we stand condemned. We do not need to hark back to Burke on the criminal folly of strangling the trade of colonies by tariffs and restrictions. Let Judge Taft, our own trusted agent in the Phil- ippines, be our mentor. The action of the House was a blow full in his face. Ignorant though they were of the urgent recommendations of the Philip- pine Commission, five Republicans broke away from their party in the vote on this tariff. Two of them — Messrs. Mc- Call and Littlefield — by common consent stand for ability and character unsur- passed in the party, or in the House. Only the sternest pressure of conviction and of duty could have driven them to sever themselves from their fellow-Re- publicans. Why they were compelled to do so was clearly explained by Rep- resentative McCall. He had believed the annexation of the Philippines to be, from the beginning, an "infatuated pol- icy." The present bill he regarded as inexpedient, unprincipled, and un-Amer- ican. For his part, he was convinced that national honor, the integrity of re- publican institutions, our future peace and safety, together with every dictate of interest and justice, "demand that

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Dec. 26, 1901] The Nation. 487 we shall now so shape our steps that we may return to the God of our fathers." This is the moral sword which is thrust into the vitals of the Republican party by our national treatment of the Filipinos. The division and dissent will be more marked as time goes on. We know of several Republican Congress- men who are privately crying out against the policy of retaining the Phil- ippines, and who are only waiting oc- casion to ripen in order to publish their position. The tariff bill has yet to face the Senate, and justice will surely not be without its witnesses in that body. By the time the debate of the Senators comes on, the Philippine Commission's report will be seen to throw a strong light on the disastrous nature of the tariff bill. And it is to be hoped, too, that a sentiment of public indignation will be aroused, as at the time of the pro- posed Porto Rican tariff, to uphold the hands of those who believe that magna- nimity to the Filipinos is the truest wis- dom. For it is, at bottom, the mod- ern spirit of humanity that makes most strongly against that application of the barbarous old colonial system which is proposed by the Republicans at Wash- ington. The fact that three Democrats voted for the Philippine Tariff Bill is com- fortably taken, in some quarters, as a fair offset to the action of five Republi- cans in voting against it. Just the ordi- nary slight disregard of party lines, it is said. But the significant truth is, that the five broke away from party for the sake of principle, and the three for the sake of sugar. The Louisiana Democrats practically said to the Republican ma- jority: "We see in your bill a recogni- tion of those selfish notions of monopo- listic taxation for which we stand. You mean to tax the Filipinos so as to pre- vent them from competing with us. You regard as perfect 'rot' the talk about be- ing generous to the islanders, and would let them starve before you would take off a penny of their taxes. Those are our sentiments, too, and we are with you." This attitude really confirms and com- pletes the condemnation of the bill ex- pressed by the bolting Republicans. They charged that the measure was one of ruthless greed, and, to prove it so, had only to point to its support by the dissident Democrats who frankly accept- ed it as such. Thus, those who voted for it in defiance of party merely deepened the stigma placed upon it by those who forsook their colleagues to vote against it. The moral riddling of the bill was the more thorough for being double-bar- relled. We can but think that Secretary Root and President Roosevelt are making a grave mistake in assenting to, if they do not advise, the passage of the Philippine tariff bill, and that because of its neces- sarily harmful effect upon another project near their hearts. We refer to tariff relief for Cuba. This they mean to bend all their energies to obtain from Congress. But with what grace can it be asked for Cubans when denied to Fili- pinos? The latter are American citizens; the Cubans are foreigners. Will Con- gress be like flint to the prayers of its own, and relent at the petition of aliens? The Secretary and the President may think that a sullen and selfish protec- tionism will be more apt to be generous to the Cubans after having been allowed to make spoil of the Filipinos. But that is not the law of greed: it grows by what it feeds upon, and becomes more insolent with every triumph. This is the reason why we fear that the Administra- tion, if it consents to tariff injustice in the Philippines, will make the removal of tariff injustice to Cuba more difficult, if not impossible. The really crushing nature of the Philippine burden, however, appears in something other than these em- barrassments of party management and Administration policy. Not even the enormous cost to us in money and life tells the whole story, or constitutes the main reason why Amer- ican statesmanship should apply it- self to the loosing of the Philippine burden at the earliest possible day. What we have got to see as a people is that we went on the wrong track in the Philippine venture from the first day; that it committed us to un-American ideas of human rights and government, and set us at war with all our past. It is said that, when Thiers met Ranke in Vienna during the fatal winter of 18T0, he asked him, "With whom are you now fighting since the fall of the Emperor?" "With Louis XIV.," replied the German historian. It is, in like manner, George III. and Lord North with whom we op- ponents of the Philippine policy are still fighting. We cannot consent that those discredited rulers shall be dug out of their graves and allowed to dic- tate for us, in the American name, a colonial policy which drove America to revolt. THE FUTURE OF GOAL EXPORTS. English coal-miners are just now suf- fering from another of their periodic chills, caused by the fear that they may have to share Continental markets with the United States. The immediate dan- ger is not very apparent, since the latest returns of the Bureau of Statistics show that we exported only 6,403,008 tons of coal during the first ten months of the current year, as against 6,572,597 tons during the same period in 1900. Even if attention be confined to France and Germany, our two most favorable Euro- pean markets, the actual increase over last year's exports is slight. In fact, our whole existing Continental trade in coal is relatively insignificant. It is, however, acutely pointed out by the London Economist that "the exact extent which [American] exports have attained, is not material." The British coal trade is alarmed at certain tenden- cies which indicate that the present rudimentary export trade in American coal may grow to much greater impor- tance. And undoubtedly there is some warrant for this apprehension. While our actual sales to Germany have been small, the present low freights are like- ly to increase them. Large recent pur- chases are reported, one Berlin whole- saler having contracted for 100,000 tons of anthracite. More important than this, many German consumers either prefer our anthracite, or recognize it as equal to the Welsh product, while, notwithstand- ing the crumbling suffered by our bi- tuminous coal in transit, some authori- ties believe that it may compete suc- cessfully with German coal of the same character, so far as quality is concerned. It is not to be questioned that a great potential market for American coal ex- ists on the Continent. About 12,000,000 tons are annually imported by France, 7,000,000 in round numbers by Germany, 6,000,000 by Austria. 3,000,000 by Swe- den, and 4.000,000 by Italy. These quan- tities will be increased as manufactur- ing progresses and Continental mines deepen. But the greatest impetus to the export of American coal comes from the indus- trial dissension caused by the trades- unions among the Welsh miners. Their power surpasses anything of the kind ever known in the United States, and their ability to control the conditions of production was clearly shown last autumn, when they fixed the "minimum" wage that will rule for two years. More- over, they have recently insisted on a series of "stop days" at the mines, with a view to raising prices by limiting pro- duction— their wages increasing, on the sliding-scale principle, with the market price of the product. As a matter of fact, prices have not risen, though it may well be argued that the action of the miners has probably kept them from declining. The Welsh miners have for- gotten that our output is now the larg- est in the world, and that consequently the price in any market must be de- termined by our cost of production, plus the cost of shipment to the point of con- sumption. It is not to be expected that the Welsh miners will in the immediate future either relax their regulations or accept lower wages. The price of English coal is not, therefore, likely to decline. But the outlook for continued low freights for American coal is less satisfactory. Present rates are largely accidental and temporary. There has been, for reasons perfectly understood in shipping circles, a great relative increase in the amount of foreign and domestic tonnage offering its services to American shippers. Freights have, in consequence, declined, and

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488 The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1964 though they are by no means so low for coal as for other exports, they are far below the point at which they nor- mally stand. But such a situation can- not be permanent. How to continue a scale of freights which will permit our coal to go abroad is now the problem. That it may be solved, there is every reason to believe. In the first place, the flourishing condition of our ship- yards and the skill shown in the con- struction of our vesselB fully warrant the opinion that a new and economical type of ocean-carrier, especially suited to the demands of the coal business, will be turned out. The ships built for the grain and ore trade on the Great Lakes show what may be expected from American ingenuity. Moreover, the re- cent address of Mr. Schwab before the meeting of the naval architects and marine engineers in New York reveals how great is the incentive for the Steel Corporation to promote the develop- ment of such a fleet of American ves- sels. There is a close connection be- tween our powerful interests in steel manufacture and ship-building, on the one hand, and our coal exports, on the other. It is highly desirable that there be at hand a staple to provide a permanent supply of freight when ordi- nary shipments are short. Our manu- factures do not go abroad in equal quantities at all seasons of the year, and exports of corn and wheat are subject to slack times. Coal, it is evident, would fill an exceedingly useful function as a resort in dull months. While, however, there are thus en- couraging prospects for foreign trade in American coal, one important difficulty has to be reckoned with. It will be far from easy, under the most favorable cir- cumstances, for even a great combination to keep transportation charges down to a point which will permit coal exports unless return freights can be obtained. Our colliers ought to be able to count upon cargoes both ways. If, for in- stance, our vessels could return laden with Swedish iron ores, duty free, the problem of a coal trade in Northern Eur- ope would be solved. In fact, it is not probable that any great expansion in our coal exports can be expected until some steps have been taken to provide bulky return freights. These can surely be ob- tained only by a reduction in our pres- ent customs duties. At whatever door we enter, in this whole question of de- veloping foreign trade, that is the door where we invariably come out. PROGRESS OF LABOR ARBITRA- TION. A very important step toward the set- tlement of labor troubles in this country was taken on December 17, in the ap- pointment of a permanent committee to consider methods of treating such diffi- culties as they may arise in the future. This was the result of a meeting of the National Civic Federation, which was in session in this city during the past week, and was attended by the leading representatives of organized labor and by a number of the largest employers of labor in the country, and had its pro- ceedings reported from day to day in the press. The motion for a standing committee was made by Mr. Sargent, the chief of the Locomotive Firemen, and was supported by Mr. Gompers, Mr. Mitchell, and other well-known lead- ers of workingmen's organizations, as well as by Senator Hanna, Mr. Schwab, and other employers. The standing com- mittee consists of an equal number from either side and a chosen number of citizens, who are neither employers nor employed, but whose reputation guarantees their impartiality, as well as their mental equipment and fitness for this kind of service. Though holding, as we do, that this is the right road towards industrial peace, we do not expect that all labor difficulties will be put to rest, or that strikes will soon disappear from the land. In the nature of things, differ- ences between employers and employed must arise. The progress of industry causes inequalities. The distribution of the joint product of labor and capital which is fair and satisfactory to both sides to-day, becomes unfair after a time. Prices change. The wages of any given period may bring to the wage- earner less of consumable goods after a while. The earnings of the employer may increase so that he ought to pay more. They may decline to a point where he must pay less, or stop alto- gether. Wages and profits are in a state of flux and reflux. Not only are they changing relatively to each other all the time, but some trades actually go out of existence. Canal-boating, for ex- ample, once the principal mode of trans- portation in the country, has disap- peared from some of the States entire- ly, and in others lingers only in a coma- tose condition. The whaling industry, which once employed large fleets, is now barely alive. Already we are wondering whether the manufacture of submarine cables and overhead telegraph wires may not be superseded by a system of wireless electric communication. Nature does not allow industry to stag- nate. The relations of labor and capital have always been in a state of unrest, and always will be. The conflict be- tween them will always continue, and, paradoxical as it may seem, ought to continue. Capital will grasp all that it can get, and labor must fight for its rights, or lapse into servitude. This is the testimony of the ages. The true in- terest of the human race lies in the equalization of opportunities and re- wards, and to this end all public effort should be directed. That the movement inaugurated last week is in the right di- rection, may be inferred from the fact that it looks to the instruction and guid- ance of public opinion quite as much as to the settlement of disputes between employers and employed. If the gentle- men named as the standing committee accept the task assigned to them, they will assume a great responsibility, but the fruits of their labor will be of cor- responding value to the country. It can hardly happen that a committee so con- stituted should fail in any given case to satisfy public opinion that its decision is the best and most equitable one possi- ble under the circumstances. It is true that the decision so rendered will not be binding in law. This is not a plan for compulsory arbitration. It is a volun- tary advisory tribunal, but its judg- ments, if accepted by public opinion as impartial and as based upon intelligent investigation, will be just as valid as those of a court of law, and as easily ex- ecuted. The plan proposed bears resemblance to the courts of conciliation and arbitra- tion which prevail in the north of Eng- land. The history of those voluntary tribunals was compiled and published by the Department of Labor at Washington in its Bulletin of May, 1900, where the happy results may be studied. Of course such men as compose the standing com- mittee appointed here cannot be expected to drop their own proper business and take up all cases of strikes or lockouts that arise, but they can organize a sys- tem of dealing with individual cases on the north-of-England plan, or devise one which they may think better suited to conditions in this country. Looking at the high character and authority of the names on the list, we shall be equally surprised and disappointed if the move- ment does not have very important and beneficent consequences. EDUCATION AS A PUBLIC PERIL. That Germany is over-educated was affirmed last week by the rector of the greatest German university, and he add- ed that, in virtue of Mr. Carnegie's re- cent gift for a National University, America must guard against impracti- cal ideals of education. "Mr. Carnegie's technical-school endowments showed that he was fully in harmony with the American spirit, but his latest proposal I am unable to commend" — so says the rector of the University of Berlin. Of course, such an opinion is more authori- tative for Germany than for this coun- try; and yet one may suspect that the great archaeologist has merely yielded to a pessimism which is prevalent in higher academic circles throughout the world. Many a great specialist, under the weight of responsibilities and aca- demic honors, repeats with a special unction Faust's monologue: "I have alas! Philosophy, Medicine, Jurisprudence too, -.- And to my cost Theology,

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Dec. 26, 1901] The Nation* 489 With ardent labor, studied through, And here I stand, with all iny lore, Poor fool, no wiser than before.*' It was this mood which M. Brunetiere rediscovered, and renamed "the bank- ruptcy of science." But Dr. Kekule probably meant, not that Germany is infected with this Faust spirit, but that the social order has suffered material harm through the lack of correspondence between the edu- cational system and the vital needs of the land. Whether he is right or wrong in this matter could be decided only by one who is thoroughly familiar with the recent course of industry and commerce in Germany. If the gymnasium, the real-schule, and the university have withdrawn from labor and industrial ac- tivity a proportion of intelligence and of energy which, under the deadening in- fluence of higher education, has become atrophied, then education has indeed be- come a peril to the state, and the most highly organized school and university system in the world is missing its end. But, before accepting so depressing a conclusion, one would like to be assured that Dr. Kekule is not merely suffering from a graceful pessimism which at a certain age affects nearly all archaeolo- gists and art critics. It is curious to note in this connection that the bitterest complaint of the dan- ger of over-education has come, not from Germany or France, each with its splen- did system of free education, but from England, which has practically no educa- tional system at all. When the question of doing something for secondary edu- cation was up in Parliament last sum- mer, Mr. Harold E. Gorst, private secre- tary to his father, Sir John Gorst, Vice- President of the Committee of the Coun- cil of Education, wrote a little treatise, entitled "The Curse of Education." This put his own father in the position of administering a national curse, and was, every one felt, in a way an impropriety; but Sir John Gorst's friends and enemies alike recognized that, even if education were a curse, Sir John meant to make the curse as light as possible for Eng- land. Curtis observed in 'Prue and I' that it is the much travelled who most insist upon the worthlessness of travel in comparison with the pleasures of the imagination, and so it appears that it is the highly educated who are heard in dispraise of education. Of course there is a certain justice in views of this kind. It is possible for a formal education to fall far short of the making of a citizen. One can hardly doubt that the reiterated complaints that the French Lycee depresses and even corrupts its pupils, contain a dose of truth. What should be said is this, that in America, at least, we are far from ex- periencing the perils of education. We are as yet in no danger of producing an overtrained class which despises labor and industry. Our colleges, year by year. give back to active business an increas- ing proportion of their graduates. If dan- ger there be in our present system, the danger is that of under-education, of young men slipping through their col- lege course with only a minimum of in- tellectual culture, and being returned to active life with no finer set of ideals and resources than those who have gone di- rectly from the schools to business. If the college will honestly do its duty by these young men and send them out with disciplined minds, we need have no fear that college education is being over- done. There is even less prospect that we shall be over-supplied with universities, or that we shall turn too many young men from active affairs to the disin- terested search for truth. It is prob- ably true that there are too many insti- tutions which, with insufficient force and equipment, try to do university work. The remedy for this is the up- building of great university foundations of so obvious a superiority that the over- ambitious institutions will be forced back to their proper collegiate basis. It is reported that Mr. Carnegie's founda- tion at Washington will not compete with the present universities, but will rather be a foundation for free research. However that may be, one can see in the prospect of a university at Washington nothing but good, provided that the uni- versity is guided by the highest ideals, and is content to go ahead no faster than it can go well. The problem of the "peril of education" may ue a practical one in Germany; here it has scarcely even the pale dignity of an academic rating. RICHARDSON REDIVIVUS. The publication of Richardson's novels in twenty small volumes — by Chapman & Hall in London, in New York by Macmillan — may indicate a coming revival of that pop- ular favor which the "father of the English novel" enjoyed during his life, and which remained constant for more than half a century. At all events, it shows an inter- est somewhere, and provides an opportu- nity for novel-readers to make his ac- quaintance at first-hand, and determine for themselves whether he has anything to say to the twentieth century, or whether the judgment of the nineteenth shall be con- firmed by a relegation of 'Pamela,' 'Clarissa Harlowe,' and 'Sir Charles Grandison' to the respectable catalogue of books that no gentleman's library should be without. The times are at least not unpropitious for a rescue of these mighty letter-writers from the dust of the top shelves. Curiosi- ty about literary forms is abroad, and lei- sure increases. Richardson demands, first, of all, leisure, for to gallop through his works is to miss all his quality. His distinguished contemporaries (English, French, and other) talked a great deal about him, in lofty strains of discriminat- ing praise. Johnson, of course, talked more and more memorably than anybody else, and perfectly hit the nail on the head when he said: "You must read him for the sentiment, and consider the story only as giving occasion to the sentiment." This "reading for the sentiment" can never be done in haste. But Richardson's subjects were perhaps more to blame for his long neglect than was his prolixity. The subject may be briefly stated as seduction — seduction pos- sible, probable, imminent; this, at least, in his best books, 'Pamela' and 'Clarissa.' The sentiments which he most ardently and minutely reveals are those of maiden breasts agitated about the preservation of their virtue, and this even before any "naughty assailant of innocence" is clear- ly in view. Early in the nineteenth cen- tury, as everybody knows, this subject dis- appeared from polite letters. Two maiden ladies, Maria Edgeworth and Jane Austen, very properly pushed it aside, and Sir Wal- ter Scott laid it under taboo. The great novelists of the mid-century touched it shy- ly, apologetically; and not till the last decade was it restored to undeserved prom- inence— restored, strangely enough, by la- dies (some of them, we believe, spinsters). So, whether for good or ill, the taboo has been lifted, and Richardson's subjects are no longer on the list of things not to be mentioned. It is, indeed, not the subject, but the fa- mous "rendering of the human heart," that may stand as an obstruction between Richardson and the moderns. By the "hu- man heart," in his case, was and is always understood the female organ. His princi- pal men, "Mr. B." and "Lovelace," are heartless rascals; they go about to "ruin" women as men go about daily labor — methodically, diligently, but without a thrill. Caricatures of real men of any time, they survived long in fiction, and still sur- vive in the novels of Mr. Hall Caine and Miss Corelli, whose aristocratic males con- stantly pursue plebeian females, who as constantly evade. But it was believed that of the heart of woman Richardson had fathomed every secret, revealing even to itself unclassified shades of emotion and sentiment. On reading 'Clarissa,' the mod- ern mind may share this contemporary faith, but must qualify it by recognizing that, during a century and a half, the heart of woman has expanded and changed even as her external life has expanded and changed. To those who cannot involun- tarily slip the shackles of modern knowl- edge and feeling, Richardson's heart stud- ies must appear limited, tedious, even ri- diculous, and it is because such unconscious abandonment is not a common accomplish- ment that critics may for ever be able to count on him as one of their exclusive joys. On a famous occasion, when Clarissa went to the woodhouse to look for a letter from Miss Howe, she reports to that resource- ful ally that she heard a "rustling behind a stack of wood." Presently she saw a man, who turned out to be Lovelace. "I could not scream out," she writes, "(yet attempt- ed to scream the moment I saw a man; and again when I saw who it was); for I had no voice; and had I not caught hold of a prop which supported the old roof, I should have sunk." Pamela writes to her parents how, when she was undressing in the seeming security of Mrs. Jervis's pres- ence, she heard a noise in the closet: "I said, Heaven protect us, but before I say

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490 The Kation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 my prayers, I must look into this closet. And so was going to it slipshod, when, 0, dreadful! out rushed my master, in a rich silk and silver morning-gown." Pamela screamed, subsequently "fell into a fit," and, though she was a young and vigorous servant-girl, continued screaming and fall- ing into fits for several days. Roughly speaking, these apparently inevitable con- sequences of the "sight of a man" (con- sequences not always dependent on sus- picion of his evil intentions) serve to sum- marize Richardson's knowledge of what wo- men were, and his notion of what they should be. The quotations need no comment as il- lustrations of what we have said about the doubtfulness of resuscitation of Richard- son's popularity. His place in literature has long been established, and his renown needs no bush. His personality is interest- ing, not for itself, but because it is so ex- planatory of his work. From his youth up- ward, to use his own phrase, he "kept his eye on the ladies" — a most chaste, if not a too discreet eye. From boyhood till old age he was surrounded by women prostrate in adoration. Mr. Gilbert's fictitious Bun- thorne is a poor idol indeed beside that elderly, portly, rather pompous bookseller exacting worship from the humblest maids and the greatest ladies of England and of France. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu tried in her waspish way to sting him, but failed, and at last, in a burst of candor, admitted: "I eagerly read him, nay, sob over his works in a scandalous manner." This new edition is a reproduction both of original texts and engravings, and In- cludes the quaint explanatory title-pages, the author's criticisms of his characters, and his replies to criticisms and sugges- tions from his public. All that the general reader cares to know about the novelist's life, his high moral intentions, and the influence of his work on some great writers of France and of Germany, may be found in the pleasantly WTitten introduction. HAUPTMANN'S TRAGI-COMEDY. Berlin, December 14, 1901. The dramatic and literary event of the season thus far has been the representa- tion of Gerhart Hauptmann's "Der Rote Hahn," a tragi-comedy in four acts, at the Deutsches Theater, and the appearance of the play in book form. The demand for tickets for the first representation was enormous, and the curiosity of the public is not yet satisfied, as the continued crowd- ing of the house shows. This general in- terest in a new play by Hauptmann is sig- nificant evidence of the honorable place which he has won for himself in Germany. In view of the author's previous achieve- ments, the play may be considered neither a failure nor a success. One reason for this lies near at hand. "Der Rote Hahn" is a sort of sequel of Hauptmann's successful comedy "Der Biberpelz," and shares the fate of most sequels in being inferior to the first work. The chief figure in both plays is Mrs. Wolff, now become, it is true, the wife of shoemaker Fielitz. The years of her widowhood and of her second marriage have, however, made no change in her character. From petty thieving in the first play she has progressed to the crime of arson in the second, but otherwise Haupt- mann has succeeded in lending her no new interest. Her intellectual superiority to those about her, and the ease with which she makes them all puppets in her hands, are as evident in one play as the other. Except in the last part of "Der Rote Hahn," she acts in both plays from a kind of inner necessity which lifts her above trifling dis- tinctions of meum and tuum and all con- siderations of right and wrong. If "Der Rote Hahn" was not to be a sort of copy of "Der Biberpelz," it was obvious that she must undergo some transformation; but Hauptmann's efforts in this direction have proved only partially successful. For this reason the play is necessarily disappointing. The first act is a clever bit of exposition. The scene is the workshop of cobbler Fie- litz, in some village near Berlin. The worthy pair are seated in the shop at the rising of the curtain. Mrs. Fielitz has already deter- mined to burn the house for the sake of the insurance and to erect a modern structure on its site. Only the details of the plan need perfecting. A few practical sugges- tions from the husband, who is both fas- cinated and frightened by the schema, make clear what is to come. The conversation between husband and wife suffers several interruptions. Wehrhahn, the stupid, con- ceited, and autocratic administrative head of the village, comes to try on a new pair of boots. Rauchhaupt and his idiotic son Gustav bring the iron cross for the grave of the lamented Wolff. Langheinrich, the village smith, meets them by appointment. The daughter Leontine joins the group to read the epitaph. Thus all the chief per- sons of the play appear in the shop in the course of the act, and give the spectator a clear impression of their individuality. All is life, movement, vigor. Though Fie- litz declares to the end that he will have no part in his wife's plan, it is evident that the cleverly suggested temptations of a fine new shop and the long-desired "regu- lator" will yet prove too much for his weak virtue. The second act is rather tiresome. Dr. Boxer (a Jewish physician of free-thinking proclivities, for whose presence in the play there seems no pressing necessity), the smith's helper, and later Langheinrich himself hold a long conversation under the shed of the smithy. From it we learn, to be sure, that the cobbler and his wife have gone to Berlin to buy the clock, and that the daughter has also left the house for the day; but the little that the first two-thirds of the act contains in the way of necessary information or helpful character- ization is to be got only with difficulty from the desultory talk. Something happens, at least, in the last part of the act. The idiot boy, Gustav, who has a fondness for matches and fires, comes running in and imitates the tooting of the fireman's horn. When the others try to hold him back long enough to learn where the fire is, he rushes away, dropping a box of matches in his flight. We soon learn that fire has broken out in the Fielitz house, and the village firemen, of whom Langheinrich is the chief, hurry away to put out the flames. On the evening of the first representation the applause of the audience at the end of the third act was rewarded by the appear- ance of the author on the stage. The ap- plause was no meaningless compliment, nor was it unjustly bestowed. The act is full of dramatic movement and human in- terest. The scene is the office of Wehr- hahn, some five hours after the outbreak of the fire. Mrs. Fielitz's plan has proved a brilliant success. The house has burned to the ground, and the suspicions of Wehr- hahn have already fastened upon Gustav. He bullies the witnesses, and confirms him- self every moment more in his own opin- ion, so that Mrs. Fielitz, on her entrance into the office after her return from Berlin, has her work already done for her. How- ever much others in the room, such as Langheinrich, who has found a bit of fuse in the house, and Dr. Boxer, may suspect her, they venture on no comments to Wehr- hahn. The boy is brought in by the police and his father sent for. With the coming of Rauchhaupt the scene approaches its cli- max. The idiot has been a burden here- tofore, but now that he is about to be put in custody, the father's love and family pride awaken. He storms, threatens, im- plores, but all in vain. Gustav is led away, and the scene closes with Rauchhaupt's threat that he will yet fasten the guilt upon Mrs. Fielitz. Every spectator waited for the rise of the curtain at the beginning of the fourth act, eager to see Hauptmann's solution of the problem which he had himself propos- ed. Whatever may have been his purpose in calling the play a tragi-comedy, it was at least clear that the name cut off all possibility of such an outcome as that of "Der Biberpelz," where Mrs. Wolffs cun- ning, fortified by Wehrhahn's impenetrable stupidity, was triumphant to the end. But this time even Wehrhahn is not wholly free from suspicion, while Langheinrich, Boxer, and others more than suspect, and Rauch- haupt is hot upon the trail. Hauptmann's solution is unsatisfactory, however, and the strength of the third act made the weak conclusion of the fourth doubly disappoint- ing. The scene is now an upper room in Langheinrich's house, where the Fielitz family is quartered temporarily. Opposite is the new house, very near completion. Mrs. Fielitz is an invalid, confined to her chair. The belief in her guilt is general in the village. Nevertheless, she has emerged in triumph from three separate investigations into the cause of the fire. Her Intellectual superiority over the others is as manifest as ever, but the happy phi- losophy of earlier days and crimes is gone. She dreams of her own funeral and is in- clined to pessimistic thoughts. Just what ails her is not so clear. Anxious she doubtless is, for Rauchhaupt has given her no rest, and comes again to-day to tell her that the net of suspicion is drawing closer about her and that punishment is near. It is difficult to believe that her conscience troubles her, for we see her still working, hand in hand with her pre- cious son-in-law, to deceive her husband and to induce Rauchhaupt to sell his val- uable piece of ground for a trifle. Such a tough old sinner cannot die from the pangs of a guilty conscience. Yet she does die quite unexpectedly a moment after the red cock (symbolic of its fiery origin) has been raised on the roof of the new house. It is difficult to ward off the suspicion that her death is not caused by apoplexy or a guilty conscience so much as by the last act, that dreadful disease of whose tre- mendous fatality Lessing speaks in his 'Dramaturgy.' Whatever may be its cause,

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INDEX TO VOLUME LXXIII., JULY TO DECEMBER, 1901. (Nos. 1879-1904.) The Week. AT HOME. Alabama Constitutional Convention refuses to ap- portion school fund according to race taxables, 2, has trouble with negro disfranchisement. 82. 102, 122, more negro poll-taxes paid than white, 122, Sheriff Kyles drives off a lynch- ing mob. 142, Sheriff North ditto. 159, white lynchers sentenced, one for life, 178, fraudu- lent vote for new Constitution, 388— J. B. Ad- dicks rebukes McKinley's cowardice, 1, op- posed by President Roosevelt, 291. 464— Senator Aldrich's talk with President Roosevelt on legislation, 329— Army transport service, cost of, 446— Anarchism, schemes for repressing, 197, 445— Advertising signboards, Justice Kruse's decision, 272— "America's" cup race won by "Columbia," 273. Buffalo, Pan-American Exposition a financial failure, 330— Babcock on his bill to reduce duties on overgrown industries, 101 — W. J. Bryan, Progressive Democratic Party convention at Columbus. O., 101, ignored by Ohio, Penn- sylvania, and Virginia Democrats, 141, view of steel strike, 177— John Barrett gets an office, 160— Bull-fighting in Nebraska, 42— Beet-sugar opposition Jo cut in Cuban tariff, 463— Bas-re- liefs a "manufacture" to customs officials, 407. Colorado, Gov. Orman will not sustain mining com- panies against strikers, 62, mob destroys Wm. Radcliffe's fish preserves, 122— California labor unions call for exclusion of Japanese, 62 — Con- necticut Constitutional Convention voted. 272— Cincinnati machinists' strike fails, 41— Chicago personal-property valuations, absurd, 179, Chi- cago "Tribune's" statistics of lynching, 198, Chicago Municipal Art League's great project, 350, Chicago gas decision and Judge Haneey's punishment for contempt, 389 — President Cleve- land's pension vetoes, 21— Senator Cullom fore- casts McKinley's reciprocity policy, 101, 121, misunderstands the Kaiser, 350— Leon Czolgosz kills President McKinley. 197, tried and sen- tenced, 255 — Bourke Cockran's Chicago speech for Boers, 446 — Commissioner Chamberlain's report for ship subsidies, 367— Civil- Service Commission. Federal, annual reflection on spoils Administration, 141 — Corn crop damaged by hot wave, 41, 62, 83, Government estimate, 121, 216— Copper flurry, 446, 465— Commerce of lead- ing countries, imports and exports, 349 — Cus- toms search of baggage not obligatory by law, 160— "Columbia" beats "Shamrock," 273. Congress, LVIIth. first session:— Senators Burrows and Hoar on putting down anarchism, 445. CUBA:— American flag to fly permanently over forts, 61, reciprocity and the Sugar Trust, 81. Cubans despair of independence, 142, conquest of yellow fever, 160, 389. public-school system established, 160, movement for annexation fa- vored by Administration, 177. revised Cuban tariff not to be promulgated, 177. Havana and Santiago demonstrations for reciprocity, 271, delegates to Washington for sugar-duty reduc- tion, 426, petition for reciprocity, 445, Ways and Means Committee postpones consideration, 463, Secretary Root will not postpone Cuban election, 484. Dalzcll, John, on reciprocity with Cuba, 22— Comp- troller C. G. Dawes resigns to stand for Senate, 23— Judge Day on power to dispose of the Phil- ippines, 61— J. R. Dos Passos on legal remedy for anarchism, 235. Evans, Pension Commissioner, replies to Gen. Sickles's attacks, 1, 21, to be sustained by President Roosevelt, 255— Rear-Admiral Evans censured for allusion to Secretary Chandler, 123 —Episcopal Triennial Convention at San Fran- cisco, 313— Exports for fiscal year, 41. Fall River cotton-print overproduction, 141— Sena- tor Frye's new ship-subsidy bill, 291— Sir C. Fumess orders steamships here, 484— Franchise taxation in the air, 426— "Fulton" submarine boat under water for fifteen hours. 408. Georgia, Gov. Candler forestalls a lynching, 122— Secretary Gage's reply to Russian representa- tions about differential on sugar, 41, offer to buy bonds ill responded to, 216, fresh offer, 349, to resign, views on a central national bank, 483 — C. H. Grosvenor on the immutable tariff, 367 —Gold abundant In spite of South African dis- turbance, 179, exports from New York, 350, 388. Hoar, Senator G. F., share in Lodge's swag in Gibson removal, 1, on protection and bimetal- lism. 22, declines to be McKlnleys eulogist for city of Worcester, 329 — Secretary Hay retained by President Roosevelt, 235, speech before New York Chamber of Commerce, 407, Hay-Pauncefote canal treaty, 312, signed, 387, ratified, 463— Ex- Secretary Herbert replies to Ohio platform on negro disfranchisement, 2 — H. O. Havemeyer's bas-relief a "manufacture," 407— Mark Hanna, Presidential boom in Virginia, 159, to continue Chairman National Republican Committee, 312, diagnosis of Roosevelt, 3.68— J. A. T. Hull in trouble with his constituents, 160 — House of Representatives' abuse of subordinate appoint- ments, 62— Hides, free, Massachusetts movement for, 407. HAWAII: — Chinamen born in Hawaii adjudged citi- zens of United States, 160. Iowa Republican convention on Philippine occupa- tion, 291— Illinois Supreme Court's decision on taxing of corporations, 330 — Indianapolis mone- tary convention work to be prosecuted with Con- gress, 272— Isthmian Canal treaty in new shape, 312, signed, 387, ratified by Senate, 463— Im- porters from India profiting by decrease in bul- lion value of rupee, 427 — Industrial Commis- sion's plans of dealing with Trusts, 292. Japanese, California labor unions demand exclu- sion of, 62. Kilbourne, James, on Philippine unprofitableness, 329. Long. Secretary, naval estimates. 311, proposed new fleet, 387— Senator H. C. Lodge for reci- procity, 367 — Lake cities want to build war- vessels, 102— Lackawanna R. R. and Buffalo ticket-scalpers, barren decision, 179— Lynchings, Chicago "Tribune's" statistics of, 198. Massachusetts, Josiah Quiney ready for Democratic gubernatorial nomination, 199. gets it, 271 — President McKinley balks at Addicks's nomina- tion, 1. proclaims free trade with Porto Rico, 61, to make reciprocity a national policy, 81, 101, address for reciprocity at Buffalo Exposi- tion, 197, censured by Bulletin of American Iron and Steel Association, 367, assassinated, 197, effect on Stock Exchange, 215 — Wayne Mc- Veagh's Phi Beta Kappa (Harvard) oration, 3— Gen MacArthur's legacy to Chaffee. 21. good opinion of Filipinos. 177— Maj. E. J. McCler- nand on the Philippine situation, 350— Gen. Miles censured by Secretary Root for Schley talk, 483. New York (State): Corporations paying franchise tax, 42, Payn and Quigg reconciled, 102, year's receipts from corporation, organization, and in- heritance taxes. 212, movement to abrogate legacy tax on charitable societies, 408; (City): Fire Commissioner Scannell indicted, 2, Bissert convicted of protecting prostitution, 102, suc- cessful raids by Society for the Prevention of Crime. 123, Policeman O'Neill tried by Devery, 199. Horgan & Slattery given the new Hall of Records, 217, Coler wants Tammany nomination for Mayor, 256, Citizens' Onion conventions, 256, published election outlay, 388. Seth Low for anti-Tammany mayor, 236, elected, 349, chooses Geo. L. Rives for corporation counsel, 388, and Col. Fartridge for Police Commissioner, 427, Tammany losses on East Side, 368, Repub- lican vote for Low, 408, Jerome for anti-Tam- many district attorney. 236. elected, 349. Presi- dent Cantor to appoint P. M. Stewart Superin- tendent of Buildings for Manhattan. 427. Bourke Cockran to speak for Shepard, 312, Jerome and Grout name Tammany rascals. 313. Jerome on W. C. Whitney, 3.'i, Whitney out for Shepard, 330, Coler on the city debt limit, 464, foreign- born inhabitants, constancy in census decade, 178. tenement-house prostitution, 271, question of Raines Law hotels and Sunday saloons, 368, 484, Metropolitan Museum and Squlers collection of Chinese loot, 177, 199, Pennsylvania R R to tunnel under New York. 465— Nebraska Antl- Trust Bill Inoperative, 446— National-bank or- ganlzatlon under act of March 14, 1900, disap- pointing, 330— Northern Pacific settlement, 387. Northern Securities Co.. 388, Western opposi- tion to consolidation, 388— National Civic Fed- eration, 484. Ohio Republican platform on negro disfranchise- ment, 2, Progressive Democratic Party conven- tion at Columbus, 101, Democratic Convention ignores coinage issue, 141, Supreme Court au- thorizes Mayor Johnson to ascertain powers of State Board of Equalization. 426. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia indignation meeting against machine tyranny, 1, Democratic appeal against recognition of Donnelly-Ryan machine, 101, Democrats ignore coinage issue, 141, Quay's Republican convention, 159, proof of collusion of Philadelphia rings, 178, Mayor Ashbridge en- forces vote-getting on Republican officehold- ers, 217, new Democratic County Committee formed. 236. Union party conventions, decrease in Democratic vote in Philadelphia. 255. fusion candidate for State Treasurer, 271, a Ripper bill judged unconstitutional, 313, Republican machine carries State and Philadelphia, 368— Senator Piatt to sue William A. White, 485— Postal reform directed against fake periodicals, 62— Pension increase, Commissioner's report, 142, 367, Secretary of Interior on. 407. PORTO RICO:— Free trade with United States pro- claimed by President McKinley, 61. PHILIPPINES:— Fourth of July step towards civil rule, MacArthur's legacy to Chaffee, 21, Eu- ropean imports surpass American, 42, self-gov- ernment withdrawn from four provinces, 61, judges omit oath to support United States Con- stitution. 81, Aguinaldo and Paterno not yet American patriots, 81, Gen. Kobbe's report on Sulu slavery, 122, Congressman Hull slighted at Manila. 142, Gen. MacArthur's tribute to the Filipinos. 177, United States company exter- minated in Samar, 255, more trouble there, 311, reconcentrado policy adopted, 329. Gen. Chaffee declares whole Philippine people at war, 329, Major E. J. McClernand's view of situation, 350, currency reform advised by C. A. Conant, 408, Secretary Root's proposal to expropriate friars' lands. 426, Gen. Chaffee's first annual report, 445, Commission want's power to issue bonds. 4G3, Republican State platforms on the Philippine question, 291, province of Misamls to be reduced to military control, failure of soldiers to reenlist, 484. Quiney, Josiab, ready to run for Governor in Massa- chusetts. 109. Roosevelt, Theodore, becomes President, pledge to pursue McKinley's policy, 215, retains his Cab- inet, 235. will sustain Pension Commissioner Evans, 255. makes Federal judge of ex-Gov. Jones of Alabama, 271, begged to do something for Boers, 291, anti-Addicks appointments, 291, 464, dines Booker Washington at White House, 311, removes Collector at El Paso for violating civil-service law, 368, and Louisville Collector of Internal Revenue, 387, appoints a colored justice of the peace in District of Columbia. 387, will keep politics out of army, navy, and colonies, 387, brings Indian agents under civil- service rules, removes Gov. Jenkins of Okla- homa, first message, 425, on the suppression of anarchism, 445, on the banditti disturbances in the Philippines, 446, appoints H. D. Saylor consul, 445, 464, approves rule to cut off pay of fraudulent gainers of civil-service positions, 463, appoints Judge Baker United States Circuit Judge, 463 — Rev. Gilbert Reid defends his loot- ing in China, 3, jocose apology, 257— Secretary Root's army estimates, 311. anuual report, 426— Comptroller Ridgely's report on banking. 426— Reciprocity, national convention of manufactur- ers to discuss, 312. proposal for a Congressional commission on reciprocity, 307 — Revenue stamps, disused, red tape in redeeming, 2, revenue in- creasing despite reduction act, 179 — Rope Trust not flourishing, 237. South Carolina mill presidents would restrict child

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Vol. lxxiii] Index. [July-Dec, 1901 labor, 216, strikers murder non-union men, 350— Spain, diplomatic correspondence with, suppress- ed by press, 21— President Jacob Schurman on Filipino fitness for self-government, 1— Rear- Admiral Schley inquiry, Rear-Admiral Howlson relieved, 216, real issue exposed, 257, Schley objections to finding overruled by Secretary Long, 483— Gen. D. E. Sickles's attack on Commissioner Evans, 1, 21— Squiers collec- tion of Chinese loot, 177— Simon Sterne de- ceased, 237 — Socialist unity convention at Indianapolis, 101 — Sugar duties, Con- gressmen on proposed lowering of, 255, Russian sugar, Judge Morris's decision in Downs case, 292, 312— Ship-building, American, for fiscal year, 42. Trust for whole United States pro- posed, 159 — Ship subsidies, Western editors op- posed to, 312, and Congressmen, 349, 407, urged by Commissioner Chamberlain, 367— Strike of firemen in anthracite region, 62 — Stationary En- gineers will not draw color line, 198 — Steel Trust (Corporation) dividends, 22, 23, steel strike, 41, forcible unionizing the end, 61, re- moval of plant in response to strike, 121. Amal- gamated Associations abiding by contracts, 121, 159, but Joliet and Milwaukee revoke, 141. no responsibility without incorporation, 141, Shaf- fer's efforts to keep peace, 141, impeachment called for, 177, 178, Bay View lodges return to work, 198, terms dictated to Shaffer, 216, 236, end and losses, 236— Supreme Court defines pre- ferred creditor in bankruptcies, 2 — Seamen's wages, prepayment of, 257— Seals vanishing from Bering Sea, 237. Texas, corner in oil transportation, 256— Treasury absorption of money from circulation, 199. United States prosperity reflected in English Mort- gage and Debenture Company's report, 273 — United States Steel Corporation to publish monthly net earnings, 272. Virginia Democrats ignore free coinage, 141, Re- publican convention boom for President Hanna, 159, Constitutional Convention agrees on suf- frage provision, 178, 256, question of submission to people, 198, bill of rights modified as to free speech, 23."), Democrats carry election. 368. Wilson, Secretary, on food self-sufficiency of United States, 22— Senator Wellington expelled from Baltimore Club, safe to remain in Senate, 215— Appraiser Wakeman to be removed, 271. ABROAD. GREAT BRITAIN:— English census, 3— Salisbury defines English South African operations as repelling invasion, 3, Brodrick says the war must go through, 23, grant for Lord Roberts, 63, Steyn's hope of foreign intervention 63, falling off in recruiting, 123, Winston Churchill en persistent war peril, Kipling's censure, 273, martial law proclaimed for al'l Cape Colony, 293, Chamberlain inflexible to Boers, on Canadian risk of annexation to U. S., 23, on employment of Kaffir soldiers, 103, first step towards war pensions, 83, Amer- ican claims to South African compensation, 122— Lord Bcresford on defects of navy, 43 —Peace Congress at Glasgow, 351— Lord Rose- bery on the Liberal plight, 63— Sir E. Ash- mead Bartlett's Turkophilism, 83— Lord Salis- bury on the flood of extravagance, 83, Bas- table on the English budget, 103— Duke of York returns from tour of the colonies, 351 —"Daily News's" deadly parallel from "Times," Boers vs. Cubans, 43. Gen. Buller's confession of advice to surrender Ladysmith, 293, dis- missal, 331, disaster to Col. Benson's col- umn, 351— Cecil Rhodes's contribution to 1891 Liberal campaign fund, 292 — "Spectator" urges England's public adhesion to Monroe Doc- trine, 409— Municipal check to abuse of ad- vertising, 42 — London hotel-keeper will not turn away colored clergymen, 143— Corporal punishment in schools. 143— Taff Vale It. R. case, 273, Trade Union Congress considering foreign Investment of funds, 217— Board of Trade report on prosperous year, 217. Trade returns for September, 293— Joseph Lawrence on II. S. steel capacity, 267— Mortgage and Debenture ( o prospers in U. S. business. 273 —London Lloyds adopr Marconi system. 369 FRANCE:— Associations bill passed, 3, Jesuits to disband their colleges, 103, more than half the religions establishments apply for author- ization. 389— Daudet -Richard aseptic duel 103— Death of Prince Henri d'Orleans, 123 —Tsar's visit to France. 237— Budget for 1902, .113— Montceaii-les-Mlnes strike met by Government warning, 331— Fleet sails for Mitylene to coerce Porte, 350. Porte yields, 369— Debate in Chamber on mode of overcom- ing deficit, 351— M. Millerand to found Franco- American school of commerce in the United States, 369 — Proposed international con- ference to suppress white-slave traffic, 409— Admiral Dupont on defects of navy, 43— Monu- ment placed over Heine's grave, 447— Re- volt in Theatre-Fransais against M. Ley- gues and M. Claretie, 409, L. Guitry appoint- ed stage manager, 447. S 103, retaliation projected by Russia and Austria-Hungary, 143, 273, tariff promotive of Socialist growth, 143. 447. debate begun. Dr. Paache on defence against American tariff policy, Bebel's speech, 447— Emperdr frowning on duelling, 465— Sugar Kartell de- clared not a Trust, 446— Reelection of Herr Kaufmann as Second Biirgermeister of Ber- lin 293, 331— Censorship suppresses Tolstoy's •Meaning of My Life,' 351— Inroad of Amer- ican Tobacco Trust, 485. DENMARK:— First Liberal Cabinet, 82. HOLLAND:— Continental sugar bounties a help to England in prosecuting Boer war, 369, Court of Arbitration cannot consider Boer appeal, 409. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:— Steps towards gold stan- dard, 161, reprisals against proposed German tariff, 143, 273, Prof. Suess on its futility as respects keeping peasants on the land, 293, movement against duelling, 465, budget, 313, American peril discussed by manufacturers, 331 ITALY:— Death of Crispi., 123— Ex-Deputy Casale a reflection of Tammany. 257— Vatican has to take money from Government, 351— American responsibility for Italian citizens discussed in Senate, 485. , SWITZERLAND:— Effort to break with Latin Union (monetary), 161. RUSSIA:— Military-service concessions to Fin- land. 43. Siberian railway for military transpor- tation 83, opposition to new German tariff, 143, threat tor detain migratory farm laborers, TURKEY:— Pays missionary damages debt to U.S., 42. settles with France and Austria. 350, 369, 389. ; JAPAN:— Financial straits from not resorting to foreign loans, 43. CHINA:— Gen. Chaffee's report on missionary slid- ing scale of indemnity, 122, Bishop Graves on unsatisfactory settlement, 161. effect of war on foreign trade. 217. death of Li Hung Chang, 369. M . NEWFOUNDLAND:— Reid contract revived by Premier Bond, 63. Marconi gets wireless tele- graphic message from England. 465. CANADA:— Census of 1901, 142. 143. Manitoba Pro- hibition Act sustained. 427. SOUTH AFRICA:— Boers reach the west coast, 311. AUSTRALIA:— Duty on ship's provisions, 237, Compulsory Arbitration Act in New South Wales. 417. MEXICO:— Pan-American Congress, Gen. Reyes's eulogy of Spain. 329, amicable arbitration the stumbling-block, 427, vague report on reci- procity, opposition to Pan-American bank, 485. CHILE:— Thwarts Pan-American Congress, 81. COLOMBIA:— Arrest of Col. Murillo. 82, revolu- tion spreading. 143. 161. decline of peso, 237, fighting along Panama Railroad, 408. VENEZUELA:— Amsterdam consul's view of U, S. friendship and utility. 464. Notes. Announcements, 10, 32, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 148, 168, 185, 205, 223, 245, 264, 280. 300, 321, 338, 358, 377, 306, 413, 434, 453, 472, 491— Adams, Chas. Francis compares Lee and Kruger, 437 — Alfred Jewel, Katie's. 132 — CeBare Abba's diary with Garibaldi, 72 — Arnold's Expedition to Quebec, Codman's. 340— American Diplomatic Questions, Henderson's, 72. American History Told by Con- temporaries, Hart's. 323. American Literature, New-come's, 340. American Verse. Onderdonk's History of, 456— Architecture, Sturgis's Dic- tionary of, 72— "American Historical Review." 302. Beck. Wllhelm. deceased, 362— Bradley's Owen Glyndwr. 361— Brandes's Main Currents In 19th Century Literature. 72— G. W. Botsford's Orient and Greece. 379— Margaret Benson's Soul of a Cat, 379 — Baldwin-Zlegler polar expedition's great expectations, 207— Karl Biicher's Indus- trial Evolution, 266— Bolivian Andes (Conway's), 93— Baikal. Lake, navigation Impeded by Ice, 188— Bird-Watching, Selous's 150. Cicero's time, legal procedure In, 151— Craik's Century of Scottish History. 187— China. A. Mlcble on political obstacles to missionary suc- cess. 18, Chinese public library in Shanghai. 438 —Canada. Review of Historical Publications, 131— Cheshire and Shropshire, Moss's Pilgrim- ages In, 224— Catholic International Scientific Congress at Munich, 170— Caricature In Europe, 1'ikIis and Kramer's, 266. Drummond, W. H., Johnnie Courteau 340— Dic- tionary of National Biography, Supplement. 322' — Declaration of Independence signers' auto- graphs, sets of, 224— Diamond Necklace, Funck- Brentano's, 474. Emerson, Sanborn's, 52 — Egypt, sudd clearance of Upper Nile. 170— English Oxford Dictionary. 92, 378— English Naval Heroes, Marindin's, 93 — English Constitutional History, Adams and Stephens's Select Documents of, 493. Foster, M., History of Physiology. 224— Em- peror Frederick. Poschinger's Life of, 13 — Fithian's Journal, 150— John Fiske's Life Ever- lasting, 282— Franconia. Footing it in. Tor- rey's, 323— French Grammar, Concise, Wall's, 415. Getz, Bernhard, deceased, 416— Garnett's Essays of an ex-Librarian, 398— Goethe on his Own Poetry, Hans Graf's, 35. voluminous corre- spondence in Weimar edition, 169, worship cen- sured by Heir Ziegler, 225— Gyp's Le Frlquet. 379— D. G. Garcia on the early Spanish invaders of Mexico, 399— Germany and the Germans (Dawson's), 132, German economists at Munich against tariff bill, 303. Harrison, Frederic, American Addresses, 474— Al- fred Plodder's Adversaries of the Skeptic, 151 — J. K. Hosmer's Mississippi Valley, 493— Hebrew and Babylonian myths of Creation, etc., Zimmern on, 170— "Harvard Graduates' Magazine," 473. Ireland, depopulation by last census, 52 — India, disappointing university results. 152— Italian General Catalogue of books published 1847-1899, 113— Italian Characters, Cesaresco's, 494 — Islam Philosophy, Tjitze de Boer's, 282. Jesus, two lives of, 398. Kleist, H. von, Berlin struggles, Reinhold Stelg on, 35— Madam Knight's Journal, 493 — "Korea Review," 188. Loubat, Duke of, reproductions of Mexican hiero- glyphics, 415 — Lodge's Close of the Middle Ages, 187— Lang's Magic and Religion, 247— Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of U. S.. 12— J. N. Larned s Multitude of Counsellors, 341, History for Ready Reference, 323 — Hieronymus Lorm's life, 225— Loo-Choo Islands, death of Sho Tai, 266 — London, Imperial, Beavan's, 303— Lake District, Bradley's. 340— Latin Poet- ry, Tyrrell's Anthology of, 112, Latin Syntax, Morris's, 398 — Latin America, Brown's, 340— Liberty Documents, Hill's, 132. Marvin's Last Words of Distinguished Men and Women, 379— Maclay's extended History of U. S. Navy. 112— McCarthy's History of Four Georges. 187— Martindale's Sport Indeed, 456— Monroe Doctrine, H. Petin on, 53 — Mt. McKin. ley and Mt. Logan, height of, 224 — Magdalen College Register, 266— Massachusetts Court of Assistants, John Noble's Records of. 473 — Mexi- can hieroglyphics, Duke of Loubat's reproduc- tions, 415 — Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult, Evans's, 282— Magazines for July, 34, August, 91, 111, September, 207, October. 281, 282, No- vember. 360, 361. December, 436. 437. Nuttall, Zelia, on Old and New World Civiliza- tion, 247— John Noble's Records of Mass. Court of Assistants, 473 — New South Wales' Mineral Resources, 171— New England Leaders, Ten, Walker's, 92— New York Wills, 1665-1707, 52, Public Library's MS. treasures, 112— Naval Heroes, Our, Marindin's, 93. Okapi, new African camelopard, 208. Paul, Herbert, Men and Letters, 132— G. Pas- ton's Little Memoirs of 18th Century, 151— W. A. Phillips's Modern Europe, 379— Peary's determination of Greenland land masses, 248— Poe, Harrison's New Glimpses of, 456 — B. Per- rin's Plutarch's Themistocles and Arlstldes, 456— Prussian state railway statistics, 72— Princeton Bird Club's Bulletin, 302— Police power of the State, Hastings's, 92— Publishers' bribery of favorable opinion, 206, 247. Ruskin. Ruskin Bibliography, Jameson's, 302— Life of Mary Rich, 415— Russian dead monumented in Holland, 362. Stillman, William J., deceased, 35— Gen. W. F. Smith's credit for Brown's Ferry, 457— Rein- hold Steig on H. von Kleist, 35— Sohm's In- stitutes, 151— Eduard Suess at 70 years, 248 —Stevenson's Attitude to Life, Genung's, 323— Stuarts, The Fallen, Head's, 398— Smith- sonian Institution, Rbees's History of, 456 — San Marco, Godkin's Monastery of, 493. Tyrrell's Anthology of Latin Poetry, 112 — Trad- ing Companies of New France, Blggar's, 188— Temperance Reform, Sanger's Place of Com- pensation in, 52— Theatre, Charles Hastings's, 474. Uganda R. R. nearly finished, 170. Vespasian and Titus's reigns illustrated by epi- fraphy. 415 — P. Villari made honorary member lassachusetts Historical Society, 499— Vorder- asiatlsche Gesellschaft's publications, 73. Washington, Letters to, 12— H. F. Waters's Gene- alogical Gleanings In England, 51 — Wllliston Walker's Ten New England Leaders, 92— Sid- ney Webster's "Two Treaties of Paris,' 438— Dr. John Watson's Life of the Master, 398— World's Literature enterprise, 131. Yellow fever and the mosquito, 82. Zimmern's Blblische und Babylonische Urge- schichte, 170. Editorial and Miscellaneous Articles. American Aldershot 4 American Capital Abroad 295 Army, New Education of the. . 27C Art Education through the Li- braries 354 At the Bar of History 4 Azorean Economies and the Pea- santry 354 Baggage, Secretary Gage on Du- ties on 430 Balance of Trade Our 166 Banking. Unity in 314 Biography, Aspects of 431 Black and White Ratios for Elev- en Decades 391 Blood-Money 886 Branch Banking 467 British Imperialism 200 Bryanlsm in Ohio 45 Canal Treaty. The New .!!!!!" 294 en, Gen. Daggett against I lie 202 Chamberlain and Kruger..!!! 146 Clearlng-House, Work of the 277 Coal Exports, Future of 487 Coal Question jgi Columbia University, Presidency Coinpt roller ' of " ' the' ' ' Currency". Ridgeway's Appointment 239 • -"operation. Latest Failure of.. 240 Country without a Strike 259 Cuban Peril 4$$ Cuban Problems !!!! 390 Cuban Situation, An "Expert" 'on 180 DBS Trial. Lessons of.. 332 Dante tu India, Tracking 277 Democratle Reorganization 429 Education as a Public Peril 488 Education Muddle in England.. 145 Eight-Hour Day 468 Flection Expenses 370 English Parties and the War 46 Europe and the American Peril.. 6 Evening Post, Century of the. . 392 Every Author his Own Press Agent 88 Fear of a Word 124 Flake, John. Deceased 26 Franco-Russian Alliance 241 Cage, Secretary, at Milwaukee... 314 German Drevfus Case 260 German Tariff Project 86 Germany and the United States.. 60 Hot.l Problem 2t; Influence without Territory 428 Isthmian Canal Outlook 64 Isthmian Canal Treaty 448 Italian Tammany, Ousting an 883 Italy, Social Unrest in 126 Juvenilia 258 Labor Arbitration, Progress of.. 488 Larger Hope for the City 180* Led IVmoeracy 370 Lynching Horror 162 McKinley's Assassination 200 McKInley'S Death 218 McKinley's Forcing the War with Spain 4> McKinley, The Mourning for 238 Mafia: Observations by a Non- Member 7, 27 Morals at Home and Abroad 163 Morley on Gladstone 373 Municipal Franchises, Future of.. 371 Negro as Soldier and Otlieer 85 Negro Population. Growth of.... 333 New York Municipal Contest. .258, 352 New York State Institutions, Poll- tics in 411 Northern Pacific Cataclysm 66

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Nos. 1 8 79- 1 904] Ind ex. [Vol.' 1 XXlll Ohio Democrats Repudiate Bryan. 45 Ohio Republican Platform 5 Our New Possessions and the Fu- ture 24 Panama Surrender 480 Pan-American Congress 332 Pennsylvania, Fight for Honesty In 145 Philippine Burden, The 486 Philippine Question, Supreme Court Decision 428 Police "System" of New York... 164 Politics and the Strike 64 Porto Rico, Moral of 84 Race Census at the South 24 Reciprocity or War 125 Republican Shorter Catechism 84 Richardson Redivivus 489 Rogers Bequest to Metropolitan Art Museum 25 Rosebery aud English Politics.... 468 Salisbury and the War 372 San Francisco Strike 275 Schley Verdict 466 Sentiment, Losses of 105 Shepard, Edw'd M., and Van Buren 317 Apologia . . . 274 In Tammany Hall 315 on Pledges .. 296 Shipping Trust 410 Ship Subsidy, Oppositiou to the... 294 Strike against National Cash Reg- ister Co 6 Strike against Steel Trust. 44, 104, 144 Strike, Evolution of the 218 Strike in San Francisco 275 Strikers and their Constitution... 144 Strike to Monopolize Labor 124 Supreme Court, "Attacking" the. 162 Surplus. The Obstinate 104 Tammany and "Respectability". 274 Tammany and the Courts 316 Tammany, Ciedullty about 296 Tammany, "Disintegrating" 334 Tammany. Italian, Ousting an.. 393 Tariff, Crime of Touching the. . . 448 Tariff, Irrepressible 390 Tariff Safetv-Valve 430 Theatre and the Critics 106 Trade, Facilitating 410 Treasury and the Money Market 20i Treasury Report 449 Trusts, Problem for 219 Dnion In the Kitchen 182 Van Buren and Shepard 317 War Department and the State Troops 353 Weber^ Friedrich Albrecht 450 Yale Bicentenary 318 Special Correspondence. Domestic — Independence Day in Porto Rico 46 American Art at Buffalo. . . . 127 The National Academy at Philadelphia 393 Great Britain— Ninth Jubilee of Univer.ity of Glasgow 8 Glasgow Exhibition 67 International Art in London. 335 Two Pictures with a Past .... 432 Causes of Imperialism in Eng- land 203 Russell's Ireland and the Em- pire 373 The Irish Literary Theatre. . 395 France— Military Chiefs of the Commune 31 The Marquis de la Rouerie.. 357 Tournebut 412 The Wife of Junot 451, 47o Fouche 69, 89, 108 Chateaubriand the Statesman. 262 Princess Lieven 299,318 Mme. de Maintenon as an Educator 147 Mme. de Genlis as an Edu- cator 183 The Cabinet of Medals 244 Germany: — Hauptinann's Tragi- comedy 490 Holland— Dutch Language and Literature Congress 220 Switzerland— A Swiis Oberam- mergau 278 Swiss Mountain Railways and Passes 297 Italy— Carlo Cattaneo 48 Crisp! 165 Modern Art in Venice 261 Tuscan Town and Country.. 375 Austria-Hungary— The Slovaks at Home 87 The New Bohemia 128 Greece — The Church as a Pro- tector of Forests 183 Recent Excavation of the Temple of Aegina 335 The "Iphigeneia" in Athens. 450 A Religious Riot in Athens.. 460 A Cretan Pompeii 356 Spain— From France into Spain.. 204 (Philippine Islands — Civilization and Barbarism in Luzon.. 221 Excursion among the Islands. 241 East Indies — Amherst Eclipse Expedition (Singkep) 29 (Bangkok) 107 Slam— Impressions 107 Occasional Correspond- ence. Adams, 0. F., Advice to the Boers 413 Algeria, Warning from 376 American Surgeon, The First llo Bankruptcy, Preferences in 50 Barnard, Lady Anne 377 Bernini's Constantine 264 Bismarck Mistranslated 32 Buller, General, Case of 434 China, Christian Missions in 50 Chinese Exclusion 433 Cluseret, Gen., as an American... 129 Conferees 222 nental Expansion 452 holies and Jesuits... 245 ty's" Inequitable Pleading. 471 Fourth of July. 1"01. at Manila... 184 French Doctorate, The New 320 1 1 Morals 185 y's Anti-English Feeling'.'. 4o.'j Hare's American Stories 109 ins 70 'Ism versus Union!'.!!'.]!! 70 Indian Summer 50 11 Government's Course to- wards Excavations 377 Magazine of American History... 90 "Malahack," 148, 205, 245, '264, 377 413 M; lie. Mr., and the Missionaries 111 China 263 "Moat" 434 Sir I'eter 167 Presidential Assassination, Special Punishment for 433 iential Handshaking 245 Reciprocity 320 ■city or Mutuality 376 Southern Sympathizers with Tam- many 413 Squiers Collection and Bishop Favier 491 Taxing Our Own Tongue. .. .'.loll. 2 Battle invisible (Reed's) 417 Beasts of the Field (Long's) 492 Beautiful Women in Art (Dayot's) 414 Beethoven's I'iauo-Playing (K11I- lak's) 459 Before the Dawn (Pimenoff- Noble's) 435 .tiered in Peking (Oilman's) 306 Miniature Series of Painters 475 Benefactress. The 417 Berkeley, George, Works (Era- ser's) 95 Beverley Town Documents(Leach's) 97 Bible (American Revised Version) 288 Bibliotics (Frazer's) 99 Biblische und Babylonische Ur- geschlchte (Ziramern's) liO Biographical and Other Articles (Todd's) ,•■•• 286 Bird Life. Stories or (Pearson's).. 472 Birds, Second Book of (Miller's).. 168 Bird-Watching (Selous's) 150 Blue Grass and Rhododendron (Fox) 478 Blue shirt and Khaki (Archibald's) 1" ■uess de 11 inllde-Pember- ton's) 37 .-broke aud his Times (Sich- ■ Is) 211 Bolivian Andes (Conway's) 93 Book Prices Current, Index to (Jaggard's) 246 lh is of Other Days (Mars- ton's) 130 Boone, Daniel (Miner's) 281 Boy of Old Japan (Van Bergen's). 80] luntrles (Taylor's) 801 Brazil, The New (Wright's; 287 fast Dishes 385, 492 British Anthologies (Arbers) r>o Brother Musicians iBaChe'B) 189 Brownson, Orestes A., Life of (Brow ason's) 18 Bruges, Story of (Gllliat-Smith's) . 70 Brunswick, Duke of (Fitzmau- rice'sl 252 Burgess Nonsense Book 436 Business Corporations in the State of New York (Arnold's) 4(n Business Law (White's) 33 Byron's Works (Coleridge and Pro- thero's) 457 Cairo of Yesterday and To-day (Reynolds-Ball's) 454 Calendar of Letter Books (Sharpe's) 212 Calhoun, Correspondence of Johu C. (Jameson's) 208, 227 Calumet K. (Merwin- Webster's) . . 476 Calverley, C. S., Complete Works of 438 Canada (Lucas's) 301 Canada, Fifty Years of Work in (Haw son's) ]38 Candle- Lightin' Time (Dunbar's). 440 Canterbury Tales, Prologue, etc. (Liddell's, Mather's) 284 Caracter de la Couquista EspaBo- la (Gareia's) 399 Caste, Century of (Waterman's).. 10 Cat. Soul of a (Benson's) 379 Cathay, Lore of (Martin's) 422 Cathedral, and Other Poems (Dickinson's) 440 Cavalier, The (Cable's) 458 Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx (Rhys's) 79 Century Book for Mothers (Yale and Pollak's) 322 Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (Fitzmaurice's). 252 Chartres, City of (Masse'sj 174 Chatterton (Masson's) 358 Chaucer's Franklin's Tale (Scho- held's) 284 Cheshire and Shropshire, Pilgrim- ages in (Moss's) 224 Chevalier de St. George (Terry's). 110 Children's Books ...381, 419, 436, 491 China (Parker's) 229 China and the Allies (Lander's).. 73 China in Convulsion (Smith's).... 480 l's Scholars, One of (Taylor's) 43 China, Year in (Bigham's) 251 Chinese Literature (Giles's) 136 Chinese Turkestan with Caravan and Rifle (Church's) 435 Christopher in his Sporting Jacket (Wilson's) 461 Civics for New York State (De- Forest's) 455 Civics. Talk on (Holt's) 38 Civil War and Constitution (Bur- gess's)_. 501 Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages (Taylor's) 171 nations, Law of (Eddy's)... 33 Commerce. Introduction to Study of (Clow's) 455 Composition and Literature, Eng- lish (Webster's) 155 Composition and Rhetoric, Modern (Smith and Thomas's) 155 Composition and Rhetoric, Practi- cal (Mead and Gordy's) 155 Conduct, Problem of (Taylor's) . . . 192 Confederate States of America (Schwab's) 93 Conflict of Laws (Minor's) 71 Connecticut Valley, Early Days in (Walker's) 359 Constantinople and its Problems '.. ight's) 460 "('.institution," The (Hollis'S) 194 Country Home, Making of (Mow- bray's) 414 Criticism. History of (Saintsbury's) 115 Cromwell. Oliver (Gardiner's) 280 Cromwell, Oliver, Speeches of (Stainer's) 133 Culture and Restraint (Black's).. 461 Currency and Banking in Massa- chusetts Bay (Davis's) 250 Dante's Divine Comedy, English Comment on (Tozer's) 307 Dante, Teachings of (I)insmore's) 346 Dante, The New Life (Rossetti's) 300 Dead Calypso (Robertson's) 439 Deafness and Cheerfulness (Jack- son's) 34.". Deirdre Wed (French's) 440 Democracy versus Socialism (Hirsch's) 322 Derelict, The (Hyne'si 492 Deutsche Chansons 91 Diamond Necklace (Funck-Bren- t a no's) 474 Dictionary of National Biography, Supplement (Lee's) 322 Diplomatic History of Southern Confederacy (Callahan's) 57 Divorce Laws of the United States (Hirsch's) 440 ndllinger, Ignaz von (Friedrich's) 194 Domestic Service (Salmon's) 39 Dragons of the Air (Seeley/s) . . . . 500 Dreyfus, Ilistoire de l'Affaire (Reinacb'st 117 D'ri and I (Bacheller's) 458 Dutch Painters of 19th Century (Rooses's) 454 East India Company's Letters.... 74 Eclipse Cyclone and Diurnal Cy- clone (Clayton's) 304 Educational Aims and Metnods (Kirch's) 253 Education in 19th Century (Rob- - Chemistry, Practical (Blount's) 172 Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe (Fos- ter's) 74 in (Sanborn's) ."'_' Emerson, Remembrances of (At- bee's) :;ti Emigrant Literature (Brandes's). 72 Km yelopa-dia Biblica (Cheyne and Black's) 55 Encyclopcedia Medica (Watson'si . 212 England. Genealogical Gleanings in (Waters's) 5i England. Renaissance Architecture in (Blomfleld's) 137 English as She is Taught (Le Row's) 300 English Composition and Rhet- oric (Webster's) 155 English Constitutional History, Documents (Adams and Ste- phens's 493 English Dictionary, Oxford. .. .92, 378 English Etymology, Notes on (Skeat's) 246 English History, Leading Facts in (Montgomery's) 110 English Literature, Introduction to (Egan's) 472 Englishmen in China during Vic- torian Era (Michie's) 156 English Poor Relief, Early His- tory of (Leonard's) 119 English, Talks on Writing (Bates's) 281 Epigraphical Evidence for Reigns of Vespasian and Titus (New- ton's) 435 Equity Jurisprudence (Baton's) . . 440 Estoppel by Misrepresentation (Ewart's) 7i Etats-Dnis et la Doctrine de Mon- roe (Putin's) 53 Eternal City (Crane's) 380 Ethics (Mezes's) 325 Etymological Dictionary, Concise (Skeat's) 246 Europe, Modern (Phillips's) 379 Evolution, Studies in (Beecher's) 301 Ex-Librarian, Essays of (Gar- nett's) 398 Exlibris ( Zur ' Wes'ten's)' ' .' .' .' ! .' ! ! '. 397 Falstaff and Equity (Phelps's).. 90 Familiar Trees and their Leaves (Mathews's) 301 Famous Homes of Great Britain (Malan's) 478 Fer, la Houille, la Metallurgle (Villain's) 130 Fifty Years of Work in Canada (Dawson's) 138 Fireside Sphinx (Repplier's) 480 Fithian, Philip Vickers (Wil- liams's) 114 Five Thousand Facts and Fancies (Phyfe's) 435 Flood-Tide (Greene's) 476 Flowers and Ferns in their Haunts (Wright's) 301 Foma Gordyeeff (Gorky's) 209 Formation du Style par l'Assi- milation (Albalat's) 308 Four-footed Folk (Ayers's) 472 Four Georges, History of (Mc- Carthy's) 187 Fourteenth Amendment (Brau- non's) 53 Fowls of the Air (Long's) 492 France, Histoire Economiquede la (Bloch's) 173 Francesco Raibollni [Francia] (Williamson's) 362 Francis Letters (Francis and Keary's) 120 Franconia, Footing It in (Tor- rey's) 323 Frederick, Emperor, Life of (Po- schinger's) 13 French Art (Brownell's) 400 French-English Dictionary (Ed- gren and Burnet's) 70 French Furniture in 18th Cen- tury (Diike's) 442 French Grammar, Concise (Wall's) 415 French Monarchy (Grant's) 231 French Revolution (Mathews's).. 342 Friend with the Countersign 417 Friquet Le (Gyp's) 379 From Squire to Prince (Dodge's) 321 From the Hills of Dream (Mac- Leod's) 440 Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilization (Nuttall's) 247 Gage of Youth (Burgess's) 439 Gardening for Beginners (Cook's) 301 Gavel and the Mace (Hackett's). . 422 Genealogical Gleanings In England (Waters's) 51 Genesis in the Light of Modern Knowledge (Worcester's) 26ft Geography and History, Relations of (George's) 9G Geography, New Basis of (Rod- way's) 33 Georgia, Reconstruction of (Wool- ley's) 110 Germany and the Germans (Daw- son's) 132 Gibson, William Hamilton (Ad- , ams's) 475

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Vol. lxxiiij Index. [July-Dec , 1901 440 14 ::.-, Girls, To (Hersey's) 378 Glanville (Beamess) . .... *» Glvndwr, Owen (Bradley s) .. . *> God and the Son! (Spalding si ... . God of his Fathers (London s). ... Goethe (iber seine D'.chtungen (Graf's) '.'■■'.'; qi Gossip in a Library (Gosse s) . . . . . 396 Gowef, Works of (Macaulay's).... 246 Grape, Book of the (Ward s)...... 4o5 Greece, Early Age of Rldgeway s) 494 Greek Metric (Uoodell's) . . . 309 Greek Thinkers (Gompers :s) ...... o9 Greenhouse, Hook of the (Rob- orts's) «*•> Handy Dictionary of Biography (Morris's) f*J Harvest Tide (Morris's) •■•••■■•• lo2 Hebrews. Ancient, Life and Lit- erature of (Abbotts)......... -MO Hebrews, Short History of (Ott- ^_ Hebrews, Sociai Life of 'the (pay's) 191 Horkomcr. Hubert von (Baldry's). 3b2 Hermit of Carmel (Santayana s) . . 439 Heroines of Fiction (Howells s) . . . 4i9 Highways and Byways of Music (Clarke's) Histoire Generate (Lavlsse and Rambaud's) ■ ; • llu Historical Criticism, Essays in ^ HistSSr&d^nkbocMkram^sj 360 Liszt's Briefe an. die Furstin Savn -Wittgenstein ... .... £*» Bt's Briefe an eine Freundin. 248 of 18th Century 151 303 Liszt Little Memoirs (Paston's) • • • London, Imperial (ltoavan si Lowell. James Russell (Scudder's) 416 McClellan, General (Michie s) . , .. . A£& Macdonough - llackstaff Ancestry (Macdonough's) ••••■•• .• ■ £~ Maggie MacLanelian (Gollinger s) 47b Magic and Religion (Lang's).... Magicians and Astrologers of Nin- eveh and Babylon (Thomp- siin's) ',W--','\ a Making of an American (Rns s) 454 Making of Jane (EUiott's) ._.. ; . . 4|6 247 228 Historischer Sehul-Atlas iruiz- ^ History85 for ' ' Ready' ' ' Reference ^ "^"'""'Cambridge '(Seaman's). 439 205 301 345 281 288 301 454 250 265 the Money Article Famous 492 33 454 T9 See Club? Book "of the~ Horace's Odes (Bennett s) . . . Horace's Satires (Bennett s) . How to Make Money in the Print- ing Business now to Read (fmguid's) Hymns Historically (Smith's) • ■ • ■ • • •;,:,•.' „' Improvement of Towns and Cities (Robinson's) ■•■ •;•;•■, •: „ India, Great Epic of (Hopkins s) 232 Indian Borderland (Holdich si .. .. . 139 India, Poverty and Un-Bntish Rule in (Dadabbai's) •••,•;•■■ ifi Industrial Evolution (Buehersk-- ^o» In Memoriam. Tennyson's Com- mentary on (Bradley s) /4b Insect Book (Howard's) jj" Institutes (Sohm's) .••••• ■■ 101 international Law (Wilson and Tucker's} *,*u Ireland and the Empire (Russeirs) 373 Ireland, Fifty Years m McCarty s) 287 Ireland, Industrial and Agricultural 149 Ireland, Surnames and Christian Names in (Matheson's) ... 40 Irish Grammar (Craig's. Christian Brothers') 4 Irish Pastorals (Bullock's) ... 327 Islam. Goschichte der Philosophic im (Tjitze de Boer's) . . ... ... . . ^ Italian Art, Study and Criticism 187 281 397 of (Berenson'sl 362 475 173 499 497 51 51 266 186 472 301 Italian Characters (Cesaresco's) . . 494 Italian Cities (Blashfield's) 13 Italian Sculpture of the Renais- sance (Freeman's) Japanese Plays and Play-fellows (Edwards's) • • Jefferson, Thomas, The True (Cur tis's) ........ Jesus Christ and the Sociai Ques- tion (Peabody's) 98 Jewish Encyclopaedia «4l John Bull's Crime (I lavis s) . . . 130 Johnnie Courteau (I)rummond s). 340 Jones Imigo. Architectural Works of (Trlggs and Tanner's), jurisprudence, American (Robin- son's) • Jurisprudence. Constitution and Laws of U. S. (Andrews's).. Karlkatur der Europttischen vol- ker (FuchS and Kramer's).... Kaukasns. Ana den Hochreglonen d,-s (Merzbacher's) Kemble's Pickaninnies Kids of Many Colors (Boylan and Morgan's) Kim (Kipling's) 380 Kings of the Rod, Rifle, and Gun (Thormanny's) 477 Kleist. II. von, Berliner Kilmpfe (Stele's) 85 Knight, Madam. Journal of 493 Knowledge. Belief and Certitude (Turner's) 70 Lady Lee i Ensign's) 359 Laird's Luck igniller-Coueh's) 476 Lake District (Bradley's) 340 Lake Geneva and its Literary Landmarks (Grlbble's) 149 Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of U. S 12 Lamb's Tales from Shakspere (Furnivall's) 413 Landseer (Hurll's) 454 Last Essays (Miller's) 70 Last Words of Distinguished Men and Women (Marvin's) 379 Lat in America (Brown's) 340 Latin Poetry, Anthology of (Tyr- rell's) Latin Syntax, Principles andMetb- ods in (Morris's) Launcelot du Lac, Legend of (Weston's) Laurel Book, The (Tomlins's) . . Legal Procedure of Olcero's Time (Greenldge's) 151 Libert v Documents (Hill's) 132 Life Everlasting (Flske's) 282 Life iu Poetrv (Oourthope's) 98 Life of the Master (Watson's) 398 Life on the Stage (Morris's) 441 Lincoln, and Other Poems (Mark- ham's) 439 Man of Millions (Keightley s). . Marche Financier en 1900-01 (Raf- falovich's) ■ • • Mar hall, John, Anniversary Ad- dresses (Dickinson's) ■ Maryland as a Proprietary Pro- vince (Mereness's) Maryland Calendar of Wills (Bald win's) - • • Masque of Cupid (Blashfield s). . . Massachusetts Bay, Currency, and Banking in (Davis's) Mazdeisme, Vie Future d'apres le (Soderblom's) . . Meade. Gen. (Pennypacker s) . do Medicine in U. S., History of (Packard's) 7b Mediterranean Race (Sergi's) 19 Me.literranee, En (Diebl's) 253 Meisterbilder fur Deutsche Haus 131 Men and Letters (Paul's) 132 Mendelssohn (Stratton's) 459 Middle Ages, Close of the (Lodge's) Mineralogy and Petrography (Pen field and Pirsson's) Mississippian in Peace and War, Reminiscences of (Montgom- ery's) Mississippi, Reconstruction in (Garner's) 110 Mississippi Valley (Hosmer's) . . . . 493 Missouri, Taxation In (Judson's). 71 Mistral, Frederic (Downer's) 50 Modern Antteus 495 Monastery of San Marco (God- kin's) 493 Monouia (McCarthy's) 14 M s. Land of the (Meakin's) . . . 15 Mosquitoes (Howard's) 17 Moths and Butterflies (Dicker- son's) 59 Motteville's Memoirs (Wormeley's) 339 Mouvement Litteraire Contempo- rain (Pellissier's) 339 Muhammad and his Power ((John- stone's) 454 Multitude of Counsellors (Lar- ned's) 341 Museen des Ostens der Vereinig- ten Staaten (Meyer's) 301 Musical Life, Memories of a (Ma- son's) 383 Musical Ministries in the Church I Pratt's) 459 My Angling Friends (Mather's).. 45.") My Autobiography (Milller's). . . . 70 Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult (Evans's) 282 Navajo Trail, Over the Great (Elckemeyer's) 226 Naval Heroes. Our (Marlndiu's) . . 93 Navy. History of the (Maclay's) . . 112 Negentiende Eeuw in Woord en Beeld (Rogge and Van der Meulen's) 360 New Kngland Country Church, Story of (Walker's) 359 New France, Early Trading Com- panies of (Blggar's) 188 New South wales, Mineral Re- soure, .-■ "i i rn i man's) 171 New York City General Ordinances (Brown's) 440 New York, Old, Frontier (Halsey's) 17 Nietzsche, v., Eriunerungen an (Deussen's) Nietzsche, F. (Reiner's, Schacht's) .Noblesse Franeaise sous Richelieu ll I'Avenel'sl North Americans of Yesterday (Dellenbaugh's) Notes and BlUs, i,aw of (Norton's) Nouveau Don .loan (Barriere's) . Nursing Ethics (Robb's) 19 Object-Lessons for Rural Schools (Murche's) 321 in,i English Reader (Wyatt's) 435 oldest Type-printed Book in Ex- istence (Moon's) 324 Old Fashioned Flowers, Book of (Roberts's) 455 Old Testament and New Scholar- ship (Peters's) 502 Opera, Critical History of the (Bison's) 459 Orestela Of Aeschylus (Warr's)... 134 Orient ami Greece (Botsford's) . . . 379 Orthoptera of North America IS, -udder's) 130 oilier Worlds (Serviss's) 423 Over the Plum Pudding (Bangs's). 397 rainier, John M., Recollections... 490 Parliamentary Practice (Waples's) 4-U Parson's Tale, Sources of (Peter- sen's) 284 Paris of Speech (Matthews's) 365 Paston Letters (Gairdner's) 98 Patterson's Nautical Encyclopedia 502 Penology, Science of (Boles's) . . . . 500 Phlllnpeaui, Le Conventlonnel (Mautouehet's) 342 Philosophy of Religion in England and America (Oaldecott's) 139 Phonetlques des Formes Hrecques (Rh-mann and Goelzer's) 20 Phonographic Dictionary (Pitman and Howard's) 396 Photographic Optics (Lummer's). 172 108 168 285 225 71 78 112 398 24fi 459 Photography as a Fine Art (Caf- fin's) •••• 4(0 Physicians, Law relating to (Tay- lfvr*S^ ,.....■••••• • **" Physics, Experimental (Lommel's) 172 Physiology, History of I Foster's) 224 Physiology, Text-book of (Schae- fer's) 149 Piccolo Mondo Moderno (Fogaz- zaro's) 210 Pines of Lew (Mitchell's) 458 Plant and Floral Studies (Town- send's) 359 Plantation Songs (Shepperd's) 440 Plav of Man (Groos's) 170 Plutarch's Themistoeles and Aristides (Perrin's) 456 Poems (Moody's) -. . . . 154 Poems (Savage's) 440 Poems of the Unknown Way (Lysaght's) 152 Poe. New Glimpses of (Harrl- son'si 456 Poetrv for Poetry's Sake (Brad- ley's) Poets of the Younger Generation (Archer's) 438 Police Power of the State (Has- tings's) 92 Political Economy (Devas's) 33 Poole's Index. Abridgment 130 Porter of Bagdad (Macmechan's) . 110 Portraits et Souvenirs (Saint- Saens's) 343 Print-Collector's Handbook (Whit- man's) 402 Problemes Politiques du Temps Present (Faguet's) 58 Protozoa (Calkins's) 436 Psychologie, Moderae (Hartmann's) 186 Psychologie Politique du Peuple Anglais (Boutmy's) 13" Psychology (Maher's) 267 Quaker, The (Gummere's) 497 Queen, and Other Poems (Gar- nett's) 439 Queen's Comrade (Molloy's) 378 Reading of Life (Meredith's).... 152 Reformation, The (Walker's) 18 Renaissance Architecture in Eng- land (Blomfield's) 137 Repertoire Bibliographique des Prineipales Revues Franchises (Jordell's) 246 Revolution Franeaise. Histoire Politique de (Aulard's) 399 Rhetoric. Working Principles of (Genung's) 155 Ribbon of Iron (Meakin's) 501 Rich. Mary. Life of 415 Right of Wav (Parker's) 380 Road to Ridgeby's (Harris's) 458 Roman Political Institutions (Ab- bott's) 306 Roman Public Life (Greenidge's) 300 Romantic Castles and Palaces (Singleton's) 339 Romantic Comedy, Theory of (Hamelius's) 435 Roesettl. Dante G. iMarillier's). 362 l;. rn n, Churches of (Perkins's)... 174 Roval Academy Pictures 5o Rubatyat Jli-m'n's) 110 Rugs Oriental and Occidental .Holts. 383 Ruling Passion (Van Dykes) 417 Rumania In 1900 (Benger's) 119 Ruskin Bibliography (Jameson's). o02 Saint Mary Magdalen College, Register of (Macray's) 266 Saint Nicholas. Index to (Goss and Baker's) Raloon Substitutes for the.... Sandwiches 101 (SoUtbWOrth's) School Hygiene (Hope & Brown's) Scientific Chemistry, Modern (Las- sai -Cohn's) • Scottish History. Century of (I Talk's) 187 lUBhlp, Modern (Knight s) . . o4 Selections from Poems (Mitchells) L>4 Shacklett (Ban's) 455 Shadowy Waters (Yeats's) 152 Shakspere's Songs 280 Show Dog I Huntington's) 414 Small Boat Sailing (Knight's) 51 Smithsonian Institution. History of (Rhees's) 456 Social Spirit in America (Hender- son's) • • 390 Bonnets and Lyrics (Gibsons) 439 Sonnets and Songs (Adams s) 4.i9 Sens of the Sword (Woods s) 49o Soul of Osiris (Crowley's) lo3 Sounding the Ocean of Air i Ketch's) •••■■ 193 South Africa a Century Ago (Wil- kins's) **"^ South Africa. New (Uleloeh's) . . . . 285 Sen lb Africa, Peace or War in (Methuen's) 51 Spanish Anthology (Fords) 4^1. Spanlsh People (Hume's) lis Spinster Book (Reed's) Book of (Patten's) Sport Indeed ( Mai t indale's) Stars. The (Newcomb's) ........ Stevenson's Attitude to Life (Ge nnng's) • ■ •• ; „ Story of a Young Man (Howards) 888 Story of My Life (Hare's)... 50 Stuarts, the Fallen (Head si .39b Sultan of Turkey. Private Life of (Dorys's) *'i (Gerard's) 14 Ten Years in Cossack Slavery (Jasiencyk's) 75 Thackeray, W. M., Stray Papers by (Melville's) 434 Theatre, The (Hastings's) 474 Theology at Dawn of 20th Century (Morgan's) 195 Thirteen Colonies (Smith's) 269 Tibet and Chinese Turkestan, In (Deasy's) 11« Tibetans in Tent and Temple, With (Rijnhart's) 116 Tolstoy and his Problems (Maude's) 420 Tom Beauling (Morris's) 458 Tory Lover (Jewett's) 417 Town and Country Poems (Legge's) 153 Training of the Body (Schmidt and Miles's)) lis Transvaal War, Rights and Wrongs of (Cook's) 384 Travels Round Our Village (Hay- den's) 401 149 ] Treason and Plot (Hume's) 175 Trewern (Thomas's) 14 Tristesse Contemporaine (Flerens- Gevaert's) 455 Tristram of Blent (Hope's) 380 Tuscany, In (Carmichael's) 268 'Twixt Sirdar and Menelik (Well- by's) 364 Two Treaties of Paris and the Su- preme Court (Webster's) 438 Typography, Practice of (De Vinne's) 421 Unconscious Comedians (Duer's).. 458 United Kingdom. Working Con- stitution of (Courtney's) 188 Fse-Inheritance (Kidd's) 322 Use of Words in Reasoning (Sidg- wick's) 120 Valencia's Garden (Crownin- shield's) 1* Vieo, Giamhattista (Croce's) 60 Voni Quarto zum Volturno (Abba's) 72 Voyage Archeologique au Safa (Dussaud and Macler's) 156 Voyage of Ithobal (Arnold's).... 440 Wagner. Bayreuth and the Fes- tival Plays (Gerard's) 459 Wall and Water Gardens (Jekyll's) 344 War Impressions (Menpes's) 110 Washington (Harrison's) 474 Washington, Letters to (Hamil- ton's) 12 Washington MSS. in the Library of Congress (Friedenwald's). . 150 Weeds by the Wall (Cawein's).. 153 Wessex of Thomas Hardy (Win- die's) 401 Whaler, On Board a (Hammond's) 321 White. Gilbert, Life of (Holt- White's) 499 Wife of Bath's Tale (Maynadier's) 284 With Bobs and Kruger (Unger's). 360 Woman and the Law (Bayles's).. 339 Work of the 9th Division (Col- vile's) 11 World of Graft (Flynt's) 77 Westerners. The (White's) 476 Widow and her Friends (Gibson's) 359 Wild Life Near Home (Sharp's).. 403 Women and Men of the French Renaissance (Sichel's) 421 Women in the Golden Ages (Mason's) 421 Women of the Salons (Tallen- tyre's) 472 Woodland and Meadow (Adams's) 3^9 Wooing of Sheila (Rhys's) 495 World's Delight (Skrine's) 485 X-ray Work, Practical (Addy- man's) 462 Yorke the Adventurer (Becke's). 321 Voung Folks' Cyclopaedia of Lit- erature and Art (Champlin's). 454 Zoology (Lankester's) ...„ 436 Zoology (Shipley and McBride's) 359 246 140 360 90 172 Books of the Week. 20, 40. 60. 80, 100, 140, 157, 213, 233, 253, 270, 289, 309, 346, 365, 385, 405, 423, 444, 481. 502. 196, 327, 462, ERBA TA. line 23. For "pros- bot- "Oau- 378 441 456 403 323 Page 3, col. iii . perous" read "populous." Page 25. col. i., line 28 from torn. For "Caucasians" read casian." Page 91, col. I., line 10. Omit "not." Page 111, col. 1.. line 5. For "Etas- I nis" read "Etats-Unis." Line 15: For "trouvent" read "trouveront." Tage 114, col ii., line 33 from bot- tom. For "H." read "11." Page 115, col. I., line 16. Omit . " to end of Omit last sentence ("By John Champe bot- For Supreme Crime (Gerard's) 14 Surrey (.lerrold's) • £»< Talks on Writing English (Bates s) .281 Taxpayers' Actions to Redress Municipal Wrongs (Thomsons) 90 Temperance Reform. Compensation in (Sanger's) .••/."" Tempting of Father Anthony dlorton's) •■•"" rf'8 Ten New England Leaders (Walker's) 92 Tennyson Alfred' (Lang's) 443 "The diarist . paragraph. Page 116, col. i. of first notice Carter," etc.). Page 177. col. il., line 22 from torn, and col. iii., line 6. "Squier" read "Squiers." Page 188. col. Hi., line 17 and 34. For "professional" read "profess- orial." , __ Page 199, col. 111., lines 34 and 17 from bottom. For "Squier" read "Squiers." _ „_ Page 206. col. 1., line 22. For "Gory- nia" read "Gournia." Page 224, col. iii., line 23. For "W." read "Mr." Page 320, col. ii., line 36. For "sev- entv-two" read "eighty-eight." Page 357, col. i., line 36. For "aula read "antn." Page 396, col. iii., line 8. For "Dent- Lipplncott" read "Dent-Macmillan.

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Dec. 26, 1901] The Nation. 491 her death is both unexpected and unsatis- factory, and gives the play a weak con- clusion. Of minor excellencies of "Der Rote Hahn" it is unnecessary to speak. They are numerous and finely wrought out. The humor Is natural and effective, the draw- ing of the characters is careful and true. Unfortunately, all this cannot outweigh the weakness of the last act. Charles Harris. Correspondence. THE SQUIERS COLLECTION AND BISH- OP FAVIER. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your number of the 12th of Sep- tember last, there is a note concerning the collection from China which is about to find its way into a museum of your me- tropolis. In the note there is reference to the part of Bishop Favier in the history of the collection, and the conduct of that well- known and estimable missionary may per- haps be somewhat misrepresented, owing to the summary way in which the affair is re- counted. Would you do him the justice of publishing a brief account of it from his own pen, which, moreover, may have fur- ther interest for your readers than that of representing the writer's conduct in its true light? He writes under date of No- vember 1, 1901: "Yan-li-chan [French spelling; the let- ter is in French] had a rather fine house near my residence; condemned to death, and executed by Prince Tuan, his house was pillaged by the Boxers, who burnt it and ran away, on the 16th of August. Some Christians saved from the flames four cases containing some beautiful pieces of porce- lain. I put them in my residence, where I had already a beautiful collection, got to- gether during thirty years, as everybody knew. This collection, in which was to be seen, among other pieces, a superb vase given me by the Empress, had to be sac- rificed to send a little money to the 15,000 or 20,000 Christians in the province, who were in the same state [of indigence] as those in the city. It was said that no one was left of Yan-li-chan's family, but I not- ed apart all that came from what belonged to him, to deduct it from the indemnity, or to repay the amount to his heirs if any should turn up. Mr. Squiers chose what pleased him, from my collection or from among the objects of Yan-li-chan. He paid the price exactly, giving me a cheque for £1,000 sterling, which I distributed im- mediately among the unfortunate Chris- tians of the province. This is the fact. "Upon my return to Peking, towards the end of March, 1901, I learned that a son of Yan-li-chan was still living. I had him looked up, and invited him to come to see me. He came a few days later, thanked me heartily for having protected some other houses which belonged to him, and for hav- ing repaired the breach in the wall sur- rounding the large house that was burned, in order that no one might appropriate the property. I asked him if there had been a treasure hidden in his father's house. He answered that his father never kept money at home, and, indeed, I do not think any was found. I told him that I desired to re- turn him the price of the objects saved by us from the fire and sold, and, in spite of his opposition, I obliged him to accept the exact value of the objects, giving him a cheque upon the Hong Kong Bank, and so paying him in full, as I had done to other individuals or shopkeepers." The last clause refers to the individuals whose property the Bishop had been oblig- ed to make free with, for the support of those who depended upon him, during the panic which followed the taking of Peking. The Bishop goes on to say that he Is on the best of terms with his pagan neighbors, and that since the siege they have baptized 1,400 adults, and received the names of 4,- 000 more, asking to become Christians. He then continues: "I regret that the accusations against me should come from America, for I love and admire that country of true liberty for all. The United States ministers, generals, and admirals have been on the best relations with me; some of them I have counted as real friends. I am also on good terms with American Protestant ministers. I am, therefore, persuaded that these accusations proceed only from the want of exact In- formation. At all events, then, I shall re- tain my esteem for my accusers, for they have been deceived, not deceivers." William L. Hornsby. Macao, China, November 13, 1901. Notes. The Century Company will print for the New England Society of this city the ad- dresses, sermons, and poems delivered be- fore it from 1820 to 1885, inclusive, in two volumes. We must make a summary clearance of miniature editions on our table like those of Georges Newnes (London) and Scribners (New York), viz., Milton's Poems, a longish little book in limp covers, more elegant in binding and the adornments of the text than in the mere printing, which is, however, legible, if compact; De la Motte Fouqug's 'Undine, and Aslauga's Knight'; and Tennyson's 'In Memoriam' — this last illustrated with decorative feeling by Alfred Garth Jones. From Dent-Mac- millan we have, among the "Temple Clas- sics," Charles Reade's 'Peg Wofflngton,' with Peg's portrait; 'Stories from Le Morte Darthur and the Mabinogion,' by Beatrice Clay, with not remarkable illustrations by C. E. Hughes; and, best of all, an anonymous prose terzina-for-terzina trans- lation of Dante's 'Purgatory,' with argu- ments, and the Italian text confronting the English. In Mr. A. R. Waller's "Clois- ter Library" (Dent-Macmillan), somewhat larger than the foregoing, we have Sir Arthur Helps's 'Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd, and Companions of My Solitude,' annotated and indexed — a charm- ing volume. John Lane makes beginning of an Anthony Trollope revival with 'Doctor Thorne' and 'Barchester Towers' in plump and quaint form, each introduced by Algar Thorold, and each running up into seven or eight hundred pages. Finally, Miss Wormeley's translations of Balzac's "Comedie Humaine" are brought out in a pocket edition by Little, Brown & Co., Bos- ton— four volumes, at the present writing, rather faint of print, but otherwise taking. The aftermath of children's books is still considerable — if we may apply that term to publications too late in reaching us to receive mention before the holidays. Ex- tremely attractive is 'Queen Mab's Fairy Realm' (London: George Newnes; New York: Scribners), with its colored frontis- piece and title-page, pen-and-ink illus- trations (of good quality) by several hands, and excellent letterpress. "An original collection of tales from the literatures of England, Germany, France, and Spain," it is styled on the publishers' wrapper, but this does not imply that old favorites like Hauff's "Story of the Caliph Stork" and "Story of Little Muck" may not be found here. The rest are less familiar. The translations are somewhat lacking in sim- plicity and fluidity, but they will deprave no child's English. A very comely book, also, is Ellen Rolfe Veblen's 'The Goosen- bury Pilgrims: A Child's Drama' (Univer- sity of Chicago Press). It is a phantasy of Mother Goose's characters going abroad to see the world, but, while it is sprightly and cleverly written, we have failed to find it amusing. Children may differ with us, however. Frances S. Brewster's 'When Mother Was a Little Girl' (Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co.) is a true story, mostly of life in western Massachusetts, bu$ also telling of a trip out West, of a visit to Niagara Falls, and of civil-war times. The narrative is wholly unpretentious, and is likely to interest. It is well printed, and has several photographic scenic illus- trations. By way of appendix are inserted specimens of Cousin Lucy's stories to the little girl — somewhat poetic renderings of classical mythology, with inventions in ornithology and entomology. Real natural history is served up in Ed- ward B. Clark's 'Birds of Lakeside and Prairie' (Chicago and New York: A. W. Mumford), with sixteen full-page Illustra- tions in color. Mr. Clark has much to tell in a plain and familiar way of his obser- vations of birds in Chicago, among hills and prairies, often with the camera. He is a wholesome companion for any boy or girl. The same author and publisher send us 'Bird Jingles,' a thin quarto with larger and more effective colored plates (likewise from stuffed specimens), and with rhyming characterizations correct in metre and of a pleasant humor. A part of the illustra- tions reappear in Mary Catherine Judd's 'A- B-C Book of Birds' (A. W. Mumford). Each plate is attended by an account of the bird, even to its scientific name, a.nd by what the author calls "nonsense rhymes for little ones"; but they are really very sensible, and much above the average of verse for children — witness the witty line (of the Ibis): "That bill, it is so very long Your shortest note must be a song." The cu- rious may compare Mr. Clark's lines on the whippoorwill with Mrs. Judd's. We heart- ily commend her book for holiday time and all times. To the foregoing, Mr. Mumford adds a Bird Calendar for 1902, in six gray sheets, each showing a colored bird. The interesting essays styled 'Animals of the Past,' by Frederic A. Lucas (McClure, Phillips & Co.), are somewhat in the style of newspaper articles for general readers. They are disconnected talks upon extinct birds, reptiles, and mammals, chiefly the gigantic, on what is known of them and how it was learned. The matter is mostly drawn from original descriptions or from the relics, and (the author knowing pretty well what has been discovered) is much more accurate than that of most writers who un- dertake the discussion of the fragmentary data relating to the fossil creatures from the bone beds, the caves, and the marshes. Comparatively few are discussed, conse- quently a good deal of the text relates to them but indirectly. For a definition of fossils the following is given: "Fossils are the remains, or even the indications, of

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492 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 animals and plants that have, through natural agencies, been buried in the earth and preserved for long periods of time." This is instead of the etymological defini- tion, "something that is or may be dug out of the earth," which has the advantage of making no restriction to animals and plants, making no mention of agencies, and placing no limits in time. 'Fowls of the Air' and 'Beasts of the Field' (Boston: Ginn & Co.) are attractive uniform volumes of sketches by William J. Long, which, in substance as well as illus- trations, are somewhat suggestive of Mr. Seton-Thompson's work. The author has fished and hunted in Canada; and the side glimpses of his camp-life in the wilderness with the Indian guide Simmo, of trout-fish- ing, canoeing, and caribou-hunting, add not a little charm to his accounts of animals. His style is highly specific, with an enthu- siasm in description that inclines to the superlative; and he sets the scenes of his little woodland dramas with good effect. He uses the names given to the animals by the Milicite Indians, and relates legends heard by him before the camp-fire. The book on mammals is superior to the one on birds. It shadows big game— caribou, bear, and moose — through their forest haunts, and makes intimate revelations of some of their habits and moods; and it en- ters into companionship with small animals like the squirrel, "Meeko, the Mischief- Maker, " and the white-footed mouse, "Tookhees, the 'Fraid One," who repay camp bounties by their confidence. Other inter- esting sketches discuss the otter, the weasel, and the lynx. Mr. Long's experi- ence with both birds and mammals seems to have been rich in uncommon incidents; and specialists, who hesitate to accept un- reservedly the records of laymen, may re- gard some of them as questionable. The books are dedicated to the teachers of America who are striving to reveal "a vast realm of nature outside the realm of sci- ence, and a world of ideas above and beyond the world of facts." Mr. J. D. M. Ford's 'Spanish Anthology' (Silver, Burdett & Co.) Is an excellent lit- tle book, likely to prove serviceable in the class-room, and of interest to any one qualified to read it. The immense field of Spanish lyric poetry, with its surface elo- quence and underlying mysticism, affords an exceptional opportunity to the poetical flower-gatherer. Mr. Ford has been equal to the opportunity. He has perused the "Biblioteca de Autores Espafioles" and oth- er scattered sources with great diligence, and has culled a selection of lyric poetry which, within the limits of space, adequate- ly represents the development of Castilian song. The historical and metrical Intro- duction is concise and skilfully managed. The notes are well done, with enough bi- ographical and critical matter to assist the student in getting some notion of the per- spective of Peninsular poetry in its rela- tion to European literature in general. In view of the recent and sudden increase of interest in the Spanish language and litera- ture, the book Is especially timely, and on the same account the care with which it has been done is the more to be commended. How to Make Money in the Printing Busi- ness' has a pleasing sound. It reminds one of those alluring advertisements of boy- hood days— "Buy a $3 press and make Big Money printing cards, bill-heads, etc., for your friends!" Many craftsmen, no doubt, will get this book in the despairing hope of finding out what they never have been able to learn by experience. A facetious one will probably lay it down and remark that the best way, after all, if not the only way, to make money in the printing business is to get a few good plates of high denomina- tions, and run night and day until the Se- cret-Service people conclude you have made enough. The book contains many excellent observations of the axiomatic kind, and the careless printer is repeatedly warned, by anecdote and illustration, of the pitfalls be- tween him and success. The paper, unfor- tunately, is of the heavy-weight order, due to an excess of mineral ingredients, and indif- ferent presswork gives the type the appear- ance of having made money for its owner for some years. The Lotus Press publishes this book. Nothing betrays more forcibly the passing away of the sailing ship than that new liter- ature which deals exclusively with adven- tures on Atlantic "liners" and steara "tramps." In 'The Derelict," which gives the name to a series of nautical tales (Scrib- ners), Mr. Cutcliffe Hyne tells exclusively o£ incidents relating to steam-driven ves- sels. Sea terms and the technical lingo of the sailing ship are ignored. In their place we have the vernacular of the "smoking- room" and the argot of Scotch engineers. In this case the dialect is softened so as to bo comprehensible to a man of average in- telligence. 'The Derelict' tells of what may befall, at sea, a steamer, its passengers and crew. The stories are pleasantly related, but they hardly attain to the level ascribed them by an English critic, who says that, "in his tales of the sea, in his pictures of life on reckless traders, in his types of dare-devil seamen, Mr. Hyne is only equalled by Rudyard Kipling." The compilers of '365 Breakfast Dishes' (Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co.) have wisely shared responsibility. Mrs. Lincoln, Mrs. Lemcke, Table Talk, the Bos- ton Cooking School Magazine, and others have contributed to the polyglot production. To which one shall be ascribed the recipe for "Oysters a la poulette," on page 66? Direct accusation will probably meet with prompt denial, for of all the weird combina- tions of which this particular dish has been made the victim, the one in the present vol- ume is the most inadequate. Table Tail; of Philadelphia is boldly accused of being responsible for many of the recipes; but whether this is the outcome of malice, or homage to local pride, it is difficult to de- termine. The recipes contained in the vol- ume must be looked upon as mere hints, capable of development at the hands of an experienced cook, but bewildering to the untrained young housewife, to whom such a i umpilation should be the more helpful. Prof. S. P. Langley contributes to the National Geographic Magazine for Decem- ber an entertaining diary, with illustra- tions, of a recent visit to Tahiti, with inci- dental description of a "fire-walk." The pit containing the stones was "about 9 feet by 20 feet, by 18 inches deep," and, at the time of the exhibition, "the upper stones were none of them red-hot on top; the low- er ones, two layers deep, however, could be seen to glow between the others, but they were only near red-hot in the centre." A number of persons followed the priest in his walk, some of them whites, who stop- ped "long enough to lean over and lightly and quickly touch the hottest stones with their hands. Mr. Ducarron walked to the centre, and stood there shifting his feet (he had on thin shoes) from stone to stone for about ten seconds before finding it too hot to stay." Professor Langley secured one of the stones, which was found to be very porous, and "so non-conductible that a small fragment could be held in the fingers like a stick of sealing-wax while the other end was made red-hot in a blow-pipe. This non-conductibility is evidently the principal cause of the success of the fire- walk 'miracle.' " Some facts in regard to the incomplete survey of the boundary of Texas by J. H. Clark in 1859-'62 are given by M. Baker, who urges a resurvey "before the discovery of oil or mineral shall pro- voke a boundary dispute." In a note on the census it is shown that "the most literate element of the male population of the Unit- ed States is the native white of foreign- born parents. Ninety-eight of every 100 men twenty-one years of age or over, who were born in this country of white foreign pa- rents, can read and write!" Some of the human problems connected with the geography of South America are discussed by Dr. F. P. Moreno in the Qeo- gruphical Journal for December. The re- mains scattered throughout the continent he holds to indicate, not only that man has existed there from a very remote period, but also that, contrary to the general belief of anthropologists, the founders of the old civilizations of Peru and Bolivia are older than the ancestors of the Pueblos. "I re- member that the science of palaeontology has demonstrated that the pampean mam- mals migrated from south to Mexico and the United States, and it is not impossible that men may have taken the same north- ward route." Other articles are upon re- cent surveys of the proposed Sudan-Abys- sinian frontier, and upon the mapping of Africa, in which the training of native topographers, to do in the unexplored parts of Africa a work similar to that performed by the native Indian surveyors for Central Asia, is urged. A short account of Lhasa is illustrated by some interesting pictures, one being the copy of a photograph, by a Nepalese, of the palace of the Grand Lama, a truly stupendous structure, with walls probably over 300 feet high. Germany occupies the principal place in the Consular Reports for December, the new insurance law being printed in full. The most important provisions, as concerns this country, consist in the placing of all foreign insurance companies under control of a spe- cial bureau of the Imperial Government, and therefore "on a uniform and much broader basis than hitherto." It is stated that, in the three years before the Spanish war, the value of Hamburg exports to Cuba averaged about half a million dollars. In 1900 Hamburg shipped "goods to the value of over $2,000,000," and the North German Lloyd proposes to have a bi-monthly service from Bremen to Cuba, beginning next Feb- ruary. (All Germany's exports to Cuba for the fiscal year amount to $3,400,000.) Some facts are given in regard to "weather shooting" in France and Italy; and a large- ly increased output of gold in Madagascar is noted, which has caused a rush of gold- seekers to the mines. At the forty-ninth annual meeting of the Wisconsin State Historical Society on De-

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Dec. 26, rcjoi] The Nation. 4:93 cember 12, the titles in its library were 226,- 646, about half of them of bound volumes. The last year's increase was 6,712 books and 5,628 pamphlets. A collection of works on a single specialty, the Mormon question (2,300 titles), has also been deposited in the library, and may remain in permanence. The Society has only the binding fund of $30,000 and the antiquarian fund of $5,000 Invested, but it receives by direct appropriations $20,- 000 a year from the State. As the beginning of an art department it has just received $4,000, the avails of jewels presented by Mrs. Mary M. Adams, whose husband, Charles Kendall Adams, has been for the last seven years President of the University of Wis- consin. Obliged by ill-health to resign his office, Dr. Adams and his wife have united in giving to the museum of the Historical So- ciety their pictures, marbles, bronzes, and other articles of virtH, the accumulations of a lifetime. The market value of this fare- well gift has been estimated at $60,000. Cornell joins the list of college calendars, but, though latest, we cannot pronounce it most tasteful or artistic. It is more dis- tinctly than the others for home consump- tion. In size, Vassar outstrips all, and Hulda Parton's colored emblems of the four seasons compare favorably with Bryn Mawr's. —The Massachusetts Historical Society, it is pretty well known, is the oldest society of its kind in America. Its membership is by its charter limited to one hundred citizens of Massachusetts, while its prac- tice is to have not more than fifty cor- responding and ten honorary members, neither class numbering residents of Mas- sachusetts. Its honorary list is, moreover, strictly confined to historical writers, American or European, who have achieved an international reputation or brought out some work of rare and exceptional value. To place a name on its honorary roll is, therefore, on the part of this society, much what the "crowning" of an historical pro- duction is on the part of the French Acad- emy. Until its late meeting the honorary roll of the Massachusetts society had lat- terly contained but seven names. David Masson, Theodor Mommsen, W. E. H. Lecky, Carl Schurz, S. R. Gardiner, James Bryce, and Sir George Otto Trevelyan. After careful consideration, extending over sev- eral months, it was at the last meeting of the Society, on the 12th of December, unani- mously voted to place on the honorary roll the name of Pasquale Villari of Florence. The long and honorable record of Dr. Vil- lari, and the international reputation of his Life of Savonarola, afford ample grounds for the distinguished compliment thus con- ferred. — Unusual interest attaches to a hand- some volume just issued from the press of the Free Academy at Norwich, Conn., and the handiwork of the pupils of that insti- tution and the Art School in composition, illustration, presswork, and binding. It is a reprint for the third time of the Journal of Madam Sarah (Kemble) Knight, who rode on business from Boston to New York in 1704, returning in December, substantially over the route now known in railroad par- lance as the Shore Line. She was a widow, a woman of affairs, well bred and con- nected, intelligent and humorous, coura- geous, given to putting down her experi- ences in verse above the average of her time; and this record of her adventures and of settlements and manners along her way was highly rated for its historical value as soon as discovered. It makes also very good reading, and brings the writer nearer to us as flesh and blood than is often the case with her contemporaries of two centu- ries ago. Her observations on slavery in Connecticut are curious. She found the people "too Indulgent (especially y* farm- ers) to their slaves, sufering too great fa- miliarity from them, permitting y"' to sit at Table and eat with them, (as they say to save time)," — this may have been President Roosevelt's pretext for entertaining Booker Washington — "and into the dish goes the black hoof as freely as the white hand." She tells of a farmer who fell out with his slave over a broken promise. "But at length they put the matter to Arbitration and Bound themselves to stand to the award of such as they named — wch done, the Arbitrators having heard the allegations of both parties, Order the master to pay 4fl" to black face, and acknowledge his fault. And so the matter ended: the poor master very honestly standing to the award." To the single erratum acknowl- edged by the makers of this highly lauda- ble product of the printer's craft, we pre- sume two more should be added: On page 27, Madam "Billings" should obviously be "Belcher," and on page 30, in the tenth line, "now" should be "more." The edition is limited to 210 copies. It may be had of Dodd, Mead & Co., or Messrs. Scribner. — The qualified approval with which we noticed Dr. E. E. Sparks's 'Expansion of the American People' must be further modified in the case of Mr. James K. Hosmer's 'Short History of the Mississippi Valley' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.). Mr. Hosmer has had, apparently, the laudable purpose of condensing into one small volume the his- tory of the region whose acquisition the approaching centenary of the Louisiana purchase is shortly to celebrate. His range is certainly wide. He begins with prehis- toric times, and ends with some remarks about the evils .of Trusts and the possible benefits of Governmental control of rail- roads. In between, he chats about the ear- ly explorations, the Ordinance of 1787, the settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee, the Louisiana cession, Burr's conspiracy, and the Civil War. The style, tnough over-pic- turesque, is entertaining and readable, but there is a dearth of substance. Not only does the volume contain nothing new, but the substantial information presented hardly exceeds the veriest commonplaces of the school-books. Large areas of the subject are either passed by altogether, or merely glanced at, while the treatment of the remainder suffers everywhere from ex- cessive generalization. The history of the Mississippi valley is certainly easier to handle connectedly than is the history of the occupation of the Atlantic seaboard, which thus far has pretty effectually re- sisted every attempt to set it forth with unity, and it is, moreover, a subject which we shall probably hear a good deal more about in the next few years; but Mr. Hos- mer's work, though likely, we fancy, to be considerably read, need not deter any one else from entering upon a similar under- taking. —In their 'Select Documents of English Constitutional History' (Macmlllan) Prof. G. B. Adams of Yale and Prof. H. Morse Stephens of Cornell furnish a useful hand- book for teachers and students. Unlike the previous compilations of Stubbs, Prothero, and Gardiner, this volume is comprehen- sive, and it also differs from the same predecessors by dispensing altogether with introduction and prefaces. Apart from four pages of general preface, it con- tains documents only; and as the selec- tions chosen number 276, the average space allotted to each is not consider- able. In many cases compression has been secured by a process of abridgment (for ex- ample, the Reform Act of 1832 is cut down to the very moderate compass of thirteen octavo pages), while sometimes (witness the Education Act of 1870) the editors are content to give so meagre a version ot the measure that only its essential fea- tures are indicated. We are describing the expedient whereby it becomes possible to- present so many state papers, or their essence, within such narrow limits of space, and we do not in the least object to what might be called by a hostile critic "mutilation." The book is simply designed to help those who are beginning the study of English constitutional history by putting before them the most important texts. There can be no objection to translating passages from Latin or French for the help of such readers, or to giving them no more than the salient features of a modern Act of Parliament. The editors carefully dis- claim all rivalry with Stubbs, Prothero, and Gardiner, to whose introductions they ac- cord the praise that is their due and from whose works they have drawn considerable material. "It is to be hoped," says the preface, "that one of the results of using this compilation with undergraduate classes will be to attract attention to the interest and importance of the study of documents, so that more advanced students will turn to the more full and elaborate editions of these distinguished scholars." The date 1485 marks the division of labor, Professor Adams taking in charge the documents of the mediaeval period, and Professor Ste- phens assuming a similar responsibility for the centuries which lie on this side of Henry VII. Both editors have exercised the power of choice with great judgment, and their book will contribute much to the sound teaching of constitutional his- tory. — 'The Monastery of San Marco,' by Miss G. S. Godkin (Dutton), is a small but beau- tifully printed volume which contains six essays upon the most celebrated Domini- cans of Florence and the cloister where their lives were led. Savonarola, naturally, is the outstanding figure, around whom are clustered St. Antonino, Fra Angelico, and Fra Bartolommeo. The establishment of the monastery and the sequel to Savonaro- la's martyrdom are the subjects of separate chapters, but the writer's interests may be said to be almost wholly biographical. To her Savonarola appears in his most exalted mien as the prophet of holiness amid a perverse people. "Where he failed, the fault was theirs; inasmuch as he succeed- ed, the glory was his." Nor can she admit that he was led by selfishness or ambition to use his power wrongly. "The more we read of the evidence of those who knew the great Frate intimately, and of his own writings and private correspondence, the more we feel disposed to acquit him of any

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4=94= The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 preconceived designs of meddling in poll- tics." Of the other friars who are noticed, St. Antonino is the least familiar, and he is given, probably on that account, more prominence than either Fra Angelico or Fra Bartolommeo. The concluding essay con- tains a sketch of the monastery as it is to- day, a "national monument" and a mu- seum. This choice and gracefully written book will perhaps be most useful to those who know not Florence, though readers who are already familiar with the city and its history can hardly fail to be attracted bv Miss Godkin's sympathetic description of San Marco as it was in the days of its fame and influence. — Nearly twelve years ago, on its first publication, we welcomed 'Italian Charac- ters in the Epoch of Unification,' by Coun- tess Evelyn Martinengo Cesaresco; we are glad now to call attention to a new edition, revised and enlarged, of this admirable work (London: Unwin; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons). The revisions are slight, but the new chapter, on Duke Sigismondo Castromediano, adds a figure of strange in- terest and of real importance to this collec- tion of portraits. Countess Cesaresco in- troduces heroes whom the world outside of Italy knows too little about; indeed, all of them, except Manin and Ricasoli, who enjoyed international celebrity during their lifetime, cannot be studied in English at all except through her book. The Italian struggle for independence was particularly rich in remarkable individuals. It formed a great contrast in this respect to the German Liberal movement — the very mem- ory of whose leaders has been cast into oblivion by Bismarck, the personification of anti-Liberalism — and to tne French Revo- lutionists of 1848, whose personality has grown dim. In Italy, besides the great lead- ers— Cavour, Garibaldi, Victor Emanuel, Mazzini — there sprang up a group of pa- triots, differing widely among themselves in station, in idiosyncrasy, in action, and in fortune, but alike in essential nobility of character and in charm. Countess Cesaresco describes, in addition to the three already mentioned, Settembrini, the Neapolitan vic- tim of Bomba's rigor; Martinengo, the Brescian aristocrat; the Poerio brothers; Constance d'Azeglio, the Piedmontese gravnde dame, whose 'Souvenirs' place her among the shrewdest and wittiest women of her time; Mameli, the boy-poet, killed at Rome; Ugo Bassi, the priest-patriot, shot by the Austrians; Nino Bixio, an Italian naval version of Col. Roosevelt of the Rough Riders; and the Cairoli brothers, the last of whom became Prime Minister of King Humbert. Countess Cesaresco writes of these men with enthusiasm; she draws her portraits with unusual skill; and she is able, thanks to her personal relations, to supply many interesting details not to be found elsewhere in print. If the originals of these 'Characters' had been Greeks and Romans, every schoolboy, as the late Pro- fessor Child aptly remarked, would know their names and glory in their deeds. RIDGEWAY'S EARLY AGE OF GREECE. The Early Age of Qreeee. By William Ridgeway, M.A., Disney Professor of Ar- chaeology in the University of Cambridge. In two volumes. Vol. I. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1901. The study of classical archaeology has done much in recent years towards filling the chasm between the historical and the heroic periods of ancient Greece. The boundaries of the historical period have been pushed further back, and much of the mist of the mythical age has been dispelled. A quarter of a century ago, many scholars, under Max Muller's influence, believed the story of the Trojan War to be only a form of the Dawn myth, in which the powers of the East and the West were contending for the possession of the beautiful Dawn. In 1879 a serious refutation was needed of the view that the treasures of gold and art found at Mycenae were due to Celtic invaders of Greece in the third century of our era; and some of the decorations of the Mycenaean tombs were attributed by rep- utable archaeologists to Byzantine work- men, although in the preceding year Sir Charles Newton had called attention to re- mains of the same culture on other early sites. The extensive collection of Myce- naean pottery found at Ialysus in Rhodes, and presented by Ruskin to the British Museum, until then had been allowed to lie in obscurity in the basement. But the ar- chaeologists of to-day have a more precise knowledge of the art and culture of the Mycenaean age than their predecessors had thirty years ago of the art and culture of the sixth century B. c, although we are still ignorant of the names of the Myce- naean leaders. That these had a script, we now know, and scholars sooner or later will decipher it. The Homeric story, instead of being drawn from the imagination with no basis but a strife for the Dawn, is found to be in accordance with very real facts. Troy and Mycenae, the city of old Priam and the fortress of the "king of men," Agamemnon, existed at the same time, with similar culture as represented in the poems, and deserve the epithets which the Homeric poet applied to them. A generation ago, archaeologists con- tended that the poet must have drawn from his imagination his accounts of works of art, for he could have seen nothing so splendid; while now they say that the ob- jects described by the poet are so far in- ferior to those which have been found on Mycenaean sites that he must have liv- ed in an age of decadence. Scholars no longer find half their old amusement In Schliemann's belief that Agamemnon was a real person, and led the army against Troy. They are aware that some of the thousands of inscribed tablets which have been found in Crete within the last two years may contain definite contemporary evidence with regard to the Trojan war, though the fall of Cretan Cnossus seems to have preceded that of Troy. We may yet find a letter from Agamemnon to Ido- meneus of Crete, or a report from the army in the field. No one can safely pre- dict what we may not learn about early Greece from the Cretan explorations, and most cautious scholars are reserving the statement of their theories for a more com- plete knowledge of facts. The exploration of Crete has only begun, and we still await from Dorpfeld the final publication of the results of the excavations on the site of ancient Troy. Much, indeed, is already known definitely with regard to the early age of Greece, and future discoveries are not likely to affect materially the main conclusions of the book before us. This book does not aim, like the excellent 'Mycenaean Age,' by Tsountas and Manatt, to which we called attention four years ago, to give either a complete picture of the early age of Greece for the benefit of the ordinary intelligent reader, or a systematic account of the results of re- cent excavations. It is rather a technical book, intended primarily for the author's peers — historians, archaeologists, and philol- ogists— though its style is never heavy, and it contains much matter of general interest. It is "an attempt to aid in the solution of some of the chief problems of early Greek history by the employment of the inductive method." The first volume treats of the monumental, traditional, and linguistic as- pects of the subject, while "the second vol- ume , . . will chiefly deal with institu- tions and religion." The first chapter, of eighty pages, treats of the remains and their distribution; the second, more than 200 pages, and nearly a third of the work, dis- cusses the question, Who were the makers of the Mycenaean civilization? The third chapter is devoted to the Homeric age, and the following discuss the early home of the Achaeans, the early iron age, the round shield; inhumation, cremation, and the soul; the brooch, iron, and the Homeric dialect. That these topics are not exactly coordi- nate is clear, and some points are brought up for discussion more than once. The treatment of monumental evidence is emi- nently satisfactory. The enumeration of the sites where Mycenaean objects have been found, and the statement of the principal discoveries, are clear, concise, and complete. The discussion of the old great trade routes from northern to southern Europe Is ex- cellent, and is accompanied by the inter- esting observation that amber beads are found in comparatively poorly furnished graves along these routes, and the remark that the invaders from the north, whether in small parties or in larger hordes, naturally followed the roads by which trad- ers had gone. The chapters on the devel- opment of the brooch and on cremation are also instructive. The author, however, never allows his main thesis to remain long hidden from view, and the whole work Is composed to support this: The Mycenaeans were Pelas- gians; the Achaeans who overcame and suc- ceeded them were Celts, who came from Jutland by way of central Europe. Remains of vast fortresses, magnificent palaces, and great tombs, with objects of gold and terra- cotta vases of like technic, are found in Argolis, Laconia, Attica, Bceotia, Thessaly, Crete, Cyprus, and the other Greek islands, the Troad, and Italy, and all testify to the existence in the second half of the second millennium b. c. of a powerful race which developed its civilization from that of the stone age. This civilization reached its highest perfection in the Argolid, where still remain the ruins of Mycenae, Tiryns, Midea, and the Argive Heraeum. It seems to have been developed from within, though naturally under the influence of the other peoples with which it came In contact. In Attica and on the islands, says our author, it passed gradually into that of the classical period; in Cyprus it lasted longest, continu- ing down to the sixth century b. c. ; while in Greece generally it came to an end be- tween 1200 and 900 b. c. No coins or in- scriptions in the ordinary Greek alphabet have been found with the objects which are called Mycenaean.

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Dec. 26, 1 901] The Nation. 495 The author's Pelasglans, to whom he ascribes the Mycenaean civilization, include Athenians, Arcadians, Helots of Sparta, Cretans, the Penestae of Thessaly, Thra- cians, Illyrians, Ionians of Asia Minor, and Trojans, while the Lycians and Carians, the Etruscan artists, and probably some of the dark-haired Libyans, are of the same stock. The suggestion is mentioned as not unlike- ly that the early home of the founders of the race was in Somaliland. The Achaeans, on the other hand, are Celts, Gauls, or Germans (for these are not to be distin- guished) from the north. The Cimmerians of southern Russia, as well as those of Homer, were of the same race. Probably, alsp, according to our author, the Aryans of the 'Rig Veda' journeyed from the Cim- bric Chersonese — going from the valley of the Danube across southern Russia, up the Oxus, and so into northern India. Even the Philistines may have been Celts or Achaeans, as were the Umbrians of Italy. Brennus and his Gauls were but a later wave pouring down from the north. In Greece "only a handful" of Achaeans came down into Peloponnesus — not enough to im- pose upon the conquered population the language of the conquerors. The Achaeans do not seem to have controlled Athens at all; that remained Pelasgian. No violent change followed the Achaean invasion. Atreus was chosen to succeed Eurystheus and took peaceable possession of Mycenae, while his grandson Menelaus married Helen, the daughter of Tyndareus, King of Sparta, and succeeded him. This marriage of Menelaus, by the way, is compared with that of Capt. John Smith and Pocahontas, neglecting the facts that John Smith did not marry Pocahontas, and that Rolfe, who did, failed to secure thereby a kingdom and palace. The Achaean lords are supposed to have "merged into their subjects as the Normans in England were absorbed into their Saxon subjects." The old Pelasgian bards were retained by the new chieftains, and sang the praises of the Achaeans in their own Pelasgian tongue. Our author holds the dactylic hexameter to be Pelas- gian; the Achaean literature had not ad- vanced beyond the ballad. Thus, also, un- der the Achaean rulers Mycenaean art sank to the so-called Dipylon stage. Professor Ridgeway is a scholar of vast erudition and equal independence and originality of thought. He seems to give "chapter and verse" for all his statements; he recapitulates his arguments frequently, and enumerates the inferences seriatim, almost in the style of the late Boston Mon- day lectureship. But while he seems to be exact in his treatment of the monuments, he is very careless in his treatment of literary evidence. The present reviewer knows of no other work of like scholar- ship and importance which is so untrust- worthy in this respect. So serious a charge must be substantiated, and reference may be made to three passages which, in the book before us, are reprinted exactly from a paper published in the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1896. Two of these passages are important bases for the au- thor's argument, yet his misinterpretations are what his countrymen would call "howl- ers." On page 110 we read: "That such [pedigrees] were part of the lore imparted by the elders to the younger, is shown by the words of Nestor, who tells how Tydeus [sic] bad discoursed to hiui — -nivTiav 'ApyeiW ipeuiv y<veqv rt tokok t«." But in this passage epeW does not mean telling, but taking ; Peleus (not Tydeus) when Nes- tor came to Phthia to enlist Achilles for the Trojan war, had delighted in "asking him of the race and descent of all the Argives," i.e., of course, of those who were going on the expedition. Peleus was glad to learn that his son would be as- sociated with the sons of his old comrades Tydeus and Telamon, but gives to Nestor no genealogical lore. Again, on page 172: "In Homer the Pe- lasgi had been but recently driven out from it [i. e., Thessalian Larissa], for among the allies of the Trojans are 'the tribes of the Pelasgians, who used to dwell in Larissa and those who dwelt in Pelasgic Argos.' " Here, in addition to a false reference (for Iliad ii., 237, read ii., 840, 681), is a combi- nation of errors. "Those who dwell in Pe- lasgian Argos" are not Trojan allies, but are Achilles's own forces, having no con- nection with the previous part of the quo- tation, which in the original follows 60 verses later; and the translation "used to dwell," from which the inference is drawn that they dwelt in Larissa no longer, is en- tirely unfair, for the imperfect is the tense which is used throughout the Catalogue of the Ships for the inhabitants of the several regions. Yet at least three times after- ward is this argument referred to as proof. On page 90: "The still older testimony of Hesiod makes the Pelasgians Arcadian in origin." But in the passage referred to, Hesiod says only, "Sons were born to Lycaon [an Arcadian hero], whom Pelas- gus begat." Here one might suspect a slip of the pen, transposing Arcadians and Pelasgian; but four pages farther on we read: "Hesiod was Ephorus's source for the doctrine that their origin was from Arcadia"; and on page 113 this becomes the statement of "Hesiod . . . about the Pelasgian occupation of Peloponnesus." Half-a-dozen similar misinterpretations of Homer, Pindar, Strabo, and Diodorus Sic- ulus might be adduced, none of them pas- sages as to which scholars have or can have any doubt as to the true meaning. The author's main thesis is so much op- posed to all linguistic evidence yet at hand that it requires for its support a much firmer foundation than he has laid. To say that the Achaeans were Celts, and then make this term include not only Celts, Teutons, and Cimmerians, but also the Aryans of India, and possibly the Philistines of Syria, is, except for the last, only a change of nomenclature from the ordinary term Indo-Europeans, and the change brings us little advantage; it names the great family, which no one doubted, but does not designate a special division. The novelty of the view con- sists in part in leaving the language of Homer and of Athens only slightly in- fluenced by the invasion from the north, and making it really not an Indo-Eu- ropean language at all. One of Professor Ridgeway's worst abuses of literary evi- dence is with regard to the Carians (page 194); reference is made to Strabo and to Kretschmer as supporting the very oppo- site of their views. He says that "few readers, after hearing Strabo's evidence, will require further proof that Carian was closely related to Greek. It is plain that it stood to literary Greek much as Low- land Scotch or the Somerset dialect does to cultivated English." Yet Strabo speaks of the Carians as foreigners Hellenizing, and Kretschmer holds that the Carian language was not Indo-European at all. The author's disposition toward the long genealogies which are found in Pausanias and Apollodorus may be learned from the following characteristic sentence: "The Heraeum records must have existed for many generations before Hellanicus com- pleted his work in the fifth century b. c, and they would thus extend back far be- yond the coming of either Dorian or Achaean, to the days of Proetus of Tiryns," i. e., to 1300 b. c. The work before us contains such a mass of erudition, and so many suggestive and stimulating observations and hypotheses, that the reviewer is far from advising scholars to disregard it. They should read and study it, by all means, but they should verify its references, and not accept a statement as proved simply because the author has set at its close his Q. E. D. FOUR NOVELS. A Modern Antwus. By the Author of 'An Englishwoman's Love-Letters.' Doucle- day, Page & Co. The World's Delight. By Mary J. H. Skrlne. John Lane. The Wooing of Sheila. By Grace Rhys. Henry Holt & Co. Sons of the Sword. By Margaret L. Woods. McClure, Phillips & Co. The new work of the writer whose first attempt so stirred the literary world, is a curious mixture of good and bad. Side by side with neat epigrams, we get whole passages that are either bombastic or ob- scure. Idyllic descriptions of nature are followed by scenes so realistic that we miss the pleasing veil of the French language. The hero. Tramp by nickname and by na- ture, is an attractive child, and grows up, we are repeatedly assured, into an attrac- tive man; but in the process his qualities become fundamentally changed. For in- stance, we learn that in his childish days "an unadorned view of facts was the thing most difficult for his mind to attain." As a man he is almost painfully truthful. His twin-sister, though less minutely- drawn, is a more lifelike character. The villain, who lets the hero bear the blame of crlmo committed by himself, is distinctly com- monplace; so also is the girl who shares his guilt. We get one really Interesting figure in Lady Petwyn, the hard-riding old chatelaine, with her biting tongue and her soft heart. The narrow-minded business man is well portrayed in the hero's father. Otherwise, all the characters serve chiefly to prove the Tramp's extraordinary powers of charm, and to the unconvinced reader their effusions seem rather maudlin. In- deed, the book would gain materially by the omission of padding in dialogue and description, no less than by a change in the painful and unsatisfactory ending. 'The World's Delight' is not written for children, after whom it is named, but about them. The twelve stories, though of un- equal merit, have one and all a delicate charm, and display a genuine love and comprehension of their subject. It may be said that the writer's pathos is inferior to her humor, and that therefore sne is more sucoessful in painting the pleasures

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496 The Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1904 of the rich child than the sorrows of the poor one. Yet throughout the volume, as a shrewd and sympathetic exponent of the universal "delight," she makes an appeal to every older heart. 'The Wooing of Sheila' is a sweet, whole- some story. It is a melodrama, but none the worse for that, and its pathos is often true and real. The motherless Irish girl in her lonely mountain cottage, guarded only by her lover and by a half-witted old tramp, perhaps too much recalls the im- possible fairy princess; yet we love her just the same. Again, if the chivalry of the "wooing" both before and after mar- riage seems inconsistent with the hero's passionate and untrained character, still it is always a pleasure to read about Bayards. A feeling for nature in all its forms, wheth- er the beauty of scenery or the loyalty of dogs, is one of the most pleasing features of the book. Again and again one Is constrained to quote Victor Hugo's epigram on Napoleon. "Toujours lui, lui partout," is as true to- day as when it was first written, and there has hardly been a moment for over a hun- dred years when some one has not been oc- cupied with the Little Great Man. Mrs. Woods's 'Sons of the Sword' is well timed to receive the attention it deserves. As a scholar and the daughter and wife of scho- lars, Mrs. Woods has traced with a masterly pen that crisis in Napoleon's career which first brought him in contact with England's bravest men, as represented and led by Sir John Moore. The rapid French march across the Guadarrama, the English retreat which events proved to have been so wise — above all, the personal effect of Napoleon on all who came near him — these are de- scribed in a manner full of vivid historic interest. The reader will merely regret that this interest should be veiled in a thin disguise of fiction. As a piece of history the book is thrilling; as a piece of psy- chology or Imagination it leaves us cold. The plot, consisting mainly of the love or an English officer for a young Irish "d6- tenuc," is a tissue of coincidences too strange even for the most credulous. Of character-drawing or situations to excite our sympathies, there is such a lack that we wonder if the same hand can really have written the 'Village Tragedy.' This cannot be because the present is an his- torical novel, for Mrs. Woods knew how to stir our hearts with 'Esther Vanhomrigh.' May it not rather be that the figure of Na- poleon Bonaparte is always so overwhelm- ing that all other stories, even of love, and all other characters, even of brave hero and charming heroine, seem dwarfed and meagre by comparison? PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OP JOHN M. PALMER. Personal Recollections of John M. Palmer. Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co. 1901. Pp. 631. John M. Palmer, lawyer, major-general in the civil war. Governor of Illinois, Unit- ed States Senator, and candidate of the Gold Democrats for President, was the con- temporary and associate of that notable group of public men of the civil-war pe- riod who have given eminent distinction to their State, such as Lincoln, Douglas, Trumbull, Grant, and Logan; and this work of his last years, which was completed a short time before his death, presents some most interesting pictures of the times in which its author bore a part. Interwoven with the narrative are the political papers, Governor's messages, and orations which illustrate his convictions upon the impor- tant policies of the war era — papers in- variably written with the full courage of convictions which were never conventional after the party standards. He was born in Kentucky in 1817, but, unlike Lincoln, had as good schooling as the country then afforded, and, moreover, was the son of a father who was a diligent reader of good books. The father, when the son was fourteen years old, migrated to Madison County, Illinois, not far from Alton, under the impulse of his hatred of slavery — a sentiment which the son applied to his political action as soon as he be- came a participant in public affairs. He was admitted to the bar at the age of twen- ty-two, upon motion of Stephen A. Douglas, his friendship with whom was interrupted by the anti-Nebraska issue, upon which Palmer broke with the old Democratic par- ty to become active in the formation of the Republican party. At the Philadelphia Republican Convention in 1856 he nominat- ed Lincoln for the Vice-Presidency; and at Chicago, in 1860, he was an influential factor in making Lincoln the candidate for President. Amid all his activities in public matters there is no evidence that he had any mili- tary tastes or studies in those early years, unless two thwarted ambitions for war ser- vice— the one when, a boy of fifteen, he was eager to go to the Black Hawk war, where Lincoln obtained his scanty military reputation; and the other, an attempt to take part in the struggle of the Texans for independence — afford indications of such fitness. Nevertheless, in April, 1861, up- on his return home from legislative service, he received notice that he had been elected colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment of Illinois volunteers. In July his regiment was ordered into active service in Missouri, and In the following January he com- manded a division of six full Indiana regi- ments, and thus was plunged into the re- sponsibilities of a general officer while he had never seen a collection of armed men. Yet he made one of the best of the volun- teer officers, receiving high commendation from his superiors, and commanding the cor- dial respect of regular army officers who led brigades under him. In the early bat- tles along the Mississippi he acquired a necessary acquaintance with the defects and virtues of his green troops; he was intrusted with an important movement across Tennessee for the occupation of Nashville, where he made Andrew John- son's acquaintance; at Stone River in Jan- uary, 1863, he led a division of three bri- gades, and was in the thick of battle; and at Chickamauga in October his command stoutly resisted the assaults which disor- ganized the larger part of Rosecrans's army. The reports made to the Washington au- thorities by Assistant Secretary of War Charles A. Dana caused the relief from fur- ther command in the Army of the Cumber- land of Palmer's corps commander, Crit- tenden. This action was resented by Palm- er in an indignant letter, asking his own release from the same army upon the ground that gross injustice had been done to the entire corps by "the misrepresentations made by fugitives from the battlefield," a comment which he says was aimed at the Washington visitors, whom he looked upon a.i mischievously bringing to the armies of the West the malign political influences which had wrought incalculable harm to the Army of the Potomac. Palmer's resignation was promptly accepted by Halleck and Stanton (under the inspiration, as the Gen- eral thought, of the Washington visitors), but Rosecrans made this endorsement upon his letter: "wholly disapproving the accept- ance of the resignation of this prudent, brave, and valuable officer," and President Lincoln announced to Stanton: "I do not want him to resign unless there be some reason unknown to me." Instead of being allowed to drop from active service, he was, under Thomas's influence, promoted to the command of Thomas's old corps, the Four- teenth, which he led with distinction through the early stages of the campaign against Atlanta; but in August, 1864, upon some warmly debated question of seniority between him and Schofield, he was at his own request relieved from further part in the campaign. Soon after his withdrawal from this command he was requested by Lincoln to take charge of the Department of Ken- tucky. His answer was: "I have com- manded troops in the field during my mili- tary service, and I don't want to go to Kentucky and spend my time quarrelling with politicians." The President replied: "Go to Kentucky; keep your temper; do as you please, and I will sustain you." This interview took place in the early morning before the customary press of vis- itors. Mr. Lincoln was in an office chair be- ing shaved. He said to Palmer: "You are home folks and I must shave. I cannot do so before Senators and Representatives, but I thought I could do so before you." The conversation turned from Kentucky affairs to the general problems of the war. Gen. Palm- er remarked, in the good-natured badinage of friendship: "Mr. Lincoln, if I had known at Chicago that this great rebellion was to occur, I would not have consented to go to a one-horse town like Springfield and take a one-horse lawyer and make him Presi- dent." Mr. Lincoln pushed the barber from him, and said, in an excited manner: "Neither would I, Palmer. If we had had a great man for the Presidency, one who had an inflexible policy and stuck to it, this re- bellion would have succeeded and the South- ern Confederacy would have been establish- ed. All that I have done is, that I have striven to do my duty to-day with the hope that when to-morrow comes I shall be ready for it." The Department of Kentucky was full of thorny business, and its management re- quired much diplomacy, and more resolution and imperturbable good nature; all of which qualities Palmer supplied. His endeavor to administer affairs with legal conservatism tempered by humane common sense was al- most involuntarily changed by a dramatic occasion. Rumor came to his ears that the slaves far and near were flocking to Louis- ville, with the understanding that, on the coming 4th of July, 1865, the General of the Department was to set them free. The General did his best to contradict the re- port, but the multitudes came and assem- bled in a grove near the city, where they expectantly awaited their deliverer. At the

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Dec. 26, 1901] The Nation. 497 Importunity of disquieted citizens, he drove to the grove for the purpose of reasoning with the negroes. His arrival was hailed with unbounded enthusiasm, and he was borne upon the shoulders of the crowd to a plat- form, where, as he contemplated their faces. his conservative resolution began to be shaken. He opened his proposed address with the words: "My friends, you are substantially free"; but the qualifying adverb was not heeded. "There went up a shout which could be heard a mile, and terms were ap- plied to me that were only proper when used with reference to the Supreme Being. Then I determined to drive the last nail in the coffin of the institution, even if it cost me the command of the department, and 1 said, 'My countrymen, you are free, and while I command this department the mili- tary forces of the United States will defend your right to freedom!' " Three weeks later an order from the Adjutant-General's Office substantially ratified Gen. Palmer's decision, and slavery in Kentucky practically ended on the 4th of July, 1865. As Governor and Senator, Gen. Palmer forcibly pointed out in his messages and speeches the dangerous encroachments upon the Constitutional rights of the States which were being made by national centralization, and, after the Chicago fire, wrote dignified letters of remonstrance to President Grant against the sending of United States troops for the enforcement of order to which the militia and police were fully equal. His term of service in the Senate from 1891 to 1897 showed him to be the same indeoen- dent and fearless advocate of what he deem- ed to be sound principles of popular govern- ment that he had been in former places of honor and trust. He was a representative supporter of President Cleveland's general policy, and, when the Democratic party was taken captive by Populists, he remained un- moved by any of the delusions of the hour, and was glad to lead the forlorn hope of the Gold Democrats, who effected much in in- ducing the country to hold fast to sound money and other sober policies. Some Architectural Works of Inigo Jones: A Series of Measured Drawings and Other Illustrations, together with Descriptive Notes, a Biographical Sketch, and List of his Authentic Works, by H. Inigo Triggs and Henry Tanner, Jun. London: B. T. Batsford; New York: John Lane. 1901. 14in.xl9in.; pp. xiv, 36; ills, in the text, 40; plates, 40. Inigo Jones has always been a figure of commanding interest for the historian of English art. Even in the eighteenth cen- tury, three volumes illustrating his designs were published. The nineteenth, especially in its latter half, pursued the story of his life with eagerness, and gave us, in Wyatt Papworth's paper on him in the monumen- tal 'Dictionary of Architecture,' a list of his works so accurate that the minute analysis of the present authors has been able to discover in it no errors and but few omissions. The Rev. J. W. Loftie, in his 'Inigo Jones and Wren,' offered a sym- pathetic sketch of his career, while Mr. Reginald Bloomfield, in his recent 'History of Renaissance Architecture in England,' has added much to our knowledge of the man and his work. It has been left, how- ever, to the opening year of the twentieth century to present between the covers of a single volume the sum of our knowledge of the man who, in the words of one of his most recent critics, was to architecture what Milton was to poetry — the first in Eng- land to accomplish great creations with art, spirit, and taste, according to the tra- ditions of the Italian Renaissance. Jones was of humble origin, the son of a clothworker of Smithfleld, where he was born in 1573. His early years were spent in obscurity. Certain it is that he had a talent for drawing and painting, and that he obtained, from some noble patron, money enough to enable him to make long jour- neys. In his own words; "Being naturally inclined in my younger years to study the arts of design, I passed into foreign parts to converse with the great masters there- of in Italy, where I applied myself to search out the ruins of those ancient build- ings which, in despite of time itself and the violence of barbarians, are yet remain- ing." This first visit to Italy was made at the end of the sixteenth century. He re- mained in that country for several years, and, on leaving it, entered the service of Christian the Fourth, King of Denmark. It was not until the year 1604, when Jones was in his thirty-first year, that he came into any prominence in England, and even then not as an architect, but as the con- triver of the scenery of a masque ordered by James the First. This was the first time he was thus employed, and it was also the commencement of that artistic collab- oration with Ben Jonson that lasted, in spite of growing discord, for so many years. James was so well pleased with the result of his scene-deviser's work that, a few months later, we find Jones at work on the raise en scene of three plays given in the hall of Christ Church, Oxford — an occasion said to have been the first on which shift- ing scenery was used in England. Brilliant as were the results Ahat Inigo Jones achieved in devising the settings of masques, it is not with that evanescent as- pect of his work that our authors are con- cerned; and, as his architectural talents had but slight scope for their exercise for the next nine years, they pass somewhat rapidly to his second visit to Italy. It was in the summer of 1613 that he made his. start, proceeding first to Vicenza to study the works of Palladio, by the severely masculine style of which he was greatly influenced. The copy of Palladio's 'Archi- tecture' which Jones carried with him on his journey is preserved at Worcester Col- lege, Oxford. It is enriched with notes and criticisms in his handwriting, which show not only the places he visited, but the thoroughness with which he studied the works of the Italian masters. Returning to England early in 1615, he assumed the duties of Surveyor of the Works, and en- tered upon that career of architectural de- sign which has placed his name so high upon the roll of English artists. It is a curious fact that, in the long list of buildings given by Triggs and Tanner an definitely ascertained to be of Jones's de- signing, not one has an earlier date ascribed to it than that of the return from his second Italian journey. In other words, so late was he in finding opportunity to apply his skill to that art which gave him lasting fame that he had reached his forty-seconi year. With the long line of his works ex- tending from this time until his death, in 1652, when he was seventy-nine years old. the book is occupied. Its text consists chiefly of a statement of such facts as are known about them, and especially about Jones's relation to them. Its plates are de- voted to an exposition of them and their details, chiefly in the form of carefully measured drawings, sometimes as perspec- tive sketches in pen and ink, and in a few instances as photographs. The drawings are well made, and exhibit all that is char- acteristic in the work with the greatest clearness. The perspective sketches crisp- ly rendered in black and white will appeal strongly to the laymen, while the details, and especially the sections of mouldings drawn to a large scale, will be of both value and interest to architects. While not pre- tending to be a complete record of the exist- ing works of Jones, or, indeed, of any one of them, the drawings contained in the book exhibit very acceptably many of his most important buildings. The Banqueting Hall ai Whitehall is shown by a series of mea- sured drawings, and details so excellent that one regrets the absence from them of a good plan of the building. Raynham Hall and Wilton House, two of Jones's most in- teresting and characteristic works, are well presented, and many minor buildings or parts of buildings are included among the plates. In brief, the book is one which, in so far as it may influence opinion, is likely to add to the reputation of Inigo Jones as a master of the art of proportion. The more one studies the book and its drawings and the aichitecture of the period as a whole, the more readily will he agree with the authors that the buildings designed by Jones still remain conspicuous for their noble concep- tion, and that in their sense of proportion they stand (at least in England) without se- rious rivals. Nor is it possible to dis- sent from the proposition that no architect, with perhaps the exception of Brunelleschi, ever had so great a share in changing the architecture of a nation. We might, in- deed, fully understand the transition which the buildings of England underwent from the time of Elizabeth to that of the Stuarts had we none to study save those by Inigo Jones. The Quaker: A Study in Costume. By Amelia Mott Gummere. Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach. 1901. It is not often that the covers of a book are successfully designed to express its contents; but the volume before us, clad in sober gray, with its back of soft ooze leath- er of the same quiet and delicate shade, is a triumph of Quaker simplicity and dainti- ness. Mrs. Gummere's record or Quaker fash- ions shows clearly that conservatism has been the guiding principle of their sump- tuary laws. The custom of wearing the face smooth was universal at the time when the Quakers were beginning to establish their rules for dress and demeanor; hence their "testimony," later, against beards. Take away its elegant superfluities from the costume of Charles I. in Van Dyke's por- trait in the Louvre, and you have as resi- duum the Quaker dress of George Fox. A feather is all that differentiates their hats; while the absence of a collar from the Quaker coat is due merely to th^ fact lhal the charming lace collars of the period could not be worn over a collar of cloth. Take away the laces, and what was a con-

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4:98 The Nation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 cession to the necessity of fashion becomes a mark of austerity and a cause of persecu- tion. When Penn was asked by the King to define the difference between their reli- gious beliefs, the Quaker replied: "The difference is the same as between thy hat and mine; mine has no ornaments." The vast difference between their manners is il- lustrated by another anecdote, though the point of it does not appear to have struck Mrs. Gummere (p. 68): "Charles II. once granted an audience to the courtly Quaker William Penn, who, as was his custom, en- tered the royal presence with his hat on. The humorous sovereign quietly laid aside his own, which occasioned Penn's inquiry, 'Friend Charles, why dost thou remove thy hat?' 'It is the custom,' he replied, 'in this place for one person only to remain cov- ered.' " The epithet "courtly" might have been reserved for an occasion on which it was more fairly earned by the honest Quaker. Even the plain bonnet, whose associa- tions are for us so austere, was originally an early Victorian Paris creation; it dated from those grim days when the fashions were made for elderly people and the young had to fall into line — witness the youthful Victoria arrayed in a bonnet that, again minus a feather, might have been worn in Quarterly Meeting. "Not a pleat of the bonnet as now worn by the plainest Friend; not a turn of the shawl, not a flare of the coat, nor a roll of the hat brim, but had its origin at some remote day in Paris" (p. 190). That we have not seen the last of persecution in honor of an out-of-date Parisian confection is proved by an aston- ishing announcement in the Philadelphia Ledger for November 1, 1899, which we quote from Mrs. Gummer-e's book: "Miss May Oiler of Waynesboro, who lately returned from a trip to the Holy Land, has been expelled from the Antietam German Baptist Dunkard Church for dis- carding the plain bonnet. ... At a meeting of the church authorities in July, Miss Oiler was notified that she must re- turn to the wearing of the bonnet, and that she would be given until October to put away her hat. . . . Although the de- fence was set up that the annual meeting had made the wearing of a hat or bonnet discretionary. Miss Oiler's expulsion was ordered by a large majority." In the interests of such martyrs as Miss Oiler, copies of Mrs. Gummere's book ought to be distributed freely among the "Dun- kards." On page 207 Mrs. Gummere describes the "Calash" invented by the Duchess of Bed- ford (to her shame) in 1765, and gives 1840 as probably the last date for its appear- ance. But we have seen a calash, identical with that given in the illustration, on an Atlantic liner not ten years since, and worn by a lady who declared that it was an es- sential feature in her travelling equipment. The scandal that was caused by the in- troduction, in the Society, of the "umberel- la" is pervaded by the same exquisite logic that we have met with in the history of the bonnet and coat-collar. There still lives a lady in Philadelphia who, in her girlhood, received a present of an umbrella. "She carried the novel gift with great pleasure and delight, but so new and un- known was the article that the meeting to which she belonged became alarmed, and the overseers dealt with the worldly-mind- c il father. During tlie controversy one wo- man Friend said to the girl: 'Miriam, would thee want that held over thee when thee was a-dyin'?' That, of course, settled the matter, and the offending umbrella was relegated to seclusion." This, then, is the secret of the Quaker dress: it was not meant to be a uniform, but was merely the prevailing mode, with all the superfluous adornments left out. The Quaker bonnet no longer expresses shades of orthodoxy by the width of its brim or the cut of its crown. Once, you could have distinguished four or five sepa- rate sorts of Quakers by a glance at their bonnets. It may be that the doctrines also are becoming more uniform — and in fact Philadelphia has this winter beheld Hicks- ites and Wilburites holding a peace meet- ing in common; at any rate the few plain bonnets that are left will hardly survive their wearers. The Quaker costume is not yet obsolete, but the next generation will not be likely to meet it, even in the streets of Philadelphia. What Mrs. Gummere says (p. 227) of the bonnet applies to all the details of the orthodox dress: "The study we have been making shows us how contrary to the true spirit of Quak- erism the technical Quaker bonnet really is. Adopted in the days of decadence of spiritual- ity, when life was easy and time permitted infinite attention to details, the bonnet became literally a snare, a fetish, a sort of class distinction, at one time almost as exclusive in its work as the mark on the forehead of the high-caste Brahmin. That day is effectually past; the modern Quaker- ess has now but the tradition to preserve, the outward shell, and must address herself to far greater moral problems. She must, nevertheless, like Charles Lamb, who loved the Quakers, endeavor to 'live up to that bonnet.' " Mrs. Gummere's book is a work that, less than fifty years ago, would probably have caused her prompt expulsion from the So- ciety. To-day it will be read with interest even by the most orthodox Quaker. As a real contribution tc the minor antiquities of the Victorian era, it will appeal to a far wider audience. The full-page illustrations are excellent reproductions of old portraits, and there are numerous sketches of the details of Quaker costume. The Foundations of American Foreign Policy, with a Working Bibliography. By Albert Bushnell Hart. Macmillan. 1901. The substance of this book has already appeared in the shape of article's in Harper's Magazine and elsewhere; and re- publications, as a rule, do not call for re- view. The present interest of the subject treated, however, to say nothing of the his- torical knowledge and literary ability of the author, justifies a more extended notice than our space would usually permit. It can hardly be said that Professor Hart's presentation of history appeals to those who contend that the war with Spain de- stroyed, or obscured, certain ideals which have been cherished by the nation. He very properly rebukes those who have talk- ed of the "isolation" of the United States, showing that our rulers have, from the be- ginning, had much diplomatic Intercourse with those of foreign nations. This inter- course has generally been occasioned by controversies arising in the Western Hem- isphere; but that was because our in- terests lay here. He shows that the ex- pansion of the country has been incessant and prodigious, and that the Louisiana Purchase was opposed by arguments sim- ilar, in sound at least, to those recently urged against the purchase of the Philip- pines. And he shows, we must confess, that our rulers have often been influenced by no ideal higher than national glory or aggrandizement, and frequently by parti- san or sectional feeling. This, however, is not what we want to know. Professor Hart makes out a long list of "armed interventions," chiefly by officers of our navy, most of which are of no more importance than the battles of the kites and the crows. He insists that the United States for more than a hundred years has been a great colonial Power, meaning that it has received many immi- grants, and has poured its population into many Territories where local governments did not exist. He points out that the In- dians have been dispossessed, and that the general Government has ruled the Terri- tories without asking the consent of their inhabitants. All this is undeniable, but is the conquest of the Philippines to be com- pared with this process? Professor Hart does not think that there will be any im- migration of white people to the Philip- pines; the climate forbids. We cannot go there, and we do not want the Filipinos to come here. We have had no "colony" of this kind before. It can never repay us its cost; if there is any profit in the transac- tion, it consists in a mere increase of ter- ritory and a doubtful increase of prestige. "Who can doubt," the author exclaims, "that the purpose of the American people is not only to make the nation felt as a world Power, but also to spread Western civilization eastward?" If it is to be spread by fire and sword, by conquest and exter- mination, a great many intelligent Ameri- cans will doubt it. The difference between colonization of this kind and that which we have hitherto prac- tised is occasionally recognized by Profes- sor Hart himself. In the Philippines, he says, the few must rule, exercising power conferred by a distant administration, but that system means a change in American standards of government and human rights. "We must give up our fine contempt for other nations which rule with an iron hand; we must abandon the principle that 'all just government depends on the consent of the governed'; we must look on the colo- nial status as permanent, and not a stage on the way to statehood; we must begin to settle difficult questions of religion and wor- ship by orders from Washington; we must surround our" colonial governors with body- guards, and arrest insurgent leaders; we must either yield part of our protective policy, or give up the principle for which our forefathers fought in the Revolution— that colonies exist for their own benefit, and not for the advantage of the mother country; we must yield our practice of free inter- course between the parts of our empire, or else we must admit Chinese to the conti- nent." We cannot be persuaded that any of the historical events which Professor Hart de- scribes involved or implied such revolu- tionary changes as these. None of them, whether they involved violations of the Constitution or not, ever caused the Su- preme Court to make a decision which at least half of the legal profession regards as fundamentally altering the Constitution. The Mexican war was as inconsistent with the ideals of the Declaration of Independence as anything could be, but it did not require us to give up these ideals. In their place Professor Hart has nothing to offer but the glorification of force. Unrighteousness, he frankly declares, may exalt a nation. Our

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Dec. 26, 1901] The Nation. 499 aggressions, "even when unrighteously un- dertaken," have brought to the nation in- ciease of territory and prestige. Yet he tells us that the Mexican war was waged to extend slavery, and led straightway to the civil war. Such increase of territory, we contend, was a curse. As to the "prestige" gained by it, the less we boast the better. To observe that the diplomacy of our Gov- ernment has been determined by a regard for our interests tends to obscure important dis- tinctions. Every ruler professes to act out of regard to the interests of his subjects; no one ever heard of a diplomat who declared his policy to be inimical to the interests ot his country. We must disregard such pro- fessions, and inquire what, as a matter of fact, are the true interests of a people. To this inquiry Sumner and Lowell gave a clear answer, and one good for all time. Had the people of the Northern States possessed real courage, had they listened to Lowell and Garrison, there would have been no war with Mexico, no consequent aggrandizement of the slaveholding power, and slavery might have been peaceably abolished. It seems like turning back the hands on the clock of progress to maintain that the brown man has no rights that the white man is bound to respect; a generality beside which those of the Declaration glitter with renewed bril- liance. We cannot exclude the principles ot righteousness from the conduct of national affairs; we cannot serve God as individuals and mammon as American citizens. With all his cynicism, when it comes to the last analysis, Professor Hart recognizes that our interests are to be tested by righteous- ness, justice, and reason; that no form of American doctrine "means that the United States is to do whatever may seem good to it in America." Had he recognized these principles at the outset, his presentation of history would have been of a different char- acter. The Life and Letters of Gilbert White of Settorne. Written and Edited by his Great-Grand-Nephew, Rashleigh Holt- White. E. P. Dutton & Co. 1901. 2 vols. 8vo, pp. xvi, 330, and ix, 300. Illustrated. At last we make the acquaintance of the Selborne Naturalist in "an authentic ac- count of his career." The book is a very important and comprehensive addition to the literature of Selborne. For the most part, the volumes are composed of letters of an intimate personal character, and they throw a great deal of light on our sub- ject, his village and neighborhood, his friends and neighbors, his college and church, his farm, farming, and the farm- ers, his publishers and publishing, and on his contemporaries, Linne, Pennant, Lever, Forster, Montagu, and others. His 'Nat- ural History' is already well known, but these pages contain omitted portions of some of the letters and other matter of cognate interest. There is much concern- ing White's family and relatives; filled with pedigree, the first chapters are rather dry; once through with them, the inter- est is secure. There is little or nothing concerning his childhood, except that he was brought up by hand; it is only while in college that the data become more abun- dant through correspondence, and so con- tinue to the end. Portraits of kindred are given, but none of the central figure. After the reading, the latter may be pictured as short in stature, moderately stout, like relatives, from good living; marked by smallpox; using an ear-trumpet later in life, and not much given to dress, as is be- coming in a naturalist, or his account-books would have shown it; and he "had no silk- breeches and stockings to make a wedding- visit in." Possibly his likeness would re- semble that of the vicar in the frontis- piece. That he did not marry because of unrequited affection is denied, and we are left to conclude he was a bachelor be- cause he preferred to be. An apparent avoidance of remark on his unmarried con- dition may be due to something yet untold. The insolent charge of concealing his in- come that he might continue to profit by aid from his college, made in 'The Colleges of Oxford,' edited by Andrew Clark, 1891, is effectually and finally disposed of. The world knows Gilbert White as a naturalist. As a clergyman he probably was of no especial prominence. Thoughts for ever running upon his natural history would not conduce to sermon-building, and would be less interfered with by machine prayers. His calling in those days, how- ever, is not to be judged by modern stan- dards. Mulso, himself of the cloth, says in a letter; "There does not lie so much spiritual power and efficacy in the clergy of the Church of England now [1779] as did formerly. The itching ears of the vulgar and the republican principles of the Times make all the members of our church look- ed upon with an evil eye." In the profu- sion of his advice, we see more evidence of the clergyman than in its character. With this in mind, our author's dropping the "Rev." usually prefixed to the name in favor of Gilbert White the naturalist, ap- pears quite appropriate, and will raise no objection. There are excellent illustra- tions of familiar features and views in Sel- borne and at Oxford. The book is a de- sirable acquisition in any library containing the classic 'Natural History of Selborne.' The True Thomas Jefferson. By William Eleroy Curtis. Philadelphia: J. B. Lip- pincott Co. 1901. Pp. 395. This latest addition to the series of so- called "true" biographies has in general the characteristics of its predecessors. There is the same interesting collection of facts — few of them, to be sure, particularly new or even unfamiliar, but gaining a pe- culiar significance from a somewhat novel grouping. Whatever one's opinion of the importance of the result, one can but praise the industry of the author in searching out so many details of Jefferson's personal life, and his industry in marshalling his ma- terial in support of his particular view. For while these biographies, by their special claim to "truth," profess an absence of bias, one needs to read but a little way in most of them to discover that there is, after all, something of an axe to grind. There is the assumption that previous writers, how- ever ample their information or good iheir intentions, have not, after all, told quite the whole truth, and that there is another side which it is important to bring out. The other side, of course, is chiefly made up of the foibles of life, the personal limitations and idiosyncrasies, the political inconsis- tencies, the moral weaknesses and defects. The public have been told often enough of the great things which the fathers did; what the public need now is to be told about what the fathers failed to do, how they carried themselves from day to day, when they breakfasted, dined, and rode out, how much they spent for this and that, ami wherein they departed from the conven- tional moral path. Mr. Curtis's journalistic powers have found a particularly good opportunity for exercise in the case of Jefferson. No Amer- ican public man has rivalled Jefferson in inconsistency and contradictoriness. A doctrinaire in politics and a voluble theorizer about everything that fell within his ken, his performance as a statesman and a man fell often so far short of h'3 pro- fessions as to expose him to the charge of charlatanism. By education and tabte an aristocrat, and surrounded most of his life with the appearance if not the substance of wealth, he could yet ostentatiously assume for a time, as President, the attitude of a low-grade bourgeois, offend the diplomatic corps by his rudeness, and set up an ideal of "Jeffersonian simplicity" of which prac- tically his whole public and private career was an open contradiction. He was a strict- constructionist in theory, and an elaborate expounder of the notion of popular govern- ment, yet he bought Louisiana because it was "necessary," planned for the Territory a government dependent on the Executive alone, and salved his conscience with idle talk about a Constitutional amendment. No President ever professed greater love for his country or more jealous regard for its welfare, yet none ever made national in- terests more completely subordinate to his theoretical ideas as to what ought, to be done. With all his extraordinary methodi- calness, he seems to have been essentially incapable of attending to many interests at once, and to have failed altogether to com- prehend the significance of administrative machinery. Even in his personal relations he was governed by personal likings and antipathies which too often ran counter to his theories and professions, while his "Anas" represent a perversity and moral wa'p unparalleled among American public men. All this and more Mr. Curtis brings out, generally with a wealth of incident and authority. He takes us into Jefferson's family and social life, and shows us how he failed as a farmer, how much his wine cost him, how he did his own marketing in Washington, and how he met the probably exaggerated charge of laxity in his rela- tions with women. On the other hand, he exhibits Jefferson as the champion of re- ligious liberty in Virginia, the friend and correspondent of scholars and men of af- fairs at home and abroad, and the founder of a unique university. As we have said, there is nothing new about it, but the mo- saic is decidedly entertaining, and not without value even for the sober historian. One cannot help questioning, however, whether this kind of biography is any "truer" than that with which it apparently invites comparison. The permanent influ- ence of a man in his sphere is the im- portant thing to be made clear, after all, rather than the respects in which, largely because of his greatness in other direc- tions, a minute examination of his career makes him out extremely human. Mr. Cur- tis's biography is a succession of views of the moment, and, while it does not increase our respect for Jefferson, it does not so very greatly detract from it.

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500 The ]STation. [Vol. 73, No. 1904 The volume is attractively got up and the full-page cuts are clear and well executed. The arrangement of the matter, though usually systematic, is occasionally some- what arbitrary; Jefferson's opinions and practice in regard to slavery, for example, finding place in the chapter on Jefferson as a lawyer. The statement (p. 65) that "Wil- liam and Mary is the oldest college in Amer- ica, although Harvard graduated the first class," will not, of course, go unchallenged. Finally, the absurd classical names intend- ed to be given to new Western States were suggested, not in connection with the Lou- isiana cession (p. 184), but with Jefferson's plan for the organization of the Northwest Territory, in 1784. The Science of Penology. By Henry M. Boies. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1901. The murder of President McKinley has aroused passions and called forth opinions which indicate the importance of the sub- ject here treated. The episode has indeed been a lesson in penology, not only because it has directed attention to the causes of crime, but also because it has revealed the criminal impulse in hosts of people who thought it a meritorious act to declare that the assassin should be put to death by the mob. It would be unfortunate were no im- provement in the administration of justice to result from this conspicuous crime; and when the foolish outcry over "stamping out anarchy" has subsided, the timeliness of Mr. Boies's book should be recognized. The anarchist murderer having been disposed of, the causes of crime, the laws defining it, and its prevention by the intelligent treat- ment of criminals and those who are likely to be criminals, are subjects demanding im- mediate consideration. Without going so far as to agree with Mr. Boies that there is a complete science of penology, we can at least maintain that knowledge is far in advance of practice. For years the county jail has been a shame and reproach, undefended and indefensible, but it is everywhere maintained. Here crim- inals, tramps, paupers, imbeciles, persons charged with crime, but who may be inno- cent, and witnesses charged with no crime, of all ages, are poured in and stirred to- gether; a seething vat of moral and physical filth. As Mr. Eugene Smith has said, the prison turns out more direct results in the shape of confirmed criminals than any other agency "within the range of experience or devised by the folly of man." Let those who are so hot to stamp out anarchy con- sider the responsibility of Government in this matter. Equally irrational and condemned by ex- perience is the system of determinate sen- tences. It happens every day that men are released from prison who will at once re- sume the practice of crime. The authori- ties know that this will be so, but the law ignores it. There are criminals who have been convicted a hundred times— it is said that one of this class was sentenced one thousand times. Yet it is almost impossible to persuade the Legislature to adopt the system of indeterminate sentences, or to in- duce the judges to apply it when it has been Introduced. It has been demonstrated that "first offenders" can in most cases be taught to refrain from crime, but the customary treatment confirms them in it. Yet some progress has been made by two or three of our States in establishing systems of pro- bation and parole. If these systems can be properly administered, the severity of the scourge of crime will soon be appreciably mitigated. Such administration can take place only when the appointment of those charged with the care of criminals ceases to be the perquisite of party managers. Mr. Boies contends earnestly that crime is a manifestation of disease; that the dis- ease should be treated like physical ail- ments, and that it is curable. Relying on Mr. Brockway's classical results, he main- tains that criminality is at least as curable as consumption, and can as well be prevent- ed. In presenting this theory, he follows the methods of physiology, and treats penol- ogy under the titles of Diagnostics, Thera- peutics, and Hygienics. While this method has a scientific aspect, it occasions some repetition, and it is doubtful whether our knowledge of the subject is so complete as to justify the use of the term science. It is easy to show that certain depraved and degenerate human beings will, in all prob- ability, become criminals; but they do not constitute the criminal class. At law, a criminal is one who violates a penal statute, and such violations are common among all classes. If we adopt the standard of Jesus, and hold every one guilty who dallies with the impulse to sin, the criminal class be- comes very comprehensive. On the other hand, if we call criminals only those con- victed of crime, we leave out many people who ought to be included. The children of the rich are, perhaps, in proportion to their numbers, as likely to turn out bad citizens as the children of the poor; and it is well known that many rich men have obtained wealth by methods which bring poor men to jail. Before penology becomes an exact science, the term "criminal" must be more precisely defined than it has been hitherto. Mr. Boies lays great stress on the impor- tance of preventive measures in the case of children, and protests vigorously against their imprisonment. Those who are essen- tially depraved must be confined, but it should be in special reformatories. His exposition of the methods by which criminals should be identified and classified is espe- cially interesting. The system of schools, reformatories, asylums, and prisons, adapt- ed to the requirements of different classes, which he advocates may be taken as the Ideal toward which reforms should be direct- ed. Such a system, however, implies a degree of wisdom on the part of legislators, and virtue on the part of rulers, which soems unattainable under party government as we know it. Yet our politicians are not heartless, and if the professedly religious members of society would interest them- selves in the extirpation of crime, they could obtain the reforms which our crim- inal law demands. Mr. Boies has done good work in calling public attention to many abuses, and in explaining the proper remedies. His book ought to be carefully read by all who have to do with framing and administering the laws relating to crime, and it should be consulted by every one interested in reformatory work. Dragons of the Air: An Account of Ex- tinct Flying Reptiles. By H. G. Seeley, F.R.S. D. Appleton & Co. 1901. 8vo, pp. xiii, 239; Illustrated. The pterodactyles were neither reptiles, birds, nor mammals, but to some extent a mixture of the three, in which each has lost its identity. More than a dozen genera have been discovered, in sizes ranging from a couple of inches to twenty feet in spread of wings. They flew like birds or bats, but, unlike the case of bats, the skinny flying membrane was stretched from the body to a single much elongated wing finger. Theirs was true flight, not mere sailing like that of flying squirrels, or the so-called flying lizards and frogs. Their geological rec- ord begins below the Lias in the Rhaatic, or possibly in the Muschelkalk, and con- tinues to the Upper Chalk of the Sec- ondary Rocks, where it is lost. Through- out their course the pterodactyles were little affected by evolution or even by de- generation, unless it may be in the loss of the tails or of the teeth in some of the later genera. The enormously devel- oped wing finger characterized the group from the first; its ancestral history is un- known. According to our present knowl- edge, the pterodactyles had no ancestors and left no descendants. They are related to the birds as a parallel, not a transi- tional, group between them and the rep- tiles; their relations to the Mammalia are such as to bring them more nearly than the birds intermediate between mammals and reptiles. Before the wing finger was developed, in all probability the ornitho- saur was a four-footed animal, with affini- ties such as might have come from some progenitor of the Dinosauria, an extinct group commonly placed between birds and reptiles, or by some said to represent a common ancestral stock. From the teachings before us, the rela- tions of the great groups of animals are parallel, like the rays of the solar spec- trum or the fingers o£ the hand, rather than successive; there is no evidence of approximation of mammals to birds, and birds give no evidence that their ancestors were reptiles such as now exist on the earth. Nature does not by transition pass one type of animal into another group by slow accumulation and summing up of dif- ferences; the occurrence of mammals, birds, and reptiles, distinct early in the secondary epoch, favors parallelism; and the mam- malian characters, or the resemblances to other kinds of animals shown by ptero- dactyles, are to be regarded as inheritances from a time when there was a common stock from which none of the groups had been distinctly elaborated. The cause of the start into existence of the Ornitho- sauria was the patagial membrane, which in turn may have been the cause of the chief skeletal differences separating the pterodactyles from birds. The type ceased to adapt its organization and modify its structures to suit the altered circumstance* forced upon it by revolutions of the earth's surface; consequently it became extinct. Some of these ideas do not favor the build- ing of genealogical trees, but, if growth of the vital organs modifies the distinc- tive form of any vital organ, brain, or lungs, and, as a consequence of modifica- tion of the internal structure due to chang- es of food and habit, brings a new group of animals into existence, as the author holds, he has not made the necessity of parallelism in evolution or origin of the great groups from the same stock about the same time sufficiently obvious. The volume is in every way an excellent

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Dec. 26, 1 901] The KSTation. 501 monograph. The style is popular enough for any student of nature, whether in comparisons of bone and bone or in dis- cussion of general relations in zoology and geology; and, unobscured by technical- ities, the scientific character of the es- say does not impair the interest. Pro- fessor Seeley is one of the best authorities on the subject. The Old Testament and the New Scholarship. By John P. Peters, Ph.D., Sc.D., D.D. London: Methuen & Co.; New York: Mae- millan. 1901. Pp. xii + 328. This book gives an excellent idea of the attitude towards the value and authority of the Old Testament, and indeed of the Bible generally, possible for a Broad Church Episcopalian. Dr. Peters is an ar- chaeologist of position, and has been a close student of the higher criti- cism, which he accepts in the large. Of some of its more recent and mi- nutely verbal results he has admittedly his doubts, and it is evident that the mod- ern rehabilitation of the Homeric poems has shaken him as to still more. He is also a Trinitarian Christian in the exact sense, accepts the incarnation and the general doctrine of the person of Christ, and re- gards, apparently, the record of the life of Jesus in the Gospels as sound and his- torical. For him New Testament criticism is fairly over, and that of the Old may in time swing back similarly into greater ap- proximation to former positions. A great gulf thus separates him from the attitude most prominent in Cheyne's 'Encyclopaedia Biblica.' On the other hand, he does not accept a doctrine of the inspiration and au- thority of the Scriptures which would satis- fy the Princeton school. The Bible, he holds, is the record of God's speaking to man, and not the word of God itself. There is only one word of God, Christ. As a con- sequence, he has a comparatively free hand in dealing with the Biblical texts, and finds a human side — which, he contends, was a necessary side — all through them. Canoni- city, for him, means that a book for ages has corresponded and responded to the needs of humanity; inspiration, that it has been given the power so to do. The Church is a living and inspired witness that Jesus is the Word of God, and it presents the Bible as written evidence of the same. Yet Dr. Peters makes no mention of Apostolic Succession, and the Church does not figure with him as the almighty She. This position, then, he has to justify against the modern higher criticism, or with its assistance, as he would prefer to say. His book divides into four parts. The first deals with the doctrine of Scripture: what inspiration means and the Church teaches as to it; what is the bearing on it of the doctrine of the incar- nation and of the use of the Old Testament by Jesus. The second is an ap- plication of the idea of evolution to the Bible — the evolution in the religion of Israel and especially in the Messianic hope. There is great freshness of thought and thoroughness of scholarship in this part. The third is a lengthy study, much by way of specimen, of the book of Psalms. The latter half will have interest mostly for Episcopalians, and will seem to others rather dragged in, as it is an account of the origin of the Prayer Book version and an examination of its present-day suitable- ness. Fourth, comes a review of the re- sults of archaeology. Here, above all, Dr. Peters is at home; and in dealing with early Semitic writing materials, the Semitic script, stone worship, the ark of the Cove- nant, and the book of Daniel, he develops an easy familiarity and width of detail, combined with a certain refreshing and well-balanced shrewdness and common sense. This last addition to "The Churchman's Library" has evidently passed through a lecture stage, and still suffers somewhat in consequence in the way of diffuseness. But its usefulness for its intended readers is probably not seriously impaired by that, and for any one who seeks with a tolerably good critical and archaeological conscience to hold fast to the kernel of Christianity, a better apologia could not easily be com- mended. Without either unctuousness of tone or straining of argument, Dr. Peters has very fairly met the difficulties which centre round the doctrine of the Bible. His method is excellent and his spirit, except towards Presbyterians, is irreproachable. A fragment of criticism: the Egyptian origin of the Phoenician alphabet can hard- ly now be called "the most commonly ac- cepted opinion." It is even beginning to drop out of the encyclopaedias, and there are few specialists that do it reverence. Further, the Ka'ba at Mecca is not the same as the sacred stone there. The Ka'ba is the square building, the House of God; the Black Stone is built into its southeast corner. The Civil War and the Constitution, 1859- 1865. By John W. Burgess. (The American History Series.) 2 vols. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. 1901. Prof. Burgess's volumes are readable, though they do not add much to our knowledge of the events covered. They are, we presume, intended as a resume ot the history of a period already pretty thoroughly explored by others. As such a resume, they are not likely to be cen^ soriously criticised. The title seems to us to be misjudged, for there is little about the Constitution in the book, except the twenty pages of chapter xxviii. on the "In- terpretation of the Constitution under the Stress of the Military Events of 1862 and 1863." Indeed, the two volumes are almost altogether occupied with the war itself and the events which led up to it. As a whole, it is history of the kind so much in fashion at the present time, written currente calamo and "strenuously," in a tone the very opposite of what at one time the "dig- nity of history" was supposed to demand, and occasionally encroaching perilously on the confines of a journalistic style. Thus, we are told (vol. i., p. 39) of John Brown that he was "a notorious dead beat," who left his family to shift for themselves while he was "careering around reforming things"; and it is suggested that the rea- son why Brown gave no account of his plans or expenditures to those who supplied him with funds was because he "had gotten into his first paying business, and he was de- termined not to have it ruined by pub- licity." For absolute accuracy of statement we do not usually look to writers of this school. In his account of the Trent affair (vol. 1., p. 271), Prof. Burgess says that "there is not much doubt that the British principles, practices, and decisions" seem- ed to warrant the conclusion that Capt. Wilkes was justified in thinking that a bel- ligerent had the right "to visit any neutral vessel on the high seas in search of contra- band of war, and to seize the persons and papers of diplomatic representatives of Governments at war with his Government." It was, on the contrary, because there was no precedent, practice, or decision in either country which justified Capt. Wilkes that Mason and Slidell were surrendered. In the same way (vol. ii., p. 298), where our author is speaking of the violations of neutrality by England, he mentions the fact that in the Alexandra case Baron Pollock quoted both Kent and Story in support of the proposition that it is not a breach of neu- trality by a state for its citizens to sell contraband of war to belligerents, as if he thought that this absolutely undisputed fact had some important bearing on the questions raised by the escape of the Con- federate cruisers. In the same volume, at p. 295, he declares that the British conten- tion that "Parliament was the exclusive interpreter of the principles of international law for the British executive" was "sound jurisprudence"— thus leaving the judicial branch of the Government out of view altogether. If it had been sound juris- prudence, we certainly should never have succeeded before the Geneva tribunal. A Ribbon of Iron. By Annette M. B. Meakin. London: Archibald Constable & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Pp. 320, 21 il- lustrations. In this clearly printed and handy volume Miss Meakin recounts the exDeriences of herself and mother in making the journey over the Trans-Siberian Railway from Mos- cow to Vladivostok and thence to Japan, during the summer of 1900. They crossed the Trans-Baikal region before regular pas- senger trains were running, and reached Vladivostok just after the Chinese war had broken out in Mantchuria. The ease and safety with which unprotected women, una- ble to talk Russian, could make the journey at such a time, speaks volumes for the cour. tesy of Russian officials and the perfection of Russian Governmental control. Such are the police arrangements throughout Siberia and Turkestan that ladies can travel every- where as safely as in the United States, while upon the regular trains over the Si- berian Railway the conveniences of travel are exceptionally good. In view of the lu- gubrious impressions generally received from the English accounts of Siberia, the reader will be surprised, in following our author's charming story, to find himself, at Tomsk, in a university town of the first or- der, with faculties, museums, and libraries which compare well with those of Europe — indeed, the library has some treasures of which only two others in the world can boast. These, with the imposing buildings and numerous scholarships Tor indigent stu- dents, are among the many tokens of the broad-minded patriotism of the wealthy Si- berian merchants and miners who have largely contributed the funds from which the University has been built. The botani- cal gardens at Tomsk have a high standing. Among the side excursions were one to

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502 Tlie Nation [Vol. 73, No. 1904 Minusinsk and one to the great prison at Alexandrovsk, in the vicinity of Irkutsk. At Minusinsk the wonderful museum, with its unrivalled collection of bronze relics, was explained to the visitors by its learned founder, Mr. M. Martianoff, and its equally learned curator, Mr. Felix Cohn, both of whom were originally exiles, but have been so attracted by the beauties of the situation and the salubrity of the climate that they have voluntarily chosen Siberia as their per- manent residence. Until one has been through Siberia in the summer season, he can have no adequate appreciation of the attractiveness, not only of the civilization, but also of the climate and the scenery. In- deed, almost every small town has its mu- seum; its impressive church, with its still more impressive church music; its library, and its cultivated people. Shortly before Miss Meakin was in Blagovestchensk. Saint- Saens's difficult opera of "Samson and De- lilah" was rendered by a local musical so- ciety. During the latter part of their jour- ney, our travellers were accompanied by a celebrated tenor soloist who was going to Vladivostok to fill an engagement with a first-class opera company. The opera-house in Irkutsk is fully equal, in size and equip- ment, to any we have in the United States. The information which Miss Meakin re- ceived concerning the massacres of the Chinese at Blagovestchensk, and the gener- al operations of the Russians in Mant- churia, being obtained from hearsay evi- dence after leaving the region, is somewhat misleading. She represents the massacre as "inhuman" and "brutal," following the current reports which appeared in English papers, though she received the account herself from eye-witnesses. Her witness- es, however, did not see all the facts. The full truth is, that the Russians were taken perfectly by surprise by the attack of the Chinese upon them in Mantchuria, and were utterly unprepared for it. To such an ex- tent did the Russians confide in the good will of the Chinese that, as Miss Meakin herself says, they had completely denuded the place of soldiers, sending them down the river for general service. The opening of fire by the Chinese spread immediate consternation such as can be appreciated only by one who was in the midst of the scenes which followed. The expulsion of the Chinese from the Russian side seemed to be a military necessity of the most imperative order, for, owing to the sud- denness of the attack, it was natural to be- lieve that no Chinaman could be trusted, and that if the Chinese remained the city would be between two fires. The Chinese were therefore ordered across the river, and would for the most part have crossed in safety had not the Chinese themselves opened fire upon the rafts containing their countrymen. To one familiar with the con- ditions in Mantchuria at that time, it is clear that the last thing which the Russians wished to occur was the breaking our. ol hostilities between them and the Chinese. War is, indeed, hell, as Gen. Sherman truly said. But in this case it was the Chinese who forced its terrible alternative upon the Russians, and it was but the "for- tunes of war" which they suffered by their own invitation. Patterson's Nautical Encyclopedia. Revised and enlarged edition. Cleveland, O.: The Marine Review Publishing Co. 1901. Paasch's 'From Keel to Truck.' upon which 'Patterson's Nautical Encyclopedia' is frankly admitted to have drawn largely, has a reason for being in that it gives marine terms in three different languages, English, French, and German; but it is difficult to understand what want Mr. Patterson's book is intended to supply. The title of en- cyclopaedia suggests an ample well from which the greenhorn may freely quench his thirst for knowledge. Applying this test at random to the five parts into which the work is divided, we obtain peculiar re- sults. If we wish, for example, to learn what a "Pacific iron" is, we see, in Part I., that "stun'-sail-boom irons are known sometimes as 'Pacific Irons' "; the fact be- ing that a Pacific iron is a thing by itself and never confounded with anything else. Part II. tells us that "a 'cap scuttle' is a framing composed of coamings and head ledges, raised above the deck, with a fiat or top which shuts closely over into a rabbet" — a statement almost bewildering in its lucidity. In Part III. we read that the Index Correction is "the adjustment of the index glass of the quadrant, octant, or sextant, which consists of making the index glass perpendicular to the plane of the arc" (this would have been news to the immortal Bowditch); in Part IV., that "cir- culating or condensing water is that which is run through a surface condenser to ab- sorb the heat from the exhaust steam"; and in Part V., that " 'Jimmy Legs' Is a nick- name for the master-at-arms." These answers bespeak the dictionary rather than the encyclopaedia, and they as- sume, on the user's part, either a tolerably wide acquaintance with the several sub- jects considered (Seamanship, Ship-build- ing, Navigation, Marine Engineering, and Man-of-war phrases), or else the same op- timistic spirit which, with a light heart, undertakes French in ten lessons. The nov- ice would lose time and patience in chas- ing the evasive key to his riddle from one definition to another, while the expert would instinctively turn to the less preten- tious treatises, by well-known authorities, in which each branch is dealt with soberly and thoroughly. As a dictionary of sea terms the book has, possibly, some value, although it is not free from errors and from expressions which are, to say the least, novel. Few sailors know what an anchor shaft is (p. 43) ; few would call a rowlock a thole-pin (p. 79); none ever heard of a main boom sail (p. 167); some have seen a hori- zontal donkey boiler (p. 413); and all would wish, in 1901, an Arctic chart of more re- cent date than 1875. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Benedix, Roderick. Der Prozess. American Book Company. 30 cents. Bradford, Charles. The Wild Fowlers. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Canterbury, William, Lord Archbishop of. A Re- lation of the Conference between William Land and Mr. Fisher the Jesuit. Macmillan. 8s. 6d. Chubb, E. W. English Words. Syracuse: C. W. Bardeen. 75 cents. Clear, Claudius. Letters ou Life. Dodd, Mead <& Co. $1.75. Cochrane, A. D. Banking. London: Effingham Wilson. Douay, Oaston. An Elementary French Reader. Silver, Burdett & Co. Ford, S. V. R. The Methodist Year Book, 1902. Eaton & Mains. 10 cents. Green, J. R., and Roberson, George. Studies in Oxford History, chiefly in the Eighteenth Cen- tury. Oxford (Eng.): Oxford University Press. Harnuck, Adolf. What is Christianity? London: Williams & Norgate; New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons. Jenkins, T. A. Alphonse Daudet: Selected Stories. American Book Company. 50 cents. Kerley, C. G. Short Talks with Young Mothers. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Lodeman, A. Germany and the Germans. Sil- ver, Burdett & Co. Malret, Jeanne. L'Enfant de la Lune. Amer- ican Book Co. 35 cents. "Our Accursed Spelling": What to Do with It. Oak Park (111.): E. O. Vaile. Peloubet, F. N. The Teachers' Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. Henry Frowde. Pollock. Cbanning. Behold the Man. Washington: The Neale Publishing Company. Queen Mab's Fairy Realm. London: George Newnes; New York: Scribners. $2.50. Rhoades, L. A. Schiller's Die Jungfrau von Or- leans. D. Appleton & Co. Skrine, F. H. Life of Sir William Coilson Hunter. Longmans, Green & Co. Stokes, Susan. Ten Common Trees. American Book Company. 40 cents. Storm, Theodor. Immensee. Ginn & Co. 50 cents. Strong, Josiah. The Times and Young Men. The Baker & Taylor Co. Terry, M. S. Moses and the Prophets. Eaton & Mains. $1. Veblen, Ellen R. The Goosenberry Pilgrims: A Child's Drama. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wails -Duntuu, Theodore. Christmas at the Mer- maid. (Flowers of Parnassus.) John Lane. Webb, C. II. With Lead and Line along Varying Shores: Poems. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.10. Weulersse, C. Chine Ancieune et Nouvelle. Paris: Armand Colin. 4 fr. Wilson, B. T. Ye Mountaineer. F. Tennyson Neely Company. "An eminently sympathetic study, whicli will commend itself to the general read- er for its avoidance of the minor pedantries into whicli writers on German subjects — not excluding Carlyle— are prone to fall. Particu- larly interesting is Prof. Thomas's discussion of the philosophy of Schiller." — X. )'. Evening The Life and Works of SCHILLER By Prof. Calvin Thomas. Illustrated. 481 pp. 8vo, S3.25 net ^postage 21c.) Henry Holt & Co., N.Y. X/J^IFOKM EDITIONS OF Standard A uthors Sold on tin plan of Small Monthly Payments. Ainsworth Hugo P&rkmii\ Austen Irving Poe Balzac Jesse Reade Bede Kingsley Scott Browning Lady Jackson Sha.kespea.re Bulwer Lever Sue Burke Lord's Beacon Tennyson Ca.rlyle Lights of His- Thackeray Cooper tory World's Best Daudet Lover Orations l)uma.s Macaulay and Essays Eliot Marrya.1 Samples of Illustrations and typography sent free of charge. J. F. TAYLOR (El COMPANY. 5 ar\d 7 East 16th St., New York. ILLUSTRATED EDITION. THE SALT-BOX HOUSE By Jane de Forest Shelton. Eighteenth Century Life in a New England Hill Town. New Edition, $1.50 net. Illustrated by JOHN HENDERSON BETTS*. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., New York.

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